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Title 29: Labor
PART=20 1910=E2=80=94OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Subpart=20 D=E2=80=94Walking-Working Surfaces

=C2=A7 1910.28 Safety=20 requirements for scaffolding.

(a) General requirements for = all=20 scaffolds. (1) Scaffolds shall be furnished and erected in=20 accordance with this standard for persons engaged in work that = cannot be=20 done safely from the ground or from solid construction, except = that=20 ladders used for such work shall conform to =C2=A7 1910.25 = and=20 =C2=A7 1910.26.

(2) The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, = rigid, and=20 capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling or=20 displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose = brick, or=20 concrete blocks shall not be used to support scaffolds or = planks.

(3) [Reserved]

(4) Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of = supporting=20 without failure at least four times the maximum intended load.

(5) Scaffolds and other devices mentioned or described in this = section=20 shall be maintained in safe condition. Scaffolds shall not be = altered or=20 moved horizontally while they are in use or occupied.

(6) Any scaffold damaged or weakened from any cause shall be=20 immediately repaired and shall not be used until repairs have been = completed.

(7) Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load = for=20 which they are intended.

(8) All load-carrying timber members of scaffold framing shall = be a=20 minimum of 1,500 f. = (Stress Grade)=20 construction grade lumber. All dimensions are nominal sizes as = provided in=20 the American Lumber Standards, except that where rough sizes are = noted,=20 only rough or undressed lumber of the size specified will satisfy = minimum=20 requirements. ( Note: Where=20 nominal sizes of lumber are used in place of rough sizes, the = nominal size=20 lumber shall be such as to provide equivalent strength to that = specified=20 in tables D-7 through D-12 and D-16.)

(9) All planking shall be Scaffold Grade as recognized by = grading rules=20 for the species of wood used. The maximum permissible spans for 2- = =C3=97=20 9-inch or wider planks are shown in the following table:

	Material
Full = thickness undressed=20 lumber	Nominal = thickness=20 lumber

Working load = (p.s.f.)	25	50	75	25	50
Permissible = span (ft.)	10	8	6	8	9

The maximum permissible span for 11=E2=81=844 = =C3=979-inch or wider=20 plank of full thickness is 4 feet with medium loading of 50 = p.s.f.

(10) Nails or bolts used in the construction of scaffolds shall = be of=20 adequate size and in sufficient numbers at each connection to = develop the=20 designed strength of the scaffold. Nails shall not be subjected to = a=20 straight pull and shall be driven full length.

(11) All planking or platforms shall be overlapped (minimum 12 = inches)=20 or secured from movement.

(12) An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be = provided.

(13) Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not = less than=20 6 inches nor more than 18 inches.

(14) The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall be plumb, = and=20 securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and = displacement.

(15) Materials being hoisted onto a scaffold shall have a tag = line.

(16) Overhead protection shall be provided for men on a = scaffold=20 exposed to overhead hazards.

(17) Scaffolds shall be provided with a screen between the = toeboard and=20 the guardrail, extending along the entire opening, consisting of = No. 18=20 gauge U.S. Standard Wire one-half-inch mesh or the equivalent, = where=20 persons are required to work or pass under the scaffolds.

(18) Employees shall not work on scaffolds during storms or = high=20 winds.

(19) Employees shall not work on scaffolds which are covered = with ice=20 or snow, unless all ice or snow is removed and planking sanded to = prevent=20 slipping.

(20) Tools, materials, and debris shall not be allowed to = accumulate in=20 quantities to cause a hazard.

(21) Only treated or protected fiber rope shall be used for or = near any=20 work involving the use of corrosive substances or chemicals.

(22) Wire or fiber rope used for scaffold suspension shall be = capable=20 of supporting at least six times the intended load.

(23) When acid solutions are used for cleaning buildings over = 50 feet=20 in height, wire rope supported scaffolds shall be used.

(24) The use of shore scaffolds or lean-to scaffolds is = prohibited.

(25) Lumber sizes, when used in this section, refer to nominal = sizes=20 except where otherwise stated.

(26) Scaffolds shall be secured to permanent structures, = through use of=20 anchor bolts, reveal bolts, or other equivalent means. Window = cleaners'=20 anchor bolts shall not be used.

(27) Special precautions shall be taken to protect scaffold = members,=20 including any wire or fiber ropes, when using a heat-producing=20 process.

(b) General requirements for = wood pole=20 scaffolds. (1) Scaffold poles shall bear on a foundation of = sufficient size and strength to spread the load from the poles = over a=20 sufficient area to prevent settlement. All poles shall be set = plumb.

(2) Where wood poles are spliced, the ends shall be squared and = the=20 upper section shall rest squarely on the lower section. Wood = splice plates=20 shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides and shall not be = less=20 than 4 feet 0 inches in length, overlapping the abutted ends = equally, and=20 have the same width and not less than the cross-sectional area of = the=20 pole. Splice plates of other materials of equivalent strength may = be=20 used.

(3) Independent pole scaffolds shall be set as near to the wall = of the=20 building as practicable.

(4) All pole scaffolds shall be securely guyed or tied to the = building=20 or structure. Where the height or length exceeds 25 feet, the = scaffold=20 shall be secured at intervals not greater than 25 feet vertically = and=20 horizontally.

(5) Putlogs or bearers shall be set with their greater = dimensions=20 vertical, long enough to project over the ledgers of the inner and = outer=20 rows of poles at least 3 inches for proper support.

(6) Every wooden putlog on single pole scaffolds shall be = reinforced=20 with a 3=E2=81=8416 = =C3=972-inch steel strip=20 or equivalent secured to its lower edge throughout its entire = length.

(7) Ledgers shall be long enough to extend over two pole = spaces.=20 Ledgers shall not be spliced between the poles. Ledgers shall be=20 reinforced by bearing blocks securely nailed to the side of the = pole to=20 form a support for the ledger.

(8) Diagonal bracing shall be provided to prevent the poles = from moving=20 in a direction parallel with the wall of the building, or from=20 buckling.

