29 CFR Part 1917

§ 1917.1

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

Subpart A—General Provisions
§ 1917.1 Scope and applicability.
(a) The regulations of this part apply
to employment within a marine terminal as defined in § 1917.2, including
the loading, unloading, movement or
other handling of cargo, ship’s stores
or gear within the terminal or into or
out of any land carrier, holding or consolidation area, any other activity
within and associated with the overall
operation and functions of the terminal, such as the use and routine
maintenance of facilities and equipment. All cargo transfer accomplished
with the use of shore-based material
handling devices shall be regulated by
this part.
(1) The provisions of this part 1917 do
not apply to the following:
(i) Facilities used solely for the bulk
storage, handling and transfer of flammable, non-flammable and combustible
liquids and gases.
(ii) Facilities subject to the regulations of the Office of Pipeline Safety
Regulation of the Materials Transportation Bureau, Department of Transportation, to the extent such regulations apply.
(iii) Fully automated bulk coal handling facilities contiguous to electrical
power generating plants.
(2) Part 1910 of this chapter does not
apply to marine terminals except for
the following provisions:
(i) Abrasive blasting. Subpart G,
§ 1910.94(a);
(ii) Access to employee exposure and
medical records. Subpart Z, § 1910.1020;
(iii) Commercial diving operations. Subpart T of part 1910;
(iv) Electrical. Subpart S of part 1910;
(v) Grain handling facilities. Subpart
R, § 1910.272;
(vi) Hazard communication. Subpart Z,
§ 1910.1200;
(vii) Ionizing radiation. Subpart Z,
§ 1910.1096;
(viii) Noise. Subpart G, § 1910.95;
(ix) Nonionizing radiation. Subpart G,
§ 1910.97;
(x) Respiratory protection. Subpart I,
§ 1910.134;
(xi) Safety requirements for scaffolding.
Subpart D, § 1910.28;
(xii) Servicing multi-piece and single
piece rim wheels. Subpart N, § 1910.177;

(xiii) Toxic and hazardous substances.
Subpart Z applies to marine cargo handling activities except for the following:
(A) When a substance or cargo is contained within a sealed, intact means of
packaging or containment complying
with Department of Transportation or
International Maritime Organization
requirements; 1
(B) Bloodborne pathogens, § 1910.1030;
(C) Carbon monoxide, § 1910.1000 (See
§ 1917.24(a)); and
(D) Hydrogen sulfide, § 1910.1000 (See
§ 1917.73(a)(2)); and
(E) Hexavalent chromium § 1910.1026
(See § 1915.1026)
(xiv) Powered industrial truck operator training, Subpart N, § 1910.178(1).
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(2)(xiv): The compliance dates of December 1, 1999 set forth in 29
CFR 1910.178(l)(7) are stayed until March 1,
2000 for Marine Terminals.

(b) Section 1915.1026 applies to any
occupational exposures to hexavalent
chromium in workplaces covered by
this Part.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52
FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 52 FR 49624, Dec. 31,
1987; 62 FR 40196, July 25, 1997; 63 FR 66274,
Dec. 1, 1998; 64 FR 46847, Aug. 27, 1999; 65 FR
40938, June 30, 2000; 71 FR 10381, Feb. 28, 2006]

§ 1917.2 Definitions.
Apron means that open portion of a
marine terminal immediately adjacent
to a vessel berth and used in the direct
transfer of cargo between the terminal
and vessel.
Authorized, in reference to an employee’s assignment, means selected by
the employer for that purpose.
Cargo door (transit shed door) means
a door designed to permit transfer of
cargo to and from a marine terminal
structure.
Cargo packaging means any method of
containment for shipment, including
cases, cartons, crates and sacks, but
excluding large units such as intermodal containers, vans or similar devices.
1 The International Maritime Organization
publishes the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code to aid compliance with
the international legal requirements of the
International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea, 1960.

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yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
Confined space means:
(1) A space having all of the following
characteristics:
(i) Small size;
(ii) Severely limited natural ventilation;
(iii) Capability to accumulate or contain a hazardous atmosphere;
(iv) Exits that are not readily accessible; and
(v) A design not meant for continuous human occupancy.
(2) Examples of confined spaces are
intermodal tank containers, bailwater
tanks and portable tanks.
Conveyor means a device designed exclusively for transporting bulk materials, packages or objects in a predetermined path and having fixed or selective points of loading or discharge.
Danger zone means any place in or
about a machine or piece of equipment
where an employee may be struck by
or caught between moving parts,
caught between moving and stationary
objects or parts of the machine, caught
between the material and a moving
part of the machine, burned by hot surfaces or exposed to electric shock. Examples of danger zones are nip and
shear points, shear lines, drive mechanisms, and areas beneath counterweights.
Designated person means a person who
possesses specialized abilities in a specific area and is assigned by the employer to perform a specific task in
that area.
Dock means a wharf or pier forming
all or part of a waterfront facility, including marginal or quayside berthing
facilities; not to be confused with
‘‘loading dock’’ as at a transit shed or
container freight station, or with the
body of water between piers or
wharves.
Dockboards (car and bridge plates)
mean devices for spanning short distances between rail cars or highway vehicles and loading platforms that do
not expose employees to falls greater
than 4 feet (1.22 m).
Enclosed space means an indoor space,
other than a confined space, that may
contain or accumulate a hazardous atmosphere due to inadequate natural
ventilation. Examples of enclosed
spaces are trailers, railcars, and storage rooms.

§ 1917.2

Examination, as applied to material
handling devices required by this part
to be certificated, means a comprehensive survey consisting of the criteria
outlined in 29 CFR 1919.71(d) as applicable to the type of gear or device. The
examination is supplemented by a unit
proof test in the case of a quadrennial
survey.
Flammable atmosphere means an atmosphere containing more than 10 percent of the lower flammable limit of a
flammable or combustible vapor or
dust mixed with air.
Front-end attachments. (1) As applied
to power-operated industrial trucks,
means the various devices, such as roll
clamps, rotating and sideshifting carriages, magnets, rams, crane arms or
booms, load stabilizers, scoops, buckets
and dumping bins, attached to the load
end for handling lifts as single or multiple units.
(2) As applied to cranes, means various attachments applied to the basic
machine for the performance of functions such as lifting, clamshell or magnet services.
Fumigant is a substance or mixture of
substances, used to kill pests or prevent infestation, which is a gas or is
rapidly or progressively transformed to
the gaseous state, even though some
nongaseous or particulate matter may
remain and be dispersed in the treatment space.
Hazardous cargo, material, substance or
atmosphere means:
(1) Any substance listed in 29 CFR
part 1910, subpart Z;
(2) Any material in the Hazardous
Materials Table and Hazardous Materials Communications Regulations of
the Department of Transportation, 49
CFR part 172;
(3) Any article not properly described
by a name in the Hazardous Materials
Table and Hazardous Materials Communications Regulations of the Department of Transportation, 49 CFR
part 172 but which is properly classified
under the definition of those categories
of dangerous articles given in 49 CFR
Part 173; or
(4) Any atmosphere with an oxygen
content of less than 19.5%.
House falls means spans and supporting members, winches, blocks, and
standing and running rigging forming

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§ 1917.3

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

part of a marine terminal and used
with a vessel’s cargo gear to load or
unload by means of married falls.
Inspection, as applied to material
handling devices required by this part
to be certificated, means a complete
visual examination of all visible parts
of the device.
Intermodal container means a reusable
cargo container of a rigid construction
and rectangular configuration; fitted
with devices permitting its ready handling, particularly its transfer from
one mode of transport to another; so
designed to be readily filled and
emptied; intended to contain one or
more articles of cargo or bulk commodities for transportation by water and
one or more other transport modes.
The term includes completely enclosed
units, open top units, fractional height
units, units incorporating liquid or gas
tanks and other variations fitting into
the container system. It does not include cylinders, drums, crates, cases,
cartons, packages, sacks, unitized
loads or any other form of packaging.
Loose gear means removable and replaceable components of equipment or
devices which may be used with or as a
part of assembled material handling
units for purposes such as making connections, changing line direction and
multiplying mechanical advantage. Examples are shackles and snatch blocks.
Marine terminal means wharves, bulkheads, quays, piers, docks and other
berthing locations and adjacent storage or adjacent areas and structures
associated with the primary movement
of cargo or materials from vessel to
shore or shore to vessel including
structures which are devoted to receiving, handling, holding, consolidating
and loading or delivery of waterborne
shipments or passengers, including
areas devoted to the maintenance of
the terminal or equipment. The term
does not include production or manufacturing areas nor does the term include storage facilities directly associated with those production or manufacturing areas.
Ramps mean other flat-surface devices for passage between levels and

across openings
‘‘dockboards.’’

not

covered

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40196, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.3

Incorporation by reference.

