29 Cfr 1926.453

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
in paragraph (x) of Appendix A to this
subpart (ANSI/SIA A92.5 and A92.6);
(iii) Outrigger frames, when used, are
installed on both sides of the scaffold;
(iv) When power systems are used,
the propelling force is applied directly
to the wheels, and does not produce a
speed in excess of 1 foot per second (.3
mps); and
(v) No employee is on any part of the
scaffold which extends outward beyond
the wheels, casters, or other supports.
(7) Platforms shall not extend outward beyond the base supports of the
scaffold unless outrigger frames or
equivalent devices are used to ensure
stability.
(8) Where leveling of the scaffold is
necessary, screw jacks or equivalent
means shall be used.
(9) Caster stems and wheel stems
shall be pinned or otherwise secured in
scaffold legs or adjustment screws.
(10) Before a scaffold is moved, each
employee on the scaffold shall be made
aware of the move.
(x) Repair bracket scaffolds. (1) Brackets shall be secured in place by at least
one wire rope at least 1⁄2 inch (1.27 cm)
in diameter.
(2) Each bracket shall be attached to
the securing wire rope (or ropes) by a
positive locking device capable of preventing the unintentional detachment
of the bracket from the rope, or by
equivalent means.
(3) Each bracket, at the contact point
between the supporting structure and
the bottom of the bracket, shall be provided with a shoe (heel block or foot)
capable of preventing the lateral movement of the bracket.
(4) Platforms shall be secured to the
brackets in a manner that will prevent
the separation of the platforms from
the brackets and the movement of the
platforms or the brackets on a completed scaffold.
(5) When a wire rope is placed around
the structure in order to provide a safe
anchorage for personal fall arrest systems used by employees erecting or
dismantling scaffolds, the wire rope
shall meet the requirements of subpart
M of this part, but shall be at least 5⁄16
inch (0.8 cm) in diameter.
(6) Each wire rope used for securing
brackets in place or as an anchorage
for personal fall arrest systems shall be

§ 1926.453

protected from damage due to contact
with edges, corners, protrusions, or
other discontinuities of the supporting
structure or scaffold components.
(7) Tensioning of each wire rope used
for securing brackets in place or as an
anchorage for personal fall arrest systems shall be by means of a turnbuckle
at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter, or
by equivalent means.
(8) Each turnbuckle shall be connected to the other end of its rope by
use of an eyesplice thimble of a size appropriate to the turnbuckle to which it
is attached.
(9) U-bolt wire rope clips shall not be
used on any wire rope used to secure
brackets or to serve as an anchor for
personal fall arrest systems.
(10) The employer shall ensure that
materials shall not be dropped to the
outside of the supporting structure.
(11) Scaffold erection shall progress
in only one direction around any structure.
(y) Stilts. Stilts, when used, shall be
used in accordance with the following
requirements:
(1) An employee may wear stilts on a
scaffold only if it is a large area scaffold.
(2) When an employee is using stilts
on a large area scaffold where a guardrail system is used to provide fall protection, the guardrail system shall be
increased in height by an amount equal
to the height of the stilts being used by
the employee.
(3) Surfaces on which stilts are used
shall be flat and free of pits, holes and
obstructions, such as debris, as well as
other tripping and falling hazards.
(4) Stilts shall be properly maintained. Any alteration of the original
equipment shall be approved by the
manufacturer.
§ 1926.453 Aerial lifts.
(a) General requirements. (1) Unless
otherwise provided in this section, aerial lifts acquired for use on or after
January 22, 1973 shall be designed and
constructed in conformance with the
applicable requirements of the American National Standards for ‘‘Vehicle
Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work
Platforms,’’ ANSI A92.2–1969, including
appendix. Aerial lifts acquired before
January 22, 1973 which do not meet the

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§ 1926.453

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–06 Edition)

requirements of ANSI A92.2–1969, may
not be used after January 1, 1976, unless they shall have been modified so as
to conform with the applicable design
and construction requirements of ANSI
A92.2–1969. Aerial lifts include the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial
devices used to elevate personnel to
job-sites above ground:
(i) Extensible boom platforms;
(ii) Aerial ladders;
(iii) Articulating boom platforms;
(iv) Vertical towers; and
(v) A combination of any such devices. Aerial equipment may be made
of metal, wood, fiberglass reinforced
plastic (FRP), or other material; may
be powered or manually operated; and
are deemed to be aerial lifts whether or
not they are capable of rotating about
a substantially vertical axis.
(2) Aerial lifts may be ‘‘field modified’’ for uses other than those intended by the manufacturer provided
the modification has been certified in
writing by the manufacturer or by any
other equivalent entity, such as a nationally recognized testing laboratory,
to be in conformity with all applicable
provisions of ANSI A92.2–1969 and this
section and to be at least as safe as the
equipment was before modification.
(b) Specific requirements—(1) Ladder
trucks and tower trucks. Aerial ladders
shall be secured in the lower traveling
position by the locking device on top of
the truck cab, and the manually operated device at the base of the ladder before the truck is moved for highway
travel.
(2) Extensible and articulating boom
platforms. (i) Lift controls shall be tested each day prior to use to determine
that such controls are in safe working
condition.
(ii) Only authorized persons shall operate an aerial lift.
(iii) Belting off to an adjacent pole,
structure, or equipment while working
from an aerial lift shall not be permitted.
(iv) Employees shall always stand
firmly on the floor of the basket, and
shall not sit or climb on the edge of the
basket or use planks, ladders, or other
devices for a work position.
(v) A body belt shall be worn and a
lanyard attached to the boom or basket when working from an aerial lift.