(9) Cross bracing shall be provided between the inner and outer = sets of=20 poles in independent pole scaffolds. The free ends of pole = scaffolds shall=20 be cross braced.

(10) Full diagonal face bracing shall be erected across the = entire face=20 of pole scaffolds in both directions. The braces shall be spliced = at the=20 poles.

(11) Platform planks shall be laid with their edges close = together so=20 the platform will be tight with no spaces through which tools or = fragments=20 of material can fall.

(12) Where planking is lapped, each plank shall lap its end = supports at=20 least 12 inches. Where the ends of planks abut each other to form = a flush=20 floor, the butt joint shall be at the centerline of a pole. The = abutted=20 ends shall rest on separate bearers. Intermediate beams shall be = provided=20 where necessary to prevent dislodgment of planks due to = deflection, and=20 the ends shall be nailed or cleated to prevent their = dislodgment.

(13) When a scaffold turns a corner, the platform planks shall = be laid=20 to prevent tipping. The planks that meet the corner putlog at an = angle=20 shall be laid first, extending over the diagonally placed putlog = far=20 enough to have a good safe bearing, but not far enough to involve = any=20 danger from tipping. The planking running in the opposite = direction at=20 right angles shall be laid so as to extend over and rest on the = first=20 layer of planking.

(14) When moving platforms to the next level, the old platform = shall be=20 left undisturbed until the new putlogs or bearers have been set in = place,=20 ready to receive the platform planks.

(15) Guardrails not less than 2 =C3=97 4 inches or the = equivalent and not=20 less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, = when=20 required, of 1 =C3=97 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(16) All wood pole scaffolds 60 feet or less in height shall be = constructed and erected in accordance with tables D-7 through D-12 = of this=20 section. If they are over 60 feet in height they shall be designed = by a=20 registered professional engineer and constructed and erected in = accordance=20 with such design. A copy of the typical drawings and = specifications shall=20 be made available to the employer and for inspection purposes.

(17) Wood-pole scaffolds shall not be erected beyond the reach = of=20 effective firefighting apparatus.

Table D-7=E2=80=94Minimum Nominal Size and = Maximum Spacing=20 of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds=E2=80=94Light Duty

	Maximum = height of=20 scaffold
20 feet	60 feet
Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 25 pounds = per square=20 foot.
Poles or = uprights	2 by 4 in	4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing=20 (longitudinal)	6 ft. 0 in	10 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width = of=20 scaffold	5 ft. 0 in	5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or = putlogs to 3=20 ft. 0 in. width	2 by 4 in	2 by 4 in.
Bearers or = putlogs to 5=20 ft. 0 in. width	2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 = in	2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4=20 in.(rough).
Ledgers	1 by 4 in	1 1/4 by 9 in.
Planking	1 1/4 by 9 in. = (rough)	2 by 9 in.
Vertical = spacing of=20 horizontal members	7 ft. 0 in	7 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, = horizontal and=20 diagonal	1 by 4 in	1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins	1 by 4 in	1 by 4 in.
Toeboards	4 in. high (minimum)	4 in. high = (minimum).
Guardrail	2 by 4 in	2 by 4=20 in.

All members except planking are used on=20 edge.

Table D-8=E2=80=94Minimum Nominal Size and = Maximum Spacing=20 of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds=E2=80=94Medium Duty

Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 50 pounds = per square=20 foot.
Maximum = height of=20 scaffold	60 ft.
Poles or = uprights	4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing=20 (longitudinal)	8 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width = of=20 scaffold	5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or = putlogs	2 by 9 in. or 3 by 4 = in.
Spacing of = bearers or=20 putlogs	8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers	2 by 9 in.
Vertical = spacing of=20 horizontal members	9 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, = horizontal	1 by 6 in. or 1 1/4 by 4 = in.
Bracing, = diagonal	1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins	1 by 4 in.
Planking	2 by 9 in.
Toeboards	4 in. high = (minimum).
Guardrail	2 by 4=20 in.

All members except planking are used on=20 edge.

Table D-9=E2=80=94Minimum Nominal Size and = Maximum Spacing=20 of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds=E2=80=94Heavy Duty

Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 75 pounds = per square=20 foot.
Maximum = height of=20 scaffold	60 ft.
Poles or = uprights	4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing=20 (longitudinal)	6 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width = of=20 scaffold	5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or = putlogs	2 by 9 in. or 3 by 5 in.=20 (rough).
Spacing of = bearers or=20 putlogs	6 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers	2 by 9 in.
Vertical = spacing of=20 horizontal members	6 ft. 6 in.
Bracing, = horizontal and=20 diagonal	2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins	1 by 4 in.
Planking	2 by 9 in.
Toeboards	4 in. high = (minimum).
Guardrail	2 by 4=20 in.

All members except planking are used on=20 edge.

Table D-10=E2=80=94Minimum Nominal Size = and Maximum Spacing=20 of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds=E2=80=94Light = Duty

	Maximum = height of=20 scaffold
20 feet	60 feet
Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 25 pounds = per square=20 foot.
Poles or = uprights	2 by 4 in	4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing=20 (longitudinal)	6 ft. 0 in	10 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing=20 (transverse)	6 ft. 0 in	10 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers	1 1/4 by 4 in	1 1/4 by 9 in.
Bearers to 3 = ft. 0 in.=20 span	2 by 4 in	2 by 4 in.
Bearers to 10 = ft. 0 in.=20 span	2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 = in	2 by 9 (rough) or 3 by 8 = in.
Planking	1 1/4 by 9 in	2 by 9 in.
Vertical = spacing of=20 horizontal members	7 ft. 0 in	7 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, = horizontal and=20 diagonal	1 by 4 in	1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins	1 by 4 in	1 by 4 in.
Toeboards	4 in. high	4 in. high = (minimum).
Guardrail	2 by 4 in	2 by 4=20 in.

All members except planking are used on=20 edge.

