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Title 29: Labor
PART
1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Subpart
D—Walking-Working Surfaces

§ 1910.28   Safety
requirements for scaffolding.

(a) General requirements for all
scaffolds. (1) Scaffolds shall be furnished and erected in
accordance with this standard for persons engaged in work that cannot be
done safely from the ground or from solid construction, except that
ladders used for such work shall conform to § 1910.25 and
§ 1910.26.

(2) The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and
capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling or
displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose brick, or
concrete blocks shall not be used to support scaffolds or planks.

(3) [Reserved]

(4) Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting
without failure at least four times the maximum intended load.

(5) Scaffolds and other devices mentioned or described in this section
shall be maintained in safe condition. Scaffolds shall not be altered or
moved horizontally while they are in use or occupied.

(6) Any scaffold damaged or weakened from any cause shall be
immediately repaired and shall not be used until repairs have been
completed.

(7) Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load for
which they are intended.

(8) All load-carrying timber members of scaffold framing shall be a
minimum of 1,500 f. (Stress Grade)
construction grade lumber. All dimensions are nominal sizes as provided in
the American Lumber Standards, except that where rough sizes are noted,
only rough or undressed lumber of the size specified will satisfy minimum
requirements. ( Note: Where
nominal sizes of lumber are used in place of rough sizes, the nominal size
lumber shall be such as to provide equivalent strength to that specified
in tables D-7 through D-12 and D-16.)

(9) All planking shall be Scaffold Grade as recognized by grading rules
for the species of wood used. The maximum permissible spans for 2- ×
9-inch or wider planks are shown in the following table:

Material

Full thickness undressed
lumber

Nominal thickness
lumber

Working load (p.s.f.)

25

50

75

25

50

Permissible span (ft.)

10

8

6

8

9

The maximum permissible span for 11⁄4 ×9-inch or wider
plank of full thickness is 4 feet with medium loading of 50 p.s.f.

(10) Nails or bolts used in the construction of scaffolds shall be of
adequate size and in sufficient numbers at each connection to develop the
designed strength of the scaffold. Nails shall not be subjected to a
straight pull and shall be driven full length.

(11) All planking or platforms shall be overlapped (minimum 12 inches)
or secured from movement.

(12) An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be provided.

(13) Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than
6 inches nor more than 18 inches.

(14) The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall be plumb, and
securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement.

(15) Materials being hoisted onto a scaffold shall have a tag line.

(16) Overhead protection shall be provided for men on a scaffold
exposed to overhead hazards.

(17) Scaffolds shall be provided with a screen between the toeboard and
the guardrail, extending along the entire opening, consisting of No. 18
gauge U.S. Standard Wire one-half-inch mesh or the equivalent, where
persons are required to work or pass under the scaffolds.

(18) Employees shall not work on scaffolds during storms or high
winds.

(19) Employees shall not work on scaffolds which are covered with ice
or snow, unless all ice or snow is removed and planking sanded to prevent
slipping.

(20) Tools, materials, and debris shall not be allowed to accumulate in
quantities to cause a hazard.

(21) Only treated or protected fiber rope shall be used for or near any
work involving the use of corrosive substances or chemicals.

(22) Wire or fiber rope used for scaffold suspension shall be capable
of supporting at least six times the intended load.

(23) When acid solutions are used for cleaning buildings over 50 feet
in height, wire rope supported scaffolds shall be used.

(24) The use of shore scaffolds or lean-to scaffolds is prohibited.

(25) Lumber sizes, when used in this section, refer to nominal sizes
except where otherwise stated.

(26) Scaffolds shall be secured to permanent structures, through use of
anchor bolts, reveal bolts, or other equivalent means. Window cleaners'
anchor bolts shall not be used.

(27) Special precautions shall be taken to protect scaffold members,
including any wire or fiber ropes, when using a heat-producing
process.

(b) General requirements for wood pole
scaffolds. (1) Scaffold poles shall bear on a foundation of
sufficient size and strength to spread the load from the poles over a
sufficient area to prevent settlement. All poles shall be set plumb.

(2) Where wood poles are spliced, the ends shall be squared and the
upper section shall rest squarely on the lower section. Wood splice plates
shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides and shall not be less
than 4 feet 0 inches in length, overlapping the abutted ends equally, and
have the same width and not less than the cross-sectional area of the
pole. Splice plates of other materials of equivalent strength may be
used.

(3) Independent pole scaffolds shall be set as near to the wall of the
building as practicable.

(4) All pole scaffolds shall be securely guyed or tied to the building
or structure. Where the height or length exceeds 25 feet, the scaffold
shall be secured at intervals not greater than 25 feet vertically and
horizontally.

(5) Putlogs or bearers shall be set with their greater dimensions
vertical, long enough to project over the ledgers of the inner and outer
rows of poles at least 3 inches for proper support.

(6) Every wooden putlog on single pole scaffolds shall be reinforced
with a 3⁄16 ×2-inch steel strip
or equivalent secured to its lower edge throughout its entire length.

(7) Ledgers shall be long enough to extend over two pole spaces.
Ledgers shall not be spliced between the poles. Ledgers shall be
reinforced by bearing blocks securely nailed to the side of the pole to
form a support for the ledger.

(8) Diagonal bracing shall be provided to prevent the poles from moving
in a direction parallel with the wall of the building, or from
buckling.

