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pdfMANUAL OF CLASSIFICATION
FOR
AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY
RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND EXTENSION
Revision VII
Classifications used in the
Current Research Information System
Issued by
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
Information Systems and Technology Management
October 2005
INTRODUCTION
The Manual of Classification for Agricultural and Forestry Research, Education, and Extension
is the authority for classifying research, education, and extension activities in the Current
Research Information System (CRIS). It is specifically intended for use in preparing Form AD417, Research Work Unit/Project Description, the classification code sheet submitted on each
work unit documented in CRIS.
The current version of the classification manual, Version VII, maintains the three-dimensional
classification scheme, but one of the categories has undergone a major change. Research
Problem Area has been renamed Knowledge Area. The new Knowledge Areas have modified or
expanded definitions, additional codes, and other enhancements to accommodate the broad
focus of research, higher education, and extension work sponsored by the Cooperative State
Research, Education, and Extension Service, the agency that maintains the Current Research
Information System. This change to Knowledge Area is consistent with the CSREES mission to
advance knowledge for agriculture, the environment, human health and well-being, and
communities.
The Subject of Investigation and Field of Science categories remain unchanged from Version
VI.
ii
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................ii
CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... iii
SECTION 1. TOPIC AREA ................................................................................. 1
SECTION 2. KNOWLEDGE AREA..................................................................... 2
SECTION 3. SUBJECT OF INVESTIGATION.................................................... 6
SECTION 4. FIELD OF SCIENCE .................................................................... 16
SECTION 5. KNOWLEDGE AREA DESCRIPTION ......................................... 18
iii
SECTION 1. TOPIC AREA
I.
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
(KAs 101-141)
II.
PLANTS AND THEIR SYSTEMS
(KAs 201-216)
III.
ANIMALS AND THEIR SYSTEMS
(KAs 301-315)
IV.
AGRICULTURAL, NATURAL RESOURCE, AND BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(KAs 401-405)
V.
FOOD AND NON-FOOD PRODUCTS: DEVELOPMENT, PROCESSING,
QUALITY, AND DELIVERY
(KAs 501-512)
VI.
ECONOMICS, MARKETS, AND POLICY
(KAs 601-611)
VII.
HUMAN NUTRITION, FOOD SAFETY, AND HUMAN HEALTH AND
WELL-BEING
(KAs 701-724)
VIII.
FAMILIES, YOUTH, AND COMMUNITIES
(KAs 801-806)
IX.
PROGRAM AND PROJECT SUPPORT, AND ADMINISTRATION,
EDUCATION, AND COMMUNICATION
(KAs 901-903)
1
SECTION 2. KNOWLEDGE AREA
TOPIC I. NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
SOIL
101.
102.
103.
104.
Appraisal of Soil Resources
Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships
Management of Saline and Sodic Soils and Salinity
Protect Soil from Harmful Effects of Natural Elements
WATER
111. Conservation and Efficient Use of Water
112. Watershed Protection and Management
FOREST AND RANGE RESOURCES
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Management of Range Resources
Management and Control of Forest and Range Fires
Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources
Urban Forestry
Agroforestry
NATURAL RESOURCES, GENERAL
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
Alternative Uses of Land
Weather and Climate
Pollution Prevention and Mitigation
Outdoor Recreation
Aquatic and Terrestrial Wildlife
Conservation of Biological Diversity
AIR
141. Air Resource Protection and Management
TOPIC II. PLANTS AND THEIR SYSTEMS
PLANT PRODUCTION
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms
Plant Genetic Resources
Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants
Plant Product Quality and Utility (Preharvest)
Plant Management Systems
Basic Plant Biology
2
PLANT PROTECTION
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants
Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants
Weeds Affecting Plants
Vertebrates, Mollusks, and Other Pests Affecting Plants
Biological Control of Pests Affecting Plants
Integrated Pest Management Systems
TOPIC III. ANIMALS AND THEIR SYSTEMS
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
Reproductive Performance of Animals
Nutrient Utilization in Animals
Genetic Improvement of Animals
Animal Genome
Animal Physiological Processes
Environmental Stress in Animals
Animal Management Systems
Improved Animal Products (Before Harvest)
ANIMAL PROTECTION
311.
312.
313.
314.
Animal Diseases
External Parasites and Pests of Animals
Internal Parasites in Animals
Toxic Chemicals, Poisonous Plants, Naturally Occurring Toxins, and Other Hazards
Affecting Animals
315. Animal Welfare/Well-Being and Protection
TOPIC IV. AGRICULTURAL, NATURAL RESOURCE, AND BIOLOGICAL
ENGINEERING
401.
402.
403.
404.
405.
Structures, Facilities, and General Purpose Farm Supplies
Engineering Systems and Equipment
Waste Disposal, Recycling, and Reuse
Instrumentation and Control Systems
Drainage and Irrigation Systems and Facilities
TOPIC V. FOOD AND NON-FOOD PRODUCTS: DEVELOPMENT,
PROCESSING, QUALITY, AND DELIVERY
FOOD
501. New and Improved Food Processing Technologies
502. New and Improved Food Products
3
503. Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Food Products
504. Home and Commercial Food Service
NON-FOOD
511. New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes
512. Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Non-Food Products
TOPIC VI. ECONOMICS, MARKETS, AND POLICY
601.
602.
603.
604.
605.
606.
607.
608.
609.
610.
611.
Economics of Agricultural Production and Farm Management
Business Management, Finance, and Taxation
Market Economics
Marketing and Distribution Practices
Natural Resource and Environmental Economics
International Trade and Development
Consumer Economics
Community Resource Planning and Development
Economic Theory and Methods
Domestic Policy Analysis
Foreign Policy and Programs
TOPIC VII. HUMAN NUTRITION, FOOD SAFETY, AND HUMAN HEALTH AND
WELL-BEING
HUMAN NUTRITION
701.
702.
703.
704.
Nutrient Composition of Food
Requirements and Function of Nutrients and Other Food Components
Nutrition Education and Behavior
Nutrition and Hunger in the Population
FOOD SAFETY
711. Ensure Food Products Free of Harmful Chemicals, Including Residues from Agricultural
and Other Sources
712. Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and
Naturally Occurring Toxins
HUMAN HEALTH
721.
722.
723.
724.
Insects and Other Pests Affecting Humans
Zoonotic Diseases and Parasites Affecting Humans
Hazards to Human Health and Safety
Healthy Lifestyle
4
TOPIC VIII. FAMILIES, YOUTH, AND COMMUNITIES
801.
802.
803.
804.
Individual and Family Resource Management
Human Development and Family Well-Being
Sociological and Technological Change Affecting Individuals, Families, and Communities
Human Environmental Issues Concerning Apparel, Textiles, and Residential and
Commercial Structures
805. Community Institutions, Health, and Social Services
806. Youth Development
TOPIC IX. PROGRAM AND PROJECT SUPPORT, AND ADMINISTRATION,
EDUCATION, AND COMMUNICATION
901. Program and Project Design, and Statistics
902. Administration of Projects and Programs
903. Communication, Education, and Information Delivery
5
SECTION 3. SUBJECT OF INVESTIGATION
NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Code Subject
Soil and Land
0110
0120
0199
Soil
Land
Soil and land, general
Water
0210
Water resources
Watersheds and River Basins
0310
0320
0330
0399
River basins
Watersheds
Wetland and riparian systems
Watersheds and river basins, general
Atmosphere
0410
0420
0430
0440
0499
Air
Weather
Climate
Solar radiation
Atmosphere, general/other
Recreational Resources
0510
0520
0530
0599
Wilderness
Campgrounds and picnic areas
Parks and urban green space
Recreational resources, general/other
Trees, Forests, and Forest Products (excluding edible tree nut crops)
0610
0611
0612
0613
0620
0621
0622
0630
0640
Conifer forests of the North
Conifer forests of the South
Conifer forests of the West
Mixed conifer-broadleaf forests
Broadleaf forests of the North
Broadleaf forests of the South
Broadleaf forests of the West
Chaparral and shrub lands
Tropical forests
6
0650
0660
0670
0680
0699
Wood and wood products
Paper and pulp derived products
Short rotation woody crops, including holiday trees
Other products of the forest
Trees, forests, and forest products, general
Rangelands and Grasslands
0710
0720
0730
0780
0790
0799
Desert and semidesert shrub land and shinnery
Pinyon-juniper
Mountain grasslands, meadow, and alpine
Grasslands, other
Rangelands, other
Rangelands and grasslands, general
Wildlife and Natural Fisheries Management, Endangered Species
0810
0811
0812
0819
0820
0830
0840
0850
0860
0899
Finfish
Shellfish
Fish habitats
Natural fisheries, other
Wild birds
Wild animals
Fur-bearing animals
Wildlife habitats
Endangered species
Wildlife and natural fisheries, general/other
PLANTS AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Code Subject
Citrus
0910
0920
0930
0999
Grapefruit
Orange
Lemon
Citrus, general/other
Tropical/Subtropical Fruit
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1099
Banana
Pineapple
Papaya
Mango
Date
Kiwi
Tropical/subtropical fruit, general/other
7
Deciduous and Small Fruits
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1129
1130
1131
1132
1139
1199
Apple
Apricot
Cherry
Nectarine
Peach
Pear
Plum
Deciduous tree fruits, general/other
Blueberry
Cranberry
Strawberry
Raspberry
Berries and cane fruits, general/other
Table grapes
Wine grapes
Raisin grapes
Grapes, general/other
Deciduous and small fruits, general/other
Edible Tree Nuts
1210
1211
1212
1213
1219
Filbert
Pecan
Almond
Walnut
Edible tree nuts, general/other
1310
Potato
Vegetables
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1419
1420
1421
1429
1430
1440
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
Beans (dry)
Beans (fresh, fresh-processed)
Peas (dry)
Peas (fresh, fresh-processed)
Lentil
Leguminous vegetables, general/other
Melons (includes cantaloupe, muskmelon, watermelon)
Cucumber
Cucurbits, other (includes pumpkin, squash, gourd)
Greens and leafy vegetables (includes endive, lettuce, spinach, turnipgreens, celery, rhubarb, parsley, asparagus)
Cole crops (includes cabbage, kale, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower,
kohlrabi)
Sweet potato
Onion, garlic, leek, shallot
Carrot
Yam
Taro
8
1455
1459
1460
1461
1462
1469
1470
1480
1499
Cassava (or manioc)
Rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and root crops, general/other (for potato use
1310)
Tomato
Peppers
Eggplant
Solanaceous and related crops, general/other (for potato use 1310)
Mushrooms and other edible fungi
Sweetcorn
Vegetables, general/other
Grain Crops
1510
1511
1520
1530
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1549
1550
1560
1570
1599
Corn (for sweetcorn use 1480)
Popcorn
Grain sorghum
Rice
Hard red winter wheat
Hard red spring wheat
Soft red wheat
Soft white wheat (includes club, western)
Hard white wheat
Durum wheat
Wheat, general/other
Barley
Oats
Rye
Grain crops, general/other (includes buckwheat, millet, triticale)
Pasture and Forage Crops
1610
1620
1621
1629
1630
1631
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1649
1699
Pasture
Warm season perennial grasses (includes dallisgrass, bluestems,
bermudagrass)
Cool season perennial grasses (includes bluegrass, bromegrass, fescue,
orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, timothy, wheatgrass)
Perennial grasses, other
Summer annual grasses (includes forage sorghums, sudangrass, sorghumsudangrass hybrids)
Winter annual grasses (includes annual ryegrass)
Annual grasses, other
Alfalfa
Trefoil
Red clover
Crownvetch
Winter annual legumes (includes subterranean clover, arrowleaf clover)
Forage legumes, general/other
Pasture and forage crops, general/other
9
Fiber Crops
1710
1711
1719
1720
1730
1740
1750
1799
Upland cotton
Long fiber cotton
Cotton, other
Kenaf
Hemp
Ramie
Agave
Fiber crops, general/other
Oilseed and Oil Crops
1810
1820
1830
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1899
Cottonseed (for meal, oil, etc.)