Table D-11=E2=80=94Minimum Nominal Size = and Maximum Spacing=20 of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds=E2=80=94Medium = Duty

Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 50 pounds = per square=20 foot.
Maximum = height of=20 scaffold	60 ft.
Poles or = uprights	4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing=20 (longitudinal)	8 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing=20 (transverse)	8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers	2 by 9 in.
Vertical = spacing of=20 horizontal members	6 ft. 0 in.
Spacing of = bearers	8 ft. 0 in.
Bearers	2 by 9 in. (rough) or 2 = by 10=20 in.
Bracing, = horizontal	1 by 6 in. or 1 1/4 by 4 = in.
Bracing, = diagonal	1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins	1 by 4 in.
Planking	2 by 9 in.
Toeboards	4 in. high = (minimum).
Guardrail	2 by 4=20 in.

All members except planking are used on=20 edge.

Table D-12=E2=80=94Minimum Nominal Size = and Maximum Spacing=20 of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds=E2=80=94Heavy = Duty

Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 75 pounds = per square=20 foot.
Maximum = height of=20 scaffold	60 ft.
Poles or = uprights	4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing=20 (longitudinal)	6 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing=20 (transverse)	8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers	2 by 9 in.
Vertical = spacing of=20 horizontal members	4 ft. 6 in.
Bearers	2 by 9 in. = (rough).
Bracing, = horizontal and=20 diagonal	2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins	1 by 4 in.
Planking	2 by 9 in.
Toeboards	4 in. high = (minimum).
Guardrail	2 by 4=20 in.

All members except planking are used on=20 edge.

Table D-13=E2=80=94Tube and Coupler = Scaffolds=E2=80=94Light=20 Duty

Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 25 = p.s.f.
post spacing=20 (longitudinal)	10 ft. 0 in.
Post spacing=20 (transverse)	6 ft. 0=20 in.

Working levels	Additional planked = levels	Maximum height
1	8	125 ft.
2	4	125 ft.
3	0	91 ft. 0=20 in.

Table D-14=E2=80=94Tube and Coupler = Scaffolds=E2=80=94Medium=20 Duty

Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 50 = p.s.f.
Post spacing=20 (longitudinal)	8 ft. 0 in.
Post spacing=20 (transverse)	6 ft. 0=20 in.

Working levels	Additional planked = levels	Maximum height
1	6	125 ft.
2	0	78 ft. 0=20 in.

Table D-15=E2=80=94Tube and Coupler = Scaffolds=E2=80=94Heavy=20 Duty

Uniformly = distributed=20 load	Not to exceed 75 = p.s.f.
Post spacing=20 (longitudinal)	6 ft. 6 in.
Post spacing=20 (transverse)	6 ft. 0=20 in.

Working levels	Additional planked = levels	Maximum height
1	6	125=20 ft.

(c) Tube and coupler = scaffolds.=20 (1) A light-duty tube and coupler scaffold shall have all posts, = bearers,=20 runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. The = posts shall=20 be spaced no more than 6 feet apart by 10 feet along the length of = the=20 scaffold. Other structural metals when used must be designed to = carry an=20 equivalent load.

(2) A medium-duty tube and coupler scaffold shall have all = posts,=20 runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Posts = spaced not=20 more than 6 feet apart by 8 feet along the length of the scaffold = shall=20 have bearers of nominal 21=E2=81=842 -inch O.D. = steel=20 tubing. Posts spaced not more than 5 feet apart by 8 feet along = the length=20 of the scaffold shall have bearers of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel = tubing.=20 Other structural metals when used must be designed to carry an = equivalent=20 load.

(3) A heavy-duty tube and coupler scaffold shall have all = posts,=20 runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing, with the = posts=20 spaced not more than 6 feet apart by 6 feet 6 inches along the = length of=20 the scaffold. Other structural metals when used must be designed = to carry=20 an equivalent load.

(4) Tube and coupler scaffolds shall be limited in heights and = working=20 levels to those permitted in tables D-13, 14, and 15, of this = section.=20 Drawings and specifications of all tube and coupler scaffolds = above the=20 limitations in tables D-13, 14, and 15 of this section shall be = designed=20 by a registered professional engineer and copies made available to = the=20 employer and for inspection purposes.

(5) All tube and coupler scaffolds shall be constructed and = erected to=20 support four times the maximum intended loads as set forth in = tables D-13,=20 14, and 15 of this section, or as set forth in the specifications = by a=20 registered professional engineer, copies which shall be made = available to=20 the employer and for inspection purposes.

(6) All tube and coupler scaffolds shall be erected by = competent and=20 experienced personnel.

(7) Posts shall be accurately spaced, erected on suitable = bases, and=20 maintained plumb.

(8) Runners shall be erected along the length of the scaffold = located=20 on both the inside and the outside posts at even height. Runners = shall be=20 interlocked to form continuous lengths and coupled to each post. = The=20 bottom runners shall be located as close to the base as possible. = Runners=20 shall be placed not more than 6 feet 6 inches on centers.

(9) Bearers shall be installed transversely between posts and = shall be=20 securely coupled to the posts bearing on the runner coupler. When = coupled=20 directly to the runners, the coupler must be kept as close to the = posts as=20 possible.

(10) Bearers shall be at least 4 inches but not more than 12 = inches=20 longer than the post spacing or runner spacing. Bearers may be=20 cantilevered for use as brackets to carry not more than two = planks.

(11) Cross bracing shall be installed across the width of the = scaffold=20 at least every third set of posts horizontally and every fourth = runner=20 vertically. Such bracing shall extend diagonally from the inner = and outer=20 runners upward to the next outer and inner runners.

(12) Longitudinal diagonal bracing shall be installed at = approximately=20 a 45-degree angle from near the base of the first outer post = upward to the=20 extreme top of the scaffold. Where the longitudinal length of the = scaffold=20 permits, such bracing shall be duplicated beginning at every fifth = post.=20 In a similar manner, longitudinal diagonal bracing shall also be = installed=20 from the last post extending back and upward toward the first = post. Where=20 conditions preclude the attachment of this bracing to the posts, = it may be=20 attached to the runners.