(9) Cross bracing shall be provided between the inner and outer sets of
poles in independent pole scaffolds. The free ends of pole scaffolds shall
be cross braced.

(10) Full diagonal face bracing shall be erected across the entire face
of pole scaffolds in both directions. The braces shall be spliced at the
poles.

(11) Platform planks shall be laid with their edges close together so
the platform will be tight with no spaces through which tools or fragments
of material can fall.

(12) Where planking is lapped, each plank shall lap its end supports at
least 12 inches. Where the ends of planks abut each other to form a flush
floor, the butt joint shall be at the centerline of a pole. The abutted
ends shall rest on separate bearers. Intermediate beams shall be provided
where necessary to prevent dislodgment of planks due to deflection, and
the ends shall be nailed or cleated to prevent their dislodgment.

(13) When a scaffold turns a corner, the platform planks shall be laid
to prevent tipping. The planks that meet the corner putlog at an angle
shall be laid first, extending over the diagonally placed putlog far
enough to have a good safe bearing, but not far enough to involve any
danger from tipping. The planking running in the opposite direction at
right angles shall be laid so as to extend over and rest on the first
layer of planking.

(14) When moving platforms to the next level, the old platform shall be
left undisturbed until the new putlogs or bearers have been set in place,
ready to receive the platform planks.

(15) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1 × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(16) All wood pole scaffolds 60 feet or less in height shall be
constructed and erected in accordance with tables D-7 through D-12 of this
section. If they are over 60 feet in height they shall be designed by a
registered professional engineer and constructed and erected in accordance
with such design. A copy of the typical drawings and specifications shall
be made available to the employer and for inspection purposes.

(17) Wood-pole scaffolds shall not be erected beyond the reach of
effective firefighting apparatus.

Table D-7—Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing
of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds—Light Duty

Maximum height of
scaffold

20 feet

60 feet

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 25 pounds per square
foot.

Poles or uprights

2 by 4 in

4 by 4 in.

Pole spacing
(longitudinal)

6 ft. 0 in

10 ft. 0 in.

Maximum width of
scaffold

5 ft. 0 in

5 ft. 0 in.

Bearers or putlogs to 3
ft. 0 in. width

2 by 4 in

2 by 4 in.

Bearers or putlogs to 5
ft. 0 in. width

2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in

2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4
in.(rough).

Ledgers

1 by 4 in

1 1/4 by 9 in.

Planking

1 1/4 by 9 in. (rough)

2 by 9 in.

Vertical spacing of
horizontal members

7 ft. 0 in

7 ft. 0 in.

Bracing, horizontal and
diagonal

1 by 4 in

1 by 4 in.

Tie-ins

1 by 4 in

1 by 4 in.

Toeboards

4 in. high (minimum)

4 in. high (minimum).

Guardrail

2 by 4 in

2 by 4
in.

All members except planking are used on
edge.

Table D-8—Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing
of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds—Medium Duty

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 50 pounds per square
foot.

Maximum height of
scaffold

60 ft.

Poles or uprights

4 by 4 in.

Pole spacing
(longitudinal)

8 ft. 0 in.

Maximum width of
scaffold

5 ft. 0 in.

Bearers or putlogs

2 by 9 in. or 3 by 4 in.

Spacing of bearers or
putlogs

8 ft. 0 in.

Ledgers

2 by 9 in.

Vertical spacing of
horizontal members

9 ft. 0 in.

Bracing, horizontal

1 by 6 in. or 1 1/4 by 4 in.

Bracing, diagonal

1 by 4 in.

Tie-ins

1 by 4 in.

Planking

2 by 9 in.

Toeboards

4 in. high (minimum).

Guardrail

2 by 4
in.

All members except planking are used on
edge.

Table D-9—Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing
of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds—Heavy Duty

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 75 pounds per square
foot.

Maximum height of
scaffold

60 ft.

Poles or uprights

4 by 4 in.

Pole spacing
(longitudinal)

6 ft. 0 in.

Maximum width of
scaffold

5 ft. 0 in.

Bearers or putlogs

2 by 9 in. or 3 by 5 in.
(rough).

Spacing of bearers or
putlogs

6 ft. 0 in.

Ledgers

2 by 9 in.

Vertical spacing of
horizontal members

6 ft. 6 in.

Bracing, horizontal and
diagonal

2 by 4 in.

Tie-ins

1 by 4 in.

Planking

2 by 9 in.

Toeboards

4 in. high (minimum).

Guardrail

2 by 4
in.

All members except planking are used on
edge.

Table D-10—Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing
of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds—Light Duty

Maximum height of
scaffold

20 feet

60 feet

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 25 pounds per square
foot.

Poles or uprights

2 by 4 in

4 by 4 in.

Pole spacing
(longitudinal)

6 ft. 0 in

10 ft. 0 in.

Pole spacing
(transverse)

6 ft. 0 in

10 ft. 0 in.

Ledgers

1 1/4 by 4 in

1 1/4 by 9 in.

Bearers to 3 ft. 0 in.
span

2 by 4 in

2 by 4 in.

Bearers to 10 ft. 0 in.
span

2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in

2 by 9 (rough) or 3 by 8 in.

Planking

1 1/4 by 9 in

2 by 9 in.

Vertical spacing of
horizontal members

7 ft. 0 in

7 ft. 0 in.

