Literature Review

Attachment:
A brief review of research at the GGNRA
The Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA) is a large urban unit of the
National Park Service. The parklands run for 40 miles north and south of the Golden Gate
Bridge and parklands are managed in three counties in the San Francisco Bay Area. In
recent years, visitation has ranged from 16 and 20 million persons annually, making
GGNRA visitation among the largest in NPS. Ocean Beach, the Presidio, Crissy Field,
and Lands End are all located in San Francisco County. These parklands comprise the
heart of GGNRA and receive substantial visitation from locals, Bay Area residents, and
tourists.
Most of the sustained social science research at the GGNRA has centered on two
destination areas within the park. Solid visitor profiles and valuable management data
have been collected at Muir Woods National Monument and Muir Beach (Manning,
Budruk, Valliere, & Hallo, n.d.) and Alcatraz National Historic Site (Manning, 2007b;
Manning, Lawson, Wang, & Valliere, 1998). Protocols have been developed and refined
(VERP and soundscape) and significant contributions to professional practice have
emerged from the research at the GGNRA’s premier destination sites.
Trail user studies at various park sites (Manning, 2007a; Tierney, 2004, 2005, 2007) and
a trails and bikeway study at the Presidio (2000) have added to the knowledge base about
these visitors. Several transportation studies were completed in the Presidio shortly after
the Presidio Trust assumed responsibility for the interior portions of the Presidio
(Presidio, 1999, 2000). An observational visitor count was completed on two weekends at
Crissy Field in 2000 (David Binder Research) and replicated in 2006 (Tierney). Farrell
(2003) completed a comprehensive analysis of participants in GGNRA community-based
stewardship programs.
To provide additional public opinion data to guide park decision-making on pet
management, a RDD (random digit dialing) telephone interview was conducted in four
Bay Area counties (Solop, 2002). The Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy
commissioned other public opinion research through a series of focus groups about six
years ago (David Binder Research, 2001, 2002). More recently, Roberts (2007)
completed research on racial and ethnic minority perceptions and park usage patterns
using focus groups around the Bay Area.
Baseline data have been collected at the new parklands in San Mateo County (Manning,
2007; Tierney, 2004). At the other end of the GGNRA, a multi-year transportation
planning effort (Transportation Management Plan/CTMP, 2002a, 2002b; Water Shuttle,
2003 and 2007) focused on park-related travel to and around Marin County yielded
demographic data as well as information about visitor travel patterns and activity
preferences for the Marin County parklands.
These studies have been well designed and well executed, and they have provided
valuable guidance to park managers for individual sites, helped to inform leaders about

important park management issues, and developed profiles for important park user groups
(e.g., trails and volunteers). It is clear from a review of the existing research at GGNRA
that people care deeply about these parks, and they are able to provide valuable feedback
about their patterns and preferences for the future of the parklands.
Despite these valuable contributions, additional data are essential. Many of the data sets
were assembled prior to substantial park restoration efforts. Other data, collected in the
late 1990s or early in the new century, are approaching the end of their utility as new
groups come of age, and the social, demographic, and economic factors that influence
visitation change.
This research project is designed to address a large data gap in the heart of the GGNRA.
Annual visitation to the two coastal sites (Ocean Beach and Crissy Field) is estimated in
the millions. Visitation estimates for the Presidio, which includes Crissy Field, exceed
four million annually. Lands End is an important segment of the California Coast Trail
and the site of the first large-scale philanthropic investment in the GGNRA Trails
Forever Initiative.
All four sites are in exciting “park-making” phases with many long-awaited projects
beginning to attract the necessary resources for planning and implementation. The
research proposed in this project will aid park planners and leaders by developing visitor
profiles and establishing baseline data for important park indicators in key San Francisco
County sites. The data will also feed directly into the park’s General Management Plan.
Literature Review
David Binder Research (2000, November 16). Visitor count at Crissy Field. Unpublished
report available from the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, Fort Mason,
Building 201-3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94123.
David Binder Research (2002, February). Presentation to the Golden Gate National Park
Association Marketing Committee. Unpublished report available from the Golden
Gate National Parks Conservancy, Fort Mason, Building 201-3rd Floor, San
Francisco, CA 94123.
David Binder Research (2001). Member Survey. Unpublished report available from the
Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, Fort Mason, Building 201-3rd Floor,
San Francisco, CA 94123.
Farrell, S. (2003.). Recreation values of community-based stewardship within the field of
ecological restoration. Unpublished masters thesis, San Francisco State
University.
Manning, Robert (2007a). Park use and users of San Mateo County units of the Golden
Gate National Recreation Area. Unpublished report available from the Golden
Gate National Recreation Area, Strategic Planning. Golden Gate National
Recreation Area Division of Planning and Technical Services, Fort Mason,
Building 201, San Francisco, CA 94123.