(13) The entire scaffold shall be tied to and securely braced = against=20 the building at intervals not to exceed 30 feet horizontally and = 26 feet=20 vertically.

(14) Guardrails not less than 2=C3=974 inches or the equivalent = and not less=20 than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when=20 required, of 1=C3=974-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(d) Tubular welded frame=20 scaffolds. (1) Metal tubular frame scaffolds, including = accessories=20 such as braces, brackets, trusses, screw legs, ladders, etc., = shall be=20 designed and proved to safely support four times the maximum = intended=20 load.

(2) Spacing of panels or frames shall be consistent with the = loads=20 imposed.

(3) Scaffolds shall be properly braced by cross bracing or = diagonal=20 braces, or both, for securing vertical members together laterally, = and the=20 cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square = and=20 aline vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always = plumb,=20 square, and rigid. All brace connections shall be made secure.

(4) Scaffold legs shall be set on adjustable bases or plain = bases=20 placed on mud sills or other foundations adequate to support the = maximum=20 intended load.

(5) The frames shall be placed one on top of the other with = coupling or=20 stacking pins to provide proper vertical alinement of the = legs.

(6) Where uplift may occur, panels shall be locked together = vertically=20 by pins or other equivalent suitable means.

(7) Guardrails not less than 2 =C3=97 4 inches or the = equivalent and not=20 less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, = when=20 required, of 1- =C3=97 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(8) All tubular metal scaffolds shall be constructed and = erected to=20 support four times the maximum intended loads.

(9) To prevent movement, the scaffold shall be secured to the = building=20 or structure at intervals not to exceed 30 feet horizontally and = 26 feet=20 vertically.

(10) Maximum permissible spans of planking shall be in = conformity with=20 paragraph (a)(9) of this section.

(11) Drawings and specifications for all frame scaffolds over = 125 feet=20 in height above the base plates shall be designed by a registered=20 professional engineer and copies made available to the employer = and for=20 inspection purposes.

(12) All tubular welded frame scaffolds shall be erected by = competent=20 and experienced personnel.

(13) Frames and accessories for scaffolds shall be maintained = in good=20 repair and every defect, unsafe condition, or noncompliance with = this=20 section shall be immediately corrected before further use of the = scaffold.=20 Any broken, bent, excessively rusted, altered, or otherwise = structurally=20 damaged frames or accessories shall not be used.

(14) Periodic inspections shall be made of all welded frames = and=20 accessories, and any maintenance, including painting, or minor = corrections=20 authorized by the manufacturer, shall be made before further = use.

(e) Outrigger = scaffolds. (1)=20 Outrigger beams shall extend not more than 6 feet beyond the face = of the=20 building. The inboard end of outrigger beams, measured from the = fulcrum=20 point to the extreme point of support, shall be not less than one = and=20 one-half times the outboard end in length. The beams shall rest on = edge,=20 the sides shall be plumb, and the edges shall be horizontal. The = fulcrum=20 point of the beam shall rest on a secure bearing at least 6 inches = in each=20 horizontal dimension. The beam shall be secured in place against = movement=20 and shall be securely braced at the fulcrum point against = tipping.

(2) The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely = supported=20 either by means of struts bearing against sills in contact with = the=20 overhead beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members secured = to the=20 floor joists underfoot, or by both if necessary. The inboard ends = of=20 outrigger beams shall be secured against tipping and the entire = supporting=20 structure shall be securely braced in both directions to prevent = any=20 horizontal movement.

(3) Unless outrigger scaffolds are designed by a licensed = professional=20 engineer, they shall be constructed and erected in accordance with = table=20 D-16. Outrigger scaffolds designed by a registered professional = engineer=20 shall be constructed and erected in accordance with such design. A = copy of=20 the detailed drawings and specifications showing the sizes and = spacing of=20 members shall be kept on the job.

(4) Planking shall be laid tight and shall extend to within 3 = inches of=20 the building wall. Planking shall be nailed or bolted to = outriggers.

(5) Where there is danger of material falling from the = scaffold, a wire=20 mesh or other enclosure shall be provided between the guardrail = and the=20 toeboard.

(6) Where additional working levels are required to be = supported by the=20 outrigger method, the plans and specifications of the outrigger = and=20 scaffolding structure shall be designed by a registered = professional=20 engineer.

(f) Masons' adjustable = multiple-point=20 suspension scaffolds. (1) The scaffold shall be capable of=20 sustaining a working load of 50 pounds per square foot and shall = not be=20 loaded in excess of that figure.

(2) The scaffold shall be provided with hoisting machines that = meet the=20 requirements of a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer = to=20 =C2=A7 1910.7 for definition of nationally recognized testing = laboratory.

Table D-16=E2=80=94Minimum Nominal Size = and Maximum Spacing=20 of Members of Outrigger Scaffolds

	Light duty	Medium duty
Maximum = scaffold load	25 p.s.f.	50 p.s.f.
Outrigger = size	2=C3=9710 in	3=C3=9710 in.
Maximum = outrigger=20 spacing	10 ft 0 in	6 ft 0 in.
Planking	2=C3=979 in	2=C3=979 in.
Guardrail	2=C3=974 in	2=C3=974 in.
Guardrail = uprights	2=C3=974 in	2=C3=974 in.
Toeboards = (minimum)	4 in	4=20 in.

(3) The platform shall be supported by wire ropes in conformity = with=20 paragraph (a)(22) of this section, suspended from overhead = outrigger=20 beams.

(4) The scaffold outrigger beams shall consist of structural = metal=20 securely fastened or anchored to the frame or floor system of the = building=20 or structure.

(5) Each outrigger beam shall be equivalent in strength to at = least a=20 standard 7-inch, 15.3-pound steel I-beam, be at least 15 feet = long, and=20 shall not project more than 6 feet 6 inches beyond the bearing = point.

(6) Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams = shall=20 be composed of stronger beams or multiple beams and be installed = in=20 accordance with approved designs and instructions.

(7) If channel iron outrigger beams are used in place of = I-beams, they=20 shall be securely fastened together with the flanges turned = out.