Soybean
Peanut
Castor
Crambe
Flax
Safflower
Sunflower
Jojoba
Coconut
Palm
Canola
Cuphea
Lesquerella
Meadowfoam
Rape
Sesame
Chinese tallow
Tung
Oilseed and oil crops, general/other
Tobacco
1910
1920
1930
1999
Flue-cured tobacco
Burley tobacco
Cigar-type tobacco
Tobacco, general/other
Sugar Crops
2010
2020
2030
2099
Sugar beet
Sugar cane
Sweet sorghum
Sugar crops, general/other
Ornamentals and Turf
2110
Ornamental trees and shrubs
10
2120
2121
2122
2123
2129
2130
2140
2150
2160
2199
Herbaceous perennials and decorative greens
Cut flowers, foliage, and greens
Potted plants
Bedding/garden plants
Florist crops, other
Turf (includes bentgrass, bermudagrass, bluegrass, dichondra, fescue, ryegrass,
zoysia)
Ground covers
Aquatic plants
Arboreta and botanical gardens
Ornamentals and turf, general/other (includes cacti)
Miscellaneous and New Crops
2210
2220
2221
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2239
2240
2241
2242
2249
2299
Chemurgic crops
Medicinal crops, non-narcotic
Narcotic plants
Hops
Mint
Coffee
Cocoa
Tea
Herbs and spices
Flavoring and beverage plants, general/other
Guayule
Hevea
Gums
Rubber, gum, and resin plants, general/other
Miscellaneous and new crops, general/other
2300
Weeds
Plants
2410
2420
2499
Cross-commodity research--multiple crops
Noncrop plant research
Plant research, general
ANIMALS, INCLUDING INVERTEBRATES, AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Code Subject
Bees, Honey, and Other Pollinators
3010
3020
3030
3090
3099
Honey bees
Honey and honey products
Non-honey apiary products
Other Pollinators
Bees, honey, and other pollinators, general
11
Invertebrates
3110
3120
3130
3199
Insects
Spiders, mites, ticks, and other arthropods
Nematodes
Invertebrates, general/other
Poultry
3210
3220
3230
3240
3250
3260
3270
3280
3299
Egg-type chicken, live animal
Meat-type chicken, live animal
Turkey, live animal
Duck and goose, live animal
Ratites (e.g., ostrich, emu, rhea), live animal
Poultry meat
Eggs
Other poultry products
Poultry, general/other
Beef Cattle
3310
3320
3330
3399
Beef cattle, live animal
Meat, beef cattle
Other beef cattle products
Beef cattle, general/other
Dairy Cattle
3410
3420
3430
3440
3450
3460
3470
3499
Dairy cattle, live animal
Butter
Cheese
Meat, dairy cattle
Milk
Ice cream
Other dairy cattle products
Dairy cattle, general/other
Swine
3510
3520
3530
3599
Swine, live animal
Meat, swine
Other swine products
Swine, general/other
Sheep and Wool
3610
3620
3630
3699
Sheep, live animal
Meat, sheep
Wool fiber
Sheep and wool, general/other
12
Cultured Aquatic Animals
3710 Catfish
3711 Trout
3712 Salmon
3713 Striped bass
3714 Tilapia
3715 Baitfish (minnows and shiners)
3716 Ornamental finfish
3719 Other cultured finfish
3720 Crawfish
3721 Marine shrimp
3722 Freshwater shrimp
3723 Oysters
3724 Clams and mussels
3725 Ornamental shellfish
3729 Other cultured shellfish
3799 Cultured aquatic animals, general/other
Other Animals
3810
3820
3830
3840
3899
Horses, ponies, and mules
Goats, meat and mohair
Pets (companion animals)
Laboratory animals
Other animals, general
Animals
3910
3999
Cross-commodity research--multiple animal species
Animal research, general
MICROORGANISMS
Code Subject
4010
4020
4030
4040
4050
4099
Bacteria
Fungi (includes yeast)
Viruses
Viroids, mycoplasmas, spiroplasmas, etc.
Protozoa
Microorganisms, general/other
FOOD AND MANUFACTURED RESOURCES
Code Subject
5010
Food (not readily associated with specific plant and animal products)
13
Clothing and Textiles
5110
5120
5199
Clothing/apparel
Textiles
Clothing and textiles, general
Agricultural Supplies
5210
5220
5230
5240
5299
Fertilizers
Pesticides (includes herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.)
Feed and feed additives
Seeds and other plant propagules
Agricultural supplies, general/other
Structures, Facilities, and Equipment
5310
5320
5330
5340
5350
5360
5370
5399
Machinery and equipment
Houses (human residences), furniture, household equipment, non-textile
furnishings
Farm structures and related facilities
Nonfarm structures and related facilities, including those used in marketing,
storing, processing, and distributing functions, and for recreational uses
Domestic and community water supply facilities and systems
Drainage and irrigation facilities and systems
Sewage and waste disposal facilities and systems
Structures, facilities, and equipment, general/other
HUMAN RESOURCES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS
Code Subject
People and Communities
6010
6020
6030
6040
6050
6099
Individuals (as workers, consumers, members of society)
The family and its members
The farm as an enterprise
Real estate
Communities, areas, and regions, including states and their institutions and
organizations
People and communities, general/other
Economy
6110
6120
6199
Economy of the United States and sectors thereof
International economy and sectors thereof
Economy, general/other
14
Marketing
6210
6220
6230
6299
Farmer cooperatives
Marketing, processing, and supply firms other than cooperatives
Marketing systems and sectors thereof
Marketing, general/other
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
(Use the following classifications only if the research is not targeted at one or more previously
listed specific subjects of investigation)
Code Subject
7010
Biological Cell Systems
7110
Research on research management (not research management per se)
Research Equipment and Methods
7210
7220
7299
Remote sensing equipment and technology
Sensory evaluation/analysis methods (human senses)
Research equipment and methods, general/other
7310
Experimental design and statistical methods
7410
General technology
15
SECTION 4. FIELD OF SCIENCE
Code Subject
Biological
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1101
1102
1103
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
Biochemistry and biophysics
Nutrition and metabolism
Physiology
Cellular biology
Molecular biology
Developmental biology
Biology (whole systems)
Ecology
Genetics (includes breeding)
Immunology
Bacteriology
Virology
Mycology
Other microbiology (includes protozoology, phycology, etc.)
Parasitology
Nematology
Entomology and acarology
Weed science
Toxicology
Pathology
Epidemiology
Pharmacology
Limnology
Physical
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2061
2070
2080
2090
Chemistry
Physics
Engineering
Geology
Mineralogy
Hydrology
Geography
Pedology
Meteorology and climatology
Mathematics and computer sciences
Statistics, econometrics, and biometrics
16
Social and Behavioral
3000
3010
3020
3030
3040
3050
3060
3070
3080
3090
3100
3110
3111
Anthropology
Economics
Education
Information and communication
History
Law
Political science
Psychology
Sociology
Sensory science (human senses)
Management
Art and architecture
Landscape architecture
17
SECTION 5. KNOWLEDGE AREA DESCRIPTION
TOPIC I. NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
SOIL
KA 101. Appraisal of Soil Resources
Work in support of soil mapping is concerned with identifying the important soil parameters for
use in crop production, site-specific management, forest and range resource evaluation,
housing developments, zoning, waste management, environmental urban planning, and other
land uses. Soil surveys can also be used to show soil characteristics such as spatial and
temporal variability, susceptibility to frost heave or slippage, depth to water table, depth to rock
or other impermeable barriers, bearing strength, flood hazard, and soil erosion potential that
affect suitability of a site for specific uses.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics of soils needed in soil
classification and management
Identification of soil types and their suitability for specific uses
Appraisal of how soils behave under different levels of management and use such as
crop production, logging, grazing, water utilization and yield, and other agricultural,
forestry, waste disposal, and non-agricultural uses
Soil resource description and inventory, including their spatial and temporal variability
Use of geographic information systems and remote sensing technologies.
Exclude:
•
Soil testing for agricultural, forest, and range production (use KA 102).
KA 102. Soil, Plant, Water, and Nutrient Relationships
This knowledge area is concerned with the chemical and physical nature of interrelationships
among soils, plants, water, and nutrients. The objective is to improve, maintain, or restore the
inherent production capability of soils.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soil testing and plant analysis
Resource development, conservation, and management
Factors that limit root development of plants
Development of practical methods for ameliorating unfavorable conditions, such as
tillage pans, nutrient deficiencies, and improper air-water relationships
Ways to maintain and improve soil structure by soil amendments and by soil, crop,
tillage, and management systems
The effect of physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils on soil structure,
resistance to erosion, availability of plant nutrients, and the general environment for plant
roots
18
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical changes of nutrient elements in different kinds of soils and the factors affecting
uptake by various crops
Methods to make beneficial changes in energy dissipation and utilization in the soilplant-atmosphere relationships
Interrelationships between soil properties and their impacts on water storage and
movement in the soil profile
Effects and actions of biological organisms on soil and organic matter function and plant
relationships
Use of manures and other organic materials as plant nutrient sources.
Exclude:
•
•
•
Precision farming methodology (use KA 205 or 402)
Response of plant species to variables of soil, plant, water, and nutrient conditions (use
appropriate KA under PLANTS AND THEIR SYSTEMS or FOREST AND RANGE
RESOURCES)
Effects of erosion, fire, flood, and other natural hazards on the soil resource (use KA
104).
KA 103. Management of Saline and Sodic Soils and Salinity
This area is concerned with injurious accumulations of salts that may occur in the root zone of
soil because salts move upward in the soil with water and are left behind as the water
evaporates. Work in this area also concerns salts that can be leached downward to the
groundwater or to a drainage system as the result of heavy rainfall or irrigation, as well as
salinity and brackish water problems that may occur in seaboard areas.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leaching theory and methods to predict rates and amounts of various qualities of
leaching waters and related drainage system requirements to reclaim soils having salt
accumulations
Methods of treating and managing saline irrigation water and leaching effluents
Management criteria for use of brackish water of various qualities under a wide range of
soil, crop, and environmental conditions
Tillage, crop, soil amendment, leaching, and profile modification practices for crop
production on saline and sodic soils
Interactions of soil structure, dissolved and adsorbed ions, microbial activity, organic
matter, and moisture movement in the root zone of salt-affected soils
Procedures and equipment for determining the salinity status of soils and irrigation
waters
Plants or cropping sequences for managing or improving saline soils
Breeding and selection of salt-tolerant varieties.
Exclude:
•
Effects of human-caused salt pollution such as that from industrial sources (use KA
133).
19
KA 104. Protect Soil from Harmful Effects of Natural Elements
This work focuses on protection of soils from impairment as a result of natural events.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Effects of wind and water erosion
Effects of floods
Effects of landslides
Effects of wildfire
Subsidence of organic soils.
Exclude:
•
Resource development and conservation management (use KA 102, 112, or 131).
WATER
KA 111. Conservation and Efficient Use of Water
Work in this area attempts to increase efficiency in collecting, storing, conveying, using, and
reusing available water resources.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Procedures to monitor and improve effectiveness of water storage in the soil profile and
underground aquifers
Improved water conservation practices such as residue management that will be
compatible with modern mechanized agricultural practices
Selection and breeding of plant varieties to make efficient use of water through the
various stages of plant growth
Alternative practical techniques for reducing water loss from plant, soil, and water
surfaces
Practices to enhance water infiltration, transmission, and use by plants
Methods to conserve, replenish, and effectively use water in underground storage
Studies or activities designed to control phreatophytes and aquatic weeds to reduce the
damage or losses they cause
Water in wetland and riparian systems
Wetland construction or renovation.
Exclude:
•
•
Aquatic weeds as a pollutant (use KA 133)
Economic and policy issues of water (use KA 605 or 610).
KA 112. Watershed Protection and Management
This area is intended to focus on soil and water management problems at whole watershed
scales, as opposed to problems of more localized scale. These watersheds include the cropland
of the U.S. as well as range and forest lands. Work in this area can encompass one or more of
20
the following: flood prevention systems, sediment control, wind and water erosion control, and
management strategies oriented toward water yield and quality.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
New concepts and mathematical expressions of the erosion processes by wind and
water at the watershed scale
Procedures for identifying sediment sources, predicting and measuring sediment
deposition, and methods for sediment control
Measures for controlling erosion on watershed lands and stream channel systems in
rural and urban environments, and methods for reclaiming eroded lands
Methods for quantifying the role of soil and vegetation in the hydrologic performance of
watersheds and river basins, and the impact of management practices which change
topographic and vegetative characteristics
Improved procedures for use of watersheds and river basins to assure needed
agricultural and forest products, keep soil erosion and sedimentation to an acceptable
minimum, and supply reliable quantities of good quality water for domestic, agricultural,
municipal, and industrial uses
Alternative land and water management practices including cover manipulation to
improve the quality, quantity, and timing of surface and subsurface water yields from
watersheds and river basins
Alternative systems for managing water storage and movement to reduce floods and
dispose of excess water, maintain stable stream channels, and provide water for
beneficial uses
Design and implementation of practices for the reclamation of soils that have been
drastically disturbed due to construction, surface mining, mineral extraction, and other
causes.
Exclude:
•
Economic and policy issues of watershed management (use KA 605 or 610).
FOREST AND RANGE RESOURCES
KA 121. Management of Range Resources
This area includes work on biological processes and ecological relationships, improved range
management techniques, and better appraisals of range conditions for production of livestock
forage, water yield, and wildlife habitat.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
Improvement of rangeland evaluation methods to reduce costs and increase the
usefulness of information obtained, including aerial photography, geographic information
systems (GIS), trend projections, and computers for data analysis
Appraisal to provide up-to-date information on the quality, quantity, and productivity of
range resources
Projecting future demand for range forage and other benefits normally related to the
wise use of rangelands
21
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physiology and ecology of rangeland plant communities
Range characteristics, including identification, physiological requirements, and nutritive
value of forage plants
Understanding range ecosystems and their biotic and physical components
Improvement through breeding and selection of browse plants for forage, protection, and
aesthetic purposes
Revegetation of deteriorated areas by seeding desirable species
Systems for managing ranges including fertilization, mechanization, grazing pressure,
and drainage to increase yields
Management practices that harmonize grazing with timber growing, wildlife, recreation,
and other land uses
Riparian areas and wetlands associated with rangeland habitats and their importance to
these ecosystems
Forested range management
Protection against insects and diseases
Invasive/alien plant deterioration of rangelands.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Work focused on improvement of wildlife habitat (use KA 135)
Watershed systems and cumulative effects (use KA 112)
Protection against fire (use KA 122)
Agroforestry (use KA 125)
Economic and policy issues of range management (use KA 605 or 610)
Use of prescribed fire for maintenance of range ecosystems (use KA 122)
Biological control of pests (use KA 215)
Integration of pest control tactics into an integrated pest management (IPM) system (use
KA 216).
