Indian Land Consolidation Act

United States Code Annotated Effective: October 27, 2004
Title 25. Indians
Chapter 24. Indian Land Consolidation
§ 2201. Definitions
For the purpose of this chapter-(1) "Indian tribe" or "tribe" means any Indian tribe, band, group, pueblo, or community for which, or for the
members of which, the United States holds lands in trust;
(2) "Indian" means-(A) any person who is a member of any Indian tribe, is eligible to become a member of any Indian tribe, or
is an owner (as of October 27, 2004) of a trust or restricted interest in land;
(B) any person meeting the definition of Indian under section 479 of this title and the regulations
promulgated thereunder; and
(C) with respect to the inheritance and ownership of trust or restricted land in the State of California
pursuant to section 2206 of this title, any person described in subparagraph (A) or (B) or any person who
owns a trust or restricted interest in a parcel of such land in that State.
(3) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the Interior;
(4) "trust or restricted lands" means lands, title to which is held by the United States in trust for an Indian
tribe or individual, or which is held by an Indian tribe or individual subject to a restriction by the United States
against alienation; and "trust or restricted interest in land" or "trust or restricted interest in a parcel of land"
means an interest in land, title to which is held in trust by the United States for an Indian tribe or individual,
or which is held by an Indian tribe or individual subject to a restriction by the United States against
alienation.
(5) "heirs of the first or second degree" means parents, children, grandchildren, grandparents, brothers and
sisters of a decedent.
(6) "parcel of highly fractionated Indian land" means a parcel of land that the Secretary, pursuant to authority
under a provision of this chapter, determines to have, as evidenced by the Secretary's records at the time of
the determination-(A) 50 or more but less than 100 co-owners of undivided trust or restricted interests, and no 1 of such coowners holds a total undivided trust or restricted interest in the parcel that is greater than 10 percent of the
entire undivided ownership of the parcel; or
(B) 100 or more co-owners of undivided trust or restricted interests;
(7) "land" means any real property, and includes within its meaning for purposes of this chapter
improvements permanently affixed to real property;
(8) "person" or "individual" means a natural person;
(9) "eligible heirs" means, for purposes of section 2206 of this title, any of a decedent's children,
grandchildren, great grandchildren, full siblings, half siblings by blood, and parents who are-(A) Indian; or
(B) lineal descendents within 2 degrees of consanguinity of an Indian; or
(C) owners of a trust or restricted interest in a parcel of land for purposes of inheriting by descent,
renunciation, or consolidation agreement under section 2206 of this title, another trust or restricted interest
in such parcel from the decedent; and

(10) "without regard to waste" means, with respect to a life estate interest in land, that the holder of such
estate is entitled to the receipt of all income, including bonuses and royalties, from such land to the
exclusion of the remaindermen.
Effective: [See Text Amendments]
§ 2202. Other applicable provisions

The provisions of section 465 of this title shall apply to all tribes notwithstanding the provisions of section 478
of this title: Provided, That nothing in this section is intended to supersede any other provision of Federal law
which authorizes, prohibits, or restricts the acquisition of land for Indians with respect to any specific tribe,
reservation, or state(s).
Effective: [See Text Amendments]
§ 2203. Adoption of land consolidation plan with approval of Secretary

(a) Statement of purpose; sales or exchanges; terms and conditions
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any tribe, acting through its governing body, is authorized, with the
approval of the Secretary to adopt a land consolidation plan providing for the sale or exchange of any tribal
lands or interest in lands for the purpose of eliminating undivided fractional interests in Indian trust or restricted
lands or consolidating its tribal landholdings: Provided, That-(1) except as provided by subsection (c) of this section, the sale price or exchange value received by the
tribe for land or interests in land covered by this section shall be no less than within 10 per centum of the fair
market value as determined by the Secretary;
(2) if the tribal land involved in an exchange is of greater or lesser value than the land for which it is being
exchanged, the tribe may accept or give cash in such exchange in order to equalize the values of the
property exchanged;
(3) any proceeds from the sale of land or interests in land or proceeds received by the tribe to equalize an
exchange made pursuant to this section shall be used exclusively for the purchase of other land or interests
in land;
(4) the Secretary shall maintain a separate trust account for each tribe selling or exchanging land pursuant
to this section consisting of the proceeds of the land sales and exchanges and shall release such funds only
for the purpose of buying lands under this section; and
(5) any tribe may retain the mineral rights to such sold or exchanged lands and the Secretary shall assist
such tribe in determining the value of such mineral rights and shall take such value into consideration in
determining the fair market value of such lands.
(b) Conveyancing requirement; specific findings for nonexecution
The Secretary must execute such instrument of conveyance needed to effectuate a sale or exchange of tribal
lands made pursuant to an approved tribal land consolidation plan unless he makes a specific finding that
such sale or exchange is not in the best interest of the tribe or is not in compliance with the tribal land
consolidation plan.
(c) Below market value conveyance of Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma homesites
The Secretary may execute instruments of conveyance for less than fair market value to effectuate the
transfer of lands used as homesites held, on December 17, 1991, by the United States in trust for the
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Only the lands used as homesites, and described in the land consolidation
plan of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma approved by the Secretary on February 6, 1987, shall be subject to
this subsection.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2204. Purchase of trust or restricted or controlled lands at no less than fair market value; requisite

conditions

(a) In general
Subject to subsection (b) of this section, any Indian tribe may purchase at no less than the fair market value
part or all of the interests in any tract of trust or restricted land within that tribe's reservation or otherwise
subject to that tribe's jurisdiction with the consent of the owners of such interests. The tribe may purchase all of
the interests in such tract with the consent of the owners of undivided interests equal to at least 50 percent of
the undivided interest in such tract. Interests owned by an Indian tribe in a tract may be included in the
computation of the percentage of ownership of the undivided interests in that tract for purposes of determining
whether the consent requirement under the preceding sentence has been met.
(b) Conditions applicable to purchase
Subsection (a) of this section applies on the condition that-(1) any Indian owning any undivided interest, and in actual use and possession of such tract for at least
three years preceding the tribal initiative, may purchase such tract by matching the tribal offer;
(2) if at any time within five years following the date of acquisition of such land by an individual pursuant to
this section, such property is offered for sale or a petition is filed with the Secretary for removal of the
property from trust or restricted status, the tribe shall have 180 days from the date it is notified of such offer
or petition to acquire such property by paying to the owner the fair market value as determined by the
Secretary; and
(3) the approval of the Secretary shall be required for a land sale initiated under this section, except that
such approval shall not be required with respect to a land sale transaction initiated by an Indian tribe that
has in effect a land consolidation plan that has been approved by the Secretary under section 2203 of this
title.
[(c) No subsec. (c) was enacted.]
(d) [FN1] Partition of highly fractionated indian lands
(1) Applicability
This subsection shall be applicable only to parcels of land (including surface and subsurface interests,
except with respect to a subsurface interest that has been severed from the surface interest, in which case
this subsection shall apply only to the surface interest) which the Secretary has determined, pursuant to
paragraph (2)(B), to be parcels of highly fractionated Indian land.
(2) Requirements
Each partition action under this subsection shall be conducted by the Secretary in accordance with the
following requirements:

(A) Application
Upon receipt of any payment or bond required under subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall commence a
process for partitioning a parcel of land by sale in accordance with the provisions of this subsection upon
receipt of an application by-(i) the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the subject land that owns an undivided interest in the parcel of
land; or
(ii) any person owning an undivided interest in the parcel of land who is eligible to bid at the sale of the
parcel pursuant to subclause (II), (III), or (IV) of subparagraph (I)(i);
provided that no such application shall be valid or considered if it is received by the Secretary prior to
the date that is 1 year after the date on which notice is published pursuant to section 8(a)(4) of the

American Indian Probate Reform Act of 2004.
(B) Costs of serving notice and publication
The costs of serving and publishing notice under subparagraph (F) shall be borne by the applicant. Upon
receiving written notice from the Secretary, the applicant must pay to the Secretary an amount determined
by the Secretary to be the estimated costs of such service of notice and publication, or furnish a sufficient
bond for such estimated costs within the time stated in the notice, failing which, unless an extension is
granted by the Secretary, the Secretary shall not be required to commence the partition process under
subparagraph (A) and may deny the application. The Secretary shall have the discretion and authority in
any case to waive either the payment or the bond (or any portion of such payment or bond) otherwise
required by this subparagraph, upon making a determination that such waiver will further the policies of
this chapter.
(C) Determination
Upon receipt of an application pursuant to subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall determine whether the
subject parcel meets the requirements set forth in section 2201(6) of this title to be classified as a parcel of
highly fractionated Indian land.
(D) Consent requirements
(i) In general
A parcel of land may be partitioned under this subsection only if the applicant obtains the written
consent of-(I) the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the subject land if such Indian tribe owns an undivided interest
in the parcel;
(II) any owner who, for the 3-year period immediately preceding the date on which the Secretary
receives the application, has
(aa) continuously maintained a bona fide residence on the parcel; or
(bb) operated a bona fide farm, ranch, or other business on the parcel; and
(III) the owners (including parents of minor owners and legal guardians of incompetent owners) of at
least 50 percent of the undivided interests in the parcel, but only in cases where the Secretary
determines that, based on the final appraisal prepared pursuant to subparagraph (F), any 1 owner's
total undivided interest in the parcel (not including the interest of an Indian tribe or that of the owner
requesting the partition) has a value in excess of $1,500.
Any consent required by this clause must be in writing and acknowledged before a notary public
(or other official authorized to make acknowledgments), and shall be approved by Secretary
unless the Secretary has reason to believe that the consent was obtained as a result of fraud or
undue influence.
(ii) Consent by the Secretary on behalf of certain individuals
For the purposes of clause (i)(III), the Secretary may consent on behalf of-(I) undetermined heirs of trust or restricted interests and owners of such interests who are minors and
legal incompetents having no parents or legal guardian; and
(II) missing owners or owners of trust or restricted interests whose whereabouts are unknown, but
only after a search for such owners has been completed in accordance with the provisions of this
subsection.
(E) Appraisal
After the Secretary has determined that the subject parcel is a parcel of highly fractionated Indian land

pursuant to subparagraph (C), the Secretary shall cause to be made, in accordance with the provisions of
this chapter for establishing fair market value, an appraisal of the fair market value of the subject parcel.
(F) Notice to owners on completion of appraisal
Upon completion of the appraisal, the Secretary shall give notice of the requested partition and appraisal
to all owners of undivided interests in the parcel, in accordance with principles of due process. Such
notice shall include the following requirements:
(i) Written notice
The Secretary shall attempt to give each owner written notice of the partition action stating the following:
(I) That a proceeding to partition the parcel of land by sale has been commenced.
(II) The legal description of the subject parcel.
(III) The owner's ownership interest in the subject parcel as evidenced by the Secretary's records as
of the date that owners are determined in accordance with clause (ii).
(IV) The results of the appraisal.
(V) The owner's right to receive a copy of the appraisal upon written request.
(VI) The owner's right to comment on or object to the proposed partition and the appraisal.
(VII) That the owner must timely comment on or object in writing to the proposed partition or the
appraisal, in order to receive notice of approval of the appraisal and right to appeal.
(VIII) The date by which the owner's written comments or objections must be received, which shall not
be less than 90 days after the date that the notice is mailed under this clause or last published under
clause (ii)(II).
(IX) The address for requesting copies of the appraisal and for submitting written comments or
objections.
(X) The name and telephone number of the official to be contacted for purposes of obtaining
information regarding the proceeding, including the time and date of the auction of the land or the date
for submitting sealed bids.
(XI) Any other information the Secretary deems to be appropriate.
(ii) Manner of service
(I) Service by certified mail