(8) All outrigger beams shall be set and maintained with their = webs=20 into vertical position.

(9) A stop bolt shall be placed at each end of every outrigger=20 beam.

(10) The outrigger beam shall rest on suitable wood-bearing = blocks.

(11) All parts of the scaffold such as bolts, nuts, fittings, = clamps,=20 wire rope, and outrigger beams and their fastenings, shall be = maintained=20 in sound and good working condition and shall be inspected before = each=20 installation and periodically thereafter.

(12) The free end of the suspension wire ropes shall be = equipped with=20 proper size thimbles and be secured by splicing or other = equivalent means.=20 The running ends shall be securely attached to the hoisting drum = and at=20 least four turns of rope shall at all times remain on the = drum.

(13) Where a single outrigger beam is used, the steel shackles = or=20 clevises with which the wire ropes are attached to the outrigger = beams=20 shall be placed directly over the hoisting drums.

(14) The scaffold platform shall be equivalent in strength to = at least=20 2-inch planking. (For maximum planking spans see paragraph (a)(9) = of this=20 section.)

(16) Overhead protection shall be provided on the scaffold, not = more=20 than 9 feet above the platform, consisting of 2-inch planking or = material=20 of equivalent strength laid tight, when men are at work on the = scaffold=20 and an overhead hazard exists.

(17) Each scaffold shall be installed or relocated in = accordance with=20 designs and instructions, of a registered professional engineer, = and=20 supervised by a competent, designated person.

(g) Two-point suspension = scaffolds=20 (swinging scaffolds). (1) Two-point suspension scaffold = platforms=20 shall be not less than 20 inches no more than 36 inches wide = overall. The=20 platform shall be securely fastened to the hangers by U-bolts or = by other=20 equivalent means.

(2) The hangers of two-point suspension scaffolds shall be made = of=20 wrought iron, mild steel, or other equivalent material having a=20 cross-sectional area capable of sustaining four times the maximum = intended=20 load, and shall be designed with a support for guardrail, = intermediate=20 rail, and toeboard.

(3) When hoisting machines are used on two-point suspension = scaffolds,=20 such machines shall be of a design tested and approved by a = nationally=20 recognized testing laboratory. Refer to =C2=A7 1910.7 for = definition of=20 nationally recognized testing laboratory.

(4) The roof irons or hooks shall be of wrought iron, mild = steel, or=20 other equivalent material of proper size and design, securely = installed=20 and anchored. Tie-backs of three-fourth inch manila rope or the = equivalent=20 shall serve as a secondary means of anchorage, installed at right = angles=20 to the face of the building whenever possible and secured to a=20 structurally sound portion of the building.

(5) Guardrails not less than 2 =C3=97 4 inches or the = equivalent and not=20 less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, = when=20 required, of 1- =C3=97 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(6) Two-point suspension scaffolds shall be suspended by wire = or fiber=20 ropes. Wire and fiber ropes shall conform to paragraph (a)(22) of = this=20 section.

(7) The blocks for fiber ropes shall be of standard 6-inch = size,=20 consisting of at least one double and one single block. The = sheaves of all=20 blocks shall fit the size of rope used.

(8) All wire ropes, fiber ropes, slings, hangers, platforms, = and other=20 supporting parts shall be inspected before every installation. = Periodic=20 inspections shall be made while the scaffold is in use.

(9) On suspension scaffolds designed for a working load of 500 = pounds=20 no more than two men shall be permitted to work at one time. On = suspension=20 scaffolds with a working load of 750 pounds, no more than three = men shall=20 be permitted to work at one time. Each workman shall be protected = by a=20 safety lifebelt attached to a lifeline. The lifeline shall be = securely=20 attached to substantial members of the structure (not scaffold), = or to=20 securely rigged lines, which will safely suspend the workman in = case of a=20 fall.

(10) Where acid solutions are used, fiber ropes are not = permitted=20 unless acid-proof.

(11) Two-point suspension scaffolds shall be securely lashed to = the=20 building or structure to prevent them from swaying. Window = cleaners'=20 anchors shall not be used for this purpose.

(12) The platform of every two-point suspension scaffold shall = be one=20 of the following types:

(i) The side stringer of ladder-type platforms shall be clear=20 straight-grained spruce or materials of equivalent strength and=20 durability. The rungs shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or = hickory,=20 at least 11=E2=81=848 inch in = diameter,=20 with seven-eighth inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at = least=20 seven-eighth inch. The stringers shall be tied together with the = tie rods=20 not less than one-quarter inch in diameter, passing through the = stringers=20 and riveted up tight against washers on both ends. The flooring = strips=20 shall be spaced not more than five-eighth inch apart except at the = side=20 rails where the space may be 1 inch. Ladder-type platforms shall = be=20 constructed in accordance with table D-17.

(ii) Plank-type platforms shall be composed of not less than = nominal=20 2=C3=978-inch unspliced planks, properly cleated together on the = underside=20 starting 6 inches from each end; intervals in between shall not = exceed 4=20 feet. The plank-type platform shall not extend beyond the hangers = more=20 than 18 inches. A bar or other effective means shall be securely = fastened=20 to the platform at each end to prevent its slipping off the = hanger. The=20 span between hangers for plank-type platforms shall not exceed 10=20 feet.

(iii) Beam platforms shall have side stringers of lumber not = less than=20 2=C3=976 inches set on edge. The span between hangers shall not = exceed 12 feet=20 when beam platforms are used. The flooring shall be supported on = 2- and=20 6-inch crossbeams, laid flat and set into the upper edge of the = stringers=20 with a snug fit, at intervals of not more than 4 feet, securely = nailed in=20 place. The flooring shall be of 1=C3=976inch material properly = nailed.=20 Floorboards shall not be spaced more than one-half inch apart.