KA 122. Management and Control of Forest and Range Fires
Work in this area focuses on both wildfire and prescribed fire. It includes the development of
new wildfire prevention methods, new technology for fuel hazard reduction, improved systems
for wildfire prediction, detection, and effective attack and suppression technologies. Prescribed
fire is used to maintain fire-dependent ecosystems without endangering resources and facilities.
Work in this area focuses on where, when, and how to utilize prescribed fire.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fire-related biology and ecology of plants and animals
Atmospheric and ecosystem dynamics, patterns, and characteristics
Physics and chemistry of combustion
Behavior of fire as influenced by fire-starting agents, atmospheric circulation, and local
weather, fuels, and topography
Fire intelligence systems, including electronic methods, remote sensing, automatic
measurement of fire environment, and computer integration of these factors into a fire
danger rating system
Reduction of fuel hazards through physical, chemical, and prescribed fire treatments
Use of fire-resistant plants in home and building landscaping
22
•
•
•
•
Creation of defensible space around homes and buildings
Aerial and ground procedures for fighting fires
Integrated prescribed fire control and forest management systems which minimize
wildfire losses
Use of prescribed fire to maintain the integrity and function of range ecosystems.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
Protecting soil from fire damage (use KA 104)
Protection from pollution (use KA 133 or 141)
Control of hazards to fire fighting personnel (use KA 723)
Economic and policy issues of forest and range fire (use KA 605 or 610)
Development of community fire prevention, attack, and suppression plans and related
homeland security activities (use KA 805).
KA 123. Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources
Work in this area focuses on the biology of forest plants and trees; ecology of forest
ecosystems; tree breeding; forest nursery practices; silvicultural techniques to improve and
regenerate forest stands; and assessing, modeling, monitoring, and forecasting forest
ecosystems. Forest resources include both wood and non-wood products, often referred to as
non-timber forest products or special forest products. Sustainable forest management criteria
and indicators are outlined in international protocols.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intensive forest management
Studies of forest ecosystem and community structure and function
Physiology and ecology of forest trees and plant communities
Selection and breeding of trees
Forest health assessments and management practices to protect forests from insect
and disease infestations
Improvement of inventory methods to reduce costs and increase usefulness of
information obtained, including emphasis on geographic information systems (GIS),
aerial photography, trend projections, and use of computers for data analysis
Appraisals and inventories for use in development of resource programs
Seed orchard management, seed harvesting, processing, and storage methods
Nursery culture, planting, and direct seeding
Native and non-native invasive species that interfere with forest management objectives
Techniques that result in natural regeneration
Planning and modeling techniques for long-term management of forests for timber
production in harmony with other uses, including wildlife and recreation
Theory, instrumentation, and methods of mensuration for estimating timber growth, yield,
and quality of products
Cultural techniques, including spacing, fertilization, liming, and irrigation for the
production of timber-related crops from improved strains
Effects of environment and genetics on wood properties
Causes and effects of forest fragmentation
Relation of timber species and quality to wood properties and use
23
•
•
Management objectives for privately owned forest land
Forest stewardship practices utilized by private forest landowners.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Forest watersheds (use KA 112 or 605)
Protection against wildfire and fire-related biology and ecology of biota (use KA 122)
Agroforestry (use KA 125)
Urban forestry (use KA 124)
Forest recreation (use KA 134)
Forested range (use KA 121)
Economic and policy issues of forests and forestry (use KA 605, 610, or 611)
Biological control of pests (use KA 215)
Integration of pest control tactics into an integrated pest management (IPM) system (use
KA 216)
Use of prescribed fire and other measures to control competing vegetation, stand
composition, and habitat characteristics (use KA 122)
Land use planning policies and procedures to reduce forest fragmentation and
conversion (use KA 605, 610, or 611)
Forest taxation, estate planning, and intergenerational transfer (use KA 602 or 801)
Christmas tree production (use KA 205).
KA 124. Urban Forestry
This work concentrates on the use of trees to improve or maintain the quality of urban and
suburban environments and to enhance natural beauty through tree plantings. Tree plantings for
special purposes include: visual screening, noise suppression, air quality improvement, shade,
and beautification. Identification and development of species capable of living under adverse
conditions such as smoke, air pollution, compacted soils, deficient or excessive moisture, and
other unfavorable conditions associated with urban environments is included in this category.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Selection and breeding of trees for urban environments, shade, and other special
characteristics
Protection of trees from damage by animals, wildfire, floods, insects, diseases, or other
harmful agents
Methods of site preparation and tree establishment appropriate for special-purpose
plantings
Urban tree biology, including culture and maintenance of urban trees and stands
Soil and site requirements of species needed to improve the environment
Physical, biological, wildlife, and social benefits of urban trees/forests, including
psychological and physical health
Multiple effects of urban forests such as lowering the "heat island" effect, reduction of air
and water pollution, and improvement of property values.
Exclude:
•
Commercial products (use KA 123)
24
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Studies specific to pollution (use KA 133 or 141)
Agroforestry (use KA 125)
Economic and policy issues of urban forests (use KA 605 or 610)
Biological control of pests (use KA 215)
Integration of pest control tactics into an integrated pest management (IPM) system (use
KA 216)
Suburban/urban shade tree/street tree commissions (use KA 805)
Management of urban forestry volunteers and programs (use KA 802).
KA 125. Agroforestry
Work in this area focuses on agroforestry practices that intentionally combine trees or shrubs
with crop or livestock operations, or use trees at the agriculture/community interface to help
create more integrated, diverse, and sustainable farms, non-industrial forests, ranches, and
rural communities. Agroforestry practices are designed to incorporate the use of trees into
agricultural settings to accomplish social, economic, and environmental objectives. The main
types of agroforestry include alley cropping, riparian buffers, forest farming,
windbreaks/shelterbelts, and silvopasture. Agroforestry practices often yield non-traditional tree
and forest products such as mushrooms, boughs, medicinal plants, vines, and nuts.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biological interactions created or altered by agroforestry plantings
Ecological roles of agroforestry systems at the landscape level
Techniques for establishment, management, and renovation of agroforestry practices
Enhancing performance of agroforestry plantings for economic, social, and
environmental services, and rural development
Selection and breeding of plant materials for agroforestry
Protection of trees and shrubs in agroforestry plantings from damage by animals,
wildfire, floods, insects, diseases, or other harmful agents
Identification of new and innovative woody plant species and arrangements to enhance
economic returns from agroforestry practices (e.g., specialty crops: medicinal herbs,
floral products, Christmas trees, wood products)
Generating income-producing opportunities from land devoted to conservation-oriented
agroforestry
Integrating agroforestry technologies and plant materials into appropriate conservation
or production systems for farms, ranches, communities, and non-industrial forests
Identifying social and economic constraints to agroforestry adoption
Land use planning tools to integrate agroforestry practices into watersheds
Role of agroforestry systems (e.g., crop production, biodiversity, and carbon
sequestration) to mitigate hypothesized negative impacts of climate change.
Exclude:
•
•
•
Management of forests (use KA 123)
Biological control of pests (use KA 215)
Integration of pest control tactics into an integrated pest management (IPM) system (use
KA 216).
25
NATURAL RESOURCES, GENERAL
KA 131. Alternative Uses of Land
This area is concerned with evaluation of alternative uses of land to determine short- and longterm benefits. Changes in land use in response to population growth, urban and suburban
growth, recreational needs, agricultural and other factors affecting the fixed supply of land are
included in this area.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
Inventory and appraisal of current and potential land uses
Parameters and models for evaluating benefits
Appraisal of future land requirements for non-agricultural uses such as forestry,
recreation, highway, urban, and industrial development
Conservation and management practices.
Exclude:
•
•
Economic (i.e., cost-benefit analysis) alternative evaluations (use KA 605)
Economic and policy issues affecting land use (use KA 605 or 610).
KA 132. Weather and Climate
Work on the impact of weather and climate on agriculture and natural resources focuses on
three tasks: (1) characterize existing climatic patterns and propose more effective ways of
adjusting to these patterns, (2) specify modifications in management approaches that are
desirable to farm, forest, and rangeland managers, and (3) learn how potential modifications
affect agriculture or natural ecology.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Understanding the sequences and duration of weather events and the response of
relevant biota
Probabilities of occurrence of weather conditions critical to agricultural operations
Methods for incorporating climatology in the strategies, forecasts, and decision-making
tactics of agriculture
Biological consequences of climatic changes
Drivers of weather, climate, or climate change
Mechanisms by which micrometeorology controls the reentry of pesticides, herbicides,
and other agricultural chemicals into the atmosphere
Micro- and meso-climatological conditions regulating the airborne transport of insects,
bacteria, fungi, and other particulates
Mechanisms by which micrometeorology affects gas and water exchange at the plantatmosphere boundary layer.
Exclude:
•
•
Lightning and other weather-related forest fires (use KA 122)
Weather/climate data obtained from integrated pest management activity (use KA 216).
26
KA 133. Pollution Prevention and Mitigation
Work in this area is concerned with preventing, alleviating, and mitigating pollution initiated by
agricultural and forestry practices and its detrimental effects on agricultural plants, animals, soil,
air, water, and humans. Potential pollutants include: organic pesticides, radio-nuclides, fertilizer
chemicals, growth regulating chemicals, animal and crop wastes, mulching materials,
pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals, salts used on roads for de-icing, and allergens. This
work focuses on agricultural production, not on health hazards to humans, which are covered in
KA 723, Hazards to Human Health and Safety.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sources, character, intensity, and causes of pollution from agricultural and forestry
practices and frequency of occurrence
Behavior and fate of pesticides and other pollutants in soil and water
Tolerance of plants, animals, humans, and insects to pollutants, including low levels of
pollutants for prolonged periods of time
Breeding and selection of forest and range plants resistant to pollution
Public policy that would reduce pollution
New or alternative agricultural and forestry practices and methods of reducing and
controlling pollution to levels that are not harmful to natural resources, plants, animals,
and humans, or methods that will prevent emission of the pollutant
Role and use of living organisms in removing pollutants from the environment
Minimum environmental quality standards for natural resource health and integrity
Methodology and instrumentation for detection of pollutants and methods of analysis
Methods of monitoring water, soil, and other media for pollutants and maintenance of
networks that conduct this monitoring
Methods and equipment for protecting plants and animals from pollutants
Protection against radiation, noise, and other hazards
Remediation of polluted areas
Aquatic weeds as a pollutant
Modeling pollutant load and delivery to soil and water resources.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trees to enhance urban and suburban environments (use KA 124)
Protecting humans from harmful effects of microorganisms and naturally occurring toxins
(use KA 712)
Collecting, moving, storing, recycling, or disposing of plant, animal, and radioactive or
industrial wastes (use KA 403)
Measurement, monitoring, and mitigation of airborne particulates, dust, ozone, odors,
volatile organic compounds, gases, combustion products, smoke, and smog (use KA
141)
Effects and remedial measures related to atmospheric deposition (use KA 141)
Safe methods for disposing of pesticides or other agricultural chemicals (use KA 403 or
723)
Methods and equipment to protect humans from pollutants (use KA 723)
Protection of humans from non-food allergens and toxins, and poisonous plants (use KA
27
•
•
723)
Protection of humans from radiation (use KA 723)
Mitigation of odors, dust, and noise hazardous to humans (use KA 723).
KA 134. Outdoor Recreation
Work on outdoor recreation focuses on the management of lands for recreation and the
coordination of this use with other land resources. It involves problems in management of
physical resources, as well as socioeconomic relationships of users of the resources.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Determining the demand for outdoor recreation
Criteria for selecting sites that will attract and support heavy recreation use
Developing practical methods to maintain existing recreation sites and restoring those
depleted by heavy use
Requirements for aesthetic landscapes and means for producing and maintaining
them
Methods for the protection, management, and recreational use of wilderness-type
historical and archeological areas and scenic landscapes
Management systems and special equipment and facilities that will minimize dangers
from fire, avalanches, and other natural hazards
Understanding of visitor preferences and attitudes regarding outdoor recreation
opportunities.
Exclude:
•
•
Economic evaluation of recreation and recreation resources (use KA 605)
Recreation policy (use KA 610).
KA 135. Aquatic and Terrestrial Wildlife
This area focuses on invertebrate and vertebrate animal species that occur naturally in forest,
range, and agricultural lands and waters, and marine environments. Work includes determining
biological and ecological requirements of species, factors influencing population dynamics,
interspecific relationships, methods for maintaining and enhancing habitats, and management
approaches for sustaining wildlife harvests while maintaining population, species, and
community viability.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Life histories and population dynamics of wildlife, including non-game and threatened or
endangered species
Ecological and physiological requirements of fish and wildlife, including other organisms
and plants that provide food and shelter
Improving terrestrial wildlife habitat through such measures as seeding, planting,
prescribed burning, spraying, fertilizing, and manipulation of native vegetation
Improving fish habitat and food supplies through management and restoration of riparian
and aquatic vegetation, and lake and stream physical and chemical habitat features
Breeding and feeding habits, movement patterns, and other behavior of wildlife
28
•
•
•
•
Interspecific relationships such as competition and predation that affect the well-being of
wildlife populations
Protection of wildlife from arthropods, parasites and diseases, invasive non-native
organisms, and other hazards, except pollutants
Effects of agricultural, forest, and rangeland management practices on wildlife
communities
Management approaches for achieving balance between society’s and wildlife’s need
and use of land and water resources.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pollution prevention and mitigation (use KA 133 or 141)
New and improved animal products (use KA 308, 502, or 511)
Farm-raised fish, shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use
appropriate KA under ANIMALS AND THEIR SYSTEMS)
Economics and monetary valuing of wildlife (use KA 605)
Protection of crops from vertebrate pests (use KA 214)
Protection of livestock from vertebrate pests (use KA 314)
Protection of humans from diseases transmitted from wildlife (use KA 722)
Wildlife policy (use KA 610).