The Secretary shall use due diligence to provide all owners of interests in the subject parcel, as
evidenced by the Secretary's records at the time of the determination under subparagraph (C), with
actual notice of the partition proceedings by mailing a copy of the written notice described in clause (i)
by certified mail, restricted delivery, to each such owner at the owner's last known address. For
purposes of this subsection, owners shall be determined from the Secretary's land title records as of
the date of the determination under subparagraph (C) or a date that is not more than 90 days prior to
the date of mailing under this clause, whichever is later. In the event the written notice to an owner is
returned undelivered, the Secretary shall attempt to obtain a current address for such owner by
conducting a reasonable search (including a reasonable search of records maintained by local, State,
Federal and tribal governments and agencies) and by inquiring with the Indian tribe with jurisdiction
over the subject parcel, and, if different from that tribe, the Indian tribe of which the owner is a
member, and, if successful in locating any such owner, send written notice by certified mail in
accordance with this subclause.
(II) Notice by publication

The Secretary shall give notice by publication of the partition proceedings to all owners that the
Secretary was unable to serve pursuant to subclause (I), and to unknown heirs and assigns by-(aa) publishing the notice described in clause (i) at least 2 times in a newspaper of general
circulation in the county or counties where the subject parcel of land is located or, if there is an
Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the parcel of land and that tribe publishes a tribal newspaper or
newsletter at least once every month, 1 time in such newspaper of general circulation and 1 time in
such tribal newspaper or newsletter;
(bb) posting such notice in a conspicuous place in the tribal headquarters or administration building
(or such other tribal building determined by the Secretary to be most appropriate for giving public
notice) of the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the parcel of land, if any; and
(cc) in addition to the foregoing, in the Secretary's discretion, publishing notice in any other place or
means that the Secretary determines to be appropriate.
(G) Review of comments on appraisal

(i) In general
After reviewing and considering comments or information timely submitted by any owner of an interest in
the parcel in response to the notice required under subparagraph (F), the Secretary may, consistent with
the provisions of this chapter for establishing fair market value-(I) order a new appraisal; or
(II) approve the appraisal;
provided that if the Secretary orders a new appraisal under subclause (I), notice of the new appraisal
shall be given as specified in clause (ii).
(ii) Notice
Notice shall be given-(I) in accordance with subparagraph (H), where the new appraisal results in a higher valuation of the
land; or
(II) in accordance with subparagraph (F)(ii), where the new appraisal results in a lower valuation of the
land.

(H) Notice to owners of approval of appraisal and right to appeal
Upon making the determination under subparagraph (G), the Secretary shall provide to the Indian tribe
with jurisdiction over the subject land and to all persons who submitted written comments on or objections
to the proposed partition or appraisal, a written notice to be served on such tribe and persons by certified
mail. Such notice shall state-(i) the results of the appraisal;
(ii) that the owner has the right to review a copy of the appraisal upon request;
(iii) that the land will be sold for not less than the appraised value, subject to the consent requirements
under paragraph (2)(D);
(iv) the time of the sale or for submitting bids under subparagraph (I);
(v) that the owner has the right, under the Secretary's regulations governing administrative appeals, to

pursue an administrative appeal from-(I) the determination that the land may be partitioned by sale under the provisions of this section; and
(II) the Secretary's order approving the appraisal;
(vi) the date by which an administrative appeal must be taken, a citation to the provisions of the
Secretary's regulations that will govern the owner's appeal, and any other information required by such
regulations to be given to parties affected by adverse decisions of the Secretary;
(vii) in cases where the Secretary determines that any person's undivided trust or restricted interest in
the parcel exceeds $1,500 pursuant to paragraph (2)(D)(iii), that the Secretary has authority to consent
to the partition on behalf of undetermined heirs of trust or restricted interests in the parcel and owners of
such interests whose whereabouts are unknown; and
(viii) any other information the Secretary deems to be appropriate.
(I) Sale to eligible purchaser
(i) In general
Subject to clauses (ii) and (iii) and the consent requirements of paragraph (2)(D), the Secretary shall,
after providing notice to owners under subparagraph (H), including the time and place of sale or for
receiving sealed bids, at public auction or by sealed bid (whichever of such methods of sale the
Secretary determines to be more appropriate under the circumstances) sell the parcel of land by
competitive bid for not less than the final appraised fair market value to the highest bidder from among
the following eligible bidders:
(I) The Indian tribe, if any, with jurisdiction over the trust or restricted interests in the parcel being sold.
(II) Any person who is a member, or is eligible to be a member, of the Indian tribe described in
subclause (I).
(III) Any person who is a member, or is eligible to be a member, of an Indian tribe but not of the tribe
described in subclause (I), but only if such person already owns an undivided interest in the parcel at
the time of sale.
(IV) Any lineal descendent of the original allottee of the parcel who is a member or is eligible to be a
member of an Indian tribe or, with respect to a parcel located in the State of California that is not
within an Indian tribe's reservation or not otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of an Indian tribe, who is
a member, or eligible to be a member, of an Indian tribe or owns a trust or restricted interest in the
parcel.
(ii) Right to match highest bid
If the highest bidder is a person who is only eligible to bid under clause (i)(III), the Indian tribe that has
jurisdiction over the parcel, if any, shall have the right to match the highest bid and acquire the parcel,
but only if-(I) prior to the date of the sale, the governing body of such tribe has adopted a tribal law or resolution
reserving its right to match the bids of such nonmember bidders in partition sales under this
subsection and delivered a copy of such law or resolution to the Secretary; and
(II) the parcel is not acquired under clause (iii).
(iii) Right to purchase
Any person who is a member, or eligible to be a member, of the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the
trust or restricted interests in the parcel being sold and is, as of the time of sale under this
subparagraph, the owner of the largest undivided interest in the parcel shall have a right to purchase the
parcel by tendering to the Secretary an amount equal to the highest sufficient bid submitted at the sale,
less that amount of the bid attributable to such owner's share, but only if--

(I) the owner submitted a sufficient bid at the sale;
(II) the owner's total undivided interest in the parcel immediately prior to the sale was-(aa) greater than the undivided interest held by any other co-owners, except where there are 2 or
more co-owners whose interests are of equal size but larger than the interests of all other coowners and such owners of the largest interests have agreed in writing that 1 of them may exercise
the right of purchase under this clause; and
(bb) equal to or greater than 20 percent of the entire undivided ownership of the parcel;
(III) within 3 days following the date of the auction or for receiving sealed bids, and in accordance with
the regulations adopted to implement this section, the owner delivers to the Secretary a written notice
of intent to exercise the owner's rights under this clause; and
(IV) such owner tenders the amount of the purchase price required under this clause-(aa) not less than 30 days after the date of the auction or time for receiving sealed bids; and
(bb) in accordance with any requirements of the regulations promulgated to implement this section.
(iv) Interest acquired
A purchaser of a parcel of land under this subparagraph shall acquire title to the parcel in trust or
restricted status, free and clear of any and all claims of title or ownership of all persons or entities (not
including the United States) owning or claiming to own an interest in such parcel prior to the time of
sale.
(J) Proceeds of sale
(i) Subject to clauses (ii) and (iii), the Secretary shall distribute the proceeds of sale of a parcel of land
under the provisions of this section to the owners of interests in such parcel in proportion to their
respective ownership interests.
(ii) Proceeds attributable to the sale of trust or restricted interests shall be maintained in accounts as
trust personalty.
(iii) Proceeds attributable to the sale of interests of owners whose whereabouts are unknown, of
undetermined heirs, and of other persons whose ownership interests have not been recorded shall be
held by the Secretary until such owners, heirs, or other persons have been determined, at which time
such proceeds shall be distributed in accordance with clauses (i) and (ii).
(K) Lack of bids or consent
(i) Lack of bids
If no bidder described in subparagraph (I) presents a bid that equals or exceeds the final appraised
value, the Secretary may either-(I) purchase the parcel of land for its appraised fair market value on behalf of the Indian tribe with
jurisdiction over the land, subject to the lien and procedures provided under section 2213(b) of this
title; or
(II) terminate the partition process.
(ii) Lack of consent
If an applicant fails to obtain any applicable consent required under the provisions of subparagraph (D)
by the date established by the Secretary prior to the proposed sale, the Secretary may either extend the
time for obtaining any such consent or deny the request for partition.

(3) Enforcement

(A) In general
If a partition is approved under this subsection and an owner of an interest in the parcel of land refuses to
surrender possession in accordance with the partition decision, or refuses to execute any conveyance
necessary to implement the partition, then any affected owner or the United States may-(i) commence a civil action in the United States district court for the district in which the parcel of land is
located; and
(ii) request that the court issue an order for ejectment or any other appropriate remedy necessary for the
partition of the land by sale.
(B) Federal role
With respect to any civil action brought under subparagraph (A)-(i) the United States-(I) shall receive notice of the civil action; and
(II) may be a party to the civil action; and
(ii) the civil action shall not be dismissed, and no relief requested shall be denied, on the ground that the
civil action is against the United States or that the United States is a necessary and indispensable party.
(4) Grants and loans
The Secretary may provide grants and low interest loans to successful bidders at sales authorized by this
subsection, provided that-(A) the total amount of such assistance in any such sale shall not exceed 20 percent of the appraised
value of the parcel of land sold; and
(B) the grant or loan funds provided shall only be applied toward the purchase price of the parcel of land
sold.
(5) Regulations
The Secretary is authorized to adopt such regulations as may be necessary to implement the provisions of
this subsection. Such regulations shall include provisions for giving notice of sales to prospective
purchasers eligible to submit bids at sales conducted under paragraph (2)(I).
[FN1] No subsec. (c) was enacted.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2205. Tribal probate codes; acquisitions of fractional interests by tribes

(a) Tribal probate codes
(1) In general
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any Indian tribe may adopt a tribal probate code to govern
descent and distribution of trust or restricted lands that are-(A) located within that Indian tribe's reservation; or
(B) otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of that Indian tribe.

(2) Possible inclusions

A tribal probate code referred to in paragraph (1) may include-(A) rules of intestate succession; and
(B) other tribal probate code provisions that are consistent with Federal law and that promote the policies
set forth in section 102 of the Indian Land Consolidation Act Amendments of 2000.
(3) Tribal probate codes
Except as provided in any applicable Federal law, the Secretary shall not approve a tribal probate code, or
an amendment to such a code, that prohibits the devise of an interest in trust or restricted land to-(A) an Indian lineal descendant of the original allottee; or
(B) an Indian who is not a member of the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over such an interest;
unless the code provides for-(i) the renouncing of interests to eligible devisees in accordance with the code;
(ii) the opportunity for a devisee who is the spouse or lineal descendant of a testator to reserve a life
estate without regard to waste; and
(iii) payment of fair market value in the manner prescribed under subsection (c)(2) of this section.
(b) Secretarial approval
(1) In general
Any tribal probate code enacted under subsection (a) of this section, and any amendment to such a tribal
probate code, shall be subject to the approval of the Secretary.
(2) Review and approval
(A) In general
Each Indian tribe that adopts a tribal probate code under subsection (a) of this section shall submit that
code to the Secretary for review. Not later than 180 days after a tribal probate code is submitted to the
Secretary under this paragraph, the Secretary shall review and approve or disapprove that tribal probate
code.
(B) Consequence of failures to approve or disapprove a tribal probate code
If the Secretary fails to approve or disapprove a tribal probate code submitted for review under
subparagraph (A) by the date specified in that subparagraph, the tribal probate code shall be deemed to
have been approved by the Secretary, but only to the extent that the tribal probate code is consistent with
Federal law and promotes the policies set forth in section 102 of the Indian Land Consolidation Act
Amendments of 2000.
(C) Consistency of tribal probate code with chapter
The Secretary may not approve a tribal probate code, or any amendment to such a code, under this
paragraph unless the Secretary determines that the tribal probate code promotes the policies set forth in
section 102 of the Indian Land Consolidation Act Amendments of 2000.
(D) Explanation
If the Secretary disapproves a tribal probate code, or an amendment to such a code, under this paragraph,
the Secretary shall include in the notice of disapproval to the Indian tribe a written explanation of the

reasons for the disapproval.
(E) Amendments
(i) In general
Each Indian tribe that amends a tribal probate code under this paragraph shall submit the amendment to
the Secretary for review and approval. Not later than 60 days after receiving an amendment under this
subparagraph, the Secretary shall review and approve or disapprove the amendment.
(ii) Consequence of failure to approve or disapprove an amendment
If the Secretary fails to approve or disapprove an amendment submitted under clause (i), the
amendment shall be deemed to have been approved by the Secretary, but only to the extent that the
amendment is consistent with Federal law and promotes the policies set forth in section 102 of the
Indian Land Consolidation Act [FN1] of 2000.
(3) Effective dates
A tribal probate code approved under paragraph (2) shall become effective on the later of-(A) the date specified in section 2206(g)(5) of this title; or
(B) 180 days after the date of approval.
(4) Limitations
(A) Tribal probate codes
Each tribal probate code enacted under subsection (a) of this section shall apply only to the estate of a
decedent who dies on or after the effective date of the tribal probate code.