Bracing, horizontal and
diagonal

1 by 4 in

1 by 4 in.

Tie-ins

1 by 4 in

1 by 4 in.

Toeboards

4 in. high

4 in. high (minimum).

Guardrail

2 by 4 in

2 by 4
in.

All members except planking are used on
edge.

Table D-11—Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing
of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds—Medium Duty

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 50 pounds per square
foot.

Maximum height of
scaffold

60 ft.

Poles or uprights

4 by 4 in.

Pole spacing
(longitudinal)

8 ft. 0 in.

Pole spacing
(transverse)

8 ft. 0 in.

Ledgers

2 by 9 in.

Vertical spacing of
horizontal members

6 ft. 0 in.

Spacing of bearers

8 ft. 0 in.

Bearers

2 by 9 in. (rough) or 2 by 10
in.

Bracing, horizontal

1 by 6 in. or 1 1/4 by 4 in.

Bracing, diagonal

1 by 4 in.

Tie-ins

1 by 4 in.

Planking

2 by 9 in.

Toeboards

4 in. high (minimum).

Guardrail

2 by 4
in.

All members except planking are used on
edge.

Table D-12—Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing
of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds—Heavy Duty

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 75 pounds per square
foot.

Maximum height of
scaffold

60 ft.

Poles or uprights

4 by 4 in.

Pole spacing
(longitudinal)

6 ft. 0 in.

Pole spacing
(transverse)

8 ft. 0 in.

Ledgers

2 by 9 in.

Vertical spacing of
horizontal members

4 ft. 6 in.

Bearers

2 by 9 in. (rough).

Bracing, horizontal and
diagonal

2 by 4 in.

Tie-ins

1 by 4 in.

Planking

2 by 9 in.

Toeboards

4 in. high (minimum).

Guardrail

2 by 4
in.

All members except planking are used on
edge.

Table D-13—Tube and Coupler Scaffolds—Light
Duty

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 25 p.s.f.

post spacing
(longitudinal)

10 ft. 0 in.

Post spacing
(transverse)

6 ft. 0
in.

Working levels

Additional planked levels

Maximum height

1

8

125 ft.

2

4

125 ft.

3

0

91 ft. 0
in.

Table D-14—Tube and Coupler Scaffolds—Medium
Duty

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 50 p.s.f.

Post spacing
(longitudinal)

8 ft. 0 in.

Post spacing
(transverse)

6 ft. 0
in.

Working levels

Additional planked levels

Maximum height

1

6

125 ft.

2

0

78 ft. 0
in.

Table D-15—Tube and Coupler Scaffolds—Heavy
Duty

Uniformly distributed
load

Not to exceed 75 p.s.f.

Post spacing
(longitudinal)

6 ft. 6 in.

Post spacing
(transverse)

6 ft. 0
in.

Working levels

Additional planked levels

Maximum height

1

6

125
ft.

(c) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
(1) A light-duty tube and coupler scaffold shall have all posts, bearers,
runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. The posts shall
be spaced no more than 6 feet apart by 10 feet along the length of the
scaffold. Other structural metals when used must be designed to carry an
equivalent load.

(2) A medium-duty tube and coupler scaffold shall have all posts,
runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Posts spaced not
more than 6 feet apart by 8 feet along the length of the scaffold shall
have bearers of nominal 21⁄2 -inch O.D. steel
tubing. Posts spaced not more than 5 feet apart by 8 feet along the length
of the scaffold shall have bearers of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing.
Other structural metals when used must be designed to carry an equivalent
load.

(3) A heavy-duty tube and coupler scaffold shall have all posts,
runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing, with the posts
spaced not more than 6 feet apart by 6 feet 6 inches along the length of
the scaffold. Other structural metals when used must be designed to carry
an equivalent load.

(4) Tube and coupler scaffolds shall be limited in heights and working
levels to those permitted in tables D-13, 14, and 15, of this section.
Drawings and specifications of all tube and coupler scaffolds above the
limitations in tables D-13, 14, and 15 of this section shall be designed
by a registered professional engineer and copies made available to the
employer and for inspection purposes.

(5) All tube and coupler scaffolds shall be constructed and erected to
support four times the maximum intended loads as set forth in tables D-13,
14, and 15 of this section, or as set forth in the specifications by a
registered professional engineer, copies which shall be made available to
the employer and for inspection purposes.

(6) All tube and coupler scaffolds shall be erected by competent and
experienced personnel.

(7) Posts shall be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and
maintained plumb.

(8) Runners shall be erected along the length of the scaffold located
on both the inside and the outside posts at even height. Runners shall be
interlocked to form continuous lengths and coupled to each post. The
bottom runners shall be located as close to the base as possible. Runners
shall be placed not more than 6 feet 6 inches on centers.

(9) Bearers shall be installed transversely between posts and shall be
securely coupled to the posts bearing on the runner coupler. When coupled
directly to the runners, the coupler must be kept as close to the posts as
possible.

(10) Bearers shall be at least 4 inches but not more than 12 inches
longer than the post spacing or runner spacing. Bearers may be
cantilevered for use as brackets to carry not more than two planks.

(11) Cross bracing shall be installed across the width of the scaffold
at least every third set of posts horizontally and every fourth runner
vertically. Such bracing shall extend diagonally from the inner and outer
runners upward to the next outer and inner runners.