Manning, R. (2007b). Alcatraz Island visitor survey. Unpublished data tables available
from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area Division of Planning and
Technical Services, Fort Mason, Building 201, San Francisco, CA 94123.
Manning, R., Budruk, M., Valliere, W., Hallo, J. (no date). Research to support visitor
management at Muir Woods National Monument and Muir Beach. Unpublished
research report available from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area Division
of Planning and Technical Services, Fort Mason, Building 201, San Francisco,
CA 94123.
Manning, R., Lawson, S., Wang, B., and Valliere, W. (1998). Research to support visitor
management at Alcatraz Island. Unpublished research report available from the
Golden Gate National Recreation Area Division of Planning and Technical
Services, Fort Mason, Building 201, San Francisco, CA 94123.
Presidio (2000, December). Trails and bikeways user survey report. Unpublished
research report available from the Presidio Trust Planning Department, P.O. Box
29052, San Francisco, CA 94129.
Presidio (1999). 1999 pedestrian and bicycle count program technical memorandum.
Unpublished research report available from the Presidio Trust Planning
Department, P.O. Box 29052, San Francisco, CA 94129.
Roberts, N.S. (2007.) Visitor/non-visitor use constraints: Exploring ethnic minority
experiences and perspectives. General Technical Report, Golden Gate National
Recreation Area, National Park Service. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco State
University.
Solop, F. (2002, December). Public opinion research telephone survey regarding golden
gate national recreation area pet management issues. Unpublished report available
from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area Division of Planning and
Technical Services, Fort Mason, Building 201, San Francisco, CA 94123.
Tierney, P. (2007a). Trail use and strategies to reduce social trails; Point Bonita and
North Rodeo Beach study areas, Headlands District, Golden Gate National
Recreation Area. Unpublished Unpublished report available from the Golden Gate
National Parks Conservancy, Fort Mason, Building 201-3rd Floor, San Francisco,
CA 94123.
Tierney, P. (2007b). Crissy Field visitation levels and visitor characteristics, fall 2000 and
2006. Unpublished report available from the Golden Gate National Parks
Conservancy, Fort Mason, Building 201-3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94123.
Tierney, P. (2005, June 14). Results of Lands End Trail Visitors Survey. Unpublished
report available from the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, Fort Mason,
Building 201-3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94123.
Tierney, P. (2004, May 27). Visitor characteristics and opinions: Mori Point and Sweeney
Ridge areas, Golden Gate National Recreation Areas. Unpublished report
available from the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, Fort Mason,
Building 201-3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94123.
Transportation Management Plans/CTMP (2002). Transportation management plan for
the Marin Headlands and Fort Baker. Unpublished research report available from
the Golden Gate National Recreation Area Division of Planning and Technical
Services, Fort Mason, Building 201, San Francisco, CA 94123.

Transportation Management Plan/CTMP. (2002b, June). CTMP intercept interviews.
Unpublished research report available from the Golden Gate National Recreation
Area Division of Planning and Technical Services, Fort Mason, Building 201, San
Francisco, CA 94123.
Water Shuttle (2003, January). Technical Memorandum 2.6: Market demand survey–
Analysis of survey results, GGNRA water shuttle access plan study. Unpublished
report available from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area Division of
Planning and Technical Services, Fort Mason, Building 201, San Francisco, CA
94123.
Water Shuttle (2007, February). Technical Memorandum 2.7: Market demand survey–
Summary report and data delivery, GGNRA water shuttle access plan study.
Unpublished report available from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Division of Planning and Technical Services, Fort Mason, Building 201, San
Francisco, CA 94123.