(B) Amendments to tribal probate codes
With respect to an amendment to a tribal probate code referred to in subparagraph (A), that amendment
shall apply only to the estate of a decedent who dies on or after the effective date of the amendment.
(5) Repeals
The repeal of a tribal probate code shall-(A) not become effective earlier than the date that is 180 days after the Secretary receives notice of the
repeal; and
(B) apply only to the estate of a decedent who dies on or after the effective date of the repeal.
(c)(1) Authority
(A) In general
If the owner of an interest in trust or restricted land devises an interest in such land to a non-Indian under
section 2206(b)(2)(A)(ii) of this title, the Indian tribe that exercises jurisdiction over the parcel of land
involved may acquire such interest by paying to the Secretary the fair market value of such interest, as
determined by the Secretary on the date of the decedent's death.
(B) Transfer
The Secretary shall transfer payments received under subparagraph (A) to any person or persons who
would have received an interest in land if the interest had not been acquired by the Indian tribe in
accordance with this paragraph.

(2) Limitation
(A) Inapplicability to certain interests
(i) In general
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to an interest in trust or restricted land if-(I) while the decedent's estate is pending before the Secretary, the non-Indian devisee renounces the
interest in favor of an Indian person; or
(II)(aa) the interest is part of a family farm that is devised to a member of the family of the decedent;
and
(bb) the devisee agrees that the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the land will have the opportunity to
acquire the interest for fair market value if the interest is offered for sale to a person or entity that is
not a member of the family of the owner of the land.
(ii) Recording of interest
On request by the Indian tribe described in clause (i)(II)(bb), a restriction relating to the acquisition by
the Indian tribe of an interest in a family farm involved shall be recorded as part of the deed relating to
the interest involved.
(iii) Mortgage and foreclosure
Nothing in clause (i)(II) limits-(I) the ability of an owner of land to which that clause applies to mortgage the land; or
(II) the right of the entity holding such a mortgage to foreclose or otherwise enforce such a mortgage
agreement in accordance with applicable law.
(iv) Definition of "member of the family"
In this paragraph, the term "member of the family", with respect to a decedent or landowner, means-(I) a lineal descendant of a decedent or landowner;
(II) a lineal descendant of the grandparent of a decedent or landowner;
(III) the spouse of a descendant or landowner described in subclause (I) or (II); and
(IV) the spouse of a decedent or landowner.
(B) Reservation of life eState
A non-Indian devisee described in paragraph (1), may retain a life estate in the interest involved, including
a life estate to the revenue produced from the interest. The amount of any payment required under
paragraph (1) shall be reduced to reflect the value of any life estate reserved by a non-Indian devisee
under this subparagraph.
(3) Payments
With respect to payments by an Indian tribe under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall-(A) upon the request of the tribe, allow a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 2 years, for the tribe to
make payments of amounts due pursuant to paragraph (1); or
(B) recognize alternative agreed upon exchanges of consideration or extended payment terms between
the non-Indian devisee described in paragraph (1) and the tribe in satisfaction of the payment under
paragraph (1).

(d) Use of proposed findings by tribal justice systems
(1) Tribal justice system defined
In this subsection, the term "tribal justice system" has the meaning given that term in section 3602 of this
title.
(2) Regulations
The Secretary by regulation may provide for the use of findings of fact and conclusions of law, as rendered
by a tribal justice system, as proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law in the adjudication of probate
proceedings by the Department of the Interior.
[FN1] So in original. Probably should be followed by "Amendments".
Effective: [See Notes]
§ 2206. Descent and distribution

(a) Nontestamentary disposition
(1) Rules of descent
Subject to any applicable Federal law relating to the devise or descent of trust or restricted property, any
trust or restricted interest in land or interest in trust personalty that is not disposed of by a valid will-(A) shall descend according to an applicable tribal probate code approved in accordance with section
2205 of this title; or
(B) in the case of a trust or restricted interest in land or interest in trust personalty to which a tribal probate
code does not apply, shall descend in accordance with-(i) paragraphs (2) through (5); and
(ii) other applicable Federal law.
(2) Rules governing descent of estate
(A) Surviving spouse
If there is a surviving spouse of the decedent, such spouse shall receive trust and restricted land and trust
personalty in the estate as follows:
(i) If the decedent is survived by 1 or more eligible heirs described in subparagraph (B) (i), (ii), (iii), or
(iv), the surviving spouse shall receive 1/3 of the trust personalty of the decedent and a life estate
without regard to waste in the interests in trust or restricted lands of the decedent.
(ii) If there are no eligible heirs described in subparagraph (B) (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv), the surviving spouse
shall receive all of the trust personalty of the decedent and a life estate without regard to waste in the
trust or restricted lands of the decedent.
(iii) The remainder shall pass as set forth in subparagraph (B).
(iv) Trust personalty passing to a surviving spouse under the provisions of this subparagraph shall be
maintained by the Secretary in an account as trust personalty, but only if such spouse is Indian.
(B) Individual and tribal heirs
Where there is no surviving spouse of the decedent, or there is a remainder interest pursuant to
subparagraph (A), the trust or restricted estate or such remainder shall, subject to subparagraphs (A) and
(D), pass as follows:

(i) To those of the decedent's children who are eligible heirs (or if 1 or more of such children do not
survive the decedent, the children of any such deceased child who are eligible heirs, by right of
representation, but only if such children of the deceased child survive the decedent) in equal shares.
(ii) If the property does not pass under clause (i), to those of the decedent's surviving greatgrandchildren who are eligible heirs, in equal shares.
(iii) If the property does not pass under clause (i) or (ii), to the decedent's surviving parent who is an
eligible heir, and if both parents survive the decedent and are both eligible heirs, to both parents in
equal shares.
(iv) If the property does not pass under clause (i), (ii), or (iii), to those of the decedent's surviving
siblings who are eligible heirs, in equal shares.
(v) If the property does not pass under clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv), to the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over
the interests in trust or restricted lands;
except that notwithstanding clause (v), an Indian co-owner (including the Indian tribe referred to in
clause (v)) of a parcel of trust or restricted land may acquire an interest that would otherwise descend
under that clause by paying into the estate of the decedent, before the close of the probate of the
estate, the fair market value of the interest in the land; if more than 1 Indian co-owner offers to pay for
such interest, the highest bidder shall acquire the interest.
(C) No indian tribe
(i) In general
If there is no Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the interests in trust or restricted lands that would
otherwise descend under subparagraph (B)(v), then such interests shall be divided equally among coowners of trust or restricted interests in the parcel; if there are no such co-owners, then to the United
States, provided that any such interests in land passing to the United States under this subparagraph
shall be sold by the Secretary and the proceeds from such sale deposited into the land acquisition fund
established under section 2215 of this title and used for the purposes described in subsection (b) of that
section.
(ii) Contiguous parcel
If the interests passing to the United States under this subparagraph are in a parcel of land that is
contiguous to another parcel of trust or restricted land, the Secretary shall give the owner or owners of
the trust or restricted interest in the contiguous parcel the first opportunity to purchase the interest at not
less than fair market value determined in accordance with this chapter. If more than 1 such owner in the
contiguous parcel request to purchase the parcel, the Secretary shall sell the parcel by public auction or
sealed bid (as determined by the Secretary) at not less than fair market value to the owner of a trust or
restricted interest in the contiguous parcel submitting the highest bid.
(D) Intestate descent of small fractional interests in land
(i) General rule
Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A) and (B), and subject to any applicable Federal law, any trust or
restricted interest in land in the decedent's estate that is not disposed of by a valid will and represents
less than 5 percent of the entire undivided ownership of the parcel of land of which such interest is a
part, as evidenced by the decedent's estate inventory at the time of the heirship determination, shall
descend in accordance with clauses (ii) through (iv).
(ii) Surviving spouse
If there is a surviving spouse, and such spouse was residing on a parcel of land described in clause (i)
at the time of the decedent's death, the spouse shall receive a life estate without regard to waste in the
decedent's trust or restricted interest in only such parcel, and the remainder interest in that parcel shall
pass in accordance with clause (iii).

(iii) Single heir rule
Where there is no life estate created under clause (ii) or there is a remainder interest under that clause,
the trust or restricted interest or remainder interest that is subject to this subparagraph shall descend, in
trust or restricted status, to-(I) the decedent's surviving child, but only if such child is an eligible heir; and if 2 or more surviving
children are eligible heirs, then to the oldest of such children;
(II) if the interest does not pass under subclause (I), the decedent's surviving grandchild, but only if
such grandchild is an eligible heir; and if 2 or more surviving grandchildren are eligible heirs, then to
the oldest of such grandchildren;
(III) if the interest does not pass under subclause (I) or (II), the decedent's surviving great grandchild,
but only if such great grandchild is an eligible heir; and if 2 or more surviving great grandchildren are
eligible heirs, then to the oldest of such great grandchildren;
(IV) if the interest does not pass under subclause (I), (II), or (III), the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over
the interest; or
(V) if the interest does not pass under subclause (I), (II), or (III), and there is no such Indian tribe to
inherit the property under subclause (IV), the interest shall be divided equally among co-owners of
trust or restricted interests in the parcel; and if there are no such co-owners, then to the United
States, to be sold, and the proceeds from sale used, in the same manner provided in subparagraph
(C).
The determination of which person is the oldest eligible heir for inheritance purposes under this clause
shall be made by the Secretary in the decedent's probate proceeding and shall be consistent with the
provisions of this chapter.
(iv) Exceptions
Notwithstanding clause (iii)-(I)(aa) the heir of an interest under clause (iii), unless the heir is a minor or incompetent person, may
agree in writing entered into the record of the decedent's probate proceeding to renounce such
interest, in trust or restricted status, in favor of-(AA) any other eligible heir or Indian person related to the heir by blood, but in any case never in
favor of more than 1 such heir or person;
(BB) any co-owner of another trust or restricted interest in such parcel of land; or
(CC) the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the interest, if any; and
(bb) the Secretary shall give effect to such agreement in the distribution of the interest in the probate
proceeding; and
(II) the governing body of the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over an interest in trust or restricted land that
is subject to the provisions of this subparagraph may adopt a rule of intestate descent applicable to
such interest that differs from the order of decedent set forth in clause (iii). The Secretary shall apply
such rule to the interest in distributing the decedent's estate, but only if-(aa) a copy of the tribal rule is delivered to the official designated by the Secretary to receive copies
of tribal rules for the purposes of this clause;
(bb) the tribal rule provides for the intestate inheritance of such interest by no more than 1 heir, so
that the interest does not further fractionate;
(cc) the tribal rule does not apply to any interest disposed of by a valid will;

(dd) the decedent died on or after the date described in subsection (b) of section 8 of the American
Indian Probate Act of 2004, or on or after the date on which a copy of the tribal rule was delivered to
the Secretary pursuant to item (aa), whichever is later; and
(ee) the Secretary does not make a determination within 90 days after a copy of the tribal rule is
delivered pursuant to item (aa) that the rule would be unreasonably difficult to administer or does
not conform with the requirements in item (bb) or (cc).
(v) Rule of construction
This subparagraph shall not be construed to limit a person's right to devise any trust or restricted
interest by way of a valid will in accordance with subsection (b) of this section.
(3) Right of representation
If, under this subsection, all or any part of the estate of a decedent is to pass to children of a deceased child
by right of representation, that part is to be divided into as many equal shares as there are living children of
the decedent and pre-deceased children who left issue who survive the decedent. Each living child of the
decedent, if any, shall receive 1 share, and the share of each pre-deceased child shall be divided equally
among the pre-deceased child's children.