(12) Longitudinal diagonal bracing shall be installed at approximately
a 45-degree angle from near the base of the first outer post upward to the
extreme top of the scaffold. Where the longitudinal length of the scaffold
permits, such bracing shall be duplicated beginning at every fifth post.
In a similar manner, longitudinal diagonal bracing shall also be installed
from the last post extending back and upward toward the first post. Where
conditions preclude the attachment of this bracing to the posts, it may be
attached to the runners.

(13) The entire scaffold shall be tied to and securely braced against
the building at intervals not to exceed 30 feet horizontally and 26 feet
vertically.

(14) Guardrails not less than 2×4 inches or the equivalent and not less
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1×4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(d) Tubular welded frame
scaffolds. (1) Metal tubular frame scaffolds, including accessories
such as braces, brackets, trusses, screw legs, ladders, etc., shall be
designed and proved to safely support four times the maximum intended
load.

(2) Spacing of panels or frames shall be consistent with the loads
imposed.

(3) Scaffolds shall be properly braced by cross bracing or diagonal
braces, or both, for securing vertical members together laterally, and the
cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and
aline vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb,
square, and rigid. All brace connections shall be made secure.

(4) Scaffold legs shall be set on adjustable bases or plain bases
placed on mud sills or other foundations adequate to support the maximum
intended load.

(5) The frames shall be placed one on top of the other with coupling or
stacking pins to provide proper vertical alinement of the legs.

(6) Where uplift may occur, panels shall be locked together vertically
by pins or other equivalent suitable means.

(7) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(8) All tubular metal scaffolds shall be constructed and erected to
support four times the maximum intended loads.

(9) To prevent movement, the scaffold shall be secured to the building
or structure at intervals not to exceed 30 feet horizontally and 26 feet
vertically.

(10) Maximum permissible spans of planking shall be in conformity with
paragraph (a)(9) of this section.

(11) Drawings and specifications for all frame scaffolds over 125 feet
in height above the base plates shall be designed by a registered
professional engineer and copies made available to the employer and for
inspection purposes.

(12) All tubular welded frame scaffolds shall be erected by competent
and experienced personnel.

(13) Frames and accessories for scaffolds shall be maintained in good
repair and every defect, unsafe condition, or noncompliance with this
section shall be immediately corrected before further use of the scaffold.
Any broken, bent, excessively rusted, altered, or otherwise structurally
damaged frames or accessories shall not be used.

(14) Periodic inspections shall be made of all welded frames and
accessories, and any maintenance, including painting, or minor corrections
authorized by the manufacturer, shall be made before further use.

(e) Outrigger scaffolds. (1)
Outrigger beams shall extend not more than 6 feet beyond the face of the
building. The inboard end of outrigger beams, measured from the fulcrum
point to the extreme point of support, shall be not less than one and
one-half times the outboard end in length. The beams shall rest on edge,
the sides shall be plumb, and the edges shall be horizontal. The fulcrum
point of the beam shall rest on a secure bearing at least 6 inches in each
horizontal dimension. The beam shall be secured in place against movement
and shall be securely braced at the fulcrum point against tipping.

(2) The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely supported
either by means of struts bearing against sills in contact with the
overhead beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members secured to the
floor joists underfoot, or by both if necessary. The inboard ends of
outrigger beams shall be secured against tipping and the entire supporting
structure shall be securely braced in both directions to prevent any
horizontal movement.

(3) Unless outrigger scaffolds are designed by a licensed professional
engineer, they shall be constructed and erected in accordance with table
D-16. Outrigger scaffolds designed by a registered professional engineer
shall be constructed and erected in accordance with such design. A copy of
the detailed drawings and specifications showing the sizes and spacing of
members shall be kept on the job.

(4) Planking shall be laid tight and shall extend to within 3 inches of
the building wall. Planking shall be nailed or bolted to outriggers.

(5) Where there is danger of material falling from the scaffold, a wire
mesh or other enclosure shall be provided between the guardrail and the
toeboard.

(6) Where additional working levels are required to be supported by the
outrigger method, the plans and specifications of the outrigger and
scaffolding structure shall be designed by a registered professional
engineer.

(f) Masons' adjustable multiple-point
suspension scaffolds. (1) The scaffold shall be capable of
sustaining a working load of 50 pounds per square foot and shall not be
loaded in excess of that figure.

(2) The scaffold shall be provided with hoisting machines that meet the
requirements of a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to
§ 1910.7 for definition of nationally recognized testing
laboratory.

Table D-16—Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing
of Members of Outrigger Scaffolds

Light duty

Medium duty

Maximum scaffold load

25 p.s.f.

50 p.s.f.

Outrigger size

2×10 in

3×10 in.

Maximum outrigger
spacing

10 ft 0 in

6 ft 0 in.

Planking

2×9 in

2×9 in.

Guardrail

2×4 in

2×4 in.

Guardrail uprights

2×4 in

2×4 in.

Toeboards (minimum)

4 in

4
in.

(3) The platform shall be supported by wire ropes in conformity with
paragraph (a)(22) of this section, suspended from overhead outrigger
beams.

(4) The scaffold outrigger beams shall consist of structural metal
securely fastened or anchored to the frame or floor system of the building
or structure.

(5) Each outrigger beam shall be equivalent in strength to at least a
standard 7-inch, 15.3-pound steel I-beam, be at least 15 feet long, and
shall not project more than 6 feet 6 inches beyond the bearing point.