(a) (1) The standards of agencies of
the U.S. Government, and organizations which are not agencies of the
U.S. Government which are incorporated by reference in this part, have
the same force and effect as other
standards in this part. Only the mandatory provisions (i.e. provisions containing the word ‘‘shall’’ or other mandatory language) of standards incorporated by reference are adopted as
standards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
(2) Any changes in the standards incorporated by reference in this part
and an official historic file of such
changes are available for inspection at
the national office of the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration,
U.S. Department of Labor, Washington,
DC 20210.
(3) The materials listed in paragraph
(b) of this section are incorporated by
reference in the corresponding sections
noted as they exist on the date of the
approval, and a notice of any change in
these materials will be published in the
FEDERAL
REGISTER.
These
incorporations by reference (IBRs)
were approved by the Director of the
Federal Register in accordance with 5
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.
(4) Copies of the following standards
that are issued by the respective private standards organizations may be
obtained from the issuing organizations. The materials are available for
purchase at the corresponding addresses of the private standards organizations noted in paragraph (b) of this section. In addition, all are available for
inspection through the OSHA Docket
Office, room N2625, U.S. Department of
Labor, 200 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20210, or any of OSHA’s regional offices or at the National Archives and Records Administration
(NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call
202–741–6030,
or
go
to:
http://
www.archives.gov/federallregister/

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
codeloflfederallregulations/
ibrllocations.html.
(b) The following material is available for purchase from the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI),
11 West 42nd St., New York, NY 10036:
(1) ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders; IBR
approved for § 1917.119(c).
(2) ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders; IBR
approved for § 1917.119(c).
(3) ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Requirements for Portable Reinforced Plastic
Ladders; IBR approved for § 1917.119(c).
(4) ANSI Z–87.1–1989, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and
Face Protection; IBR approved for
§ 1917.91(a)(1).
(5) ANSI Z–89.1–1986, Personnel Protection-Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers-Requirements; IBR approved for § 1917.93(b).
(6) ANSI Z–41–1991, American National Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear; IBR approved for § 1917.94(b).
(7) ASME B56.1, 1959, Safety Code for
Powered Industrial Trucks, pages 8 and
13; IBR approved for § 1917.50(j)(1).
[62 FR 40196, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40938, June 30, 2000; 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9,
2004]

§ 1917.4 OMB control numbers under
the Paperwork Reduction Act.
The following list identifies the 29
CFR citations for sections or paragraphs in this part that contain a collection of information requirement approved by the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB). The list also provides the control number assigned by
OMB to each approved requirement;
control number 1218–0196 expires on
May 31, 2002 and control number 1218–
0003 expires on July 31, 2001. The list
follows:

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

1917.17(n) .....................................................
1917.17(o) .....................................................
1917.23(b)(1) .................................................
1917.23(b)(2) .................................................
1917.23(d)(4) .................................................
1917.24(b) .....................................................
1917.24(d) .....................................................
1917.25(a) .....................................................
1917.25(b) .....................................................
1917.25(c) ......................................................
1917.25(f) ......................................................

OMB control
number.

29 CFR citation
1917.26(d)(7) .................................................
1917.30(a)(1) .................................................
1917.30(a)(5)(iii) ............................................
1917.42(b)(1) .................................................
1917.42(b)(4) .................................................
1917.42(c)(1) .................................................
1917.42(d)(1) .................................................
1917.42(g)(3) .................................................
1917.42(h)(1) .................................................
1917.42(h)(4) .................................................
1917.42(h)(5) .................................................
1917.44(e) .....................................................
1917.44(h) .....................................................
1917.45(f)(1)(i) ...............................................
1917.45(f)(4)(iv) .............................................
1917.45(f)(6) ..................................................
1917.45(g)(2) .................................................
1917.45(g)(3)(iii) ............................................
1917.45(g)(8) .................................................
1917.45(k)(1) .................................................
1917.45(k)(4) .................................................
1917.46(a)(1)(v) .............................................
1917.50(c)(1) .................................................
1917.50(c)(3) .................................................
1917.50(c)(4)(i) ..............................................
1917.50(c)(5)(ii) .............................................
1917.50(c)(5)(iii) ............................................
1917.50(e) .....................................................
1917.50(g)(1) .................................................
1917.50(h) .....................................................
1917.71(a) .....................................................
1917.71(b)(2)(i) ..............................................
1917.71(b)(2)(ii) .............................................
1917.71(b)(6)(ii) .............................................
1917.71(f)(4) ..................................................
1917.111(b) ...................................................
1917.113 ........................................................
1917.115(c) ....................................................
1917.116(e) ...................................................
1917.116(g) ...................................................
1917.117(a) ...................................................
1917.117(b) ...................................................
1917.117(d) ...................................................
1917.117(e) ...................................................
1917.117(f) ....................................................
1917.117(l) .....................................................
1917.118(e)(4)(i) ............................................
1917.119(e) ...................................................
1917.122(a) ...................................................
1917.122(b) ...................................................
1917.128(b)(1)–(b)(4) ....................................
1917.151(e)(5) ...............................................
1917.152(d)(2)(v) ...........................................
1917.152(d)(2)(vi) ..........................................

Subpart B—Marine Terminal
Operations

1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196

§ 1917.11 Housekeeping.
(a) Active work areas shall be kept
free of equipment and materials not in
use, and clear of debris, projecting
nails, strapping and other sharp objects
not necessary for the work in progress.
(b) Hatch beams, covers and pontoons
placed in terminal working areas shall

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1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0003
1218–0196
1218–0003
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196

[64 FR 61505, Nov. 12, 1999]

OMB control
number.

29 CFR citation

§ 1917.11

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§ 1917.12

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

be stowed in stable piles with beams secured against tipping or falling. Alternatively, beams may be laid on their
sides. When beams and pontoons are
stowed in tiers more than one high,
dunnage or other suitable material
shall be used under and between tiers.
(c) Cargo and material shall not obstruct access to vessels, cranes, vehicles or buildings. Means of access and
egress within buildings shall be similarly unobstructed.
(d) Dunnage, lumber, or shoring material in which there are visibly protruding nails shall be removed from the
immediate work area or if left in the
area, the nails shall be rendered harmless.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40196, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.12

Slippery conditions.

The employer shall eliminate, to the
extent possible, conditions causing
slippery working and walking surfaces
in immediate work areas used by employees.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.13

Slinging.