(4) Special rule relating to survival
In the case of intestate succession under this subsection, if an individual fails to survive the decedent by at
least 120 hours, as established by clear and convincing evidence-(A) the individual shall be deemed to have predeceased the decedent for the purpose of intestate
succession; and
(B) the heirs of the decedent shall be determined in accordance with this section.
(5) Status of inherited interests
Except as provided in paragraphs (2) (A) and (D) regarding the life estate of a surviving spouse, a trust or
restricted interest in land or trust personalty that descends under the provisions of this subsection shall vest
in the heir in the same trust or restricted status as such interest was held immediately prior to the decedent's
death.
(b) Testamentary disposition
(1) General devise of an interest in trust or restricted land
(A) In general
Subject to any applicable Federal law relating to the devise or descent of trust or restricted land, or a tribal
probate code approved by the Secretary in accordance with section 2205 of this title, the owner of a trust
or restricted interest in land may devise such interest to-(i) any lineal descendant of the testator;
(ii) any person who owns a preexisting undivided trust or restricted interest in the same parcel of land;
(iii) the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the interest in land; or
(iv) any Indian;
in trust or restricted status.
(B) Rules of interpretation
Any devise of a trust or restricted interest in land pursuant to subparagraph (A) to an Indian or the Indian

tribe with jurisdiction over the interest shall be deemed to be a devise of the interest in trust or restricted
status. Any devise of a trust or restricted interest in land to a person who is only eligible to be a devisee
under clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A) shall be presumed to be a devise of the interest in trust or
restricted status unless language in such devise clearly evidences an intent on the part of the testator that
the interest is to pass as a life estate or fee interest in accordance with paragraph (2)(A).
(2) Devise of trust or restricted land as a life estate or in fee
(A) In general
Except as provided under any applicable Federal law, any trust or restricted interest in land that is not
devised in accordance with paragraph (1)(A) may be devised only-(i) as a life estate to any person, with the remainder being devised only in accordance with
subparagraph (B) or paragraph (1); or
(ii) except as provided in subparagraph (B), as a fee interest without Federal restrictions against
alienation to any person who is not eligible to be a devisee under clause (iv) of paragraph (1)(A).
(B) Indian reorganization act lands
Any interest in trust or restricted land that is subject to section 464 of this title, may be devised only in
accordance with-(i) that section;
(ii) subparagraph (A)(i); or
(iii) paragraph (1)(A);
provided that nothing in this section or in section 464 of this title, shall be construed to authorize the
devise of any interest in trust or restricted land that is subject to section 464 of this title to any person
as a fee interest under subparagraph (A)(ii).
(3) General devise of an interest in trust personalty

(A) Trust personality [FN1] defined
The term "trust personalty" as used in this section includes all funds and securities of any kind which are
held in trust in an individual Indian money account or otherwise supervised by the Secretary.
(B) In general
Subject to any applicable Federal law relating to the devise or descent of such trust personalty, or a tribal
probate code approved by the Secretary in accordance with section 2205 of this title, the owner of an
interest in trust personalty may devise such an interest to any person or entity.
(C) Maintenance as trust personalty
In the case of a devise of an interest in trust personalty to a person or Indian tribe eligible to be a devisee
under paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary shall maintain and continue to manage such interests as trust
personalty.
(D) Direct disbursement and distribution
In the case of a devise of an interest in trust personalty to a person or Indian tribe not eligible to be a
devisee under paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary shall directly disburse and distribute such personalty to the
devisee.
(4) Invalid devises and wills

(A) Land
Any trust or restricted interest in land that is not devised in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2) or that is
not disposed of by a valid will shall descend in accordance with the applicable law of intestate succession
as provided for in subsection (a) of this section.
(B) Personalty
Any trust personalty that is not disposed of by a valid will shall descend in accordance with the applicable
law of intestate succession as provided for in subsection (a) of this section.
(c) Joint tenancy; right of survivorship
(1) Presumption of joint tenancy
If a testator devises trust or restricted interests in the same parcel of land to more than 1 person, in the
absence of clear and express language in the devise stating that the interest is to pass to the devisees as
tenants in common, the devise shall be presumed to create a joint tenancy with the right of survivorship in
the interests involved.
(2) Exception
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any devise of an interest in trust or restricted land where the will in which
such devise is made was executed prior to the date that is 1 year after the date on which the Secretary
publishes the certification required by section 8(a)(4) of the American Indian Probate Reform Act of 2004.
(d) Descent of off-reservation lands
(1) Indian reservation defined
For purposes of this subsection, the term "Indian reservation" includes lands located within-(A)(i) Oklahoma; and
(ii) the boundaries of an Indian tribe's former reservation (as defined and determined by the Secretary);
(B) the boundaries of any Indian tribe's current or former reservation; or
(C) any area where the Secretary is required to provide special assistance or consideration of a tribe's
acquisition of land or interests in land.
(2) Descent
Except in the State of California, upon the death of an individual holding an interest in trust or restricted
lands that are located outside the boundaries of an Indian reservation and that are not subject to the
jurisdiction of any Indian tribe, that interest shall descend either-(A) by testate or intestate succession in trust to an Indian; or
(B) in fee status to any other devises or heirs.
(e) Approval of agreements
The official authorized to adjudicate the probate of trust or restricted lands shall have the authority to approve
agreements between a decedent's heirs and devisees to consolidate interests in trust or restricted lands. The
agreements referred to in the preceding sentence may include trust or restricted lands that are not a part of the
decedent's estate that is the subject of the probate. The Secretary may promulgate regulations for the
implementation of this subsection.
(f) Estate planning assistance
(1) In general

(A) The activities conducted under this subsection shall be conducted in accordance with any applicable-(i) tribal probate code; or
(ii) tribal land consolidation plan.
(B) The Secretary shall provide estate planning assistance in accordance with this subsection, to the
extent amounts are appropriated for such purpose.
(2) Requirements
The estate planning assistance provided under paragraph (1) shall be designed to-(A) inform, advise, and assist Indian landowners with respect to estate planning in order to facilitate the
transfer of trust or restricted lands to a devisee or devisees selected by the landowners;
(B) dramatically increase the use of wills and other methods of devise among Indian landowners;
(C) substantially reduce the quantity and complexity of Indian estates that pass intestate through the
probate process, while protecting the rights and interests of Indian landowners; and
(D) assist Indian landowners in accessing information pursuant to section 2216(e) of this title.
(3) Probate code development and legal assistance grants
In carrying out this section, the Secretary may award grants to-(A) Indian tribes, for purposes of tribal probate code development and estate planning services to tribal
members;
(B) organizations that provide legal assistance services for Indian tribes, Indian organizations, and
individual owners of interests in trust or restricted lands that are qualified as nonprofit organizations under
section 501(c)(3) of Title 26 and provide such services pursuant to Federal poverty guidelines, for
purposes of providing civil legal assistance to such Indian tribes, individual owners, and Indian
organizations for the development of tribal probate codes, for estate planning services or for other
purposes consistent with the services they provide to Indians and Indian tribes; and
(C) in specific areas and reservations where qualified nonprofit organizations referred to in subparagraph
(B) do not provide such legal assistance to Indian tribes, Indian organizations, or individual owners of trust
or restricted land, to other providers of such legal assistance;
that submit an application to the Secretary, in such form and manner as the Secretary may prescribe.
(4) Authorization for appropriations
There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of
paragraph (3).
(g) Repealed. Pub.L. 108-374, § 6(a)(4), Oct. 27, 2004, 118 Stat. 1800
(h) Applicable Federal law
(1) In general
Any references in subsections (a) and (b) of this section to applicable Federal law include-(A) Public Law 91-627 (84 Stat. 1874);
(B) Public Law 92-377 (86 Stat. 530);
(C) Public Law 92-443 (86 Stat. 744);

(D) Public Law 96-274 (94 Stat. 537); and
(E) Public Law 98-513 (98 Stat. 2411).
(2) No effect on laws
Nothing in this chapter amends or otherwise affects the application of any law described in paragraph (1), or
any other Federal law that pertains to-(A) trust or restricted land located on 1 or more specific Indian reservations that are expressly identified in
such law; or
(B) the allotted lands of 1 or more specific Indian tribes that are expressly identified in such law.
(i) Rules of interpretation
In the absence of a contrary intent, and except as otherwise provided under this chapter, applicable Federal
law, or a tribal probate code approved by the Secretary pursuant to section 2205 of this title, wills shall be
construed as to trust and restricted land and trust personalty in accordance with the following rules:
(1) Construction that will passes all property
A will shall be construed to apply to all trust and restricted land and trust personalty which the testator
owned at his death, including any such land or personalty acquired after the execution of his will.
(2) Class gifts
(A) No differentiation between relationship by blood and relationship by affinity
Terms of relationship that do not differentiate relationships by blood from those by affinity, such as
"uncles", "aunts", "nieces", or "nephews", are construed to exclude relatives by affinity. Terms of
relationship that do not differentiate relationships by the half blood from those by the whole blood, such as
"brothers", "sisters", "nieces", or "nephews", are construed to include both types of relationships.

(B) Meaning of "heirs" and "next of kin", etc.; time of ascertaining class
A devise of trust or restricted interest in land or an interest in trust personalty to the testator's or another
designated person's "heirs", "next of kin", "relatives", or "family" shall mean those persons, including the
spouse, who would be entitled to take under the provisions of this chapter for nontestamentary disposition.
The class is to be ascertained as of the date of the testator's death.
(C) Time for ascertaining class
In construing a devise to a class other than a class described in subparagraph (B), the class shall be
ascertained as of the time the devise is to take effect in enjoyment. The surviving issue of any member of
the class who is then dead shall take by right of representation the share which their deceased ancestor
would have taken.
(3) Meaning of "die without issue" and similar phrases
In any devise under this chapter, the words "die without issue", "die without leaving issue", "have no issue",
or words of a similar import shall be construed to mean that an individual had no lineal descendants in his
lifetime or at his death, and not that there will be no lineal descendants at some future time.
(4) Persons born out of wedlock
In construing provisions of this chapter relating to lapsed and void devises, and in construing a devise to a
person or persons described by relationship to the testator or to another, a person born out of wedlock shall
be considered the child of the natural mother and also of the natural father.