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (b)(2)(v): As of January 1, 1998, subpart M of this part
(§ 1926.502(d)) provides that body belts are not
acceptable as part of a personal fall arrest
system. The use of a body belt in a tethering
system or in a restraint system is acceptable
and is regulated under § 1926.502(e).

(vi) Boom and basket load limits
specified by the manufacturer shall not
be exceeded.
(vii) The brakes shall be set and when
outriggers are used, they shall be positioned on pads or a solid surface. Wheel
chocks shall be installed before using
an aerial lift on an incline, provided
they can be safely installed.
(viii) An aerial lift truck shall not be
moved when the boom is elevated in a
working position with men in the basket, except for equipment which is specifically designed for this type of operation in accordance with the provisions
of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section.
(ix) Articulating boom and extensible
boom platforms, primarily designed as
personnel carriers, shall have both
platform (upper) and lower controls.
Upper controls shall be in or beside the
platform within easy reach of the operator. Lower controls shall provide for
overriding the upper controls. Controls
shall be plainly marked as to their
function. Lower level controls shall not
be operated unless permission has been
obtained from the employee in the lift,
except in case of emergency.
(x) Climbers shall not be worn while
performing work from an aerial lift.
(xi) The insulated portion of an aerial
lift shall not be altered in any manner
that might reduce its insulating value.
(xii) Before moving an aerial lift for
travel, the boom(s) shall be inspected
to see that it is properly cradled and
outriggers are in stowed position except
as
provided
in
paragraph
(b)(2)(viii) of this section.
(3) Electrical tests. All electrical tests
shall conform to the requirements of
ANSI A92.2–1969 section 5. However
equivalent d.c.; voltage tests may be
used in lieu of the a.c. voltage specified
in A92.2–1969; d.c. voltage tests which
are approved by the equipment manufacturer or equivalent entity shall be
considered an equivalent test for the
purpose of this paragraph (b)(3).

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(4) Bursting safety factor. The provisions of the American National Standards Institute standard ANSI A92.2–
1969, section 4.9 Bursting Safety Factor
shall apply to all critical hydraulic and
pneumatic components. Critical components are those in which a failure
would result in a free fall or free rotation of the boom. All noncritical components shall have a bursting safety
factor of at least 2 to 1.
(5) Welding standards. All welding
shall conform to the following standards as applicable:
(i) Standard Qualification Procedure,
AWS B3.0–41.
(ii) Recommended Practices for
Automotive Welding Design, AWS
D8.4–61.
(iii) Standard Qualification of Welding Procedures and Welders for Piping
and Tubing, AWS D10.9–69.
(iv) Specifications for Welding Highway and Railway Bridges, AWS D2.0–69.
NOTE TO § 1926.453: Non-mandatory Appendix C to this subpart lists examples of national consensus standards that are considered to provide employee protection equivalent to that provided through the application
of ANSI A92.2–1969, where appropriate. This
incorporation by reference was approved by
the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part
51. Copies may be obtained from the American National Standards Institute. Copies
may be inspected at the Docket Office, Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution
Avenue, NW., room N2634, Washington, DC or
at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on
the availability of this material at NARA,
call
202–741–6030,
or
go
to:
http://
www.archives.gov/federallregister/
codeloflfederallregulations/
ibrllocations.html.
[61 FR 46116, Aug. 30, 1996; 61 FR 59832, Nov.
25, 1996, as amended at 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9,
2004]

§ 1926.454 Training requirements.
This section supplements and clarifies the requirements of § 1926.21(b)(2)
as these relate to the hazards of work
on scaffolds.
(a) The employer shall have each employee who performs work while on a
scaffold trained by a person qualified
in the subject matter to recognize the
hazards associated with the type of
scaffold being used and to understand

§ 1926.454

the procedures to control or minimize
those hazards. The training shall include the following areas, as applicable:
(1) The nature of any electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling object
hazards in the work area;
(2) The correct procedures for dealing
with electrical hazards and for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling
the fall protection systems and falling
object protection systems being used;
(3) The proper use of the scaffold, and
the proper handling of materials on the
scaffold;
(4) The maximum intended load and
the load-carrying capacities of the
scaffolds used; and
(5) Any other pertinent requirements
of this subpart.
(b) The employer shall have each employee who is involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting a scaffold trained by a competent person to
recognize any hazards associated with
the work in question. The training
shall include the following topics, as
applicable:
(1) The nature of scaffold hazards;
(2) The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating,
repairing, inspecting, and maintaining
the type of scaffold in question;
(3) The design criteria, maximum intended load-carrying capacity and intended use of the scaffold;
(4) Any other pertinent requirements
of this subpart.
(c) When the employer has reason to
believe that an employee lacks the
skill or understanding needed for safe
work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer
shall retrain each such employee so
that the requisite proficiency is regained. Retraining is required in at
least the following situations:
(1) Where changes at the worksite
present a hazard about which an employee has not been previously trained;
or
(2) Where changes in the types of
scaffolds, fall protection, falling object
protection, or other equipment present
a hazard about which an employee has
not been previously trained; or

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