KA 136. Conservation of Biological Diversity
In a natural resources context, work on biological diversity (biodiversity) conservation focuses
on the description, measurement, assessment, and management of plant and animal variation
in nature. It includes diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels in forest, range, and
agriculturally influenced ecosystems. The objective is to preserve, enhance, and restore natural
biodiversity to levels compatible with societal uses of natural resources.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biodiversity inventories of public and private lands and waters
Comparisons of biodiversity between habitats, ecoregions, and natural and culturally
impacted areas
Mechanisms that influence biodiversity
The role of biodiversity in ecosystem function, stability, and resilience
Impacts of agricultural, forestry, and rangeland management practices on biodiversity
Effects of non-native invasive species on biodiversity
Management approaches for conserving and restoring biodiversity.
Exclude:
•
•
Genetic diversity of agriculturally important plants (use KA 202)
Genetic diversity of agriculturally important animals (use KA 303).
29
AIR
KA 141. Air Resource Protection and Management
This knowledge area focuses on investigations that quantify emissions, fate and transport, and
practices to mitigate emissions of particulate matter and gases from agriculture and forestry
practices. Work includes emissions from animal feeding operations, controlled burning, and
tillage, and volatilization/transport to the atmosphere of naturally occurring or anthropogenic
chemical compounds.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Short and long-range transport of particulates and gases by wind through the
atmosphere
Procedures for measuring and monitoring of particulates, gases, and odors, as well as
precursors to the formation of atmospheric particulates and ozone
Effects and remedial measures related to atmospheric deposition
Emissions to the atmosphere from land application of animal wastes, animal housing,
and edge of field boundaries
Inventories of emission factors to help agriculture and forestry comply with regulatory
requirements
Management practices that reduce or mitigate particulates, gases, and odors as well as
greenhouse gases from agriculture and forestry production practices to the atmosphere.
Exclude:
•
•
Mitigation of odors, dust, and noise hazardous to humans (use KA 723)
Indoor air quality (use KA 804).
30
TOPIC II. PLANTS AND THEIR SYSTEMS
PLANT PRODUCTION
KA 201. Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms
This area focuses on development and dissemination of fundamental information in plant
genetics and plant breeding technology with the purpose of making plant breeding more efficient
and productive, and includes related technologies such as genomic database management.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Genome sequencing and mapping
Genetic structure, organization, and function
Comparative and translational genomics
Gene identification and manipulation
Genetic markers and marker-assisted selection for breeding
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis
Genetic structures and mechanisms
Inheritance of traits
Bioinformatics and databases.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Breeding for specific traits with direct purpose of releasing a crop variety or breeding
line, even when using molecular tools such as molecular markers, expressed sequence
tags, and QTL (use KA 203, 204, or 211-214)
Use of genomic technology to characterize or evaluate germplasm (use KA 202)
Population genetics associated with germplasm preservation (use KA 202)
Forest and range plants (use KA 121, 123, 124, or 125).
KA 202. Plant Genetic Resources
This area focuses on discovery, acquisition, preservation, characterization, and development of
plant genetic resources for plant production or protection. Both in-situ and ex-situ preservation
methods are included, as well as preservation of species and within-species variation.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acquisition and preservation of genetic resources
Germplasm characterization and evaluation, including screening for diversity or specific
traits for production or protection
Biosystematics/taxonomy
Population genetics associated with germplasm preservation
Gene pool enrichment and pre-breeding activities such as interspecific crosses,
introgression of traits into breeding lines, increasing frequencies of desirable within-crop
gene pools, and adaptation of material to day length or other cultural requirements
Long-term storage of genetic materials, including seeds and vegetatively propagated
materials.
31
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Breeding for specific traits, including the use of molecular tools such as molecular
markers, expressed sequence tags, and Quantitative Trait Loci (use KA 203, 204, or
211-214)
Seed processing for short-term storage or commercial use (use KA 512)
Forest and range plants (use KA 121, 123, 124, or 125)
Natural resources biodiversity (use KA 136).
KA 203. Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants
This area focuses on understanding and improving plant productivity and quality affected by
reduced inputs or abiotic stresses such as water, temperature, or nutrients.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biological mechanisms that affect actual or potential yields
Biological mechanisms related to water use and survival of water stresses (e.g., drought,
flooding)
Biological mechanisms related to the use of nutrients and survival of nutrient stress
Biological mechanisms related to survival of temperature stress (including freezing,
chilling, and heat)
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for biological efficiency or stress tolerance
Cultural practices to improve biological efficiency or stress tolerance.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Basic plant biology (use KA 206)
Integration into production management systems (use KA 205)
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for quality improvement (use KA 204)
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for host plant resistance (use KA 211, 212, or
214)
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for crop-weed management (use KA 213)
Evaluation of germplasm for variation in biological efficiency or stress tolerance (use KA
202)
Effects of abiotic factors on pests (use KA 211-214)
Effects of pollution stress on plants (use KA 133)
Forest and range plants (use KA 121, 123, 124, 125, or 133).
KA 204. Plant Product Quality and Utility (Preharvest)
This area focuses on maintaining or improving specific quality or utility parameters within
biological material before harvest.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
Biological processes that affect product quality and utility
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for product quality and utility
Cultural practices that affect product quality and utility
32
•
Maintenance of seed quality.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Basic plant biology (use KA 206)
Postharvest quality and utility (use KA 502, 503, 511, 711, or 712)
Integration of education, research, and extension results into production management
systems (use KA 205)
Evaluation of germplasm for variation in specific quality or utility parameters (use KA
202)
Fundamental areas of genetics (use KA 201)
Seed processing technology (use KA 512)
Forest and range plants (use KA 121, 123, 124, or 125)
Nutrient composition of plant products (use KA 701).
KA 205. Plant Management Systems
This area focuses on integration of production practices into an integrated system for managing
annual and perennial plant population densities, fertility, irrigation, precision agriculture, and
other cultural practices in an efficient and effective manner.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Application of remote sensing and other automated sampling methodologies in
managing plant population densities, fertility, irrigation, and other cultural practices
Modeling and decision support systems for use in managing plant population densities,
fertility, irrigation, and cultural practices
Evaluation of integrated production management systems
Organic agriculture – plant production management systems
Sustainable agriculture – plant production systems
Scale (size) related plant production systems that may affect farm viability
Biosecurity in plant production systems
Gardening and Master Gardening programs.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Development of integrated pest management systems (use KA 216)
Application of remote sensing and other automated sampling methodologies for pest
management (use KA 211-216)
Modeling and decision support systems for pest management (use KA 216)
Basic studies and information related to improving, maintaining, or restoring the inherent
production capability of soils (use KA 102)
Forest and range plants (use KA 121, 123, 124, or 125)
Biodiversity in plant production systems (use KA 202).
KA 206. Basic Plant Biology
This area focuses on inquiry into fundamental processes and mechanisms in plants and model
organisms basic to the life of the plant.
33
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Characterization of structure-function relationships and metabolic pathways
Mechanisms of energy transduction, conversion, and dissipation
Mechanisms of uptake, transport, and storage of nutrients and gases
Mechanisms of response to and transduction of biotic and abiotic factors
Processes in endophytic or free-living microorganisms related to basic processes in
plants
Processes related to seed development, respiration, and germination
Mechanisms of cell division, expansion, and differentiation
Processes related to the development of vegetative and reproductive structures.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
Genetic structures and mechanisms (use KA 201)
Plant population genetics (use KA 202)
Biological mechanisms that affect actual or potential yields (use KA 203)
Biological mechanisms related to biotic stress (use KA 211-214)
Forest and range plants (use KA 121, 123, 124, or 125).
PLANT PROTECTION
KA 211. Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants
This area focuses on yield and quality affected by indigenous and exotic insects, mites, and
other arthropods (including bees and other pollinators).
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Population dynamics, ecology, and behavior
Biosystematics/taxonomy
Impact of climate and other abiotic factors on pest biology and behavior
Cultural practices to reduce infestations or effects
Mechanisms of host plant resistance
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for host plant resistance
Pest resistance to control methods or strategies
Efficacy, product performance, application technology, and population management with
conventional pesticides and biopesticides (including pheromones and growth regulators)
Development of sampling protocols (including economic injury levels, action thresholds,
and remote sensing and other automated sampling methodologies) and predictive
models for single pests
Population and molecular genetics (e.g., physical linkage maps, gene expression,
regulation, proteomics, mutagenesis, gene discovery)
Nutrition, management, and productivity of bees and other pollinators
Biosecurity measures to limit invasive insects, mites, and other arthropods in plant
management systems.
34
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Integration of control tactics into systems for managing single pests or pest complexes
(use KA 216)
Development of sampling protocols or predictive models for pest complexes (use KA
216)
Biological control (use KA 215)
Development of remote sensing instruments (use KA 404)
Evaluation of germplasm for genetic variation in resistance to pests (use KA 202)
Forest insects when work is not at the IPM systems level (use KA 121, 123, 124, or 125)
The role of insects, mites, and other arthropods in disease transmission (use KA 212)
Insect pests affecting humans (use KA 721 or 722)
Movement and dispersal resulting from airborne transport of pests (use KA 132 or 133).
KA 212. Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants
This area focuses on yield and quality affected by indigenous and exotic bacteria, fungi,
nematodes, viruses, and other pathogens.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanisms of infection, reproduction, systemic spread, and pathogenesis
Epidemiology, ecology, and behavior
Biosystematics/taxonomy
Mechanisms of host plant resistance
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for host plant resistance
Cultural practices to reduce incidence, severity, or impacts
The role of insects, mites, and other arthropods in pathogen transmission
Efficacy, product performance, application technology, and population management with
conventional pesticides and biopesticides (including pheromones and growth regulators)
Pathogen resistance to control methods and strategies
Development of sampling protocols (including economic injury levels, action thresholds,
and remote sensing and other automated sampling methodologies) and predictive
models for pathogen or nematode species
Population and molecular genetics of nematodes (e.g., sequencing, proteomics, gene
expression, regulation)
Biosecurity measures to limit invasive pathogens and nematodes in plant management
systems.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
Integration of control tactics into systems for managing pathogen or nematode species
complexes (use KA 216)
Development of sampling protocols and predictive models for pathogen or nematode
species complexes (use KA 216)
Biological control (use KA 215)
Development of remote sensing instruments (use KA 404)
Evaluation of germplasm for genetic variation in resistance to pathogens or nematodes
(use KA 202)
35
•
•
Fundamental areas of plant genetics (use KA 201)
Movement and dispersal resulting from airborne transport of pathogens or nematodes
(use KA 132 or 133).
KA 213. Weeds Affecting Plants
This area focuses on yield and quality affected by competition from indigenous and exotic
weeds, including aquatic weeds and parasitic plants.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Population dynamics and ecology
Biosystematics/taxonomy
Effects of abiotic factors such as temperature, water, or nutrients
Weed seed studies, including dormancy, survival, and depredation
Cultural practices (including solar sterilization) to reduce weed populations or effects
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for crop-weed management
Efficacy, product performance, application technology, and population management with
conventional pesticides and biopesticides (including growth regulators)
Pest resistance to weed control methods and strategies
Development of sampling protocols (including economic injury levels and remote
sensing and other automated sampling methodologies) and predictive models for weeds
Biosecurity measures to limit invasive weeds in plant management systems.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Integration of control tactics into systems for managing single weed species or weed
complexes (use KA 216)
Biological control (use KA 215)
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for biological efficiency (use KA 203)
Control of competing vegetation in urban forestry and agroforestry (use KA 124 or 125)
Protection of wildlife and natural resources from aquatic weeds (use KA 135)
Development of sampling protocols and predictive models for weed complexes (use KA
216)
Development of remote sensing instruments (use KA 404)
Toxic effects of weeds on animals (use KA 314)
Effects of weeds on human health, including allergies and toxicity (use KA 723)
Fundamental areas of plant genetics (use KA 201)
Movement and dispersal resulting from airborne transport of weeds (use KA 132 or 133).
KA 214. Vertebrates, Mollusks, and Other Pests Affecting Plants
This area focuses on yield and quality affected by indigenous and exotic vertebrate pests
(including birds and mammals), mollusks (including slugs and snails), and other plant pests.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
Population dynamics and ecology
Biosystematics/taxonomy
36
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Breeding (including genetic engineering) for host plant resistance
Impact of climate and other abiotic factors on pest management
Cultural practices to reduce infestations or effects
Efficacy, product performance, application technology, and population management with
conventional pesticides and biopesticides (including pheromones and growth regulators)
Pest resistance to control methods or strategies
Development of sampling protocols (including economic injury levels, action thresholds,
and remote sensing and other automated sampling methodologies) and predictive
models for an individual species
Biosecurity measures to limit invasive vertebrates, mollusks, and other pests in plant
management systems.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Integration of control tactics into systems for managing single pests or pest complexes
(use KA 216)
Biological control (use KA 215)
Evaluation of germplasm for genetic variation in resistance to pests (use KA 202)
Development of sampling protocols and predictive models for pest complexes (use KA
216)
Development of remote sensing instruments (use KA 404)
Fundamental areas of plant genetics (use KA 201)
Management of vertebrate pests in rangeland and forest systems, including agroforests
and urban forests (use KA 121, 123, 124, or 125)
Management of vertebrate pests to protect property, endangered species, and
community well-being (use KA 135).