(a) Drafts shall be safely slung before
being hoisted. Loose dunnage or debris
hanging or protruding from loads shall
be removed.
(b) Bales of cotton, wool, cork, wood
pulp, gunny bags or similar articles
shall be hoisted only by straps strong
enough to support the weight of the
bale. At least two hooks, each in a separate strap, shall be used.
(c) Unitized loads bound by bands or
straps may be hoisted by the banding
or strapping only if the banding or
strapping is suitable for hoisting and is
strong enough to support the weight of
the load.
(d) Additional means of hoisting shall
be employed to ensure safe lifting of
unitized loads having damaged banding
or strapping.
(e) Case hooks shall be used only
with cases designed to be hoisted by
these hooks.
(f) Loads requiring continuous manual guidance during handling shall be
guided by guide ropes (tag lines) that
are long enough to control the load.
(g) Intermodal containers shall be
handled in accordance with § 1917.71(f).

(h) The employer shall require employees to stay clear of the area beneath overhead drafts or descending
lifting gear.
(i) Employees shall not be permitted
to ride the hook or the load.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.14 Stacking of cargo and pallets.
Cargo, pallets and other material
stored in tiers shall be stacked in such
a manner as to provide stability
against sliding and collapse.
§ 1917.15 Coopering.
Repair and reconditioning of damaged or leaking cargo packaging (coopering) shall be performed so as not to
endanger employees.
§ 1917.16 Line handling. (See also
§ 1917.95(b)).
(a) In order to provide safe access for
handling lines while mooring and
unmooring vessels, cargo or material
shall not be stowed or vehicles placed
where they obstruct the work surface
to be used.
(b) When stringpiece or apron width
is insufficient for safe footing, grab
lines or rails shall be installed on the
sides
of
permanent
structures.
(‘‘Stringpiece’’ means a narrow walkway between the water edge of a berth
and a shed or other structure.)
§ 1917.17 Railroad facilities.
(a) Work shall be performed in railcars only if floors of the railcars are in
visibly safe condition for the work activity being conducted and equipment
being used.
(b) A route shall be established to
allow employees to pass to and from
places of employment without passing
under, over or through railcars, or between cars less than 10 feet (3 m) apart
on the same track.
(c) The employer shall direct that no
employees remain in railcars after
work is concluded.
(d) Railcars shall be chocked or otherwise prevented from moving:
(1) While dockboards or carplates are
in position; or
(2) While employees are working
within, on or under the railcars or near
the tracks at the ends of the cars.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(e) When employees are working in,
on, or under a railcar, positive means
shall be taken to protect them from exposure to impact from moving railcars.
(f) Before cars are moved, unsecured
and overhanging stakes, wire straps,
banding and similar objects shall be removed or placed so as not to create
hazards.
(g) The employer shall institute all
necessary controls during railcar
movement to safeguard personnel. If
winches or capstans are employed for
movement, employees shall stand clear
of the hauling rope and shall not stand
between the rope and the cars.
(h) Before being opened fully, doors
shall be opened slightly to ensure that
the load has not shifted during transit.
Special precautions shall be taken if
the doors being opened are visibly damaged.
(i) If powered industrial trucks are
used to open railcar doors, the trucks
or the railcar doors shall be equipped
with door opening attachments. Employees shall stand clear of the railcar
doors while they are being opened and
closed.
(j) Only railcar door openers or powered industrial trucks equipped with
door opening attachments shall be used
to open jammed doors.
(k) Employees shall not remain in or
on gondolas or flat cars when drafts
that
create
overhead,
caught-in,
caught-between or struck-by hazards
are being landed in or on the railcar;
end gates, if raised, shall be secured.
(l) Operators of railcar dumps shall
have an unrestricted view of dumping
operations and shall have emergency
means of stopping movement.
(m) Recessed railroad switches shall
be enclosed to provide a level surface.
(n) Warning signs shall be posted
where doorways open onto tracks, at
blind corners and at similar places
where vision may be restricted.
(o) Warning signs shall be posted if
insufficient clearance for personnel exists between railcars and structures.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.18

Log handling.

(a) The employer shall ensure that
structures (bunks) used to contain logs

§ 1917.22

have rounded corners and rounded
structural parts to avoid sling damage.
(b) Two or more binders or equivalently safe means of containment shall
remain on logging trucks and railcars
to secure logs during movement of the
truck or car within the terminal. During unloading, logs shall be prevented
from moving while binders are being
removed.
(c) Logs shall be hoisted by two
slings or by other gear designed for
safe hoisting.
(d) Logs placed adjacent to vehicle
curbs on the dock shall not be over one
tier high unless placed in bunks or so
stacked as not to roll or otherwise create a hazard to employees.
(e) Before logs are slung up from the
dock, they shall be stably supported to
prevent spreading and to allow passage
of slings beneath the load. When bunks
or similar retaining devices are used,
no log shall be higher than the stanchions or retaining members of the device.
§ 1917.19 Movement of barges and railcars.
Barges and railcars shall not be
moved by cargo runners (running rigging) from vessel cargo booms, cranes
or other equipment not suitable for the
purpose.
§ 1917.20 Interference
nications.

with

Cargo handling operations shall not
be carried on when noise-producing,
maintenance, construction or repair
work interferes with the communication of warnings or instructions.
[62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.21

Open fires.

Open fires and fires in drums or similar containers are prohibited.
§ 1917.22 Hazardous
§ 1917.2(p)).

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(See

(a) Before cargo handling operations
begin, the employer shall ascertain
2 The Department of Transportation and
the United States Coast Guard apply requirements related to handling, storing and transportation of hazardous cargo (see 33 CFR
part 126, 46 CFR, 49 CFR).

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§ 1917.23

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

whether any hazardous cargo is to be
handled and shall determine the nature
of the hazard. The employer shall inform employees of the nature of any
hazard and any special precautions to
be taken to prevent employee exposure,
and shall instruct employees to notify
him of any leaks or spills.
(b) All hazardous cargo shall be slung
and secured so that neither the draft
nor individual packages can fall as a
result of tipping the draft or slacking
of the supporting gear.
(c) If hazardous cargo is spilled or if
its packaging leaks, employees shall be
removed from the affected area until
the employer has ascertained the specific hazards, provided any equipment,
clothing and ventilation and fire protection equipment necessary to eliminate or protect against the hazard, and
has instructed cleanup employees in a
safe method of cleaning up and disposing of a spill and handling and disposing of leaking containers. Actual
cleanup or disposal work shall be conducted under the supervision of a designated person.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.23 Hazardous atmospheres and
substances (see also § 1917.2 Hazardous cargo, material, substance
or atmosphere).
(a) Purpose and scope. This section
covers areas in which the employer is
aware that a hazardous atmosphere or
substance may exist, except where one
or more of the following sections apply:
§ 1917.22 Hazardous cargo; § 1917.24 Carbon monoxide; § 1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides and hazardous preservatives; § 1917.73 Terminal facilities
handling menhaden and similar species
of fish; § 1917.152 Welding, cutting, and
heating (hot work); and § 1917.153 Spray
painting.
(b) Determination of hazard. (1) When
the employer is aware that a room,
building, vehicle, railcar, or other
space contains or has contained a hazardous atmosphere, a designated and
appropriately equipped person shall
test the atmosphere before employee
entry to determine whether a hazardous atmosphere exists.
(2) Records of results of any tests required by this section shall be maintained for at least thirty (30) days.

