29 Cfr 1910.177

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
easily accessible. Under no circumstances shall an air receiver be
buried underground or located in an inaccessible place.
(2) Drains and traps. A drain pipe and
valve shall be installed at the lowest
point of every air receiver to provide
for the removal of accumulated oil and
water. Adequate automatic traps may
be installed in addition to drain valves.
The drain valve on the air receiver
shall be opened and the receiver completely drained frequently and at such
intervals as to prevent the accumulation of excessive amounts of liquid in
the receiver.
(3) Gages and valves. (i) Every air receiver shall be equipped with an indicating pressure gage (so located as to
be readily visible) and with one or
more spring-loaded safety valves. The
total relieving capacity of such safety
valves shall be such as to prevent pressure in the receiver from exceeding the
maximum allowable working pressure
of the receiver by more than 10 percent.
(ii) No valve of any type shall be
placed between the air receiver and its
safety valve or valves.
(iii) Safety appliances, such as safety
valves, indicating devices and controlling devices, shall be constructed, located, and installed so that they cannot be readily rendered inoperative by
any means, including the elements.
(iv) All safety valves shall be tested
frequently and at regular intervals to
determine whether they are in good operating condition.

§ 1910.176 Handling
materials—general.
(a) Use of mechanical equipment.
Where mechanical handling equipment
is used, sufficient safe clearances shall
be allowed for aisles, at loading docks,
through doorways and wherever turns
or passage must be made. Aisles and
passageways shall be kept clear and in
good repair, with no obstruction across
or in aisles that could create a hazard.
Permanent aisles and passageways
shall be appropriately marked.
(b) Secure storage. Storage of material
shall not create a hazard. Bags, containers, bundles, etc., stored in tiers
shall be stacked, blocked, interlocked
and limited in height so that they are
stable and secure against sliding or collapse.
(c) Housekeeping. Storage areas shall
be kept free from accumulation of materials that constitute hazards from
tripping, fire, explosion, or pest harborage. Vegetation control will be exercised when necessary.
(d) [Reserved]
(e) Clearance limits. Clearance signs to
warn of clearance limits shall be provided.
(f) Rolling railroad cars. Derail and/or
bumper blocks shall be provided on
spur railroad tracks where a rolling car
could contact other cars being worked,
enter a building, work or traffic area.
(g) Guarding. Covers and/or guardrails
shall be provided to protect personnel
from the hazards of open pits, tanks,
vats, ditches, etc.

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 49
FR 5322, Feb. 10, 1984; 61 FR 9239, Mar. 7, 1996]

§ 1910.177 Servicing multi-piece and
single piece rim wheels.
(a) Scope. (1) This section applies to
the servicing of multi-piece and single
piece rim wheels used on large vehicles
such as trucks, tractors, trailers, buses
and off-road machines. It does not
apply to the servicing of rim wheels
used on automobiles, or on pickup
trucks and vans utilizing automobile
tires or truck tires designated ‘‘LT’’.
(2) This section does not apply to employers and places of employment regulated under the Construction Safety
Standards, 29 CFR part 1926; the Agriculture Standards, 29 CFR part 1928;
the Shipyard Standards, 29 CFR part

Subpart N—Materials Handling
and Storage

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§ 1910.177

AUTHORITY: Secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29
U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor’s
Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR
25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), 1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6–
96 (62 FR 111), 3–2000 (65 FR 50017), or 5–2002
(67 FR 65008) as applicable; and 29 CFR part
1911.
Sections 1910.176, 1910.177, 1910.178, 1910.179,
1910.180, 1910.181, and 1910.184 also issued
under 29 CFR part 1911.

[39 FR 23052, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
FR 49749, Oct. 24, 1978]

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§ 1910.177

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

1915; or the Longshoring Standards, 29
CFR part 1918.
(3) All provisions of this section
apply to the servicing of both single
piece rim wheels and multi-piece rim
wheels unless designated otherwise.
(b) Definitions. Barrier means a fence,
wall or other structure or object placed
between a single piece rim wheel and
an employee during tire inflation, to
contain the rim wheel components in
the event of the sudden release of the
contained air of the single piece rim
wheel.
Charts means the U.S. Department of
Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration publications entitled
‘‘Demounting and Mounting Procedures for Truck/Bus Tires’’ and ‘‘Multipiece Rim Matching Chart,’’ the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) publications entitled ‘‘Demounting and Mounting Procedures Truck/Bus Tires’’ and ‘‘Multipiece Rim Matching Chart,’’ or any
other poster which contains at least
the same instructions, safety precautions and other information contained in the charts that is applicable
to the types of wheels being serviced.
Installing a rim wheel means the
transfer and attachment of an assembled rim wheel onto a vehicle axle hub.
Removing means the opposite of installing.
Mounting a tire means the assembly
or putting together of the wheel and
tire components to form a rim wheel,
including inflation. Demounting means
the opposite of mounting.
Multi-piece rim wheel means the assemblage of a multi-piece wheel with
the tire tube and other components.
Multi-piece wheel means a vehicle
wheel consisting of two or more parts,
one of which is a side or locking ring
designed to hold the tire on the wheel
by interlocking components when the
tire is inflated.
Restraining device means an apparatus
such as a cage, rack, assemblage of
bars and other components that will
constrain all rim wheel components
during an explosive separation of a
multi-piece rim wheel, or during the
sudden release of the contained air of a
single piece rim wheel.
Rim manual means a publication containing instructions from the manufac-