KA 215. Biological Control of Pests Affecting Plants
This area focuses on classical, augmentative, or inundative use of natural enemies (including
microbial biological control agents) to manage plant pests (pathogens, insects, mites,
nematodes, weeds, vertebrates, etc.).
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Basic biology and genetic improvement of natural enemies
Ecology and conservation of natural enemies
Population dynamic-epidemiologic-multitrophic interactions among natural enemies
Collection and discovery of natural enemies
Biosystematics/taxonomy
Maintenance, mass production, quality control, and delivery systems for natural enemies
Development of sampling protocols (including remote sensing and other automated
sampling methodologies) and predictive models for natural enemies.
Exclude:
•
Management of plant pests using methods other than biological control, including
chemical, cultural, physical, and host plant resistance (use KA 211-214)
37
•
•
•
Integration of control tactics into systems for managing single pest species or pest
complexes (use KA 216)
Development of sampling protocols and predictive models for pest management
complexes (use KA 216)
Development of remote sensing instruments (use KA 404).
KA 216. Integrated Pest Management Systems
This area focuses on the integration of one or more control tactics into a system for managing
single plant pests or pest complexes in an economically, socially, and environmentally sound
manner.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Understanding the biology of crop-pest-beneficial interactions (system ecology)
Interactions among pest control tactics (may include cultural, mechanical, biological, and
pesticide application tactics) and impacts on crop productivity
Implementation of new knowledge and technologies on an area-wide or regional scale
Impact of climate and other abiotic factors on pest management systems
Determination of environmental impacts resulting from the use of IPM systems
Development of sampling protocols (including economic injury levels, action thresholds,
and remote sensing and other automated sampling methodologies) and predictive
models for use in managing pest complexes and natural enemy populations
Pest management problem specification in affected communities including
growers/producers, processors, marketers, and consumers
Determination of constraints to adoption of IPM methods, barriers to progress along the
IPM continuum, and impacts
Acceptance of pest management systems.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Single pest control tactics (use KA 121, 123, 124, 125, or 211-215)
Evaluation of germplasm for genetic variation in resistance to pests (use KA 202)
Application of remote sensing and other automatic sampling methodologies in managing
plant population densities, fertility, irrigation, and other cultural practices (use KA 205)
Development of sampling protocols and predictive models for single pests or natural
enemies (use KA 121, 123, 124, 125, or 211-215)
Movement and dispersal resulting from airborne transport of pests (use KA 132)
Development of remote sensing instruments (use KA 404)
Determination of economic and social impacts of IPM systems (use KA 601, 605, or 803)
Impacts of pest management policies (use KA 610)
Consumer economics, including response to product labeling (use KA 607).
38
TOPIC III. ANIMALS AND THEIR SYSTEMS
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
KA 301. Reproductive Performance of Animals
Work to enhance reproductive performance of agriculturally important animals involves factors
that control reproduction or provide methodologies to improve reproductive efficiency, including
efforts to control puberty, ovarian function and cycles, gamete formation and maturation,
fertilization, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, placental function, fetal development
and growth, and parturition.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reducing the age of first breeding in females
Improving libido and reducing physical and psychological barriers to mating
Methods to control estrus and ovulation
Semen metabolism and preservation, and artificial insemination techniques
Effects of stress factors on reproductive performance
Controlling sex of offspring through sperm separation and other means
Increasing the fertilization and conception rate of available ova
Increasing the number of potentially fertilizable ova
Reducing prenatal, natal, and postnatal mortality
Improving mothering ability
Methods for early diagnosis of pregnancy
Fundamental studies to determine molecular, cellular, and metabolic mechanisms
regulating reproduction
Development of reproductive technologies
Methods to improve spawning efficiency in fish and shellfish
Methods to enhance larval rearing in fish and shellfish.
Exclude:
•
•
•
Nonfarm-raised fish and shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use
KA 135)
Genetic studies to improve reproductive performance (use KA 303)
Identification of genes that have an effect on reproduction and how they are controlled or
regulated (use KA 304).
KA 302. Nutrient Utilization in Animals
Work in this area focuses on efforts to enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization for improving
animal productivity, including molecular and cellular biology of nutrient utilization, digestion,
metabolic processes, and feed processing technology.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
Digestion and metabolism
Nutrients required for specific life processes and longevity
39
•
•
•
•
Hormone and nutrient interactions for maintenance, growth, lactation, and other
productivity functions
Composition and biological availability of nutrients of animal feed
Effects of processing and feeding system on nutritive values of animal feed
Alternate sources of nutrients, including forages and agricultural byproducts.
Exclude:
•
Reduction of waste carcass fat and proportion of low meat yield cuts (use KA 308).
KA 303. Genetic Improvement of Animals
Work in this area focuses on improving production efficiency of agriculturally important animal
species through more effective genetic improvement programs utilizing the development and
application of expanded genetic information and technology encompassing molecular,
quantitative, and statistical genetics.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Estimation of genetic parameters (e.g., heritability, genetic variances and covariances,
heterosis, and breeding values)
Selection studies
Breed evaluation studies
Mating systems
Development of breeding goals and strategies
Identification of genetic defects
Incorporation of molecular and genomic information into applied genetic improvement
programs
Acquisition and preservation of genetic resources
Maintenance of genetic diversity.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Reduction of waste carcass fat and proportion of low meat yield cuts (use KA 308)
Gene mapping and fundamental molecular genetic and genomic information (use KA
304)
Gene identification, regulation, and control (use KA 304)
Natural resources biodiversity (use KA 136).
KA 304. Animal Genome
Work in this area involves the application of new developments in molecular biology to map and
understand the genome of agriculturally important animal species.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
Gene mapping, including linkage and physical mapping
Gene identification, function repetition, and control
Genetic engineering and gene manipulation
40
•
•
DNA cloning and sequencing
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) identification and development of marker-assisted selection
procedures.
Exclude:
•
Application of marker-assisted selection in applied breeding programs (use KA 303).
KA 305. Animal Physiological Processes
This area includes work on the fundamental physiological processes within the animal at the
organismal, organ system, cellular, and molecular level.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical and structural organization of animal cells and their specialized properties and
functions, including enzymatic machinery and biochemical conversions
Organization, structure, and function of organ systems, including endocrine,
circulatory/vascular, urinary, nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems, the sense organs,
the common integument and its derivatives, and body fluids
Physiology of vital life processes and mechanisms of function and control
Neural, hormonal, or other chemical messengers that serve as regulators of physiologic
processes and perform integrative functions in the animal
Prenatal, neonatal, and postnatal development and growth of animals, including genetic
control mechanisms and accretion, deposition, and degradation of proteins and fats in
animal tissues
Lactation physiology, including alveolar development and involution, milk synthesis,
secretion and ejection, milk composition, and patterns of lactation.
Exclude:
•
Physiology of reproduction and reproductive processes (use KA 301).
KA 306. Environmental Stress in Animals
Work in this area involves stresses from the effects of climate, handling, and other
environmental factors that decrease productivity, including extremes in temperature, humidity,
air movement, and noise that may lead to lower reproduction, reduced feed efficiency, anorexia,
reduced disease resistance, and increased mortality.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
Environmental factors that reduce productivity
Facilities and equipment that reduce environmental stress
Management techniques that enable animals to adapt to stress conditions.
Exclude:
•
Stress factors that affect reproductive performance (use KA 301)
41
•
•
•
•
Nonfarm-raised fish, shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use KA
135)
Genetic factors of animal response or adaptability to environmental stress (use KA 303)
Physiological responses to environmental stress (use KA 305)
Behavioral responses to environmental stress (use KA 315).
KA 307. Animal Management Systems
Work in this area focuses on the development and application of management systems,
including computer technology/models and analytic methods, to improve management decisions
and enhance animal production systems.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
Animal-based studies that compare production systems or segments of production
systems, including systems with emphasis on organic farming or small farms
Animal-based studies that emphasize sustainable agriculture
Computer simulation models of animal production systems that allow comparisons of
various alternative management components and decisions.
Exclude:
•
Nonfarm-raised fish, shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use KA
135).
KA 308. Improved Animal Products (Before Harvest)
This area includes work to improve the composition and quality of animal products to reflect
consumer preferences.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Physiology and biochemistry of fats, proteins, and flavor components of animal products
Factors responsible for development of flavor and other components of product quality
Reduction in undesired fat in animal products
Improving wool, hides, and other non-food animal products
Determination of consumer preferences and factors influencing product acceptability.
Exclude:
•
•
•
Bees and honey (use KA 211)
Processing techniques for improvement or development of food and non-food products
from animals (use KA 502 or 511)
Nutrient composition of animal products (use KA 701).
42
ANIMAL PROTECTION
KA 311. Animal Diseases
This area includes work on animal diseases that represent a threat to the production of an
adequate and wholesome supply of animal products from livestock, poultry, and fish.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Disease management for biosecurity purposes
The nature of causative agents involved in animal diseases
Mechanisms of disease resistance and immunity
Interrelationships among environment, genetics, and infectious agents in the etiology of
diseases
Methods of diagnosis, prevention, treatment, control, and eradication of diseases,
including development of equipment
Methods for risk assessment, surveillance, and prevention of foreign animal disease
threats
Evaluation of alternative control methods
Understanding mechanisms involved in transmission of diseases to animals, including
the role of vectors such as insects, ticks, and mites
Integrated control systems for animal diseases.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
Disorders due to improper nutrition (use KA 302)
Disorders resulting from pollution (use KA 133)
Bloat and disorders due to ingestion of toxic plants, etc. (use KA 314)
Disorders due to environmental stress (use KA 306)
Nonfarm-raised fish, shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use KA
135).
KA 312. External Parasites and Pests of Animals
This area includes work on pests and external parasites, including insects, ticks, mites, and
other parasitic organisms that reduce animal productivity. This area also includes work on more
cost-effective methods of control.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biology and life history of pests
Biosystematics/taxonomy
Use and development of irradiation, chemosterilants, attractants, repellents, and other
non-insecticidal approaches to insect control
Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of insecticides by insects feeding on or in animals
Biological control of insects
The nature of insect resistance to chemical controls
Evaluation of alternative control methods
Development of methods and equipment for applying or using control materials
43
•
Integrated control systems for external parasites.
Exclude:
•
•
The role of insects, mites, and other arthropods in disease transmission (use KA 311)
Nonfarm-raised fish, shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use KA
135).
KA 313. Internal Parasites in Animals
This area includes work on internal parasites such as various kinds of worms, flukes, and
protozoa. Emphasis is on reducing losses, including those due to mortality, reduced yield and
condemnation of meat, feed wastage, and cost of drugs.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biotic relationships in parasitism
Biosystematics/taxonomy
Biocontrol and management practices that minimize reliance on chemicals
Safe chemical means including systemics for combating parasites
Effective means of diagnosing parasitic infestation
Evaluation and development of control methods and equipment
Study of heritable traits, breeding, and selection to improve resistance to parasites
Integrated control systems for internal parasites.
Exclude:
•
•
Nonfarm-raised fish, shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use KA
135)
Insects, ticks, leeches, and mites (use KA 312).
KA 314. Toxic Chemicals, Poisonous Plants, Naturally Occurring Toxins, and
Other Hazards Affecting Animals
This area focuses on reduction of losses in productivity in livestock, poultry, and fish operations
due to toxic chemicals, pesticides, poisonous plants, predators, ingestion of metal and other
foreign bodies, and other hazards.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Determining the specific sites and mechanisms of poisoning, bloat, and other disorders
to learn the bases of these phenomena
Toxicology and safe levels of residues of pesticides and other chemicals, natural or
synthetic, used directly on or ingested by livestock and poultry
Methods of reducing ingestion of pesticides or other chemicals in or on animal feeds
Reasons for inter-species differences in detoxification mechanisms and sensitivity to
poisoning by pesticides and other chemicals
Developing animal management practices that minimize use of pesticides and other
chemicals that leave toxic residues or that reduce the level of residues
44
•
•
•
Prevention or alleviation of "hardware disease," and effects of plants that cause bloat,
poisoning, or deformities of livestock
Developing methods for combating nuclear radiation hazards to livestock
Methods for reducing animal losses from predators.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Breeding and selection of feed crops for reduced content of toxic components (use KA
203)
Pesticides and other toxic substances applied to or ingested by livestock and poultry
when the emphasis is clearly on reduction of the toxic content of foods consumed by
humans (use KA 711)
Disorders resulting from pollution (use KA 133)
Nonfarm-raised fish, shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use KA
135).
KA 315. Animal Welfare/Well-Being and Protection
Work in this area focuses on developing effective animal care and use programs, and
information related to and contributing to the welfare, well-being, and proper stewardship of food
animals.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fundamental studies related to the assessment of animal well-being, including
measures of adaptation and adaptiveness, measures of social behavior and spacing,
physiological measures, and measures of cognition and motivation
Management/confinement production systems related to animal welfare/well-being
Controlled environments and environmental factors, including temperature, relative
humidity, ventilation, lighting, and sound related to animal welfare/well-being
Housing and equipment design; pen/cage design and densities; feeding, watering, and
bedding practices related to animal welfare/well-being
Handling, restraint, transport, and husbandry practices, such as castration, tail docking,
debeaking, and others related to animal welfare/well-being
Humane slaughter, euthanasia, and analgesia related to animal welfare/well-being
Behavior patterns related to animal welfare/well-being
Disease prevention techniques and practices, including management practices, disease
detection and surveillance, assessing disease risks, vaccine development, parasite
control, and others specifically related to animal welfare/well-being.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Etiology of disease, disease agents, internal and external parasites, and toxic hazards
(use KA 311-314)
Genetics of disease resistance (use KA 303 or 304)
Production management systems as related to production efficiency and economic
viability (use KA 307)
Nonfarm-raised fish, shellfish, game and fur-bearing animals, and other wildlife (use KA
135).