(c) Testing during ventilation. When
mechanical ventilation is used to
maintain a safe atmosphere, tests shall
be made by a designated person to ensure that the atmosphere is not hazardous.
(d) Entry into hazardous atmospheres.
Only designated persons shall enter
hazardous atmospheres, in which case
the following shall apply:
(1) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall
be protected by respiratory and emergency protective equipment meeting
the requirements of subpart E of this
part;
(2) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall
be instructed in the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the
use of protective and emergency equipment. Standby observers, similarly
equipped and instructed, shall continuously monitor the activity of employees within such space;
(3) Except for emergency or rescue
operations, employees shall not enter
into any atmosphere which has been
identified as flammable or oxygen deficient (less than 19.5% oxygen). Persons
who may be required to enter flammable or oxygen deficient atmospheres
in emergency operations shall be instructed in the dangers attendant to
those atmospheres and instructed in
the use of self-contained breathing apparatus, which shall be utilized.
(4) To prevent inadvertent employee
entry into spaces that have been identified as having hazardous, flammable
or oxygen deficient atmospheres, appropriate warning signs or equivalent
means shall be posted at all means of
access to those spaces.
(e) When the packaging of asbestos
cargo leaks, spillage shall be cleaned
up by designated employees protected
from the harmful effects of asbestos as
required by § 1910.1001 of this chapter.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49
FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,
1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938,
June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.24 Carbon monoxide.
(a) Exposure limits. The carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere in a
room, building, vehicle, railcar, or any
enclosed space shall be maintained at

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
not more than 50 parts per million
(ppm) (0.005%) as an eight hour average
area level and employees shall be removed from the enclosed space if the
carbon monoxide concentration exceeds a ceiling of 100 ppm (0.01%).
(b) Testing. Tests to determine carbon
monoxide concentration shall be made
when necessary to ensure that employee exposure does not exceed the
limits specified in paragraph (a) of this
section.
(c) Instrumentation. Tests for carbon
monoxide concentration shall be made
by designated persons using gas detector tube units certified by NIOSH
under 30 CFR part 11 or other measuring instruments whose accuracy is as
great or greater.
(d) Records. A record of the date,
time, location and results of carbon
monoxide tests shall be available for at
least thirty (30) days.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49
FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,
1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides and hazardous preservatives
(see also § 1917.2 Hazardous cargo,
material, substance or atmosphere).
(a) At any time that the concentration in any space reaches the level
specified as hazardous by the fumigant
manufacturer or by Table Z-1 of 29 CFR
1910.1000, whichever is lower, all employees shall be removed from the
space and shall not be permitted to reenter until such time as tests demonstrate that the atmosphere is safe.
(b) Tests to determine the atmospheric concentration of chemicals used
to treat cargo shall be:
(1) Appropriate for the hazard involved;
(2) Conducted by designated persons;
and
(3) Performed at the intervals necessary to ensure that employee exposure does not exceed the permissible
exposure limit for the chemical involved.
(c) Results of any tests shall be available for at least 30 days. Such records
may be entered on any retrievable medium, and shall be available for inspection.
(d) Chemicals shall only be applied to
cargoes by designated persons.

§ 1917.26

(e) Only designated persons shall
enter hazardous atmospheres, in which
case the following provisions apply.
(1) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall
be protected by respiratory and emergency protective equipment meeting
the requirements of subpart E of this
part; and
(2) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall
be instructed in the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the
use of protective and emergency equipment. Standby observers, similarly
equipped and instructed, shall continuously monitor the activity of employees within such a space.
(f) Signs shall be clearly posted
where fumigants, pesticides or hazardous preservatives have created a
hazardous atmosphere. These signs
shall note the danger, identify specific
chemical hazards, and give appropriate
information and precautions, including
instructions for the emergency treatment of employees affected by any
chemical in use.
(g) In the case of containerized shipments of fumigated tobacco, the contents of the container shall be aerated
by opening the container doors for a
period of 48 hours after the completion
of fumigation and prior to loading.
When tobacco is within shipping cases
having polyethylene or similar bag liners, the aeration period shall be 72
hours. The employer shall obtain a
written warranty from the fumigation
facility stating that the appropriate
aeration period has been met.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49
FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,
1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facilities.
(a) Employers shall instruct employees to report every injury, regardless of
severity, to the employer.
(b) A first aid kit shall be available
at the terminal, and at least one person holding a valid first aid certificate
shall be at the terminal when work is
in progress.
(c) First aid kit. First aid kits shall be
weatherproof and shall contain individual sealed packages for each item
that must be kept sterile. The contents

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yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.27

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

of each kit shall be determined by a
person certified in first aid and cognizant of the hazards found in marine
cargo handling operations. The contents shall be checked at intervals that
allow prompt replacement of expended
items.
(d) Stretchers. (1) There shall be available for each vessel being worked one
Stokes basket stretcher, or its equivalent, permanently equipped with bridles for attaching to the hoisting gear.
(2) Stretchers shall be kept close to
vessels and shall be positioned to avoid
damage to the stretcher.
(3) A blanket or other suitable covering shall be available.
(4) Stretchers shall have at least four
sets of effective patient restraints in
operable condition.
(5) Lifting bridles shall be of adequate strength, capable of lifting 1,000
pounds (454 kg) with a safety factor of
five, and shall be maintained in operable condition. Lifting bridles shall be
provided for making vertical patient
lifts at container berths. Stretchers for
vertical lifts shall have foot plates.
(6) Stretchers shall be maintained in
operable condition. Struts and braces
shall be inspected for damage. Wire
mesh shall be secured and have no
burrs. Damaged stretchers shall not be
used until repaired.
(7) Stretchers in permanent locations
shall be mounted to prevent damage
and shall be protected from the elements if located out-of-doors. If concealed from view, closures shall be
marked to indicate the location of the
life saving equipment.
(e) Telephone or equivalent means of
communication shall be readily available.
(f) A U.S. Coast Guard approved 30inch (76.2 cm) life ring, with at least 90
feet (27.43m) of line attached, shall be
available at readily accessible points
at each waterside work area where the
employees’ work exposes them to the
hazard of drowning. Employees working on any bridge or structure leading
to a detached vessel berthing installation shall wear U.S. Coast Guard approved personal flotation devices except where protected by railings, nets,
or safety belts and lifelines. A readily
available portable or permanent ladder
giving access to the water shall also be

provided within 200 feet (61 m) of such
work areas.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40197, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.27

Personnel.

(a) Qualifications of machinery operators. (1) Only those employees determined by the employer to be competent by reason of training or experience, and who understand the signs,
notices and operating instructions and
are familiar with the signal code in use
shall be permitted to operate a crane,
winch or other power operated cargo
handling apparatus, or any power operated vehicle, or give signals to the operator of any hoisting apparatus. Exception: Employees being trained and
supervised by a designated person may
operate such machinery and give signals to operators during training.
(2) No employee known to have defective uncorrected eyesight or hearing,
or to be suffering from heart disease,
epilepsy, or similar ailments that may
suddenly incapacitate the employee,
shall be permitted to operate a crane,
winch or other power-operated cargo
handling apparatus or a power-operated vehicle.
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(2): OSHA is defining suddenly incapacitating medical ailments consistent with the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. 12101 (1990).
Therefore, employers who act in accordance
with the employment provisions (Title I) of
the ADA (42 U.S.C. 12111–12117), the regulations implementing Title I (29 CFR Part
1630), and the Technical Assistance Manual
for Title I issued by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (Publication number: EEOC—M1A), will be considered as being
in compliance with this paragraph.