(6) Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams shall
be composed of stronger beams or multiple beams and be installed in
accordance with approved designs and instructions.

(7) If channel iron outrigger beams are used in place of I-beams, they
shall be securely fastened together with the flanges turned out.

(8) All outrigger beams shall be set and maintained with their webs
into vertical position.

(9) A stop bolt shall be placed at each end of every outrigger
beam.

(10) The outrigger beam shall rest on suitable wood-bearing blocks.

(11) All parts of the scaffold such as bolts, nuts, fittings, clamps,
wire rope, and outrigger beams and their fastenings, shall be maintained
in sound and good working condition and shall be inspected before each
installation and periodically thereafter.

(12) The free end of the suspension wire ropes shall be equipped with
proper size thimbles and be secured by splicing or other equivalent means.
The running ends shall be securely attached to the hoisting drum and at
least four turns of rope shall at all times remain on the drum.

(13) Where a single outrigger beam is used, the steel shackles or
clevises with which the wire ropes are attached to the outrigger beams
shall be placed directly over the hoisting drums.

(14) The scaffold platform shall be equivalent in strength to at least
2-inch planking. (For maximum planking spans see paragraph (a)(9) of this
section.)

(15) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1 × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(16) Overhead protection shall be provided on the scaffold, not more
than 9 feet above the platform, consisting of 2-inch planking or material
of equivalent strength laid tight, when men are at work on the scaffold
and an overhead hazard exists.

(17) Each scaffold shall be installed or relocated in accordance with
designs and instructions, of a registered professional engineer, and
supervised by a competent, designated person.

(g) Two-point suspension scaffolds
(swinging scaffolds). (1) Two-point suspension scaffold platforms
shall be not less than 20 inches no more than 36 inches wide overall. The
platform shall be securely fastened to the hangers by U-bolts or by other
equivalent means.

(2) The hangers of two-point suspension scaffolds shall be made of
wrought iron, mild steel, or other equivalent material having a
cross-sectional area capable of sustaining four times the maximum intended
load, and shall be designed with a support for guardrail, intermediate
rail, and toeboard.

(3) When hoisting machines are used on two-point suspension scaffolds,
such machines shall be of a design tested and approved by a nationally
recognized testing laboratory. Refer to § 1910.7 for definition of
nationally recognized testing laboratory.

(4) The roof irons or hooks shall be of wrought iron, mild steel, or
other equivalent material of proper size and design, securely installed
and anchored. Tie-backs of three-fourth inch manila rope or the equivalent
shall serve as a secondary means of anchorage, installed at right angles
to the face of the building whenever possible and secured to a
structurally sound portion of the building.

(5) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(6) Two-point suspension scaffolds shall be suspended by wire or fiber
ropes. Wire and fiber ropes shall conform to paragraph (a)(22) of this
section.

(7) The blocks for fiber ropes shall be of standard 6-inch size,
consisting of at least one double and one single block. The sheaves of all
blocks shall fit the size of rope used.

(8) All wire ropes, fiber ropes, slings, hangers, platforms, and other
supporting parts shall be inspected before every installation. Periodic
inspections shall be made while the scaffold is in use.

(9) On suspension scaffolds designed for a working load of 500 pounds
no more than two men shall be permitted to work at one time. On suspension
scaffolds with a working load of 750 pounds, no more than three men shall
be permitted to work at one time. Each workman shall be protected by a
safety lifebelt attached to a lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely
attached to substantial members of the structure (not scaffold), or to
securely rigged lines, which will safely suspend the workman in case of a
fall.

(10) Where acid solutions are used, fiber ropes are not permitted
unless acid-proof.

(11) Two-point suspension scaffolds shall be securely lashed to the
building or structure to prevent them from swaying. Window cleaners'
anchors shall not be used for this purpose.

(12) The platform of every two-point suspension scaffold shall be one
of the following types:

(i) The side stringer of ladder-type platforms shall be clear
straight-grained spruce or materials of equivalent strength and
durability. The rungs shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or hickory,
at least 11⁄8 inch in diameter,
with seven-eighth inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at least
seven-eighth inch. The stringers shall be tied together with the tie rods
not less than one-quarter inch in diameter, passing through the stringers
and riveted up tight against washers on both ends. The flooring strips
shall be spaced not more than five-eighth inch apart except at the side
rails where the space may be 1 inch. Ladder-type platforms shall be
constructed in accordance with table D-17.

(ii) Plank-type platforms shall be composed of not less than nominal
2×8-inch unspliced planks, properly cleated together on the underside
starting 6 inches from each end; intervals in between shall not exceed 4
feet. The plank-type platform shall not extend beyond the hangers more
than 18 inches. A bar or other effective means shall be securely fastened
to the platform at each end to prevent its slipping off the hanger. The
span between hangers for plank-type platforms shall not exceed 10
feet.

(iii) Beam platforms shall have side stringers of lumber not less than
2×6 inches set on edge. The span between hangers shall not exceed 12 feet
when beam platforms are used. The flooring shall be supported on 2- and
6-inch crossbeams, laid flat and set into the upper edge of the stringers
with a snug fit, at intervals of not more than 4 feet, securely nailed in
place. The flooring shall be of 1×6inch material properly nailed.
Floorboards shall not be spaced more than one-half inch apart.