Table D-17=E2=80=94Schedule for = Ladder-Type=20 Platforms

	Length of = platform=20 (feet)
12	14 & 16	18 & 20	22 & 24	28 & 30
Side = stringers, minimum=20 cross section (finished sizes):
At ends (in.)	1 3/4=C3=972 3/4	1 3/4=C3=972 3/4	1 3/4=C3=973	1 3/4=C3=973	1 3/4=C3=973 = 1/2
At middle (in.)	1 3/4=C3=973 3/4	1 3/4=C3=973 3/4	1 3/4=C3=974	1 3/4=C3=974 1/4	1 3/4=C3=975
Reinforcing = strip=20 (minimum) ¹
Rungs ²
Tie = rods:
Number (minimum)	3	4	4	5	6
Diameter (minimum)	1/4 in	1/4 in	1/4 in	1/4 in	1/4 in.
Flooring, = minimum=20 finished size (in.)	1/2=C3=972 3/4	1/2=C3=972 3/4	1/2=C3=972 3/4	1/2=C3=97 3/4	1/2=C3=972=20 3/4

¹ A 1/8x 7/8-in. steel = reinforcing=20 strip or its equivalent shall be attached to the side or underside = full=20 length.

² Rungs shall be 1 1/8-in. = minimum,=20 diameter with at least 7/8-in. diameter tenons, and the maximum = spacing=20 shall be 12 in. center to center.

(h) Stone setters' = adjustable=20 multiple-point suspension scaffolds. (1) The scaffold shall = be=20 capable of sustaining a working load of 25 pounds per square foot = and=20 shall not be overloaded. Scaffolds shall not be used for storage = of stone=20 or other heavy materials.

(2) The hoisting machine and its supports shall be of a type = tested and=20 listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to=20 =C2=A7 1910.399(a)(77) for definition of listed, and = =C2=A7 1910.7 for=20 nationally recognized testing laboratory.

(3) The platform shall be securely fastened to the hangers by = U-bolts=20 or other equivalent means.

(4) The scaffold unit shall be suspended from metal outriggers, = iron=20 brackets, wire rope slings, or iron hooks which will safely = support the=20 maximum intended load.

(5) Outriggers when used shall be set with their webs in a = vertical=20 position, securely anchored to the building or structure and = provided with=20 stop bolts at each end.

(6) The scaffold shall be supported by wire rope conforming = with=20 paragraph (a)(22) of this section, suspended from overhead = supports.

(7) The free ends of the suspension wire ropes shall be = equipped with=20 proper size thimbles, secured by splicing or other equivalent = means. The=20 running ends shall be securely attached to the hoisting drum and = at least=20 four turns of rope shall remain on the drum at all times.

(8) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent = and not=20 less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, = when=20 required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(9) When two or more scaffolds are used on a building or = structure they=20 shall not be bridged one to the other but shall be maintained at = even=20 height with platforms butting closely.

(10) Each scaffold shall be installed or relocated in = accordance with=20 designs and instructions of a registered professional engineer, = and such=20 installation or relocation shall be supervised by a competent = designated=20 person.

(i) Single-point adjustable = suspension=20 scaffolds. (1) The scaffolding, including power units or = manually=20 operated winches, shall be a type tested and listed by a = nationally=20 recognized testing laboratory. Refer to = =C2=A7 1910.399(a)(77) for=20 definition of listed, and =C2=A7 1910.7 for nationally = recognized testing=20 laboratory.

(2) [Reserved]

(3) All power-operated gears and brakes shall be enclosed.

(4) In addition to the normal operating brake, all-power driven = units=20 must have an emergency brake which engages automatically when the = normal=20 speed of descent is exceeded.

(5) Guards, mid-rails, and toeboards shall completely enclose = the cage=20 or basket. Guardrails shall be no less than 2 by 4 inches or the=20 equivalent installed no less than 36 inches nor more than 42 = inches above=20 the platform. Mid-rails shall be 1 by 6 inches or the equivalent,=20 installed equidistant between the guardrail and the platform. = Toeboards=20 shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.

(6) The hoisting machines, cables, and equipment shall be = regularly=20 serviced and inspected after each installation and every 30 days=20 thereafter.

(7) The units may be combined to form a two-point suspension = scaffold.=20 Such scaffold shall comply with paragraph (g) of this section.

(8) The supporting cable shall be straight for its entire = length, and=20 the operator shall not sway the basket and fix the cable to any=20 intermediate points to change his original path of travel.

(9) Equipment shall be maintained and used in accordance with = the=20 manufacturers' instructions.

(10) Suspension methods shall conform to applicable provisions = of=20 paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section.

(j) Boatswain's = chairs. (1) The=20 chair seat shall be not less than 12 by 24 inches, and of 1-inch=20 thickness. The seat shall be reinforced on the underside to = prevent the=20 board from splitting.

(2) The two fiber rope seat slings shall be of 5=E2=81=848 -inch = diameter,=20 reeved through the four seat holes so as to cross each other on = the=20 underside of the seat.

(3) Seat slings shall be of at least 3=E2=81=848 -inch wire = rope when=20 a workman is conducting a heat producing process such as gas or = arc=20 welding.

(4) The workman shall be protected by a safety life belt = attached to a=20 lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely attached to substantial = members=20 of the structure (not scaffold), or to securely rigged lines, = which will=20 safely suspend the worker in case of a fall.

(5) The tackle shall consist of correct size ball bearing or = bushed=20 blocks and properly spliced 5=E2=81=848 -inch = diameter=20 first-grade manila rope.

(6) The roof irons, hooks, or the object to which the tackle is = anchored shall be securely installed. Tiebacks when used shall be=20 installed at right angles to the face of the building and securely = fastened to a chimney.

(k) Carpenters' bracket=20 scaffolds. (1) The brackets shall consist of a triangular = wood=20 frame not less than 2 by 3 inches in cross section, or of metal of = equivalent strength. Each member shall be properly fitted and = securely=20 joined.

(2) Each bracket shall be attached to the structure by means of = one of=20 the following:

(i) A bolt no less than five-eighths inch in diameter which = shall=20 extend through the inside of the building wall.

(ii) A metal stud attachment device.

(iii) Welding to steel tanks.

(iv) Hooking over a well-secured and adequately strong = supporting=20 member.