(5) Lapsed devises
Subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, where the testator devises or bequeaths a trust or
restricted interest in land or trust personalty to the testator's grandparents or to the lineal descendent of a
grandparent, and the devisee or legatee dies before the testator leaving lineal descendents, such
descendents shall take the interest so devised or bequeathed per stirpes.

(6) Void devises
Except as provided in paragraph (5), and if the disposition shall not be otherwise expressly provided for by a
tribal probate code approved under section 2205 of this title, if a devise other than a residuary devise of a
trust or restricted interest in land or trust personalty fails for any reason, such interest shall become part of
the residue and pass, subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, to the other residuary
devisees, if any, in proportion to their respective shares or interests in the residue.
(7) Family cemetery plot
If a family cemetery plot owned by the testator at his decease is not mentioned in the decedent's will, the
ownership of the plot shall descend to his heirs as if he had died intestate.
(j) Heirship by killing
(1) Heir by killing defined
As used in this subsection, "heir by killing" means any person who knowingly participates, either as a
principal or as an accessory before the fact, in the willful and unlawful killing of the decedent.
(2) No acquisition of property by killing
Subject to any applicable Federal law relating to the devise or descent of trust or restricted land, no heir by
killing shall in any way acquire any trust or restricted interests in land or interests in trust personalty as the
result of the death of the decedent, but such property shall pass in accordance with this subsection.
(3) Descent, distribution, and right of survivorship
The heir by killing shall be deemed to have predeceased the decedent as to decedent's trust or restricted
interests in land or trust personalty which would have passed from the decedent or his estate to such heir-(A) under intestate succession under this section;
(B) under a tribal probate code, unless otherwise provided for;
(C) as the surviving spouse;
(D) by devise;
(E) as a reversion or a vested remainder;
(F) as a survivorship interest; and
(G) as a contingent remainder or executory or other future interest.
(4) Joint tenants, joint owners, and joint obligees
(A) Any trust or restricted land or trust personalty held by only the heir by killing and the decedent as joint
tenants, joint owners, or joint obligees shall pass upon the death of the decedent to his or her estate, as if
the heir by killing had predeceased the decedent.
(B) As to trust or restricted land or trust personalty held jointly by 3 or more persons, including both the
heir by killing and the decedent, any income which would have accrued to the heir by killing as a result of
the death of the decedent shall pass to the estate of the decedent as if the heir by killing had predeceased

the decedent and any surviving joint tenants.
(C) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, the decedent's trust or restricted interest land
or trust personalty that is held in a joint tenancy with the right of survivorship shall be severed from the
joint tenancy as though the property held in the joint tenancy were to be severed and distributed equally
among the joint tenants and the decedent's interest shall pass to his estate; the remainder of the interests
shall remain in joint tenancy with right of survivorship among the surviving joint tenants.
(5) Life estate for the life of another
If the estate is held by a third person whose possession expires upon the death of the decedent, it shall
remain in such person's hands for the period of time following the decedent's death equal to the life
expectancy of the decedent but for the killing.
(6) Preadjudication rule
(A) In general
If a person has been charged, whether by indictment, information, or otherwise by the United States, a
tribe, or any State, with voluntary manslaughter or homicide in connection with a decedent's death, then
any and all trust or restricted land or trust personalty that would otherwise pass to that person from the
decedent's estate shall not pass or be distributed by the Secretary until the charges have been resolved in
accordance with the provisions of this paragraph.
(B) Dismissal or withdrawal
Upon dismissal or withdrawal of the charge, or upon a verdict of not guilty, such land and personalty shall
pass as if no charge had been filed or made.
(C) Conviction
Upon conviction of such person, and the exhaustion of all appeals, if any, the trust and restricted land and
trust personalty in the estate shall pass in accordance with this subsection.
(7) Broad construction; policy of subsection
This subsection shall not be considered penal in nature, but shall be construed broadly in order to effect the
policy that no person shall be allowed to profit by his own wrong, wherever committed.
(k) General rules governing probate
(1) Scope
Except as provided under applicable Federal law or a tribal probate code approved under section 2205 of
this title, the provisions of this subsection shall govern the probate of estates containing trust and restricted
interests in land or trust personalty.
(2) Pretermitted spouses and children
(A) Spouses
(i) In general

Except as provided in clause (ii), if the surviving spouse of a testator married the testator after the
testator executed the will of the testator, the surviving spouse shall receive the intestate share in the
decedent's trust or restricted land and trust personalty that the spouse would have received if the
testator had died intestate.
(ii) Exception
Clause (i) shall not apply to a trust or restricted interest land where--

(I) the will of a testator is executed before October 27, 2004;
(II)(aa) the spouse of a testator is a non-Indian; and
(bb) the testator devised the interests in trust or restricted land of the testator to 1 or more Indians;
(III) it appears, based on an examination of the will or other evidence, that the will was made in
contemplation of the marriage of the testator to the surviving spouse;
(IV) the will expresses the intention that the will is to be effective notwithstanding any subsequent
marriage; or
(V)(aa) the testator provided for the spouse by a transfer of funds or property outside the will; and
(bb) an intent that the transfer be in lieu of a testamentary provision is demonstrated by statements of
the testator or through a reasonable inference based on the amount of the transfer or other evidence.
(iii) Spouses married at the time of the will
Should the surviving spouse of the testator be omitted from the will of the testator, the surviving spouse
shall be treated, for purposes of trust or restricted land or trust personalty in the testator's estate, in
accordance with the provisions of subsection (a)(2)(A) of this section, as though there was no will but
only if-(I) the testator and surviving spouse were continuously married without legal separation for the 5-year
period preceding the decedent's death;
(II) the testator and surviving spouse have a surviving child who is the child of the testator;
(III) the surviving spouse has made substantial payments toward the purchase of, or improvements to,
the trust or restricted land in such estate; or
(IV) the surviving spouse is under a binding obligation to continue making loan payments for the trust
or restricted land for a substantial period of time;

except that, if there is evidence that the testator adequately provided for the surviving spouse and
any minor children by a transfer of funds or property outside of the will, this clause shall not apply.
(B) Children
(i) In general
If a testator executed the will of the testator before the birth or adoption of 1 or more children of the
testator, and the omission of the children from the will is a product of inadvertence rather than an
intentional omission, the children shall share in the trust or restricted interests in land and trust
personalty as if the decedent had died intestate.
(ii) Adopted heirs
Any person recognized as an heir by virtue of adoption under section 372a of this title, shall be treated
as the child of a decedent under this subsection.

(iii) Adopted-out children
(I) In general
For purposes of this chapter, an adopted person shall not be considered the child or issue of his
natural parents, except in distributing the estate of a natural kin, other than the natural parent, who
has maintained a family relationship with the adopted person. If a natural parent shall have married

the adopting parent, the adopted person for purposes of inheritance by, from and through him shall
also be considered the issue of such natural parent.
(II) Eligible heir pursuant to other Federal law or tribal law
Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (B)(iii)(I), other Federal laws and laws of the Indian
tribe with jurisdiction over the trust or restricted interest in land may otherwise define the inheritance
rights of adopted-out children.
(3) Divorce
(A) Surviving spouse
(i) In general
An individual who is divorced from a decedent, or whose marriage to the decedent has been annulled,
shall not be considered to be a surviving spouse unless, by virtue of a subsequent marriage, the
individual is married to the decedent at the time of death of the decedent.
(ii) Separation
A decree of separation that does not dissolve a marriage, and terminate the status of husband and wife,
shall not be considered a divorce for the purpose of this subsection.
(iii) No effect on adjudications
Nothing in clause (i) shall prevent the Secretary from giving effect to a property right settlement relating
to a trust or restricted interest in land or an interest in trust personalty if 1 of the parties to the settlement
dies before the issuance of a final decree dissolving the marriage of the parties to the property
settlement.
(B) Effect of subsequent divorce on a will or devise
(i) In general
If, after executing a will, a testator is divorced or the marriage of the testator is annulled, as of the
effective date of the divorce or annulment, any disposition of trust or restricted interests in land or of
trust personalty made by the will to the former spouse of the testator shall be considered to be revoked
unless the will expressly provides otherwise.
(ii) Property
Property that is prevented from passing to a former spouse of a decedent under clause (i) shall pass as
if the former spouse failed to survive the decedent.
(iii) Provisions of wills
Any provision of a will that is considered to be revoked solely by operation of this subparagraph shall be
revived by the remarriage of a testator to the former spouse of the testator.
(4) After-born heirs
A child in gestation at the time of decedent's death will be treated as having survived the decedent if the
child lives at least 120 hours after its birth.
(5) Advancements of trust personalty during lifetime; effect on distribution of estate
(A) The trust personalty of a decedent who dies intestate as to all or a portion of his or her estate, given
during the decedent's lifetime to a person eligible to be an heir of the decedent under subsection (b)(2)(B)
of this section, shall be treated as an advancement against the heir's inheritance, but only if the decedent
declared in a contemporaneous writing, or the heir acknowledged in writing, that the gift is an
advancement or is to be taken into account in computing the division and distribution of the decedent's

intestate estate.
(B) For the purposes of this section, trust personalty advanced during the decedent's lifetime is valued as
of the time the heir came into possession or enjoyment of the property or as of the time of the decedent's
death, whichever occurs first.
(C) If the recipient of the trust personalty predeceases the decedent, the property shall not be treated as
an advancement or taken into account in computing the division and distribution of the decedent's
intestate estate unless the decedent's contemporaneous writing provides otherwise.
(6) Heirs related to decedent through 2 lines; single share
A person who is related to the decedent through 2 lines of relationship is entitled to only a single share of the
trust or restricted land or trust personalty in the decedent's estate based on the relationship that would entitle
such person to the larger share.

(7) Notice
(A) In general
To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary shall notify each owner of trust and restricted land of
the provisions of this chapter.
(B) Combined notices
The notice under subparagraph (A) may, at the discretion of the Secretary, be provided with the notice
required under subsection (a) of section 8 of the American Indian Probate Reform Act of 2004.
(8) Renunciation or disclaimer of interests
(A) In general
Any person 18 years of age or older may renounce or disclaim an inheritance of a trust or restricted
interest in land or in trust personalty through intestate succession or devise, either in full or subject to the
reservation of a life estate (where the interest is an interest in land), in accordance with subparagraph (B),
by filing a signed and acknowledged declaration with the probate decisionmaker prior to entry of a final
probate order. No interest so renounced or disclaimed shall be considered to have vested in the
renouncing or disclaiming heir or devisee, and the renunciation or disclaimer shall not be considered to be
a transfer or gift of the renounced or disclaimed interest.
(B) Eligible recipients of renounced or disclaimed interests; notice to recipients
(i) Interests in land
A trust or restricted interest in land may be renounced or disclaimed only in favor of-(I) an eligible heir;
(II) any person who would have been eligible to be a devisee of the interest in question pursuant to
subsection (b)(1)(A) of this section (but only in cases where the renouncing person is a devisee of the
interest under a valid will); or
(III) the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the interest in question;
and the interest so renounced shall pass to its recipient in trust or restricted status.
(ii) Trust personalty
An interest in trust personalty may be renounced or disclaimed in favor of any person who would be
eligible to be a devisee of such an interest under subsection (b)(3) of this section and shall pass to the
recipient in accordance with the provisions of that subsection.