Table D-17—Schedule for Ladder-Type
Platforms

Length of platform
(feet)

12

14 & 16

18 & 20

22 & 24

28 & 30

Side stringers, minimum
cross section (finished sizes):

At ends (in.)

1 3/4×2 3/4

1 3/4×2 3/4

1 3/4×3

1 3/4×3

1 3/4×3 1/2

At middle (in.)

1 3/4×3 3/4

1 3/4×3 3/4

1 3/4×4

1 3/4×4 1/4

1 3/4×5

Reinforcing strip
(minimum) 1

Rungs 2

Tie rods:

Number (minimum)

3

4

4

5

6

Diameter (minimum)

1/4 in

1/4 in

1/4 in

1/4 in

1/4 in.

Flooring, minimum
finished size (in.)

1/2×2 3/4

1/2×2 3/4

1/2×2 3/4

1/2× 3/4

1/2×2
3/4

1 A 1/8x 7/8-in. steel reinforcing
strip or its equivalent shall be attached to the side or underside full
length.

2 Rungs shall be 1 1/8-in. minimum,
diameter with at least 7/8-in. diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing
shall be 12 in. center to center.

(h) Stone setters' adjustable
multiple-point suspension scaffolds. (1) The scaffold shall be
capable of sustaining a working load of 25 pounds per square foot and
shall not be overloaded. Scaffolds shall not be used for storage of stone
or other heavy materials.

(2) The hoisting machine and its supports shall be of a type tested and
listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to
§ 1910.399(a)(77) for definition of listed, and § 1910.7 for
nationally recognized testing laboratory.

(3) The platform shall be securely fastened to the hangers by U-bolts
or other equivalent means.

(4) The scaffold unit shall be suspended from metal outriggers, iron
brackets, wire rope slings, or iron hooks which will safely support the
maximum intended load.

(5) Outriggers when used shall be set with their webs in a vertical
position, securely anchored to the building or structure and provided with
stop bolts at each end.

(6) The scaffold shall be supported by wire rope conforming with
paragraph (a)(22) of this section, suspended from overhead supports.

(7) The free ends of the suspension wire ropes shall be equipped with
proper size thimbles, secured by splicing or other equivalent means. The
running ends shall be securely attached to the hoisting drum and at least
four turns of rope shall remain on the drum at all times.

(8) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(9) When two or more scaffolds are used on a building or structure they
shall not be bridged one to the other but shall be maintained at even
height with platforms butting closely.

(10) Each scaffold shall be installed or relocated in accordance with
designs and instructions of a registered professional engineer, and such
installation or relocation shall be supervised by a competent designated
person.

(i) Single-point adjustable suspension
scaffolds. (1) The scaffolding, including power units or manually
operated winches, shall be a type tested and listed by a nationally
recognized testing laboratory. Refer to § 1910.399(a)(77) for
definition of listed, and § 1910.7 for nationally recognized testing
laboratory.

(2) [Reserved]

(3) All power-operated gears and brakes shall be enclosed.

(4) In addition to the normal operating brake, all-power driven units
must have an emergency brake which engages automatically when the normal
speed of descent is exceeded.

(5) Guards, mid-rails, and toeboards shall completely enclose the cage
or basket. Guardrails shall be no less than 2 by 4 inches or the
equivalent installed no less than 36 inches nor more than 42 inches above
the platform. Mid-rails shall be 1 by 6 inches or the equivalent,
installed equidistant between the guardrail and the platform. Toeboards
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.

(6) The hoisting machines, cables, and equipment shall be regularly
serviced and inspected after each installation and every 30 days
thereafter.

(7) The units may be combined to form a two-point suspension scaffold.
Such scaffold shall comply with paragraph (g) of this section.

(8) The supporting cable shall be straight for its entire length, and
the operator shall not sway the basket and fix the cable to any
intermediate points to change his original path of travel.

(9) Equipment shall be maintained and used in accordance with the
manufacturers' instructions.

(10) Suspension methods shall conform to applicable provisions of
paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section.

(j) Boatswain's chairs. (1) The
chair seat shall be not less than 12 by 24 inches, and of 1-inch
thickness. The seat shall be reinforced on the underside to prevent the
board from splitting.

(2) The two fiber rope seat slings shall be of 5⁄8 -inch diameter,
reeved through the four seat holes so as to cross each other on the
underside of the seat.

(3) Seat slings shall be of at least 3⁄8 -inch wire rope when
a workman is conducting a heat producing process such as gas or arc
welding.

(4) The workman shall be protected by a safety life belt attached to a
lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely attached to substantial members
of the structure (not scaffold), or to securely rigged lines, which will
safely suspend the worker in case of a fall.

(5) The tackle shall consist of correct size ball bearing or bushed
blocks and properly spliced 5⁄8 -inch diameter
first-grade manila rope.

(6) The roof irons, hooks, or the object to which the tackle is
anchored shall be securely installed. Tiebacks when used shall be
installed at right angles to the face of the building and securely
fastened to a chimney.

(k) Carpenters' bracket
scaffolds. (1) The brackets shall consist of a triangular wood
frame not less than 2 by 3 inches in cross section, or of metal of
equivalent strength. Each member shall be properly fitted and securely
joined.

(2) Each bracket shall be attached to the structure by means of one of
the following:

(i) A bolt no less than five-eighths inch in diameter which shall
extend through the inside of the building wall.