(b) Supervisory accident prevention proficiency. (1) After October 3, 1985 immediate supervisors of cargo-handling operations of more than five (5) persons
shall satisfactorily complete a course
in accident prevention. Employees
newly assigned to supervisory duties
after that date shall be required to
meet the provisions of this paragraph
within ninety (90) days of such assignment.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(2) The course shall consist of instruction suited to the particular operations involved.3
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40197, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.28 Hazard communication (See
also § 1917.1(a)(2)(vi)).
§ 1917.29 Retention of DOT markings,
placards and labels.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

(a) Any employer who receives a
package of hazardous material which is
required to be marked, labeled or placarded in accordance with the U. S. Department of Transportation’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR
parts 171 through 180) shall retain those
markings, labels and placards on the
package until the packaging is sufficiently cleaned of residue and purged
of vapors to remove any potential hazards.
(b) Any employer who receives a
freight container, rail freight car,
motor vehicle, or transport vehicle
that is required to be marked or placarded in accordance with the Hazardous Materials Regulations shall retain those markings and placards on
the freight container, rail freight car,
motor vehicle or transport vehicle
until the hazardous materials which require the marking or placarding are
sufficiently removed to prevent any potential hazards.
(c) Markings, placards and labels
shall be maintained in a manner that
ensures that they are readily visible.
(d) For non-bulk packages which will
not be reshipped, the provisions of this
section are met if a label or other acceptable marking is affixed in accordance with the Hazard Communication
Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
(e) For the purposes of this section,
the term ‘‘hazardous material’’ and
any other terms not defined in this section have the same definition as in the
3 The following are recommended topics: (i)
Safety responsibility and authority; (ii) elements of accident prevention; (iii) attitudes,
leadership and motivation; (iv) hazards of
longshoring, including peculiar local circumstances; (v) hazard identification and
elimination; (vi) applicable regulations; and
(vii) accident investigations.

§ 1917.30

Hazardous Materials Regulations (49
CFR parts 171 through 180).
[59 FR 36700, July 19, 1994]

§ 1917.30

Emergency action plans.

(a) Emergency action plans—(1) Scope
and application. This paragraph (a) requires all employers to develop and implement an emergency action plan.3a
The emergency action plan shall be in
writing (except as provided in paragraph (a)(5)(iv) of this section) and
shall cover those designated actions
employers and employees must take to
ensure employee safety from fire and
other emergencies.
(2) Elements. The following elements,
at a minimum, shall be included in the
plan:
(i) Emergency escape procedures and
emergency escape route assignments;
(ii) Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical
plant operations before they evacuate;
(iii) Procedures to account for all
employees after emergency evacuation
has been completed;
(iv) Rescue and medical duties for
those employees who are to perform
them;
(v) The preferred means of reporting
fires and other emergencies; and
(vi) Names or regular job titles of
persons or departments that can be
contacted for further information or
explanation of duties under the plan.
(3) Alarm system. The employer shall
establish an employee alarm system
that provides warning for necessary
emergency action and for reaction
time for safe escape of employees from
the workplace or the immediate work
area.
(4) Evacuation. The employer shall establish the types of evacuation to be
used in emergency circumstances.
(5) Training. (i) Before implementing
the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the
safe and orderly emergency evacuation
of employees.
3a When an employer directs his employees
to respond to an emergency that is beyond
the scope of the Emergency Action Plan developed in accordance with this section, then
§ 1910.120(q) of this chapter shall apply.

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

(ii) The employer shall review the
plan with each employee covered by
the plan at the following times:
(A) Initially when the plan is developed;
(B) Whenever the employee’s responsibilities or designated actions under
the plan change; and
(C) Whenever the plan is changed.
(iii) The employer shall review with
each employee upon initial assignment
those parts of the plan that the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency.
The written plan shall be kept at the
workplace and be made available for
employee review.
(iv) Employers with 10 or fewer employees may communicate the plan
orally to employees and need not maintain a written plan
(b) [Reserved]
[62 FR 40198, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40938, June 30, 2000]

Subpart C—Cargo Handling Gear
and Equipment
§ 1917.41

House falls.

(a) Span beams shall be secured to
prevent accidental dislodgement.
(b) A safe means of access shall be
provided for employees working with
house fall blocks.
(c) Designated employees shall inspect chains, links, shackles, swivels,
blocks and other loose gear used in
house fall operations before each day’s
use. Defective gear shall not be used.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.42

Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.

(a) Routine inspection. (1) At the completion of each use, loose gear such as
slings, chains, bridles, blocks and
hooks shall be so placed as to avoid
damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be
inspected and any defects corrected before reuse.
(2) All loose gear shall be inspected
by the employer or his authorized representative before each use and, when
necessary, at intervals during its use,
to ensure that it is safe. Any gear
which is found upon such inspection to
be visibly unsafe shall not be used until
it is made safe.

(3) Defective gear shall not be used.
Distorted hooks, shackles or similar
gear shall be discarded.
(b) Wire rope and wire rope slings. (1)
The employer shall ascertain and adhere to the manufacturer’s recommended ratings for wire rope and
wire rope slings and shall have such
ratings available for inspection. When
the manufacturer is unable to supply
such ratings, the employer shall use
the tables for wire rope and wire rope
slings found in American National
Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI
B30.9–1971. A design safety factor of at
least five shall be maintained for the
common sizes of running wire used as
falls, in purchases or in such uses as
light load slings. Wire rope with a safety factor of less than five may be used
only:
(i) In specialized equipment, such as
but not limited to cranes, designed to
be used with lesser wire rope safety
factors;
(ii) In accordance with design factors
in standing rigging applications; or
(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes
for which a safety factor of five is impracticable and for which the employer
can demonstrate that equivalent safety
is ensured.
(2) Wire rope or wire rope slings having any of the following conditions
shall not be used:
(i) Ten randomly distributed broken
wires in one rope lay or three or more
broken wires in one strand in one rope
lay;
(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or
other damage resulting in distortion of
the wire rope structure;
(iii) Evidence of heat damage;
(iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, deformation or other defect in the wire or
attachments, including cracks in attachments;
(v) Any indication of strand or wire
slippage in end attachments; or
(vi) More than one broken wire in the
close vicinity of a socket or swaged fitting.
(3) Protruding ends of strands in
splices on slings and bridles shall be
covered or blunted. Coverings shall be
removable so that splices can be examined. Means used to cover or blunt ends
shall not damage the wire.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(4) Where wire rope clips are used to
form eyes, the employer shall adhere to
the manufacturers’ recommendations,
which shall be made available for inspection. If ‘‘U’’ bolt clips are used and
the manufacturers’ recommendations
are not available, Table C–1 shall be
used to determine the number and
spacing of the clips. ‘‘U’’ bolts shall be
applied with the ‘‘U’’ section in contact
with the dead end of the rope.
TABLE C–1—NUMBER AND SPACING OF U-BOLT
WIRE ROPE CLIPS
Improved plow steel,
rope diameter
(inches/(cm))
⁄ or less (1.3) .........
⁄ (1.6) .....................
⁄ (1.9) .....................
7⁄8 (2.2) .....................
1 (2.5) .......................
11⁄8 (2.9) ...................
11⁄4 (3.2) ...................
13⁄8 (3.5) ...................
11⁄2 (3.8) ...................
12
58

Drop
forged
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7

Other
material
4
4
5
5
7
7
8
8
9

Minimum
spacing
(inches/
(cm))

ings and use recommendations for the
specific synthetic fiber rope used and
shall make such ratings available for
inspection.
(2)(i) Unless otherwise recommended
by the manufacturer, when synthetic
fiber ropes are substituted for fiber
ropes of less than three inches (7.62 cm)
in circumference, the substitute shall
be of equal size. Where substituted for
fiber rope of three inches or more in
circumference, the size of the synthetic
rope shall be determined from the formula:

C = ± 0.6C s 2 + 0.4C m 2

3 (7.6)
33⁄4 (9.5)
41⁄2 (11.4)
51⁄4 (13.3)
6 (15.2)
63⁄4 (17.1)
71⁄2 (19.1)
81⁄4 (21.0)
9 (22.9)

(5) Wire rope shall not be secured by
knots.
(6) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings,
bull wires, or in single parts used for
hoisting shall not be formed by wire
rope clips or knots.
(7) Eye splices in wire ropes shall
have at least three tucks with a whole
strand of the rope and two tucks with
one-half of the wire cut from each
strand. Other forms of splices or connections which are shown to be equivalently safe may be used.
(8) Except for eye splices in the ends
of wires and for endless rope slings,
each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in bulling cargo, shall consist
of one continuous piece without knot
or splice.
(c) Natural fiber rope. (1) The employer shall ascertain the manufacturers’ ratings for the specific natural
fiber rope used and have such ratings
available for inspection. The manufacturers’ ratings shall be adhered to and
a minimum design safety factor of five
maintained.
(2) Eye splices shall consist of at
least three full tucks. Short splices
shall consist of at least six full tucks,
three on each side of the center line.
(d) Synthetic rope. (1) The employer
shall adhere to the manufacturers’ rat-

Where C = the required circumference of the
synthetic rope in inches, Cs= the circumference to the nearest one-quarter inch of
a synthetic rope having a breaking
strength not less than that of the size fiber
rope that is required by paragraph (c) of
this section and Cm= the circumference of
the fiber rope in inches that is required by
paragraph (c) of this section.