(iii) Unauthorized renunciations and disclaimers
Unless renounced or disclaimed in favor of a person or Indian tribe eligible to receive the interest in
accordance with the provisions of this subparagraph, a renounced or disclaimed interest shall pass as if
the renunciation or disclaimer had not been made.
(C) Acceptance of interest
A renunciation or disclaimer of an interest filed in accordance with this paragraph shall be considered
accepted when implemented in a final order by a decisionmaker, and shall thereafter be irrevocable. No
renunciation or disclaimer of an interest shall be included in such order unless the recipient of the interest
has been given notice of the renunciation or disclaimer and has not refused to accept the interest. All
disclaimers and renunciations filed and implemented in probate orders made effective prior to October 27,
2004 are hereby ratified.
(D) Rule of construction
Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to allow the renunciation of an interest that is subject to the
provisions of subsection (a)(2)(D) of this section in favor of more than 1 person.
(9) Consolidation agreements
(A) In general
During the pendency of probate, the decisionmaker is authorized to approve written consolidation
agreements effecting exchanges or gifts voluntarily entered into between the decedent's eligible heirs or
devisees, to consolidate interests in any tract of land included in the decedent's trust inventory. Such
agreements may provide for the conveyance of interests already owned by such heirs or devisees in such
tracts, without having to comply with the Secretary's rules and requirements otherwise applicable to
conveyances by deed of trust or restricted interests in land.
(B) Effective
An agreement approved under subparagraph (A) shall be considered final when implemented in an order
by a decisionmaker. The final probate order shall direct any changes necessary to the Secretary's land
records, to reflect and implement the terms of the approved agreement.
(C) Effect on purchase option at probate
Any interest in trust or restricted land that is subject to a consolidation agreement under this paragraph or
subsection (e) of this section shall not be available for purchase under subsection (p) of this section
unless the decisionmaker determines that the agreement should not be approved.
(l) Notification to landowners
After receiving written request by any owner of a trust or restricted interest in land, the Secretary shall provide
to such landowner the following information with respect to each tract of trust or restricted land in which the
landowner has an interest:
(1) The location of the tract of land involved.
(2) The identity of each other co-owner of interests in the parcel of land.
(3) The percentage of ownership of each owner of an interest in the tract.
(m) Pilot project for the management of trust assets of indian families and relatives
(1) Development pilot project
The Secretary shall consult with tribes, individual landowner organizations, Indian advocacy organizations,
and other interested parties to--

(A) develop a pilot project for the creation of legal entities such as private or family trusts, partnerships
corporations, or other organizations to improve, facilitate, and assist in the efficient management of
interests in trust or restricted lands or funds owned by Indian family members and relatives; and
(B) develop proposed rules, regulations, and guidelines to implement the pilot project, including-(i) the criteria for establishing such legal entities;
(ii) reporting and other requirements that the Secretary determines to be appropriate for administering
such entities; and
(iii) provisions for suspending or revoking the authority of an entity to engage in activities relating to the
management of trust or restricted assets under the pilot project in order to protect the interests of the
beneficial owners of such assets.
(2) Primary purposes; limitation; approval of transactions; payments by Secretary
(A) Purposes
The primary purpose of any entity organized under the pilot project shall be to improve, facilitate, and
assist in the management of interests in trust or restricted land, held by 1 or more persons, in furtherance
of the purposes of this chapter.
(B) Limitation
The organization or activities of any entity under the pilot project shall not be construed to impair, impede,
replace, abrogate, or modify in any respect the trust duties or responsibilities of the Secretary, nor shall
anything in this subsection or in any rules, regulations, or guidelines developed under this subsection
enable any private or family trustee of trust or restricted interests in land to exercise any powers over such
interests greater than that held by the Secretary with respect to such interests.

(C) Secretarial approval of transactions
Any transaction involving the lease, use, mortgage or other disposition of trust or restricted land or other
trust assets administered by or through an entity under the pilot project shall be subject to approval by the
Secretary in accordance with applicable Federal law.
(D) Payments
The Secretary shall have the authority to make payments of income and revenues derived from trust or
restricted land or other trust assets administered by or through an entity participating in the pilot project
directly to the entity, in accordance with requirements of the regulations adopted pursuant to this
subsection.
(3) Limitations on pilot project
(A) Number of organizations

The number of entities established under the pilot project authorized by this subsection shall not exceed
30.
(B) Regulations required
No entity shall commence activities under the pilot project authorized by this subsection until the
Secretary has adopted final rules and regulations under paragraph (1)(B).
(4) Report to Congress
Prior to the expiration of the pilot project provided for under this subsection, the Secretary shall submit a

report to Congress stating-(A) a description of the Secretary's consultation with Indian tribes, individual landowner associations,
Indian advocacy organizations, and other parties consulted with regarding the development of rules and
regulations for the creation and management of interests in trust and restricted lands under the pilot
project;
(B) the feasibility of accurately monitoring the performance of legal entities such as those involved in the
pilot project, and the effectiveness of such entities as mechanisms to manage and protect trust assets;
(C) the impact that the use of entities such as those in the pilot project may have with respect to the
accomplishment of the goals of the Indian Land Consolidation Act (25 U.S.C. 2201 et seq.); and
(D) any recommendations that the Secretary may have regarding whether to adopt a permanent program
as a management and consolidation measure for interests in trust or restricted lands.
(n) Notice to heirs
Prior to holding a hearing to determine the heirs to trust or restricted property, or making a decision
determining such heirs, the Secretary shall seek to provide actual written notice of the proceedings to all heirs.
Such efforts shall include-(1) a search of publicly available records and Federal records, including telephone and address directories
and including electronic search services or directories;
(2) an inquiry with family members and co-heirs of the property;
(3) an inquiry with the tribal government of which the owner is a member, and the tribal government with
jurisdiction over the property, if any; and
(4) if the property is of a value greater than $2,000, engaging the services of an independent firm to conduct
a missing persons search.
(o) Missing heirs
(1) For purposes of this subsection and subsection (m) of this section, an heir may be presumed missing if-(A) such heir's whereabouts remain unknown 60 days after completion of notice efforts under subsection
(m) of this section; and
(B) in the proceeding to determine a decedent's heirs, the Secretary finds that the heir has had no contact
with other heirs of the decedent, if any, or with the Department relating to trust or restricted land or other
trust assets at any time during the 6-year period preceding the hearing to determine heirs.
(2) Before the date for declaring an heir missing, any person may request an extension of time to locate
such heir. The Secretary shall grant a reasonable extension of time for good cause.
(3) An heir shall be declared missing only after a review of the efforts made in the heirship proceeding and a
finding has been made that this subsection has been complied with.
(4) An heir determined to be missing pursuant to this subsection shall be deemed to have predeceased the
decedent for purposes of descent and devise of trust or restricted land and trust personalty within that
decedent's estate.
(p) Purchase option at probate
(1) In general
The trust or restricted interests in a parcel of land in the decedent's estate may be purchased at probate in
accordance with the provisions of this subsection.
(2) Sale of interest at fair market value

Subject to paragraph (3), the Secretary is authorized to sell trust or restricted interests in land subject to this
subsection, including the interest that a surviving spouse would otherwise receive under subsection (a)(2)(A)
or (D) of this section, at no less than fair market value, as determined in accordance with the provisions of
this chapter, to any of the following eligible purchasers:
(A) Any other eligible heir taking an interest in the same parcel of land by intestate succession or the
decedent's other devisees of interests in the same parcel who are eligible to receive a devise under
subsection (b)(1)(A) of this section.
(B) All persons who own undivided trust or restricted interests in the same parcel of land involved in the
probate proceeding.
(C) The Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the interest, or the Secretary on behalf of such Indian tribe.
(3) Request to purchase; auction; consent requirements
No sale of an interest in probate shall occur under this subsection unless-(A) an eligible purchaser described in paragraph (2) submits a written request to purchase prior to the
distribution of the interest to heirs or devisees of the decedent and in accordance with any regulations of
the Secretary; and
(B) except as provided in paragraph (5), the heirs or devisees of such interest, and the decedent's
surviving spouse, if any, receiving a life estate under subsection (a)(2)(A) or (D) of this section consent to
the sale.

If the Secretary receives more than 1 request to purchase the same interest, the Secretary shall sell the
interest by public auction or sealed bid (as determined by the Secretary) at not less than the appraised fair
market value to the eligible purchaser submitting the highest bid.
(4) Appraisal and notice
Prior to the sale of an interest pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary shall-(A) appraise the interest at its fair market value in accordance with this chapter;
(B) provide eligible heirs, other devisees, and the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the interest with written
notice, sent by first class mail, that the interest is available for purchase in accordance with this
subsection; and
(C) if the Secretary receives more than 1 request to purchase the interest by a person described in
subparagraph (B), provide notice of the manner (auction or sealed bid), time and place of the sale, a
description, and the appraised fair market value, of the interest to be sold-(i) to the heirs or other devisees and the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the interest, by first class mail;
and
(ii) to all other eligible purchasers, by posting written notice in at least 5 conspicuous places in the
vicinity of the place of hearing.
(5) Small undivided interests in indian lands
(A) In general
Subject to subparagraph (B), the consent of a person who is an heir otherwise required under paragraph
(3)(B) shall not be required for the auction and sale of an interest at probate under this subsection if-(i) the interest is passing by intestate succession; and
(ii) prior to the auction the Secretary determines in the probate proceeding that the interest passing to

such heir represents less than 5 percent of the entire undivided ownership of the parcel of land as
evidenced by the Secretary's records as of the time the determination is made.
(B) Exception
Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the consent of such heir shall be required for the sale at probate of
the heir's interest if, at the time of the decedent's death, the heir was residing on the parcel of land of
which the interest to be sold was a part.
(6) Distribution of proceeds
Proceeds from the sale of interests under this subsection shall be distributed to the heirs, devisees, or
spouse whose interest was sold in accordance with the values of their respective interests. The proceeds
attributable to an heir or devisee shall be held in an account as trust personalty if the interest sold would
have otherwise passed to the heir or devisee in trust or restricted status.
[FN1] So in original. Probably should be "personalty".
Effective: November 07, 2000
§ 2207. Full faith and credit to tribal actions under tribal ordinances limiting descent and distribution
of trust or restricted or controlled lands

The Secretary in carrying out his responsibility to regulate the descent and distribution of trust lands under
section 372 of this title, and other laws, shall give full faith and credit to any tribal actions taken pursuant to
subsections (a) and (b) of section 2205 of this title, which provision shall apply only to estates of decedent's
whose deaths occur on or after the effective date of tribal ordinances adopted pursuant to this chapter.
Effective: [See Text Amendments]
§ 2208. Conveyancing authority upon sale or exchange of tribal lands; removal of trust status of
individually owned lands

The Secretary shall have the authority to issue deeds, patents, or such other instruments of conveyance
needed to effectuate a sale or exchange of tribal lands made pursuant to the terms of this chapter and to
remove, at the request of an Indian owner, the trust status of individually held lands or interests therein, where
authorized by law.
Effective: [See Text Amendments]
§ 2209. Trusteeship title of United States for any Indian or Indian Tribe

Title to any land acquired under this chapter by any Indian or Indian tribe shall be taken in trust by the United
States for that Indian or Indian tribe.
Effective: [See Text Amendments]
§ 2210. Tax exemption

All lands or interests in land acquired by the United States for an Indian or Indian tribe under authority of this
chapter shall be exempt from Federal, State and local taxation.
Effective: [See Text Amendments]
§ 2211. Governing body of tribe; construction of chapter as not vesting with authority not authorized
by tribal constitution or by-laws

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as vesting the governing body of an Indian tribe with any authority
which is not authorized by the constitution and by-laws or other organizational document of such tribe.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2212. Fractional interest acquisition program