turer or other qualified organization
for correct mounting, demounting,
maintenance, and safety precautions
peculiar to the type of wheel being
serviced.
Rim wheel means an assemblage of
tire, tube and liner (where appropriate), and wheel components.
Service or servicing means the mounting and demounting of rim wheels, and
related activities such as inflating, deflating, installing, removing, and handling.
Service area means that part of an
employer’s premises used for the servicing of rim wheels, or any other place
where an employee services rim
wheels.
Single piece rim wheel means the assemblage of single piece rim wheel
with the tire and other components.
Single piece wheel means a vehicle
wheel consisting of one part, designed
to hold the tire on the wheel when the
tire is inflated.
Trajectory means any potential path
or route that a rim wheel component
may travel during an explosive separation, or the sudden release of the pressurized air, or an area at which an airblast from a single piece rim wheel
may be released. The trajectory may
deviate from paths which are perpendicular to the assembled position of the
rim wheel at the time of separation or
explosion. (See appendix A for examples of trajectories.)
Wheel means that portion of a rim
wheel which provides the method of attachment of the assembly to the axle
of a vehicle and also provides the
means to contain the inflated portion
of the assembly (i.e., the tire and/or
tube).
(c) Employee training. (1) The employer shall provide a program to train
all employees who service rim wheels
in the hazards involved in servicing
those rim wheels and the safety procedures to be followed.
(i) The employer shall assure that no
employee services any rim wheel unless the employee has been trained and
instructed in correct procedures of
servicing the type of wheel being serviced, and in the safe operating procedures described in paragraphs (f) and
(g) of this section.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(ii) Information to be used in the
training program shall include, at a
minimum, the applicable data contained in the charts (rim manuals) and
the contents of this standard.
(iii) Where an employer knows or has
reason to believe that any of his employees is unable to read and understand the charts or rim manual, the
employer shall assure that the employee is instructed concerning the
contents of the charts and rim manual
in a manner which the employee is able
to understand.
(2) The employer shall assure that
each employee demonstrates and maintains the ability to service rim wheels
safely, including performance of the
following tasks:
(i) Demounting of tires (including deflation);
(ii) Inspection and identification of
the rim wheel components;
(iii) Mounting of tires (including inflation with a restraining device or
other safeguard required by this section);
(iv) Use of the restraining device or
barrier, and other equipment required
by this section;
(v) Handling of rim wheels;
(vi) Inflation of the tire when a single
piece rim wheel is mounted on a vehicle;
(vii) An understanding of the necessity of standing outside the trajectory
both during inflation of the tire and
during inspection of the rim wheel following inflation; and
(viii) Installation and removal of rim
wheels.
(3) The employer shall evaluate each
employee’s ability to perform these
tasks and to service rim wheels safely,
and shall provide additional training as
necessary to assure that each employee
maintains his or her proficiency.
(d) Tire servicing equipment. (1) The
employer shall furnish a restraining
device for inflating tires on multi-piece
wheels.
(2) The employer shall provide a restraining device or barrier for inflating
tires on single piece wheels unless the
rim wheel will be bolted onto a vehicle
during inflation.
(3) Restraining devices and barriers
shall comply with the following requirements:

§ 1910.177

(i) Each restraining device or barrier
shall have the capacity to withstand
the maximum force that would be
transferred to it during a rim wheel
separation occurring at 150 percent of
the maximum tire specification pressure for the type of rim wheel being
serviced.
(ii) Restraining devices and barriers
shall be capable of preventing the rim
wheel components from being thrown
outside or beyond the device or barrier
for any rim wheel positioned within or
behind the device;
(iii) Restraining devices and barriers
shall be visually inspected prior to
each day’s use and after any separation
of the rim wheel components or sudden
release of contained air. Any restraining device or barrier exhibiting damage
such as the following defects shall be
immediately removed from service:
(A) Cracks at welds;
(B) Cracked or broken components;
(C) Bent or sprung components
caused by mishandling, abuse, tire explosion or rim wheel separation;
(D) Pitting of components due to corrosion; or
(E) Other structural damage which
would decrease its effectiveness.
(iv) Restraining devices or barriers
removed from service shall not be returned to service until they are repaired and reinspected. Restraining devices or barriers requiring structural
repair such as component replacement
or rewelding shall not be returned to
service until they are certified by either the manufacturer or a Registered
Professional Engineer as meeting the
strength requirements of paragraph
(d)(3)(i) of this section.
(4) The employer shall furnish and assure that an air line assembly consisting of the following components be
used for inflating tires:
(i) A clip-on chuck;
(ii) An in-line valve with a pressure
gauge or a presettable regulator; and
(iii) A sufficient length of hose between the clip-on chuck and the in-line
valve (if one is used) to allow the employee to stand outside the trajectory.
(5) Current charts or rim manuals
containing instructions for the type of
wheels being serviced shall be available
in the service area.

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§ 1910.177

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

(6) The employer shall furnish and assure that only tools recommended in
the rim manual for the type of wheel
being serviced are used to service rim
wheels.
(e) Wheel component acceptability. (1)
Multi-piece wheel components shall
not be interchanged except as provided
in the charts or in the applicable rim
manual.
(2) Multi-piece wheel components and
single piece wheels shall be inspected
prior to assembly. Any wheel or wheel
component which is bent out of shape,
pitted from corrosion, broken, or
cracked shall not be used and shall be
marked or tagged unserviceable and removed from the service area. Damaged
or leaky valves shall be replaced.
(3) Rim flanges, rim gutters, rings,
bead seating surfaces and the bead
areas of tires shall be free of any dirt,
surface rust, scale or loose or flaked
rubber build-up prior to mounting and
inflation.
(4) The size (bead diameter and tire/
wheel widths) and type of both the tire
and the wheel shall be checked for
compatibility prior to assembly of the
rim wheel.
(f) Safe operating procedure—multipiece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for
servicing multi-piece rim wheels and
shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure.
The procedure shall include at least
the following elements:
(1) Tires shall be completely deflated
before demounting by removal of the
valve core.
(2) Tires shall be completely deflated
by removing the valve core before a
rim wheel is removed from the axle in
either of the following situations:
(i) When the tire has been driven
underinflated at 80% or less of its recommended pressure, or
(ii) When there is obvious or suspected damage to the tire or wheel
components.
(3) Rubber lubricant shall be applied
to bead and rim mating surfaces during
assembly of the wheel and inflation of
the tire, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against it.
(4) If a tire on a vehicle is underinflated but has more than 80% of the
recommended pressure, the tire may be

inflated while the rim wheel is on the
vehicle provided remote control inflation equipment is used, and no employees remain in the trajectory during inflation.
(5) Tires shall be inflated outside a
restraining device only to a pressure
sufficient to force the tire bead onto
the rim ledge and create an airtight
seal with the tire and bead.
(6) Whenever a rim wheel is in a restraining device the employee shall not
rest or lean any part of his body or
equipment on or against the restraining device.
(7) After tire inflation, the tire and
wheel components shall be inspected
while still within the restraining device to make sure that they are properly seated and locked. If further adjustment to the tire or wheel components is necessary, the tire shall be deflated by removal of the valve core before the adjustment is made.
(8) No attempt shall be made to correct the seating of side and lock rings
by hammering, striking or forcing the
components while the tire is pressurized.
(9) Cracked, broken, bent or otherwise damaged rim components shall
not be reworked, welded, brazed, or
otherwise heated.
(10) Whenever multi-piece rim wheels
are being handled, employees shall stay
out of the trajectory unless the employer can demonstrate that performance of the servicing makes the employee’s presence in the trajectory necessary.
(11) No heat shall be applied to a
multi-piece wheel or wheel component.
(g) Safe operating procedure—single
piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for
servicing single piece rim wheels and
shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure.
The procedure shall include at least
the following elements:
(1) Tires shall be completely deflated
by removal of the valve core before demounting.
(2) Mounting and demounting of the
tire shall be done only from the narrow
ledge side of the wheel. Care shall be
taken to avoid damaging the tire beads
while mounting tires on wheels. Tires
shall be mounted only on compatible

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wheels of matching bead diameter and
width.
(3) Nonflammable rubber lubricant
shall be applied to bead and wheel mating surfaces before assembly of the rim
wheel, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against the use of
any rubber lubricant.
(4) If a tire changing machine is used,
the tire shall be inflated only to the
minimum pressure necessary to force
the tire bead onto the rim ledge while
on the tire changing machine.
(5) If a bead expander is used, it shall
be removed before the valve core is installed and as soon as the rim wheel becomes airtight (the tire bead slips onto
the bead seat).
(6) Tires may be inflated only when
contained within a restraining device,
positioned behind a barrier or bolted on