(ii) In making such substitution, it
shall be ascertained that the inherent
characteristics of the synthetic fiber
are suitable for hoisting.
(e) Removal of natural and synthetic
rope from service. Natural and synthetic
rope having any of the following defects shall be removed from service:
(1) Abnormal wear;
(2) Powdered fiber between strands;
(3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to
affect the capability of the rope;
(4) Variations in the size or roundness of strands;
(5) Discolorations other than stains
not associated with rope damage;
(6) Rotting; or
(7) Distortion or other damage to attached hardware.
(f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles
shall be used where any rope is secured
permanently to a ring, shackle or attachment, where practicable.
(g) Synthetic web slings. (1) Slings and
nets or other combinations of more
than one piece of synthetic webbing assembled and used as a single unit (synthetic web slings) shall not be used to
hoist loads in excess of the sling’s
rated capacity.
(2) Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if they exhibit any
of the following defects:
(i) Acid or caustic burns;

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34

Minimum number of
clips

§ 1917.42

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.42

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

(ii) Melting or charring of any part of
the sling surface;
(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;
(iv) Broken or worn stitches; or
(v) Distortion or damage to fittings.
(vi) Display of visible warning
threads or markers designed to indicate excessive wear or damage.
(3) Defective synthetic web slings removed from service shall not be returned to service unless repaired by a
sling manufacturer or similar entity.
Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the repairer to twice the slings’
rated capacity prior to its return to
service. The employer shall retain a
certificate of the proof test and make
it available for examination.
(4) Synthetic web slings provided by
the employer shall only be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s use
recommendations, which shall be available.
(5) Fittings shall have a breaking
strength at least equal to that of the
sling to which they are attached and
shall be free of sharp edges.
(h) Chains and chain slings used for
hoisting. (1) The employer shall adhere
to the manufacturer’s recommended
ratings for safe working loads for the
sizes of wrought iron and alloy steel
chains and chain slings used and shall
have such ratings available. When the
manufacturer is unable to provide such
ratings, the employer shall use the tables for chains and chain slings found
in American National Safety Standard
for Slings, ANSI B30.9–1971.
(2) Proof coil steel chain, also known
as common or hardware chain, and
other chain not recommended by the
manufacturer for slinging or hoisting
shall not be used for slinging or hoisting.
(3)(i) Sling chains, including end fastenings, shall be inspected for visible
defects before each day’s use and as
often as necessary during use to ensure
integrity of the sling.
(ii) Thorough inspections of chains in
use shall be made quarterly to detect
wear, defective welds, deformation or
increase in length or stretch. The
month of inspection shall be indicated
on each chain by color of paint on a
link or by other equally effective
means.

(iii) Chains shall be removed from
service when maximum allowable wear,
as indicated in Table C–2, is reached at
any point of link.
(iv) Chain slings shall be removed
from service when stretch has increased the length of a measured section by more than five percent; when a
link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged; or when a link has a raised scarf
or defective weld.
(v) Only designated persons shall inspect chains used for slinging and
hoisting.
TABLE C–2—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR AT
ANY POINT OF LINK
Chain size
Inches
⁄ ( ⁄ )
3⁄8
1⁄2
5⁄8
3⁄4
7⁄8
1
11⁄8
11⁄4
13⁄8
11⁄2
13⁄4

1 4 9 32

Maximum allowable wear
(cm)

Inches
(0.6)
(1.0)
(1.3)
(1.6)
(1.9)
(2.2)
(2.5)
(2.9)
(3.2)
(3.5)
(3.8)
(4.4)

(cm)

⁄
5⁄64
7⁄64
9⁄64
5⁄32
11⁄64
3⁄16
7⁄32
1⁄4
9⁄32
5⁄16
11⁄32
3 64

(4) Chains shall be repaired only
under qualified supervision. Links or
portions of chain defective under any
of the criteria of paragraph (h)(3)(iii) of
this section shall be replaced with
properly dimensioned links or connections of material similar to those of
the original chain. Before repaired
chains are returned to service, they
shall be tested to the proof load recommended by the manufacturer of the
original chain. Tests shall be performed by the manufacturer or shall be
certified by an agency accredited for
the purpose under part 1919 of this
chapter. Test certificates shall be
available for inspection.
(5) Wrought iron chains in constant
use shall be annealed or normalized at
intervals not exceeding six months.
Heat treatment certificates shall be
available for inspection. Alloy chains
shall not be annealed.
(6) Kinked or knotted chains shall
not be used for lifting. Chains shall not
be shortened by bolting, wiring or
knotting. Makeshift links or fasteners
such as wire, bolts or rods shall not be
used.

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(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.5)
(0.6)
(0.6)
(0.7)
(0.8)
(0.9)

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(7) Hooks, rings, links and attachments affixed to sling chains shall have
rated capacities at least equal to that
of the chains to which they are attached.
(8) Chain slings shall bear identification of size, grade and rated capacity.
(i) Shackles. (1) If available, the manufacturer’s recommended safe working
loads for shackles shall not be exceeded. In the absence of manufacturer’s
recommendations, Table C–3 shall
apply.
(2) Screw pin shackles used aloft in
house fall or other gear, except in
cargo hook assemblies, shall have their
pins moused or otherwise effectively
secured.
TABLE C–3—SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR
SHACKLES
Material size
(cm)

Inches

(cm)

Safe working load
in 2,000 lb tons

⁄ ..................
⁄ ..................
3⁄4 ..................
7⁄8 ..................
1 ....................
11⁄8 ................
11⁄4 ................
13⁄8 ................
11⁄2 ................
13⁄4 ................
2 ....................

(1.3)
(1.6)
(1.9)
(2.2)
(2.5)
(2.9)
(3.2)
(3.5)
(3.8)
(4.4)
(5.1)

⁄
⁄
7⁄8
1
11⁄8
1
1 ⁄4
13⁄8
11⁄2
15⁄8
2
21⁄4

(1.6)
(1.9)
(2.2)
(2.5)
(2.9)
(3.2)
(3.5)
(3.8)
(4.1)
(5.1)
(5.7)

1.4
2.2
3.2
4.3
5.6
6.7
8.2
10.0
11.9
16.2
21.2

12
58

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

Pin diameter

Inches

58
34

§ 1917.43

(3) Reusable wing or lip-type pallets
shall be hoisted by bar bridles or other
suitable gear and shall have an overhanging wing or lip of at least three
inches (7.62cm). They shall not be
hoisted by wire slings alone.
(4) Loaded pallets that do not meet
the requirements of this paragraph
shall be hoisted only after being placed
on pallets meeting such requirements
or shall be handled by other means providing equivalent safety.
(5) Bridles for handling flush end or
box-type pallets shall be designed to
prevent disengagement from the pallet
under load.
(6) Pallets shall be stacked or placed
to prevent falling, collapsing or otherwise causing a hazard under standard
operating conditions.
(7) Disposable pallets intended only
for one use shall not be reused for
hoisting.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40198, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30,
2000]

(j) Hooks other than hand hooks. (1)
The manufacturers’ recommended safe
working loads for hooks shall not be
exceeded. Hooks other than hand hooks
shall be tested in accordance with
§ 1917.50(c)(6).
(2) Bent or sprung hooks shall be discarded.
(3) Teeth of case hooks shall be maintained in safe condition.
(4) Jaws of patent clamp-type plate
hooks shall be maintained in condition
to grip plates securely.
(5) Loads shall be applied to the
throat of the hook only.
(k) Pallets. (1) Pallets shall be made
and maintained to safely support and
carry loads being handled. Fastenings
of reusable pallets used for hoisting
shall be bolts and nuts, drive screws
(helically threaded nails), annular
threaded nails or fastenings of equivalent holding strength.
(2) Damaged pallets shall be stored in
designated areas and identified.