(ii) A metal stud attachment device.

(iii) Welding to steel tanks.

(iv) Hooking over a well-secured and adequately strong supporting
member.

The brackets shall be spaced no more than 10 feet apart.

(3) No more than two persons shall occupy any given 10 feet of a
bracket scaffold at any one time. Tools and materials shall not exceed 75
pounds in addition to the occupancy.

(4) The platform shall consist of not less than two 2- by 9-inch
nominal size planks extending not more than 18 inches or less than 6
inches beyond each end support.

(5) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(l) Bricklayers' square
scaffolds. (1) The squares shall not exceed 5 feet in width and 5
feet in height.

(2) Members shall be not less than those specified in Table D-18.

(3) The squares shall be reinforced on both sides of each corner with
1- by 6-inch gusset pieces. They shall also have braces 1 by 8 inches on
both sides running from center to center of each member, or other means to
secure equivalent strength and rigidity.

(4) The squares shall be set not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty
scaffolds, and not more than 8 feet apart for light duty scaffolds.
Bracing 1×8 inches, extending from the bottom of each square to the top of
the next square, shall be provided on both front and rear sides of the
scaffold.

Table D-18—Minimum Dimensions for Bricklayers'
Square Scaffold Members

Members

Dimensions (inches)

Bearers or horizontal
members

2 by 6.

Legs

2 by 6.

Braces at corners

1 by 6.

Braces diagonally from
center frame

1 by
8.

(5) Platform planks shall be at least 2- by 9-inch nominal size. The
ends of the planks shall overlap the bearers of the squares and each plank
shall be supported by not less than three squares.

(6) Bricklayers' square scaffolds shall not exceed three tiers in
height and shall be so constructed and arranged that one square shall rest
directly above the other. The upper tiers shall stand on a continuous row
of planks laid across the next lower tier and be nailed down or otherwise
secured to prevent displacement.

(7) Scaffolds shall be level and set upon a firm foundation.

(m) Horse scaffolds. (1) Horse
scaffolds shall not be constructed or arranged more than two tiers or 10
feet in height.

(2) The members of the horses shall be not less than those specified in
Table D-19.

(3) Horses shall be spaced not more than 5 feet for medium duty and not
more than 8 feet for light duty.

(4) When arranged in tiers, each horse shall be placed directly over
the horse in the tier below.

(5) On all scaffolds arranged in tiers, the legs shall be nailed down
to the planks to prevent displacement or thrust and each tier shall be
substantially cross braced.

Table D-19—Minimum Dimensions for Horse Scaffold
Members

Members

Dimensions (inches)

Horizontal members or
bearers

3 by 4.

Legs

1 1/4 by 4 1/2.

Longitudinal brace
between legs

1 by 6.

Gusset brace at top of
legs

1 by 8.

Half diagonal braces

1 1/4 by 4
1/2.

(6) Horses or parts which have become weak or defective shall not be
used.

(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(n) Needle beam scaffold. (1)
Wood needle beams shall be in accordance with paragraph (a) (5) and (9) of
this section, and shall be not less than 4 by 6 inches in size, with the
greater dimension placed in a vertical direction. Metal beams or the
equivalent conforming to paragraph (a) (4) and (8) of this section may be
used.

(2) Ropes or hangers shall be provided for supports. The span between
supports on the needle beam shall not exceed 10 feet for 4- by 6-inch
timbers. Rope supports shall be equivalent in strength to 1-inch diameter
first-grade manila rope.

(3) The ropes shall be attached to the needle beams by a scaffold hitch
or a properly made eye splice. The loose end of the rope shall be tied by
a bowline knot or by a round turn and one-half hitch.

(4) The platform span between the needle beams shall not exceed 8 feet
when using 2-inch scaffold plank. For spans greater than 8 feet, platforms
shall be designed based on design requirements for the special span. The
overhang of each end of the platform planks shall be not less than 1 foot
and not more than 18 inches.

(5) When one needle beam is higher than the other or when the platform
is not level the platform shall be secured against slipping.

(6) All unattached tools, bolts, and nuts used on needle beam scaffolds
shall be kept in suitable containers.

(7) One end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a permanent
structural member conforming to paragraphs (a) (4) and (8) of this
section.

(8) Each man working on a needle beam scaffold 20 feet or more above
the ground or floor and working with both hands, shall be protected by a
safety life belt attached to a lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely
attached to substantial members of the structure (not scaffold), or to
securely rigged lines, which will safely suspend the workman in case of a
fall.

(o) Plasterers', decorators', and
large area scaffolds. (1) Plasterers', decorators', lathers', and
ceiling workers' inside scaffolds shall be constructed in accordance with
the general requirements set forth for independent wood pole
scaffolds.

(2) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(3) All platform planks shall be laid with the edges close
together.

(4) When independent pole scaffold platforms are erected in sections,
such sections shall be provided with connecting runways equipped with
substantial guardrails.

(p) Interior hung scaffolds.
(1) [Reserved]

(2) The suspended steel wire rope shall conform to paragraph (a)(22) of
this section. Wire may be used providing the strength requirements of
paragraph (a)(22) of this section are met.

(3) For hanging wood scaffolds, the following minimum nominal size
material is recommended:

(i) Supporting bearers 2 by 9 inches on edge.