The brackets shall be spaced no more than 10 feet = apart.

(3) No more than two persons shall occupy any given 10 feet of = a=20 bracket scaffold at any one time. Tools and materials shall not = exceed 75=20 pounds in addition to the occupancy.

(4) The platform shall consist of not less than two 2- by = 9-inch=20 nominal size planks extending not more than 18 inches or less than = 6=20 inches beyond each end support.

(5) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent = and not=20 less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, = when=20 required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(l) Bricklayers' square=20 scaffolds. (1) The squares shall not exceed 5 feet in width = and 5=20 feet in height.

(2) Members shall be not less than those specified in Table = D-18.

(3) The squares shall be reinforced on both sides of each = corner with=20 1- by 6-inch gusset pieces. They shall also have braces 1 by 8 = inches on=20 both sides running from center to center of each member, or other = means to=20 secure equivalent strength and rigidity.

(4) The squares shall be set not more than 5 feet apart for = medium duty=20 scaffolds, and not more than 8 feet apart for light duty = scaffolds.=20 Bracing 1=C3=978 inches, extending from the bottom of each square = to the top of=20 the next square, shall be provided on both front and rear sides of = the=20 scaffold.

Table D-18=E2=80=94Minimum Dimensions for = Bricklayers'=20 Square Scaffold Members

Members	Dimensions = (inches)
Bearers or = horizontal=20 members	2 by 6.
Legs	2 by 6.
Braces at = corners	1 by 6.
Braces = diagonally from=20 center frame	1 by=20 8.

(5) Platform planks shall be at least 2- by 9-inch nominal = size. The=20 ends of the planks shall overlap the bearers of the squares and = each plank=20 shall be supported by not less than three squares.

(6) Bricklayers' square scaffolds shall not exceed three tiers = in=20 height and shall be so constructed and arranged that one square = shall rest=20 directly above the other. The upper tiers shall stand on a = continuous row=20 of planks laid across the next lower tier and be nailed down or = otherwise=20 secured to prevent displacement.

(7) Scaffolds shall be level and set upon a firm = foundation.

(m) Horse scaffolds. = (1) Horse=20 scaffolds shall not be constructed or arranged more than two tiers = or 10=20 feet in height.

(2) The members of the horses shall be not less than those = specified in=20 Table D-19.

(3) Horses shall be spaced not more than 5 feet for medium duty = and not=20 more than 8 feet for light duty.

(4) When arranged in tiers, each horse shall be placed directly = over=20 the horse in the tier below.

(5) On all scaffolds arranged in tiers, the legs shall be = nailed down=20 to the planks to prevent displacement or thrust and each tier = shall be=20 substantially cross braced.

Table D-19=E2=80=94Minimum Dimensions for = Horse Scaffold=20 Members

Members	Dimensions = (inches)
Horizontal = members or=20 bearers	3 by 4.
Legs	1 1/4 by 4 1/2.
Longitudinal = brace=20 between legs	1 by 6.
Gusset brace = at top of=20 legs	1 by 8.
Half diagonal = braces	1 1/4 by 4=20 1/2.

(6) Horses or parts which have become weak or defective shall = not be=20 used.

(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent = and not=20 less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high with a mid-rail, = when=20 required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(n) Needle beam = scaffold. (1)=20 Wood needle beams shall be in accordance with paragraph (a) (5) = and (9) of=20 this section, and shall be not less than 4 by 6 inches in size, = with the=20 greater dimension placed in a vertical direction. Metal beams or = the=20 equivalent conforming to paragraph (a) (4) and (8) of this section = may be=20 used.

(2) Ropes or hangers shall be provided for supports. The span = between=20 supports on the needle beam shall not exceed 10 feet for 4- by = 6-inch=20 timbers. Rope supports shall be equivalent in strength to 1-inch = diameter=20 first-grade manila rope.

(3) The ropes shall be attached to the needle beams by a = scaffold hitch=20 or a properly made eye splice. The loose end of the rope shall be = tied by=20 a bowline knot or by a round turn and one-half hitch.

(4) The platform span between the needle beams shall not exceed = 8 feet=20 when using 2-inch scaffold plank. For spans greater than 8 feet, = platforms=20 shall be designed based on design requirements for the special = span. The=20 overhang of each end of the platform planks shall be not less than = 1 foot=20 and not more than 18 inches.

(5) When one needle beam is higher than the other or when the = platform=20 is not level the platform shall be secured against slipping.

(6) All unattached tools, bolts, and nuts used on needle beam = scaffolds=20 shall be kept in suitable containers.

(7) One end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a = permanent=20 structural member conforming to paragraphs (a) (4) and (8) of this = section.

(8) Each man working on a needle beam scaffold 20 feet or more = above=20 the ground or floor and working with both hands, shall be = protected by a=20 safety life belt attached to a lifeline. The lifeline shall be = securely=20 attached to substantial members of the structure (not scaffold), = or to=20 securely rigged lines, which will safely suspend the workman in = case of a=20 fall.

(o) Plasterers', = decorators', and=20 large area scaffolds. (1) Plasterers', decorators', = lathers', and=20 ceiling workers' inside scaffolds shall be constructed in = accordance with=20 the general requirements set forth for independent wood pole=20 scaffolds.

(2) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent = and not=20 less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, = when=20 required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(3) All platform planks shall be laid with the edges close=20 together.

(4) When independent pole scaffold platforms are erected in = sections,=20 such sections shall be provided with connecting runways equipped = with=20 substantial guardrails.

(p) Interior hung = scaffolds.=20 (1) [Reserved]

(2) The suspended steel wire rope shall conform to paragraph = (a)(22) of=20 this section. Wire may be used providing the strength requirements = of=20 paragraph (a)(22) of this section are met.

(3) For hanging wood scaffolds, the following minimum nominal = size=20 material is recommended:

(i) Supporting bearers 2 by 9 inches on edge.

(ii) Planking 2 by 9 inches or 2 by 10 inches, with maximum = span 7 feet=20 for heavy duty and 10 feet for light duty or medium duty.