45
TOPIC IV. AGRICULTURAL, NATURAL RESOURCE, AND BIOLOGICAL
ENGINEERING
KA 401. Structures, Facilities, and General Purpose Farm Supplies
Work includes the design, construction, and cost of facilities for animals, agricultural products,
agricultural inputs, equipment, and other materials. The properties and behavior of animals,
products, equipment, and materials while in various facilities and during transport or processing
is a part of this work.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Engineering aspects of design and construction of structures and facilities
Physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the production of fertilizers, pesticides,
feeds, and hormones
Engineering aspects of materials handling, transport, land use, and storage of crop,
forest, and range products
Biological, chemical, and physical properties of materials
Behavior of chemical and biological materials in storage systems
Determining costs and benefits of construction or engineered systems
Determining maintenance needs and costs of agricultural systems
Facilities for handling, processing, and storing new food and fiber products, animal
feeds, forage, and bedding
Structures and facilities for housing and handling animals
Facilities for handling and storing fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, and other farm supplies
Environmental control of structures for animals, plants, or agricultural products
Energy conservation relative to structures and facilities.
Exclude:
•
•
Safe handling and use of materials and equipment (use KA 723)
Facilities that reduce environmental stress in animals (use KA 306).
KA 402. Engineering Systems and Equipment
This work includes mechanization to increase efficiency and decrease labor requirements in
agricultural and forestry production such as: grain, fruit and vegetable crops, timber, livestock,
poultry, fish, and other animals. This includes machinery and power units for the pre- and
post-harvest of various animal and plant products.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
Tillage, planting, chemical application, and harvesting systems for agricultural and
range systems
Harvesting systems for forestry, including roads, transportation, and access for in-woods
processing
Systems for establishment and regeneration of crop, forest, and range systems
Handling methods for animals and animal products
46
•
•
•
•
Design and evaluation of equipment used in production of agricultural, forest, and range
systems
Application of sensors and robotics
Application of pesticides and crop nutrients
Energy conservation relative to systems and equipment.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
Structures and facilities (use KA 401)
Irrigation and drainage systems (use KA 405)
Safety of humans (use KA 723)
Equipment that reduces environmental stress in animals (use KA 306)
Food bioengineering and food process engineering (use KA 501).
KA 403. Waste Disposal, Recycling, and Reuse
Work in this area includes all aspects of collecting, storing, transporting, treating, recycling, and
utilizing waste products from agriculture, forestry, and other origins. The development of
value-added or alternative products from waste products is included.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Methods of collecting, storing, moving, treating, and disposing of animal, plant, food
processing, municipal, and industrial wastes
Development of products from waste materials, including biofuels
Engineering and analysis of projected and existing waste disposal systems and pesticide
containers
Recycling pre- and post-consumer wastes
Improved methods for mitigating environmental impacts and biosecurity risks from
agricultural, forestry, municipal, and industrial wastes.
Exclude:
•
•
•
Pollution prevention and mitigation of soil and water resources (use KA 133)
Pollution prevention and mitigation of air resources (use KA 141)
First use of under-utilized co-products (use KA 502 or 511).
KA 404. Instrumentation and Control Systems
This work includes instrumentation and information systems that are important elements in all
aspects of pre- and post-production agriculture. Sensors for detecting, monitoring, and
processing of collected data and those that can provide improved control of the production and
processing of biological materials, non-biological materials, and biohazards are included in this
area.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
Development of instruments, technologies, and procedures that enhance agricultural
efforts
Determining accurate and precise standards of measurement
47
•
•
Development of sensors, image processing techniques, automation, decision support
systems, controls, and models
Development of global imaging systems and global positioning systems (GPS) to
enhance agricultural efforts.
Exclude:
•
Experimental design and statistics (use KA 901).
KA 405. Drainage and Irrigation Systems and Facilities
Water management, to include surface and subsurface drainage and all irrigation systems, is
part of this work. Equipment, system design, theory, modeling, installation, operation, and
maintenance of drainage and irrigation systems for more efficient use of land, water, and capital
resources are included.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Theory of water flow for more efficient water management system design
Methods of automating water management systems to reduce labor and increase
efficiency
New concepts and improved design of drainage systems for more efficient production
and environmental improvement
New materials, systems, equipment, and installation techniques to reduce construction
and maintenance costs of drainage and irrigation systems
Use of solar energy and air turbulence to speed drying of poorly drained soils
Methods for combining irrigation, drainage, and tailwater return flow systems to increase
efficiency of water and system use
Improved design of water management systems to reduce planning and construction
costs and assure public safety
Methods for determining irrigation water requirements giving consideration to water use
by plants, effective rainfall, and water losses during and following application
Equipment for uniform distribution of irrigation water with particular emphases on
overhead and subsurface systems
Improved technology to measure and control losses of agrochemicals from irrigated
lands.
Exclude:
•
Drainage related to controlling salinity (use KA 103).
48
TOPIC V. FOOD AND NON-FOOD PRODUCTS: DEVELOPMENT,
PROCESSING, QUALITY, AND DELIVERY
FOOD
KA 501. New and Improved Food Processing Technologies
Work in this area focuses on development or improvement of methods, techniques, or
processes to maintain or improve quality or functionality, stabilize or preserve foods, or prepare
foods for further processing.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food physical processes (i.e., thermal and non-thermal pasteurization/ preservation,
size reduction, separation, concentration)
Food bioprocesses (i.e., enzyme and microbial applications, fermentation, genetic
engineering of foods and food ingredients)
Food chemical processes (i.e., salt, sugar, acid, preservatives, colorants, antioxidants,
chemical modification)
Food processing efficiencies (i.e., management of energy, water, wastes)
Improved or new food packaging technologies
Food process modeling, automation, and sensors
Processing technologies for new food uses of agricultural products
Food bioengineering and food process engineering
Maintaining or enhancing bioactive components in food and food ingredients.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Utilization of food processing wastes (use KA 403)
Economics of food processing (use KA 603)
Nutrient composition of foods (use KA 701)
Nutrient requirements and bioavailability (use KA 702).
KA 502. New and Improved Food Products
This area includes work to improve or develop new food products. Work also includes
development of knowledge to influence quality and functionality of foods in complex food
systems.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical and biochemical reactions in foods
Measuring/characterizing food components and functions
Identifying, characterizing, and measuring chemical, physical, and sensory properties of
foods
Determining relationships among the chemistry, structure, and quality parameters of
food components and their functionality and end use properties in foods
Designing and formulating foods for improved human nutrition or for enhancement of
human health (i.e., nutraceuticals, functional foods, and medicinal plants)
49
•
•
•
•
Quality and safety parameters affecting development of new and improved food
products
Developing new food products from process stream co-products
Sensory physiology and sensory evaluation
New food uses for agricultural products.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Live food plants and animals to improve food quality or functionality (i.e., breeding,
feeding, cultural, or production management practices) (use KA 204 or 308)
Development of foreign markets (use KA 606)
Quality maintenance during storing and marketing of food products (use KA 503)
Utilization of food processing wastes (use KA 403)
Nutrient composition of foods (use KA 701)
Nutrient requirements and function (use KA 702).
KA 503. Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Food Products
Work in this area includes understanding and minimizing food quality losses during
preservation, storage, distribution, and marketing to enhance the quantity and quality of foods
delivered to consumers, minimize food costs, and enhance profitability for food producers and
marketers.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical and biochemical changes after harvest/slaughter or during handling and
storage
Effective ways to reduce physiological deterioration and losses due to insects, spoilage
microorganisms, rodents, and other pests
Effects and means of controlling temperature, humidity, and atmosphere in storage and
transportation
Containerization/packaging or storage and handling methods to maintain optimum
conditions for quality maintenance
Relationships among variables of handling and storage and loss in quality
Segregation/identity preservation and handling systems.
Exclude:
•
•
•
Prevention, reduction, or elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, mycotoxins, and
naturally occurring toxins in foods (use KA 712)
Characterization of quality parameters and their interactions for new and improved food
products (use KA 502)
Quality maintenance of non-food agricultural and forest products (use KA 512).
KA 504. Home and Commercial Food Service
This area of work focuses on development of guidelines to ensure the wholesomeness,
nutritional value, taste, and appearance of commercially and home prepared foods. Work also
includes development of approaches to improve preparation, handling, and storage of food that
reduce waste, assure quality, and increase consumer appeal.
50
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
Factors affecting quality of food prepared at home or commercially
Improving methods of preparing, handling, holding, and serving food, including
automation and/or computerization
Development of methods to provide effective, efficient management in institutional and
commercial food services
Product labeling to improve consumer information about product quality, preparation and
handling, storage, nutritional values, and unit cost of foods for home and commercial
use.
Exclude:
•
•
Safety of commercially and home prepared foods (use KA 711 or 712)
Nutrient composition of food and diets (use KA 701 or 703).
NON-FOOD
KA 511. New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes
Work in this area includes agricultural commodities used in consumer products such as paper,
textiles, biofuels, adhesives, paints, and other biobased products. This area also includes work
on animal byproducts as raw materials for the textile, leather, soap, feed, pharmaceutical, and
other industries. Work also includes alternate, non-food uses for agricultural commodities and
timber products to expand markets for these products, yielding new, improved, or less
expensive consumer products and providing additional sources of income to producers,
processors, and marketers.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developing new non-food products from agricultural and forest resources
Developing ethanol and biofuels from agricultural materials
Identifying, characterizing, and measuring chemical, physical, and sensory properties of
non-food products
Determining the relationships among the chemistry, structure, and quality parameters of
raw materials and their functionality and end use properties in non-food products
Development or improvement of applications for non-food products to enhance
utilization, including structural wood engineering, performance evaluations, and
environmental impacts
Development or improvement of methods, techniques, or processes to produce or
manufacture non-food products
Efficiency in converting agricultural and forest commodities to new and improved
non-food products (i.e., management of energy, water, wastes)
New non-food products from underutilized co-products from process streams
New non-food uses for agricultural products.
51
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Improvements in products through production practices or breeding (use KA 204 or 308)
Evaluation and utilization of textiles and textile products (use KA 804)
Utilization of waste materials (use KA 403)
Development of foreign markets (use KA 606).
KA 512. Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Non-Food Products
This area of work focuses on maintenance of quality of feeds, seeds, and other non-food
agricultural and forest products during handling, storage, and marketing.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical and biochemical changes after harvest/slaughter or during storage
Reducing physiological deterioration and losses due to insects, spoilage
microorganisms, rodents, and other pests
Effects and means of controlling temperature, humidity, and atmosphere in storage and
transportation
Containerization/packaging or storage and handling methods to maintain optimum
conditions for quality maintenance
Relationship among variables of handling and storage and loss in quality
Seed processing technology, including seed separation, cleaning, storage, and
treatment.
Exclude:
•
Quality maintenance of food products (use KA 503).
52
TOPIC VI. ECONOMICS, MARKETS, AND POLICY
KA 601. Economics of Agricultural Production and Farm Management
This work focuses on economic choices farmers and ranchers make to access and allocate
resources for the production of commodities, services, and products. These resources help
farmers and ranchers to minimize production risk and optimize farm income.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Farm production economics
Farm management
Sustainable agriculture
Farm and firm growth, including economies of size and scale
Agricultural profitability.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Production and management studies not related to economics (use appropriate KA)
Real estate, and land values and prices (use KA 602)
Farm financial management (use KA 602)
Economics of environmental risk and impacts (use KA 605)
Financial risk (use KA 602)
Regional production and markets (use KA 608).
KA 602. Business Management, Finance, and Taxation
This work focuses on the management and administrative techniques applied to farming,
agricultural business, and other businesses and enterprises to enhance planning, decision
making, and resource use. These techniques help businesses make effective financial
decisions, stay in the marketplace over the long term, and increase profitability. It includes the
analysis of effects of taxation on profitability.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Business administration
Business skills for entrepreneurs
Managerial economics
Capital and investment markets
Household assets as business capital
Decision analysis, including expert systems
Financial risk management
Insurance
Human resource management
Business transfer and succession planning
Economics of financial markets, financial management, and lending institutions
Real estate values and prices
Taxation.
53
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Estate planning (use KA 801)
Economics of production (use KA 601)
Production risk management (use KA 601)
Markets and marketing (use KA 603 or 604)
Policy (use KA 610 or 611)
Farm family financial management (use KA 801)
Personal and family finance (use KA 801).
KA 603. Market Economics
This work focuses on activities that foster understanding of markets, productivity, agricultural
competitiveness, and interregional trade, and give insight to the role and function of markets
and their regulation primarily from the macroeconomic (industry) perspective.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Market performance
Productivity analysis
Economics of processing, storage, and transportation
Economics of regulation and protection of markets, including firm- and processor-level
impacts
Local, regional, and national trade patterns
Economics of marketing and pricing systems, and institutions
Regulation of markets
Economics of supply and demand
Economics of grades and standards.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
International trade and development, including foreign market development (use KA
606)
Economics of food assistance, welfare, and poverty (use KA 607)
Economics of consumer-level food and production regulation and protection (use KA
607)
Regional economics, except trade patterns (use KA 608)
Policy (use KA 610 or 611).