§ 1917.43 Powered industrial trucks.
(a) Applicability. This section applies
to every type of powered industrial
truck used for material or equipment
handling within a marine terminal. It
does not apply to over-the-road vehicles.
(b) General. (1) After October 3, 1983,
modifications, such as adding counterweights, that might affect the vehicle’s
capacity or safety shall not be performed without either the manufacturer’s prior written approval or the written approval of a professional engineer
experienced with the equipment who
has consulted with the manufacturer,
if available. Capacity, operation and
maintenance instruction plates, tags or
decals shall be changed to conform to
the equipment as modified.
(2) Unauthorized personnel shall not
ride on powered industrial trucks. A
safe place to ride shall be provided
when riding is authorized.
(3) When a powered industrial truck
is
left
unattended,
load-engaging
means shall be fully lowered, controls
neutralized and brakes set. Unless the
truck is in view and within 25 feet (7.62
m) of the operator, power shall be shut
off. Wheels shall be blocked or curbed
if the truck is on an incline.

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§ 1917.43

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

(4) Powered industrial trucks shall
not be operated inside highway vehicles or railcars having damage which
could affect operational safety.
(5) Powered industrial trucks shall be
marked with their rated capacities,
which shall be visible to the operator.
(6) Only stable and safely arranged
loads within the rated capacity of the
truck shall be handled.
(7) The employer shall direct drivers
to ascend and descend grades slowly.
(8) The employer shall direct drivers
to slow down and sound the horn at
crossaisles and other locations where
visibility is obstructed.
(9) If the load obstructs the forward
view, the employer shall direct drivers
to travel with the load trailing.
(10) Steering knobs shall not be used
unless the truck is equipped with
power steering.
(11) When powered industrial trucks
use cargo lifting devices that have a
means of engagement hidden from the
operator, a means shall be provided to
enable the operator to determine that
the cargo has been engaged.
(12) When cargo is being towed on
pipe trucks or similar equipment, a
safe means shall be provided to protect
the driver from sliding loads.
(c) Maintenace. (1) Only designated
persons shall perform maintenance and
repair.
(2) Batteries on all powered trucks
shall be disconnected during repairs to
the primary electrical system unless
power is necessary for testing and repair. On trucks equipped with systems
capable of storing residual energy, that
energy shall be safely discharged before work on the primary electrical
system begins.
(3) Replacement parts whose function
might affect operational safety shall be
equivalent in strength and performance
capability to the original parts which
they replace.
(4) Braking systems or other mechanisms used for braking shall be operable and in safe condition.
(5) Powered industrial trucks shall be
maintained in safe working order.
Safety devices shall not be removed or
made inoperative except as otherwise
provided in this section. Trucks with a
fuel system leak or any other safety
defect shall not be operated.

(6) Those repairs to the fuel and ignition systems of industrial trucks which
involve fire hazards shall be conducted
only in locations designated as safe for
such repairs.
(d) Approved trucks—(1) Approved
power-operated industrial truck means
one listed or approved for the intended
use by a nationally recognized testing
laboratory.
(2) Approved trucks acquired and
used after February 15, 1972, shall bear
a label or other identification indicating testing laboratory approval.
(3) When the atmosphere in an area is
hazardous and the provisions of United
States Coast Guard regulations at 33
CFR 126.15(e) do not apply, only poweroperated industrial trucks approved for
such locations shall be used.
(e) Fork lift trucks—(1) Overhead
guards. (i) When operators are exposed
to overhead falling hazards, fork lift
trucks shall be equipped with securely
attached overhead guards. Guards shall
be constructed to protect the operator
from falling boxes, cartons, packages,
or similar objects.
(ii) Overhead guards shall not obstruct the operator’s view, and openings in the top of the guard shall not
exceed six inches (15.24 cm) in one of
the two directions, width or length.
Larger openings are permitted if no
opening allows the smallest unit of
cargo being handled to fall through the
guard.
(iii) Overhead guards shall be built so
that failure of the vehicle’s mast tilting mechanism will not displace the
guard.
(iv) An overhead guard, otherwise required by this paragraph, may be removed only when it would prevent a
truck from entering a work space and
if the operator is not exposed to low
overhead obstructions in the work
space.
(v) Overhead guards shall be large
enough to extend over the operator
during all truck operations, including
forward tilt.
(2) Load backrest extensions. Where
necessary to protect the operator, fork
lift trucks shall be fitted with a
vertical load backrest extension to prevent the load from hitting the mast
when the mast is positioned at maximum backward tilt. For this purpose,

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
a ‘‘load backrest extension’’ means a
device extending vertically from the
fork carriage frame to prevent raised
loads from falling backward.
(3) Forks. Forks, fork extensions and
other attachments shall be secured so
that they cannot be accidentally dislodged, and shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
(4) Counterweights. Counterweights
shall be so affixed that they cannot be
accidentally dislodged.
(5) Capacities and weights. (i) Fork lift
truck rated capacities, with and without removable counterweights, shall
not be exceeded. Rated capacities shall
be marked on the vehicle and shall be
visible to the operator. The vehicle
weight, with and without counterweight, shall be similarly marked.
(ii) If loads are lifted by two or more
trucks working in unison, the total
weight of the load shall not exceed the
combined rated lifting capacity of all
trucks involved.
(6) Lifting of employees. Employees
may be elevated by fork lift trucks
only when a platform is secured to the
lifting carriage or forks. The platform
shall meet the following requirements:
(i) The platform shall have a railing
complying with § 1917.112(c).
(ii)
The
platform
shall
have
toeboards complying with § 1917.112(d)
if tools or other objects could fall on
employees below.
(iii) An employee shall be at the
truck’s controls whenever employees
are elevated.
(iv) Employees on the platform shall
be protected from exposure to moving
truck parts.
(v) The platform floor shall be skid
resistant.
(vi) When the truck has controls elevated with the lifting carriage, means
shall be provided for employees on the
platform to shut off power to the vehicle.
(vii) While employees are elevated,
the truck may be moved only to make
minor placement adjustments.
(f) Bulk cargo-moving vehicles. (1)
Where a seated operator may come into
contact with projecting overheads,
crawler-type bulk-cargo-moving vehicles that are rider operated shall be
equipped with operator’s guards.