(4) Steel tube and coupler members may be used for hanging = scaffolds=20 with both types of scaffold designed to sustain a uniform = distributed=20 working load up to heavy duty scaffold loads with a safety factor = of=20 four.

(5) When a hanging scaffold is supported by means of wire rope, = such=20 wire rope shall be wrapped at least twice around the supporting = members=20 and twice around the bearers of the scaffold, with each end of the = wire=20 rope secured by at least three standard wire-rope clips.

(6) All overhead supporting members shall be inspected and = checked for=20 strength before the scaffold is erected.

(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent = and not=20 less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, = when=20 required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, = shall be=20 installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet = above the=20 ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in = height. Wire=20 mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of = this=20 section.

(q) Ladder-jack = scaffolds. (1)=20 All ladder-jack scaffolds shall be limited to light duty and shall = not=20 exceed a height of 20 feet above the floor or ground.

(2) All ladders used in connection with ladder-jack scaffolds = shall be=20 heavy-duty ladders and shall be designed and constructed in = accordance=20 with =C2=A7 1910.25 and =C2=A7 1910.26.

(3) The ladder jack shall be so designed and constructed that = it will=20 bear on the side rails in addition to the ladder rungs, or if = bearing on=20 rungs only, the bearing area shall be at least 10 inches on each = rung.

(4) Ladders used in conjunction with ladder jacks shall be so = placed,=20 fastened, held, or equipped with devices so as to prevent = slipping.

(5) The wood platform planks shall be not less than 2 inches = nominal in=20 thickness. Both metal and wood platform planks shall overlap the = bearing=20 surface not less than 12 inches. The span between supports for = wood shall=20 not exceed 8 feet. Platform width shall be not less than 18 = inches.

(6) Not more than two persons shall occupy any given 8 feet of = any=20 ladder-jack scaffold at any one time.

(r) Window-jack = scaffolds. (1)=20 Window-jack scaffolds shall be used only for the purpose of = working at the=20 window opening through which the jack is placed.

(2) Window jacks shall not be used to support planks placed = between one=20 window jack and another or for other elements of scaffolding.

(3) Window-jack scaffolds shall be provided with suitable = guardrails=20 unless safety belts with lifelines are attached and provided for = the=20 workman. Window-jack scaffolds shall be used by one man only.

(s) Roofing brackets. = (1)=20 Roofing brackets shall be constructed to fit the pitch of the = roof.

(2) Brackets shall be secured in place by nailing in addition = to the=20 pointed metal projections. The nails shall be driven full length = into the=20 roof. When rope supports are used, they shall consist of = first-grade=20 manila of at least three-quarter-inch diameter, or equivalent.

(3) A substantial catch platform shall be installed below the = working=20 area of roofs more than 20 feet from the ground to eaves with a = slope=20 greater than 3 inches in 12 inches without a parapet. In width the = platform shall extend 2 feet beyond the projection of the eaves = and shall=20 be provided with a safety rail, mid-rail, and toeboard. This = provision=20 shall not apply where employees engaged in work upon such roofs = are=20 protected by a safety belt attached to a lifeline.

(t) Crawling boards or = chicken=20 ladders. (1) Crawling boards shall be not less than 10 = inches wide=20 and 1 inch thick, having cleats 1=C3=9711=E2=81=842 inches. The = cleats=20 shall be equal in length to the width of the board and spaced at = equal=20 intervals not to exceed 24 inches. Nails shall be driven through = and=20 clinched on the underside. The crawling board shall extend from = the ridge=20 pole to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, = repair,=20 or maintenance.

(2) A firmly fastened lifeline of at least three-quarter-inch = rope=20 shall be strung beside each crawling board for a handhold.

(3) Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof by means of = adequate=20 ridge hooks or equivalent effective means.

(u) Float or ship = scaffolds.=20 (1) Float or ship scaffolds shall support not more than three men = and a=20 few light tools, such as those needed for riveting, bolting, and = welding.=20 They shall be constructed in accordance with paragraphs (u) (2) = through=20 (6) of this section, unless substitute designs and materials = provide=20 equivalent strength, stability, and safety.

(2) The platform shall be not less than 3 feet wide and 6 feet = long,=20 made of three-quarter-inch plywood, equivalent to American Plywood = Association Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior.

(3) Under the platform, there shall be two supporting bearers = made from=20 2=C3=974-inch, or 1=C3=9710-inch rough, selected lumber, or = better. They shall be=20 free of knots or other flaws and project 6 inches beyond the = platform on=20 both sides. The ends of the platform shall extend about 6 inches = beyond=20 the outer edges of the bearers. Each bearer shall be securely = fastened to=20 the platform.

(4) An edging of wood not less than 3=E2=81=844 = =C3=9711=E2=81=842 inches, or=20 equivalent, shall be placed around all sides of the platform to = prevent=20 tools from rolling off.

(5) Supporting ropes shall be 1-inch diameter manila rope or=20 equivalent, free from deterioration, chemical damage, flaws, or = other=20 imperfections. Rope connections shall be such that the platform = cannot=20 shift or slip. If two ropes are used with each float, each of the = two=20 supporting ropes shall be hitched around one end of a bearer and = pass=20 under the platforms to the other end of the bearer where it is = hitched=20 again, leaving sufficient rope at each end for the supporting = ties.

(6) Each workman shall be protected by a safety lifebelt = attached to a=20 lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely attached to substantial = members=20 of the structure (not scaffold), or to securely rigged lines, = which will=20 safely suspend the workman in case of a fall.

(v) Scope. This = section=20 establishes safety requirements for the construction, operation,=20 maintenance, and use of scaffolds used in the maintenance of = buildings and=20 structures.

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR = 49746, Oct.=20 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, 1984; 53 FR 12121, Apr. 12, = 1988]

For questions or comments regarding e-CFR = editorial=20 content, features, or design, email ecfr@nara.gov.
For = questions=20 concerning e-CFR programming and delivery issues, email webteam@gpo.gov.

732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC = 20401-0001=20 202.512.1800

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