KA 604. Marketing and Distribution Practices
This work concerns the distribution of products, goods, and services, the practices of buying
and selling, and the development and improvement of markets primarily from the
microeconomic (firm) perspective.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
Economic studies to determine and measure quality characteristics desired by
processors
54
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Effectiveness of group action
Institutional devices for bargaining and negotiation
Effectiveness of marketing structures, including cooperatives
Improvements in the marketing and distribution of products, goods, and services
Marketing orders
Futures and options markets, cash and forward contracts, and other marketing and
pricing arrangements
Development of domestic markets
Direct marketing, alternative markets, and niche marketing
Electronic commerce options for producers
Local marketing of local produce.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Economics of markets (use KA 603)
Economics of supply and demand (use KA 603)
Economics of pricing systems (use KA 603)
Commodity analysis and projections (use KA 603)
Foreign market development (use KA 606 or 611)
Policy (use KA 610 or 611).
KA 605. Natural Resource and Environmental Economics
This work focuses on understanding economic relationships, decisions, and impacts relating to
the management and use of public and private natural resources, and the environment. Work in
this area also focuses on the economics of improving the efficiency of agricultural, forest, and
rangeland use while minimizing negative impacts on the environment.
Areas of work include but are not limited to the economics of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Water resources
Forestry
Recreation, leisure, and tourism
Land resources, use, and management
Wildlife and fisheries
Agrochemical management
Waste management, including animal wastes
Mineral resources and energy
Environment
Weather and climate change
Market and non-market value of natural resources.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Financial aspects of real estate (use KA 602)
Land use planning or zoning (use KA 608)
Policy (use KA 610 or 611)
Conflict resolution (use KA 803).
55
KA 606. International Trade and Development
This work focuses on the economic components of international trade and development, trade
performance of sectors of the U.S. economy and that of other countries, globalization, barriers
to trade, and trade and development impacts, especially as it relates to policy decisions. There
is a strong focus on the global market economy, specifically the interaction between domestic
and international market economies.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Economics of international trade and development programs
Global and international commodity analysis and projections
Country, regional, and sector analysis
International economic growth and development
Foreign market development.
Exclude:
•
•
•
Domestic commodity analysis and projections (use KA 603)
U.S. economic growth and development, including community development (use KA
608)
Policy (use KA 610 or 611).
KA 607. Consumer Economics
This work provides insight and understanding into the demands, preferences, behavioral
responses, and needs of individuals and consumers. This work provides insight and
understanding about how consumer choice drives market economies, and how consumer
policy, advertising, and other market forces influence consumer demand.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
Consumer demand
Consumer level-food and production regulation and protection, and food safety
Poverty, welfare, and assistance, including food assistance
Consumer response to biotechnology, organic products, and labeling.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Economics of production technologies (use KA 601)
Finance and estate planning (use KA 602 or 801)
Dietary and nutritional aspects of food choices and food assistance (use KA 703)
Physical fitness (use KA 724)
Human resource economics (use KA 602)
Economics of farm-, firm-, and processor-level impacts of food and production regulation
and protection (use KA 603)
Economics of product quality characteristics desired by consumers (use KA 604)
Policy (use KA 610)
Family economics (use KA 801)
56
•
•
Aspects of consumer economics related to nutrition and hunger (use KA 704)
Physical protection of food (use KA 711 or 712).
KA 608. Community Resource Planning and Development
This work provides understanding about community needs and preferences by providing local
leaders and organizations the information, skills, and decision-making tools to help understand
problems, identify opportunities, and plan for renewal and growth.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Economic planning, development, and industrialization
Jobs and employment
Regional economics and sector analysis
Land use planning and zoning
Entrepreneurship
Public administration
Small business and home-based business
Community planning and development.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Natural resource and environmental issues (use KA 605)
Poverty and welfare programs, including food assistance (use KA 607 or 703)
Consumer issues (use KA 607)
Policy (use KA 610)
Family issues (use KA 801)
Public services (use KA 805)
Sociological and technological change affecting communities (use KA 803)
Measuring the adequacy, quality, and cost of public services (use KA 805)
Community and civic engagement (use KA 805)
Conflict resolution (use KA 803).
KA 609. Economic Theory and Methods
This work includes the development of economic theory and methodology to improve the
knowledge base in a variety of topics.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Property rights, including intellectual property rights
Public choice
Labor economics
Welfare economics
Location and decision theory
Trade adjustment alternatives
Econometrics and simulation
Mathematics and statistics for economic research
Data collection and research methodology for economic research
57
•
Economic history and philosophy.
Exclude:
•
•
Applied economics (use KA 601-608)
Migrant labor and related social issues in local communities (use KA 803).
KA 610. Domestic Policy Analysis
This work focuses on the economic and social impacts of domestic programs and policies,
including the effect of government actions on the U.S. The work in this area analyzes the longterm effects of government actions, which influences how the U.S. develops and implements
policies.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agricultural production, price, and income policy, including commodity programs
Natural resource, agri-environmental policy
Antitrust and market policy
Rural development policy
Science, research, and education policy
Consumer policy
Public policy
Impacts and implications of macroeconomic policies
Public policy education, including methodology
Evaluation of policy effectiveness, impacts, and outcomes.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Risk management (use KA 601 or 602)
Taxation (use KA 602)
Conflict resolution (use KA 803)
Food security related to nutrition and hunger (use KA 704)
Family policy (use KA 802)
Youth policy (use KA 806).
KA 611. Foreign Policy and Programs
This work focuses on U.S. foreign policy goals, assessing the effectiveness and impacts of
implemented policies and the interactions between foreign and domestic policies, and global
implications.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
Trade policy
Effects of policy on foreign market development
Foreign assistance policy, projects, and impacts
Interactions between foreign and domestic policies and global implications.
58
Exclude:
•
International trade and development (use KA 606).
59
TOPIC VII. HUMAN NUTRITION, FOOD SAFETY, AND HUMAN HEALTH AND
WELL-BEING
HUMAN NUTRITION
KA 701. Nutrient Composition of Food
This area is concerned with the determination of the quantities of nutrients and other food
components in food; development of analytical methods; development and maintenance of data
banks of information on food composition; development of software and other systems to
facilitate use of data on food composition, including recipe calculations; development and
evaluation of educational materials and strategies on food composition; and dissemination of
information on food composition for professionals, students, and the public.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
Composition of food, including nutrients and other food components
Databank development and utilization systems
Analytical methods
Development, evaluation, and dissemination of educational strategies and information
on food composition.
Exclude:
•
•
Development of foods for improved health, e.g., nutraceuticals, functional foods (use KA
502)
Production of improved food plants and animals (use KA 204 or 308).
KA 702. Requirements and Function of Nutrients and Other Food Components
This area concerns fundamental knowledge about relationships of food eaten by people to their
physical development, physical activity, and mental status, and to the maintenance of optimal
health. It is concerned with defining nutrient requirements and functions throughout the life span
and in response to the environment. Functions include cellular and molecular regulation of gene
expression by specific nutrients. This area is also concerned with development of methods to
quantify relationships of nutritional status to well-being to provide a scientific basis for
establishing Dietary Reference Intakes and Dietary Guidelines. Programs on nutrient
requirements and function are concerned with the development and evaluation of education
activities, strategies, and materials, and with the dissemination of related information for
professionals, students, and the public.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
Functions of nutrients and other food components
Relationship of nutrients and other food components (such as phytochemicals) to gene
expression, health, physical and mental development, performance, and longevity
Requirements for energy, fat, protein, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins
related to age, sex, and life stage, including maternal and infant nutrition, physical
activity, and physiological, psychological, and environmental conditions
60
•
•
•
Interrelationships among nutrients and non-nutrient components of food as they affect
absorption, metabolism, growth, and maintenance requirements
Methods of evaluating nutritional status
Development, evaluation, and dissemination of education programs, strategies, and
information on nutrient requirements and function.
Exclude:
•
•
Development of foods for improved health; e.g., nutraceuticals, functional foods (use KA
502)
Aspects of health unrelated to food and nutrition (use KA 724).
KA 703. Nutrition Education and Behavior
This area is concerned with assessment of food intake and dietary patterns, the factors that
influence food intake and dietary patterns, the interrelationships among these factors, and with
the assessment of food and nutrient intake in relation to nutrient requirements, dietary guidance,
and food plans. The focus is frequently on population groups at nutritional risk and on the
factors that promote or hinder healthful food choices in these groups. Programs on dietary
standards, guidance, food guides, and behavior change are concerned with the development,
evaluation, and dissemination of education activities and strategies for professionals, students,
and the public.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food consumption, use, patterns, and analytical methods
Nutrition monitoring and surveillance
Development of dietary standards, dietary guidance, and food guides to meet nutritional
needs of the general population and population subgroups with special needs
Dietary status assessments, e.g., comparisons to standards
Factors that influence dietary status and behavior change including food accessibility
and affordability
Development and evaluation of education, communication, and food assistance
strategies, programs, and policies that affect dietary status
Development and evaluation of education programs and strategies on dietary standards,
guidance, food guides, and behavior change, and the dissemination of related
information for professionals, students, and the public.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
Consumer economics, including food assistance, where the focus is not on the
healthfulness of diets (use KA 607)
Community resource management, where the focus is not on the healthfulness of diets
(use KA 608)
Aspects of health education unrelated to food and nutrition (use KA 724)
General education and information delivery, where the focus is not on the healthfulness
of diets (use KA 903)
Family resource management, where the focus is not on the healthfulness of diets (use
KA 801)
61
•
Home and commercial food service, where the focus is not on the healthfulness of diets
(use KA 504).
KA 704. Nutrition and Hunger in the Population
This area is concerned with food insecurity, insufficiency, and hunger in the population. Included
are the development of analytical methods and pro-active attempts at hunger reduction through
food banks, communities organizing to gain farmers markets, community gardens, gardening,
food buying clubs, food recovery, and gleaning.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
Assessments of food sufficiency in the population
Development and evaluation of strategies for addressing food insufficiency.
Exclude:
•
•
Aspects of poverty, welfare, and food assistance programs unrelated to nutrition and
hunger (use KA 607 or 610)
Local marketing of local produce (use KA 604).
FOOD SAFETY
KA 711. Ensure Food Products Free of Harmful Chemicals, Including Residues from
Agricultural and Other Sources
Work on toxic residues of agricultural origin is conducted to determine the levels and
circumstances under which chemicals may be safely used in production of plant and animal
food products. There is widespread public concern over the potential hazards created by the
use or introduction of chemicals in the production of farm products. The focus of work under this
KA is on human health.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Safe or acceptable levels of residues and environmental contaminants on or in farm
products for human consumption
Behavior and fate of pesticides, antibiotics, hormones, and other applied chemicals and
environmental contaminants, on or in food plants and animals and their products
Methods to remove or mitigate the effects of chemicals harmful to human health
Rapid, accurate methods for monitoring pesticide residue, antibiotic, environmental, or
other contaminants on or in food plants and animals and their products
Assessing risk to human health from harmful chemicals in food plants and animals and
their products
Determining consumer attitudes and developing techniques to communicate relative
risks of harmful chemicals in food plants and animals and their products
Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP).
62
Exclude:
•
•
Work focusing on food plant or animal productivity or economics, animal health, or fates
and effects of chemicals on the environment (use appropriate KA under PLANTS AND
THEIR SYSTEMS or ANIMALS AND THEIR SYSTEMS)
Economics of food safety (use KA 603, 604, or 607).
KA 712. Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites,
and Naturally Occurring Toxins
This area includes work on pathogenic foodborne microorganisms and parasites in raw,
minimally processed, or inadequately processed and preserved foods. Work on mycotoxins and
natural and induced toxicants in foods--including allergens and seafood toxins--is also included.
The focus of work under this KA is on human health.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Production of food animals and crops free of microorganisms, parasites, natural toxins,
or other biological agents harmful to humans
Prevention of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites from human
carriers to livestock and food systems
Maintenance of food security in handling, processing, packaging, and distributing food
products
Improved methods of food handling, processing, storage, and preparation for greater
food security
Methods for preventing or eliminating mycotoxins in peanuts and other field crops
Methods for preventing, removing, or controlling naturally occurring and induced toxins
and allergens in agricultural products
Assessing risk to human health from pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins in
food animals and crops and their products
Determining consumer attitudes and developing techniques to communicate relative
risks of pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins
Basic work on growth and mechanisms of pathogenesis of foodborne microbial
pathogens
Education on safe food handling.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Work focusing on animal health (use KA 311 or 314)
Prevention of transmission of non-foodborne parasites to humans through food animals
(use KA 722)
Control of pests in food plants that is not focused on safeguarding human health (use
appropriate KA under PLANTS AND THEIR SYSTEMS)
Economics of food safety (use KA 603, 604, or 607).
63
HUMAN HEALTH
KA 721. Insects and Other Pests Affecting Humans
This area includes work on insects, ticks, mites, and other pests that are an annoyance to
humans. The emphasis is on developing safe, effective, and economical ways of controlling
these pests.
Areas include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
Biology of insects, ticks, and mites affecting humans, including those important in
forensic studies
Developing attractants and repellents
Developing and improving methods of pest control.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
The role of insects, ticks, and mites in disease transmission (use KA 722)
Management of insects affecting livestock and pets (use KA 312)
Management of insects affecting stored food products (use KA 503)
Management of insects affecting wood products (use KA 512)
Protection of residential structures from insects and other pests (use KA 804)
Apparel and textiles to protect against insects (use KA 804).
KA 722. Zoonotic Diseases and Parasites Affecting Humans
Work in this area concerns animal diseases and parasites such as anthrax, encephalitis,
leptospirosis, and rabies that pose potential threats to human health. Included are studies on
epidemiology, risk assessment, biosecurity, and evaluation of efficacy of control programs for
disease vectors.