(a) Acquisition by Secretary
(1) In general
The Secretary may acquire, at the discretion of the Secretary and with the consent of the owner, or from an
heir during probate in accordance with section 2206(p) of this title and at fair market value, any fractional
interest in trust or restricted lands.
(2) Authority of Secretary
The Secretary shall submit the report required under section 2217 of this title concerning how the fractional
interest acquisition program should be enhanced to increase the resources made available to Indian tribes
and individual Indian landowners.
(3) Interests held in trust
Subject to section 2213 of this title, the Secretary shall immediately hold interests acquired under this
chapter in trust for the recognized tribal government that exercises jurisdiction over the land involved.
(b) Requirements
In implementing subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary-(1) shall promote the policies provided for in section 102 of the Indian Land Consolidation Act Amendments
of 2000;
(2) may give priority to the acquisition of fractional interests representing 2 percent or less of a parcel of trust
or restricted land, especially those interests that would have escheated to a tribe but for the Supreme
Court's decision in Babbitt v. Youpee (117 S [FN1] Ct. 727 (1997));
(3) to the extent practicable-(A) shall consult with the tribal government that exercises jurisdiction over the land involved in determining
which tracts to acquire on a reservation;
(B) shall coordinate the acquisition activities with the acquisition program of the tribal government that
exercises jurisdiction over the land involved, including a tribal land consolidation plan approved pursuant
to section 2203 of this title; and
(C) may enter into agreements (such agreements will not be subject to the provisions of the Indian SelfDetermination and Education Assistance Act of 1974 [25 U.S.C.A. § 450 et seq.]) with the tribal
government that exercises jurisdiction over the land involved or a subordinate entity of the tribal
government to carry out some or all of the Secretary's land acquisition program; and
(4) shall minimize the administrative costs associated with the land acquisition program through the use of
policies and procedures designed to accommodate the voluntary sale of interests under this section,
notwithstanding the existence of any otherwise applicable policy, procedure, or regulation, through the
elimination of duplicate-(A) conveyance documents;
(B) administrative proceedings; and
(C) transactions.
(c) Sale of interest to indian landowners
(1) Conveyance at request
(A) In general

At the request of any Indian who owns an undivided interest in a parcel of trust or restricted land, the
Secretary shall convey an interest in such parcel acquired under this section to the Indian landowner-(i) on payment by the Indian landowner of the amount paid for the interest by the Secretary; or
(ii) if-(I) the Indian referred to in this subparagraph provides assurances that the purchase price will be paid
by pledging revenue from any source, including trust resources; and
(II) the Secretary determines that the purchase price will be paid in a timely and efficient manner.
(B) Limitation
With respect to a conveyance under this subsection, the Secretary shall not approve an application to
terminate the trust status or remove the restrictions of such an interest unless the interest is subject to a
foreclosure of a mortgage in accordance with section 483a of this title.
(2) Multiple owners
If more than one Indian owner requests an interest under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall convey the
interest to the Indian owner who owns the largest percentage of the undivided interest in the parcel of trust
or restricted land involved.
(3) Limitation
If an Indian tribe that has jurisdiction over a parcel of trust or restricted land owns an undivided interest in a
parcel of such land, such interest may only be acquired under paragraph (1) with the consent of such Indian
tribe.
(d) Authorization of appropriations
There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $75,000, 000 for fiscal year 2005, $95,000,000
for fiscal year 2006, and $145,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2010.
[FN1] So in original. Probably should be followed by a period.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2213. Administration of acquired fractional interests, disposition of proceeds

(a) In general
Subject to the conditions described in subsection (b)(1) of this section, an Indian tribe receiving a fractional
interest under section 2212 of this title may, as a tenant in common with the other owners of the trust or
restricted lands, lease the interest, sell the resources, consent to the granting of rights-of-way, or engage in
any other transaction affecting the trust or restricted land authorized by law.
(b) Application of revenue from acquired interests to land consolidation program
(1) In general
The Secretary shall have a lien on any revenue accruing to an interest described in subsection (a) of this
section until the Secretary provides for the removal of the lien under paragraph (3), (4), or (5).
(2) Requirements
(A) In general
Until the Secretary removes a lien from an interest in land under paragraph (1)--

(i) any lease, resource sale contract, right-of-way, or other document evidencing a transaction affecting
the interest shall contain a clause providing that all revenue derived from the interest shall be paid to the
Secretary; and
(ii) any revenue derived from any interest acquired by the Secretary in accordance with section 2212 of
this title shall be deposited in the fund created under section 2215 of this title.
(B) Approval of transactions
Notwithstanding section 476 of this title, or any other provision of law, until the Secretary removes a lien
from an interest in land under paragraph (1), the Secretary may approve a transaction covered under this
section on behalf of an Indian tribe.
(3) Removal of liens after findings
The Secretary may remove a lien referred to in paragraph (1) if the Secretary makes a finding that-(A) the costs of administering the interest from which revenue accrues under the lien will equal or exceed
the projected revenues for the parcel of land involved;
(B) in the discretion of the Secretary, it will take an unreasonable period of time for the parcel of land to
generate revenue that equals the purchase price paid for the interest; or
(C) a subsequent decrease in the value of land or commodities associated with the parcel of land make it
likely that the interest will be unable to generate revenue that equals the purchase price paid for the
interest in a reasonable time.
(4) Removal of liens upon payment into the acquisition fund
The Secretary shall remove a lien referred to in paragraph (1) upon payment of an amount equal to the
purchase price of that interest in land into the Acquisition Fund created under section 2215 of this title,
except where the tribe with jurisdiction over such interest in land authorizes the Secretary to continue the
lien in order to generate additional acquisition funds.
(5) Other removal of liens
The Secretary may, in consultation with tribal governments and other entities described in section
2212(b)(3) of this title, periodically remove liens referred to in paragraph (1) from interests in land acquired
by the Secretary.
(c) Tribe not treated as party to lease; no effect on tribal sovereignty, immunity
(1) In general
Paragraph (2) shall apply with respect to any undivided interest in allotted land held by the Secretary in trust
for a tribe if a lease or agreement under subsection (a) of this section is otherwise applicable to such
undivided interest by reason of this section even though the Indian tribe did not consent to the lease or
agreement.
(2) Application of lease
The lease or agreement described in paragraph (1) shall apply to the portion of the undivided interest in
allotted land described in such paragraph (including entitlement of the Indian tribe to payment under the
lease or agreement), and the Indian tribe shall not be treated as being a party to the lease or agreement.
Nothing in this section (or in the lease or agreement) shall be construed to affect the sovereignty of the
Indian tribe.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2214. Establishing fair market value

For purposes of this chapter, the Secretary may develop a system for establishing the fair market value of

various types of lands and improvements. Such a system may include determinations of fair market value
based on appropriate geographic units as determined by the Secretary. Such system may govern the
amounts offered for the purchase of interests in trust or restricted lands under this chapter.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2215. Acquisition fund

(a) In general
The Secretary shall establish an Acquisition Fund to-(1) disburse appropriations authorized to accomplish the purposes of section 2212 of this title; and
(2) collect all revenues received from the lease, permit, or sale of resources from interests acquired under
section 2212 of this title or paid by Indian landowners under section 2212 of this title.
(b) Deposits; use
(1) In general
All proceeds from leases, permits, or resource sales derived from an interest in trust or restricted lands
described in subsection (a)(2) of this section shall-(A) be deposited in the Acquisition Fund;
(B) as specified in advance in appropriations Acts, be available for the purpose of acquiring additional
fractional interests in trust or restricted lands; and
(C) be used to acquire undivided interests on the reservation from which the income was derived.
(2) Use of funds
The Secretary may use the revenue deposited in the Acquisition Fund under paragraph (1) to acquire some
or all of the undivided interests in any parcels of land in accordance with section 2204 of this title.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2216. Trust and restricted land transactions

(a) Policy
It is the policy of the United States to encourage and assist the consolidation of land ownership through
transactions-(1) involving individual Indians;
(2) between Indians and the tribal government that exercises jurisdiction over the land; or
(3) between individuals who own an interest in trust and restricted land who wish to convey that interest to
an Indian or the tribal government that exercises jurisdiction over the parcel of land involved;
in a manner consistent with the policy of maintaining the trust status of allotted lands. Nothing in this section
shall be construed to apply to or to authorize the sale of trust or restricted lands to a person who is not an
Indian.
(b) Sales, exchanges and gift deeds between indians and between indians and indian tribes
(1) In general
(A) Estimate of value

Notwithstanding any other provision of law and only after the Indian selling, exchanging, or conveying by
gift deed for no or nominal consideration an interest in land, has been provided with an estimate of the
value of the interest of the Indian pursuant to this section-(i) the sale or exchange or conveyance of an interest in trust or restricted land may be made for an
amount that is less than the fair market value of that interest; and
(ii) the approval of a transaction that is in compliance with this section shall not constitute a breach of
trust by the Secretary.
(B) Waiver of requirement
The requirement for an estimate of value under subparagraph (A) may be waived in writing by an owner of
a trust or restricted interest in land either selling, exchanging, or conveying by gift deed for no or nominal
consideration such interest-(i) to an Indian person who is the owner's spouse, brother, sister, lineal ancestor, lineal descendant, or
collateral heir; or
(ii) to an Indian co-owner or to the tribe with jurisdiction over the subject parcel of land, where the
grantor owns a fractional interest that represents 5 percent or less of the parcel.
(2) Limitation
For a period of 5 years after the Secretary approves a conveyance pursuant to this subsection, the
Secretary shall not approve an application to terminate the trust status or remove the restrictions of such an
interest.
(c) Acquisition of interest by Secretary
An Indian, or the recognized tribal government of a reservation, in possession of an interest in trust or
restricted lands, at least a portion of which is in trust or restricted status on November 7, 2000, and located
within a reservation, may request that the interest be taken into trust by the Secretary. Upon such a request,
the Secretary shall forthwith take such interest into trust.
(d) Status of lands
The sale, exchange, or conveyance by gift deed for no or nominal consideration of an interest in trust or
restricted land under this section shall not affect the status of that land as trust or restricted land.
(e) Land ownership information
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the names and mailing addresses of the owners of any interest in
trust or restricted lands, and information on the location of the parcel and the percentage of undivided interest
owned by each individual shall, upon written request, be made available to
(1) other owners of interests in trust or restricted lands within the same reservation;
(2) the tribe that exercises jurisdiction over the land where the parcel is located or any person who is eligible
for membership in that tribe; and
(3) any person that is leasing, using, or consolidating, or is applying to lease, use, or consolidate, such trust
or restricted land or the interest in trust or restricted lands.
(f) Purchase of land by Indian tribe
(1) In general
Except as provided in paragraph (2), before the Secretary approves an application to terminate the trust
status or remove the restrictions on alienation from a parcel of, or interest in, trust or restricted land, the
Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the parcel shall have the opportunity--

(A) to match any offer contained in the application; or
(B) in a case in which there is no purchase price offered, to acquire the interest in the parcel by paying the
fair market value of the interest.
(2) Exception for family farms
(A) In general
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a parcel of, or interest in, trust or restricted land that is part of a family
farm that is conveyed to a member of the family of a landowner (as defined in section 2205(c)(2)(A)(iv) of
this title) if the conveyance requires that in the event that the parcel or interest is offered for sale to an
entity or person that is not a member of the family of the landowner, the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over
the land shall be afforded the opportunity to purchase the interest pursuant to paragraph (1).
(B) Applicability of other provision
Section 2205(c)(2)(A) of this title shall apply with respect to the recording and mortgaging of any trust or
restricted land referred to in subparagraph (A).
Effective: November 07, 2000
§ 2217. Reports to Congress

(a) In general
Prior to expiration of the authority provided for in section 2212(a)(2)(A) of this title, the Secretary, after
consultation with Indian tribes and other interested parties, shall submit to the Committee on Indian Affairs and
the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Resources of the
House of Representatives a report that indicates, for the period covered by the report-(1) the number of fractional interests in trust or restricted lands acquired; and
(2) the impact of the resulting reduction in the number of such fractional interests on the financial and realty
recordkeeping systems of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
(b) Report
The reports described in subsection (a) of this section and section 2212(a) of this title shall contain findings as
to whether the program under this chapter to acquire fractional interests in trust or restricted lands should be
extended and whether such program should be altered to make resources available to Indian tribes and
individual Indian landowners.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2218. Approval of leases, rights-of-way, and sales of natural resources

(a) Approval by the Secretary
(1) In general
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary may approve any lease or agreement that affects
individually owned allotted land or any other land held in trust or restricted status by the Secretary on behalf
of an Indian, if-(A) the owners of not less than the applicable percentage (determined under subsection (b) of this
section) of the undivided interest in the allotted land that is covered by the lease or agreement consent in
writing to the lease or agreement; and
(B) the Secretary determines that approving the lease or agreement is in the best interest of the owners of
the undivided interest in the allotted land.