§ 1910.177

the vehicle with the lug nuts fully
tightened.
(7) Tires shall not be inflated when
any flat, solid surface is in the trajectory and within one foot of the sidewall.
(8) Employees shall stay out of the
trajectory when inflating a tire.
(9) Tires shall not be inflated to more
than the inflation pressure stamped in
the sidewall unless a higher pressure is
recommended by the manufacturer.
(10) Tires shall not be inflated above
the maximum pressure recommended
by the manufacturer to seat the tire
bead firmly against the rim flange.
(11) No heat shall be applied to a single piece wheel.
(12) Cracked, broken, bent, or otherwise damaged wheels shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise
heated.

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§ 1910.177

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

OSHA has printed two charts entitled
‘‘Demounting and Mounting Procedures for

Truck/Bus Tires’’ and ‘‘Multi-piece Rim
Matching Chart,’’ as part of a continuing
campaign to reduce accidents among employees who service large vehicle rim wheels.

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EC27OC91.036

rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR

APPENDIX B TO § 1910.177—ORDERING
INFORMATION FOR THE OSHA CHARTS

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
Reprints of the charts are available
through the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) Area and Regional
Offices. The address and telephone number of
the nearest OSHA office can be obtained by
looking in the local telephone directory
under U.S. Government, U.S. Department of
Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Single copies are available
without charge.
Individuals, establishments and other organizations desiring single or multiple copies of these charts may order them from the
OSHA Publications Office, U.S. Department
of Labor, Room N–3101, Washington, DC
20210, Telephone (202) 219–4667.

rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR

[49 FR 4350, Feb. 3, 1984, as amended at 52 FR
36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 53 FR 34737, Sept. 8, 1988;
61 FR 9239, Mar. 7, 1996]

§ 1910.178 Powered industrial trucks.
(a) General requirements. (1) This section contains safety requirements relating to fire protection, design, maintenance, and use of fork trucks, tractors, platform lift trucks, motorized
hand trucks, and other specialized industrial trucks powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines.
This section does not apply to compressed air or nonflammable compressed gas-operated industrial trucks,
nor to farm vehicles, nor to vehicles intended primarily for earth moving or
over-the-road hauling.
(2) All new powered industrial trucks
acquired and used by an employer shall
meet the design and construction requirements for powered industrial
trucks established in the ‘‘American
National Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, Part II, ANSI B56.1–1969’’,
which is incorporated by reference as
specified in § 1910.6, except for vehicles
intended primarily for earth moving or
over-the-road hauling.
(3) Approved trucks shall bear a label
or some other identifying mark indicating approval by the testing laboratory. See paragraph (a)(7) of this section and paragraph 405 of ‘‘American
National Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, Part II, ANSI B56.1–1969’’,
which is incorporated by reference in
paragraph (a)(2) of this section and
which provides that if the powered industrial truck is accepted by a nationally recognized testing laboratory it
should be so marked.
(4) Modifications and additions which
affect capacity and safe operation shall

§ 1910.178

not be performed by the customer or
user without manufacturers prior written approval. Capacity, operation, and
maintenance instruction plates, tags,
or decals shall be changed accordingly.
(5) If the truck is equipped with
front-end attachments other than factory installed attachments, the user
shall request that the truck be marked
to identify the attachments and show
the approximate weight of the truck
and attachment combination at maximum elevation with load laterally
centered.
(6) The user shall see that all nameplates and markings are in place and
are maintained in a legible condition.
(7) As used in this section, the term,
approved truck or approved industrial
truck means a truck that is listed or
approved for fire safety purposes for
the intended use by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, using nationally recognized testing standards.
Refer to § 1910.155(c)(3)(iv)(A) for definition of listed, and to § 1910.7 for definition of nationally recognized testing
laboratory.
(b) Designations. For the purpose of
this standard there are eleven different
designations of industrial trucks or
tractors as follows: D, DS, DY, E, ES,
EE, EX, G, GS, LP, and LPS.
(1) The D designated units are units
similar to the G units except that they
are diesel engine powered instead of
gasoline engine powered.
(2) The DS designated units are diesel
powered units that are provided with
additional safeguards to the exhaust,
fuel and electrical systems. They may
be used in some locations where a D
unit may not be considered suitable.
(3) The DY designated units are diesel powered units that have all the
safeguards of the DS units and in addition do not have any electrical equipment including the ignition and are
equipped with temperature limitation
features.
(4) The E designated units are electrically powered units that have minimum acceptable safeguards against inherent fire hazards.
(5) The ES designated units are electrically powered units that, in addition
to all of the requirements for the E
units, are provided with additional
safeguards to the electrical system to

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