Areas include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
Understanding mechanisms involved in transmission of diseases to humans, including
the role of insects, ticks, and mites
Developing control programs to reduce animal reservoirs of zoonotic agents
Developing means of preventing transmission of zoonotic diseases and parasites from
animals to humans.
Exclude:
•
•
Animal diseases and parasites where the concern is the protection of the animal itself
(use KA 311, 312, or 313)
Transmission of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms in animal food products
consumed by humans (use KA 712).
KA 723. Hazards to Human Health and Safety
Work in this area is concerned with reducing hazards to the health, safety, and biosecurity of
people involved in the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural and forest
64
products. This area includes safety aspects of agricultural injuries and illnesses and methods for
effective intervention. The emphasis is on immediate hazards to humans.
Areas include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developing worker safety procedures for people handling agricultural products, supplies,
and livestock
Developing methods for safe handling of agricultural chemicals, fuels, and other
products
Determining health impact of pesticides on farm workers
Determining need for and developing protective devices and procedures for safe usage
and transportation of farm and forest machinery and equipment
Determining nature, frequency, and causes of agricultural injury and occupational illness
Developing methods to reduce fire risks and improve fire control measures for storage
facilities, barns, and other farm structures or equipment
Characterizing, measuring, or mitigating potentially harmful compounds derived from
agricultural products such as tobacco that have pharmacologic actions
Protection of humans against non-food allergens and toxins, and poisonous plants
Mitigation of pollutants such as pesticides, radio-nuclides, heavy metals, excess fertilizer
chemicals, growth regulating chemicals, airborne particulates, dust, ozone, odors,
volatile compounds, combustion products, and smog
Measuring and mitigating exposure to noise, vibration, sun, ergonomic, and other
occupational hazards in agriculture
Equipment and techniques for fire-fighter safety and survival.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agricultural and forestry practices to achieve safe levels of pollutants (use KA 133 or
141)
Disposal of pesticide rinsate and surplus pesticides (use KA 403)
Toxic residues on or in food products (use KA 711)
Pathogenic microorganisms and naturally occurring toxins, including allergens, in food
(use KA 712)
Transmission of parasites and zoonotic diseases to humans (use KA 722)
Development and evaluation of textiles and textile products for their protective properties
(use KA 804)
Methods to reduce fire risks and to improve fire control measures for range and forests
(use KA 122).
KA 724. Healthy Lifestyle
This area concerns activities related to healthy lifestyles, including maintenance of social,
emotional, and physical health. The focus is on physical activity, exercise, stress management,
and health-related practices including screening, immunization, and preventive care. The work
in this area frequently involves population groups at risk and the factors that promote or hinder
healthy lifestyles in these groups. Work is also concerned with development of a theoretical
basis for behavior related to healthy lifestyles. Education and extension programs on healthy
lifestyles and behavior change are concerned with the development, evaluation, and
dissemination of education programs and strategies for professionals, students, and the public.
65
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
Assessment of the healthfulness of lifestyles and analytical methods
Factors that influence the healthfulness of lifestyles
Development of standards and guidance on healthy lifestyles
Development and evaluation of education programs and strategies on healthy lifestyles
and the dissemination of related information for professionals, students, and the public.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aspects of health related to nutrition (use KA 701, 702, or 703)
Insects and other pests affecting humans (use KA 721)
Zoonotic diseases and parasites affecting humans (use KA 722)
Hazards to human health and safety (use KA 723)
Human development and family well-being (use KA 802)
Community institutions and health and social services (use KA 805)
Healthy lifestyle programs that focus on youth (use KA 806).
66
TOPIC VIII. FAMILIES, YOUTH, AND COMMUNITIES
KA 801. Individual and Family Resource Management
Work in this area provides an understanding of how individuals and families obtain and use
resources of time, money, and human capital to achieve their standard of living and overall
quality of life. This area is also concerned with factors affecting the decision-making process,
such as availability of resources, life events, living patterns, values, goals, interests, and
attitudes of families, and external forces such as public issues, policies, and programs.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Resource management, including time, money, and human capital
Interrelationships between society and households to improve family well-being
Improvement of basic occupational skills
Development of financial management skills
Families and work/business relationships
Retirement planning for individuals and families
Supplemental income strategies
Asset building, management, protection, and transfer
Financial security or planning
Predatory lending and consumer fraud
Debt management
Saving and investing
Estate planning.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
Consumer economics (use KA 607)
Community economic development (use KA 608)
Poverty and economic analysis of welfare programs (use KA 607)
Dietary status (use KA 703)
Entrepreneurship (use KA 608).
KA 802. Human Development and Family Well-Being
Work on family and human development provides an understanding of the social, cognitive,
emotional, and physical development of individuals and families over the human lifespan. The
focus is on family and life cycle studies. Work in this area also provides a better understanding
of family systems, family performance, and well-being.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Human (child, adolescent, adult) development throughout the life cycle
Parenting, parent-child relationships, and grandparents/relatives as caregivers
Child care, dependent care, and after-school programs
Aging and intergenerational issues, including elder care
Care giving across the life cycle
Family-focused prevention and intervention programs
67
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Family strengths/resiliency
Family policy
Individual communication and family interactions
Character/ethics education
Children, youth, and families at risk
Marriage/couples relationships
High-risk, fragile, ethnic, underserved individuals and families
Volunteer recruitment, development, and management
Workforce preparation (including school-to-work, welfare-to-work, work-to-work
retooling)
Training and development of youth workers
Professional development.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
Family economics and resource management (use KA 801)
Social impacts on families (use KA 803)
Physical fitness (use KA 724)
Human development activities that focus on youth (use KA 806).
KA 803. Sociological and Technological Change Affecting Individuals, Families, and
Communities
Work in this area provides an understanding of the technological, demographic, and social
changes occurring in society. Work also provides an understanding of the current and historic
ways in which individuals, families, and communities cope with sociological and technological
change, and includes activities that extend this knowledge to the population.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Composition and trends in population
Sociology/psychology of the farm family and other aspects of rural life and living
conditions
Social aspects of agrarian reform
Migration patterns of farm and rural populations
Migrant labor and related social issues in local communities
Impact of cultural trends and technology on society
Impact of racial, ethnic, diversity, pluralism, and gender issues on society
Cultural awareness and respect for diversity
Impact of change on communities
Community development, asset building, civic engagement, and leadership
Social and educational factors affecting poverty
Social impact of environmental change
Public lands/private lands conflicts
Private lands/public benefits
Conflict resolution and conflict management
Political movements
Social aspects for planning and development of healthy communities.
68
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Land use (use KA 131)
Acceptance of pest management systems (use KA 216)
Community planning and development (use KA 608)
Policy analysis (use KA 610)
Rural, agro- or eco-tourism (use KA 605)
Character/ethics education (use KA 802)
Community services (use KA 805)
Social and emotional development of youth (use KA 806)
Leadership development and leadership opportunities for youth (use KA 806).
KA 804. Human Environmental Issues Concerning Apparel, Textiles, and Residential and
Commercial Structures
Work on social, aesthetic, and functional aspects of apparel and textiles provides a better
understanding of the interface among producers, retailers, and consumers. This area also
provides knowledge about the products of agriculture used in apparel and textiles and on factors
that affect consumer choice. Work includes the social, economic, and design aspects of housing
and other structures.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developing and evaluating textile products for superior functional characteristics to meet
consumer needs, aesthetics, and preferences
Determining properties of fibers that affect consumer satisfaction
Textiles and apparel for special physical needs
Preservation and storage of artifacts
Effect of textiles and apparel on human development
Development of textile products for production
Availability of goods, services, and product information to the producer, retailer, and
consumer
Protection of residential and commercial structures and apparel from pests
Determining family housing requirements on the basis of selected characteristics such
as age, income, size, stage in the life cycle, health, occupation, and ethnic background
Determining community, regional, and national needs for housing on the basis of user
needs
Effect of housing environment on quality of life issues
Determining costs and benefits of construction systems and materials, giving special
attention to consumer needs
Improved design, technology, materials, and construction methods for renovation, pest
control, and construction
Housing environmental issues, including indoor air quality and "green" design
Reviewing and developing building codes and other legal requirements based on life
safety issues, health, and welfare of users of a built environment.
Exclude:
•
Improvements in agricultural practices to enhance raw materials (use KA 204 or 308)
69
•
•
•
•
•
•
Functioning of markets, including capital markets, related to real estate (use KA 602)
Development of new textiles (use KA 511)
Agricultural structures and facilities construction (use KA 401)
Health and safety hazards such as pesticides, fire, and sun exposure (use KA 723)
Disposal, recycling, and new development of textiles from waste products (use KA 403)
Market economics and practices related to apparel and textiles (use KA 603 or 604).
KA 805. Community Institutions, Health, and Social Services
This work addresses the development, quality, and functioning of community institutions and
social services. Work in this area enhances the scope, scale, and effectiveness of public and
private community institutions and services, including emergency preparedness and response,
and public safety.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Development, coordination, and adaptation of agencies and organizations
Provision of social services
Measuring the adequacy, quality, and cost of public services
Organizational and operational efficiency of government agencies and units
Community service institutions, including volunteer organizations, non-profit groups, and
centers
Development of community fire prevention, attack, and suppression plans and related
homeland security activities
Delivery of health services, including telemedicine centers
Community and civic engagement.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dietary status (use KA 703)
Public administration (use KA 608)
Policy analysis (use KA 610)
Workforce preparation (use KA 802)
Outdoor recreation (use KA 134 or 605)
Community-related hunger, nutrition, and food programs (use KA 704)
Activities and programs that focus on youth development (use KA 806)
Entrepreneurship (use KA 608).
KA 806. Youth Development
Work in this area includes programs and activities that promote positive youth development,
including 4-H. These activities extend knowledge to youth and convey a sense of belonging,
teach life skills, and provide opportunities for mastery, competence, and independence. This
work also includes a focus on the social and emotional development of program participants.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
Literacy, communication, problem solving, and other life skills
Self-confidence and self-esteem
70
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Interaction and relationships with adults and peer groups
Civic engagement (connecting youth to government and institutions)
Leadership development and leadership opportunities for youth
Sense of belonging/sense of safety
Youth initiatives in non-formal science, engineering, and technology
Volunteerism and community service for youth
Youth policy.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Policy analysis (use KA 610)
Entrepreneurship (use KA 608)
Development of financial management skills (use KA 801)
Human development activities that focus on families (use KA 802)
Early childhood development (use KA 802)
Cultural awareness and respect for diversity (use KA 803).
71
TOPIC IX. PROGRAM AND PROJECT SUPPORT, AND ADMINISTRATION,
EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
KA 901. Project and Program Design, and Statistics
This work focuses on program and project design and evaluation, experimental design, surveys,
sampling, and statistical analysis.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Program planning, design, and evaluation
Methods to measure productivity of educators and researchers, and teaching, research,
and extension organizations
Criteria and techniques for evaluating proposals and accomplishments
Design of experiments and statistical analysis of data
Improvement in statistical methodology
Development of education, research, and extension technologies and procedures
Sampling, and design of survey instruments
Data gathering, management, and analysis.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Development of instrumentation (use KA 404 or 903)
Standards of measurement (use KA 404)
Development of economic techniques (use KA 609)
Evaluation of education, communication, and food assistance strategies, programs, and
policies that affect dietary status (use KA 703)
Criteria and techniques for evaluating proposals (use KA 902)
Studies on administration of teaching, research, and extension (use KA 902).
KA 902. Administration of Projects and Programs
This work is focused on efficiency and effectiveness of research, education, and extension
methods and proposals. Included in this is work on maximizing researcher, educator, and facility
productivity, and on coordinating teaching, research, and extension efforts among scientists and
educators throughout the nation.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
Promotion of teaching, research, and extension creativity and productivity
Developing and maintaining the proficiency of educators and researchers
Relationships among teaching, research, and extension
Communication among researchers and educators, and dissemination of research
results
Roles of cooperation and competition among scientists, educators, and organizations.
Exclude:
•
Development of instrumentation (use KA 404 or 903)
72
•
•
Experimental design and statistics (use KA 901)
Evaluation and assessment (use KA 901).
KA 903. Communication, Education, and Information Delivery
This area of work focuses on educational processes, needs, and methods to achieve
educational goals. Work includes development, use, and assessment of communication,
information delivery, and technology transfer methods and systems. List topic- or disciplinespecific education under the appropriate KA.
Areas of work include but are not limited to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Techniques, procedures, and processes of education
The science of teaching, learning, and cognition
Curriculum design and educational instrumentation (applications of technology and
media in teaching and learning)
Teacher preparation and improvement
Communication and information systems and delivery, including electronic networks and
distance education
Technology transfer
Educational psychology and human motivation.
Exclude:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Education policy (use KA 610)
Public policy education, including methodology (use KA 610)
Communication, education, information delivery related to human nutrition (use KA 701,
702, 703, or 704)
Education on safe food handling (use KA 712)
Education or information dissemination pertaining to healthy lifestyles (use
KA 724)
Character/ethics education (use KA 802)
Educational factors affecting poverty (use KA 803)
Conflict resolution (use KA 803)
Public services (use KA 805)
Education and training related to youth development activities (use KA 806)
Assessment and evaluation of communication and education systems (use KA 901).
73
| File Type | application/pdf |
| File Title | Problem Area Classification |
| Author | PHILIP DOPKOWSKI |
| File Modified | 2006-02-17 |
| File Created | 2006-02-17 |