(ii) Planking 2 by 9 inches or 2 by 10 inches, with maximum span 7 feet
for heavy duty and 10 feet for light duty or medium duty.

(4) Steel tube and coupler members may be used for hanging scaffolds
with both types of scaffold designed to sustain a uniform distributed
working load up to heavy duty scaffold loads with a safety factor of
four.

(5) When a hanging scaffold is supported by means of wire rope, such
wire rope shall be wrapped at least twice around the supporting members
and twice around the bearers of the scaffold, with each end of the wire
rope secured by at least three standard wire-rope clips.

(6) All overhead supporting members shall be inspected and checked for
strength before the scaffold is erected.

(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height. Wire
mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of this
section.

(q) Ladder-jack scaffolds. (1)
All ladder-jack scaffolds shall be limited to light duty and shall not
exceed a height of 20 feet above the floor or ground.

(2) All ladders used in connection with ladder-jack scaffolds shall be
heavy-duty ladders and shall be designed and constructed in accordance
with § 1910.25 and § 1910.26.

(3) The ladder jack shall be so designed and constructed that it will
bear on the side rails in addition to the ladder rungs, or if bearing on
rungs only, the bearing area shall be at least 10 inches on each rung.

(4) Ladders used in conjunction with ladder jacks shall be so placed,
fastened, held, or equipped with devices so as to prevent slipping.

(5) The wood platform planks shall be not less than 2 inches nominal in
thickness. Both metal and wood platform planks shall overlap the bearing
surface not less than 12 inches. The span between supports for wood shall
not exceed 8 feet. Platform width shall be not less than 18 inches.

(6) Not more than two persons shall occupy any given 8 feet of any
ladder-jack scaffold at any one time.

(r) Window-jack scaffolds. (1)
Window-jack scaffolds shall be used only for the purpose of working at the
window opening through which the jack is placed.

(2) Window jacks shall not be used to support planks placed between one
window jack and another or for other elements of scaffolding.

(3) Window-jack scaffolds shall be provided with suitable guardrails
unless safety belts with lifelines are attached and provided for the
workman. Window-jack scaffolds shall be used by one man only.

(s) Roofing brackets. (1)
Roofing brackets shall be constructed to fit the pitch of the roof.

(2) Brackets shall be secured in place by nailing in addition to the
pointed metal projections. The nails shall be driven full length into the
roof. When rope supports are used, they shall consist of first-grade
manila of at least three-quarter-inch diameter, or equivalent.

(3) A substantial catch platform shall be installed below the working
area of roofs more than 20 feet from the ground to eaves with a slope
greater than 3 inches in 12 inches without a parapet. In width the
platform shall extend 2 feet beyond the projection of the eaves and shall
be provided with a safety rail, mid-rail, and toeboard. This provision
shall not apply where employees engaged in work upon such roofs are
protected by a safety belt attached to a lifeline.

(t) Crawling boards or chicken
ladders. (1) Crawling boards shall be not less than 10 inches wide
and 1 inch thick, having cleats 1×11⁄2 inches. The cleats
shall be equal in length to the width of the board and spaced at equal
intervals not to exceed 24 inches. Nails shall be driven through and
clinched on the underside. The crawling board shall extend from the ridge
pole to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair,
or maintenance.

(2) A firmly fastened lifeline of at least three-quarter-inch rope
shall be strung beside each crawling board for a handhold.

(3) Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof by means of adequate
ridge hooks or equivalent effective means.

(u) Float or ship scaffolds.
(1) Float or ship scaffolds shall support not more than three men and a
few light tools, such as those needed for riveting, bolting, and welding.
They shall be constructed in accordance with paragraphs (u) (2) through
(6) of this section, unless substitute designs and materials provide
equivalent strength, stability, and safety.

(2) The platform shall be not less than 3 feet wide and 6 feet long,
made of three-quarter-inch plywood, equivalent to American Plywood
Association Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior.

(3) Under the platform, there shall be two supporting bearers made from
2×4-inch, or 1×10-inch rough, selected lumber, or better. They shall be
free of knots or other flaws and project 6 inches beyond the platform on
both sides. The ends of the platform shall extend about 6 inches beyond
the outer edges of the bearers. Each bearer shall be securely fastened to
the platform.

(4) An edging of wood not less than 3⁄4 ×11⁄2 inches, or
equivalent, shall be placed around all sides of the platform to prevent
tools from rolling off.

(5) Supporting ropes shall be 1-inch diameter manila rope or
equivalent, free from deterioration, chemical damage, flaws, or other
imperfections. Rope connections shall be such that the platform cannot
shift or slip. If two ropes are used with each float, each of the two
supporting ropes shall be hitched around one end of a bearer and pass
under the platforms to the other end of the bearer where it is hitched
again, leaving sufficient rope at each end for the supporting ties.

(6) Each workman shall be protected by a safety lifebelt attached to a
lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely attached to substantial members
of the structure (not scaffold), or to securely rigged lines, which will
safely suspend the workman in case of a fall.

(v) Scope. This section
establishes safety requirements for the construction, operation,
maintenance, and use of scaffolds used in the maintenance of buildings and
structures.

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49746, Oct.
24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, 1984; 53 FR 12121, Apr. 12, 1988]

For questions or comments regarding e-CFR editorial
content, features, or design, email [email-masked].
For questions
concerning e-CFR programming and delivery issues, email [email-masked].

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