(2) Rule of construction
Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to leases involving coal or uranium.
(3) Definition
In this section, the term "allotted land" includes any land held in trust or restricted status by the Secretary on
behalf of one or more Indians.
(b) Applicable percentage
(1) Percentage interest
The applicable percentage referred to in subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be determined as follows:
(A) If there are 5 or fewer owners of the undivided interest in the allotted land, the applicable percentage
shall be 90 percent.
(B) If there are more than 5 such owners, but fewer than 11 such owners, the applicable percentage shall
be 80 percent.
(C) If there are more than 10 such owners, but fewer than 20 such owners, the applicable percentage
shall be 60 percent.
(D) If there are 20 or more such owners, the applicable percentage shall be a majority of the interests in
the allotted land.
(2) Determination of owners
(A) In general
For purposes of this subsection, in determining the number of owners of, and their interests in, the
undivided interest in the allotted land with respect to a lease or agreement, the Secretary shall make such
determination based on the records of the Department of the Interior that identify the owners of such lands
and their interests and the number of owners of such land on the date on which the lease or agreement
involved is submitted to the Secretary under this section.
(B) Rule of construction
Nothing in subparagraph (A) shall be construed to authorize the Secretary to treat an Indian tribe as the
owner of an interest in allotted land that did not escheat to the tribe pursuant to section 2206 of this title as
a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Babbitt v. Youpee (117 S Ct. 727 (1997)).
(c) Authority of Secretary to sign lease or agreement on behalf of certain owners
The Secretary may give written consent to a lease or agreement under subsection (a) of this section-(1) on behalf of the individual Indian owner if the owner is deceased and the heirs to, or devisees of, the
interest of the deceased owner have not been determined; or
(2) on behalf of any heir or devisee referred to in paragraph (1) if the heir or devisee has been determined
but cannot be located
(d) Effect of approval
(1) Application to all parties
(A) In general
Subject to paragraph (2), a lease or agreement approved by the Secretary under subsection (a) of this
section shall be binding on the parties described in subparagraph (B), to the same extent as if all of the
owners of the undivided interest in allotted land covered under the lease or agreement consented to the

lease or agreement.
(B) Description of parties
The parties referred to in subparagraph (A) are-(i) the owners of the undivided interest in the allotted land covered under the lease or agreement
referred to in such subparagraph; and
(ii) all other parties to the lease or agreement.
(2) Tribe not treated as party to lease; no effect on tribal sovereignty, immunity
(A) In general
Subparagraph (B) shall apply with respect to any undivided interest in allotted land held by the Secretary
in trust for a tribe if a lease or agreement under subsection (a) of this section is otherwise applicable to
such undivided interest by reason of this section even though the Indian tribe did not consent to the lease
or agreement.
(B) Application of lease
The lease or agreement described in subparagraph (A) shall apply to the portion of the undivided interest
in allotted land described in such paragraph (including entitlement of the Indian tribe to payment under the
lease or agreement), and the Indian tribe shall not be treated as being a party to the lease or agreement.
Nothing in this section (or in the lease or agreement) shall be construed to affect the sovereignty of the
Indian tribe.
(e) Distribution of proceeds
(1) In general
The proceeds derived from a lease or agreement that is approved by the Secretary under subsection (a) of
this section shall be distributed to all owners of undivided interest in the allotted land covered under the
lease or agreement.
(2) Determination of amounts distributed
The amount of the proceeds under paragraph (1) that are distributed to each owner under that paragraph
shall be determined in accordance with the portion of the undivided interest in the allotted land covered
under the lease or agreement that is owned by that owner.
(f) Rule of construction
Nothing in this section shall be construed to amend or modify the provisions of Public Law 105-188 (25 U.S.C.
396 note), the American Indian Agricultural Resources Management Act (25 U.S.C. 3701 et seq.), title II of the
Indian Land Consolidation Act Amendments of 2000, or any other Act that provides specific standards for the
percentage of ownership interest that must approve a lease or agreement on a specified reservation.
(g) Other laws
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to supersede, repeal, or modify any general or specific statute
authorizing the grant or approval of any type of land use transaction involving fractional interests in trust or
restricted land.
Effective: November 07, 2000
§ 2219. Application to Alaska

(a) Findings
Congress finds that--

(1) numerous academic and governmental organizations have studied the nature and extent of fractionated
ownership of Indian land outside of Alaska and have proposed solutions to this problem; and
(2) despite these studies, there has not been a comparable effort to analyze the problem, if any, of
fractionated ownership in Alaska.
(b) Application of chapter to Alaska
Except as provided in this section, this chapter shall not apply to land located within Alaska.
(c) Rule of construction
Nothing in this section shall be construed to constitute a ratification of any determination by any agency,
instrumentality, or court of the United States that may support the assertion of tribal jurisdiction over allotment
lands or interests in such land in Alaska.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2220. Owner-managed interests

(a) Purpose
The purpose of this section is to provide a means for the co-owners of trust or restricted interests in a parcel
of land to enter into surface leases of such parcel for certain purposes without approval of the Secretary.
(b) Mineral interests
Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or otherwise affect the application of any Federal law
requiring the Secretary to approve mineral leases or other agreements for the development of the mineral
interest in trust or restricted land.
(c) Owner management
(1) In general
Notwithstanding any provision of Federal law requiring the Secretary to approve individual Indian leases of
individual Indian trust or restricted land, where the owners of all of the undivided trust or restricted interests
in a parcel of land have submitted applications to the Secretary pursuant to subsection (a) of this section,
and the Secretary has approved such applications under subsection (d) of this section, such owners may,
without further approval by the Secretary, enter into a lease of the parcel for agricultural purposes for a term
not to exceed 10 years.
(2) Rule of construction
No such lease shall be effective until it has been executed by the owners of all undivided trust or restricted
interests in the parcel.
(d) Approval of applications for owner management
(1) In general
Subject to the provisions of paragraph (2), the Secretary shall approve an application for owner
management submitted by a qualified applicant pursuant to this section unless the Secretary has reason to
believe that the applicant is submitting the application as the result of fraud or undue influence. No such
application shall be valid or considered if it is received by the Secretary prior to the date that is 1 year after
the date on which notice is published pursuant to section 8(a)(4) of the American Indian Probate Reform Act
of 2004.
(2) Commencement of owner-managed status
Notwithstanding the approval of 1 or more applications pursuant to paragraph (1), no trust or restricted

interest in a parcel of land shall acquire owner-managed status until applications for all of the trust or
restricted interests in such parcel of land have been submitted to and approved by the Secretary pursuant to
this section.
(e) Validity of leases
No lease of trust or restricted interests in a parcel of land that is owner-managed under this section shall be
valid or enforceable against the owners of such interests, or against the land, the interest or the United States,
unless such lease-(1) is consistent with, and entered into in accordance with, the requirements of this section; or
(2) has been approved by the Secretary in accordance with other Federal laws applicable to the leasing of
trust or restricted land.
(f) Lease revenues
The Secretary shall not be responsible for the collection of, or accounting for, any lease revenues accruing to
any interests under a lease authorized by subsection (e) of this section, so long as such interest is in ownermanaged status under the provisions of this section.
(g) Jurisdiction
(1) Jurisdiction unaffected by status
The Indian tribe with jurisdiction over an interest in trust or restricted land that becomes owner-managed
pursuant to this section shall continue to have jurisdiction over the interest to the same extent and in all
respects that such tribe had prior to the interest acquiring owner-managed status.
(2) Persons using land
Any person holding, leasing, or otherwise using such interest in land shall be considered to consent to the
jurisdiction of the Indian tribe referred to in paragraph (1), including such tribe's laws and regulations, if any,
relating to the use, and any effects associated with the use, of the interest.
(h) Continuation of owner-managed status; revocation
(1) In general
Subject to the provisions of paragraph (2), after the applications of the owners of all of the trust or restricted
interests in a parcel of land have been approved by the Secretary pursuant to subsection (d) of this section,
each such interest shall continue in owner-managed status under this section notwithstanding any
subsequent conveyance of the interest in trust or restricted status to another person or the subsequent
descent of the interest in trust or restricted status by testate or intestate succession to 1 or more heirs.
(2) Revocation
Owner-managed status of an interest may be revoked upon written request of the owners (including the
parents or legal guardians of minors or incompetent owners) of all trust or restricted interests in the parcel,
submitted to the Secretary in accordance with regulations adopted under subsection (l) [FN1]. The
revocation shall become effective as of the date on which the last of all such requests has been delivered to
the Secretary.
(3) Effect of revocation
Revocation of owner-managed status under paragraph (2) shall not affect the validity of any lease made in
accordance with the provisions of this section prior to the effective date of the revocation, provided that, after
such revocation becomes effective, the Secretary shall be responsible for the collection of, and accounting
for, all future lease revenues accruing to the trust or restricted interests in the parcel from and after such
effective date.
(i) Defined terms

(1) For purposes of subsection (d)(1) of this section, the term "qualified applicant" means-(A) a person over the age of 18 who owns a trust or restricted interest in a parcel of land; and
(B) the parent or legal guardian of a minor or incompetent person who owns a trust or restricted interest in
a parcel of land.
(2) For purposes of this section, the term "owner-managed status" means, with respect to a trust or
restricted interest, that-(A) the interest is a trust or restricted interest in a parcel of land for which applications covering all trust or
restricted interests in such parcel have been submitted to and approved by the Secretary pursuant to
subsection (d) of this section;
(B) the interest may be leased without approval of the Secretary pursuant to, and in a manner that is
consistent with, the requirements of this section; and
(C) no revocation has occurred under subsection (h)(2) of this section.
(j) Secretarial approval of other transactions
Except with respect to the specific lease transaction described in paragraph (1) of subsection (c) of this
section, interests that acquire owner-managed status under the provisions of this section shall continue to be
subject to all Federal laws requiring the Secretary to approve transactions involving trust or restricted land
(including leases with terms of a duration in excess of 10 years) that would otherwise apply to such interests if
the interests had not acquired owner-managed status under this section.
(k) Effect of section
Subject to subsections (c), (f), and (h) of this section, nothing in this section diminishes or otherwise affects
any authority or responsibility of the Secretary with respect to an interest in trust or restricted land.
[FN1] So in original. No subsec. (l) has been enacted for this section.
Effective: October 27, 2004
§ 2221. Annual notice and filing; current whereabouts of interest owners

On at least an annual basis, the Secretary shall include along with other regular reports to owners of trust or
restricted interests in land and individual Indian money account owners a change of name and address form
by means of which the owner may confirm or update the owner's name and address. The change of name and
address form shall include a section in which the owner may confirm and update the owner's name and
address.

Current through P.L. 108-498 (excluding P.L. 108-447, 108-458) approved 12-23-04.