§ 1917.43

(2) Guards and their attachment
points shall be so designed as to be able
to withstand, without excessive deflection, a load applied horizontally at the
operator’s shoulder level equal to the
drawbar pull of the machine.
(3) After July 26, 1999 bulk cargomoving vehicles shall be equipped with
rollover protection of such design and
construction as to prevent the possibility of the operator being crushed because of a rollover or upset.
(g) Straddle trucks—(1) Accessibility.
Straddle trucks shall have a permanent
means of access to the operator’s station, including any handholds necessary for safe ascent and descent.
(2) Guarding. (i) Main sprockets and
chains to the wheels shall be guarded
as follows:
(A) The upper sprocket shall be enclosed;
(B) The upper half of the lower
sprocket shall be enclosed; and
(C) The drive chain shall be enclosed
to a height of eight feet (2.44 m) except
for that portion at the lower half of the
lower sprocket.
(ii) Gears shall be enclosed and revolving parts which may be contacted
by the operator shall be guarded.
(iii) When straddle trucks are used in
the vicinity of employees, personneldeflecting guards shall be provided
around leading edges of front and rear
wheels.
(3) Visibility. Operator visibility shall
be provided in all directions of movement.
(h) Trailer-spotting tractors. (1) Trailer-spotting tractors (fifth wheels) shall
be fitted with any hand grabs and footing necessary for safe access to the
fifth wheel.
(2) Rear cab windows shall be of safety glass or of equivalent material.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40198, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40939, June 30,
2000]

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§ 1917.44

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

§ 1917.44 General rules applicable to
vehicles.4

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

(a) The requirements of this section
apply to general vehicle use within marine terminals. Exception: The provisions of paragraphs (c) and (l) of this
section do not apply when preempted
by applicable regulations of the Department of Transportation. 5
(b) Private vehicle parking in marine
terminals shall be allowed only in designated areas.
(c) Trailers shall not be disconnected
from tractors at loading docks until
the road wheels have been immobilized.
The road wheels shall be immobilized
from the time the brake system is disconnected until braking is again provided. Supplementary front end support shall be employed as necessary to
prevent tipping when a trailer is entered by a material handling vehicle.
Rear end support shall be employed if
rear wheels are so far forward as to
allow tipping when the trailer is entered.
(d) The employer shall direct motor
vehicle operators to comply with any
posted speed limits and other traffic
control signs or signals, and written
traffic instructions.
(e) Stop signs shall be posted at main
entrances and exits of structures where
visibility is impaired, and at blind
intersections, unless direct traffic control or warning mirror systems or
other systems of equivalent safety are
provided.
(f) Vehicular routes, traffic rules, and
parking areas shall be established,
identified, and used.
(g) The employer shall direct vehicle
drivers to warn employees in traffic
lanes of the vehicle’s approach.
4 The United States Coast Guard at 33 CFR
126.15(d) and (e) has additional regulations
applicable to vehicles in terminals.
5 Department
of Transportation regulations in 49 CFR part 393, Subpart C—Brakes,
address the immobilization of trailer road
wheels prior to disconnection of the trailer
and until braking is again provided. Section
49 CFR 393.84 addresses the condition of
flooring. These DOT rules apply when the
motor carrier is engaged in interstate commerce or in the transport of certain hazardous items wholly within a municipality
or the commercial zone thereof.

(h) Signs indicating pedestrian traffic shall be clearly posted at vehicular
check-in and check-out lines and similar locations where employees may be
working.
(i) A distance of not less than 20 feet
(6.1 m) shall be maintained between the
first two vehicles in a check-in, checkout, roadability, or vessel loading/discharging line. This distance shall be
maintained between any subsequent
vehicles behind which employees are
required to work.
(j) No unattended vehicle shall be left
with its engine running unless secured
against movement (see § 1917.43(b)(3) for
powered industrial trucks).
(k) When the rear of a vehicle is elevated to facilitate loading or discharging, a ramp shall be provided and
secured. The vehicle shall be secured
against accidental movement during
loading or discharging.
(l) Only highway vehicle floors in
safe condition shall be used.
(m) When flatbed trucks, platform
containers or similar conveyances are
loaded or discharged and the cargo consists of pipe or other products which
could spread or roll to endanger employees, the cargo shall be contained to
prevent movement.
(n) Vehicles used to transport employees within a terminal shall be
maintained in safe working order and
safety devices shall not be removed or
made inoperative.
(o) Servicing multi-piece and single
piece rim wheels. Servicing of multipiece and single piece rim wheels is
covered by § 1910.177 of this chapter.
(See § 1917.1(a)(2)(xii)).
(1) Scope. This paragraph applies to
the servicing of vehicle wheels containing tube-type tires mounted on
multi-piece rims.
(2) Definition. ‘‘Multi-piece rim’’
means a vehicle wheel rim consisting
of two or more parts, one of which is a
(side) locking ring designed to hold the
tire on the rim by tension on interlocking components when the tire is
inflated, regardless of the relative sizes
of the component parts.
(3) Employee training. (i) Only employees trained in the procedures required
in paragraph (o)(4) of this section and
who have demonstrated their ability to

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
service multi-piece rim wheels shall be
assigned such duties.
(ii) Employees assigned such duties
shall have demonstrated their ability
by the safe performance of the following tasks:
(A) Tire demounting (including deflation);
(B) Inspection of wheel components;
(C) Mounting of tires;
(D) Inflation of tires, including use of
a restraining device;
(E) Handling of wheels;
(F) Inflation of tires when a wheel is
mounted on the vehicle; and
(G) Installation and removal of
wheels.
(4) Servicing procedures. The following
procedures shall be followed:
(i) Tires shall be completely deflated
before demounting by removal of the
valve core;
(ii) The valve core shall be removed
before the wheel is removed from the
axle when:
(A) The tire has been operated underinflated at 80% or less of its recommended pressure, or
(B) There is discernible or suspected
damage to the tire or wheel components;
(iii) Mating surfaces shall be free of
dirt, surface rust, scale and rubber
buildup before mounting;
(iv) Rubber lubricant shall be applied
to bead and rim mating surfaces upon
wheel assembly and inflation of the
tire;
(v) Air pressure shall not exceed 3
psig (0.21 kg/cm2) when seating the
locking ring or rounding out the tube
when a tire is being partially inflated
without a restraining device;
(vi) While the tire is pressurized,
components shall not be struck or
forced to correct the seating of side or
lock rings;
(vii) There shall not be any contact
between an employee or unit of equipment and a restraining device during
tire inflation;
(viii) After inflation, tires, rims and
rings shall be inspected while within
the restraining device to ensure seating and locking. If adjustment is necessary the tire shall first be deflated by
valve core removal; and

§ 1917.44

(ix) Before assembly, wheel components shall be inspected, and damaged
rim components shall not be reused.
(5) Charts and manuals. (i) The employer shall provide a chart containing
as a minimum the instructions and information provided in the United
States Department of Transportation,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA)
publication
‘‘Safety Precautions for Mounting and
Demounting
Tube-Type
Truck/Bus
Tires’’ and ‘‘Multi-Piece Rim Wheel
Matching Chart,’’ and pertinent to the
type(s) of multi-piece rim wheels being
serviced. The chart shall be available
in the terminal’s service area. 6
(ii) A current rim manual containing
the manufacturer’s instructions for
mounting, demounting, maintenance
and safety precautions relating to the
multi-piece rim wheels being serviced
shall be available in the terminal’s
service area.
(6) Restraining devices. (i) Except as
otherwise noted, inflation shall be done
within a restraining device such as a
cage, rack or other device capable of
withstanding the maximum force that
would be transferred to it during an explosive wheel separation occurring at
150% of maximum tire specification
pressure for the wheels being serviced.
The restraining device shall be capable
of preventing rim components from
being thrown outside the frame of the
device for any wheel position within
the device. When the wheel assembly is
mounted on a vehicle, tires may be inflated without a restraining device
only if they have more than 80% of the
recommended pressure and if remote
control inflation equipment is used and
employees are clear of the danger area.
(ii) Restraining devices shall be kept
in good repair and be capable of preventing rim components from being
thrown outside the device.
(7) Inflation hoses. Inflation hoses
shall have a manual clip-on chuck with
sufficient hose to permit an employee
to be clear of the danger zone. An inline, manually operated valve with
6 NHTSA charts are available from General
Services Division, National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, Attention: N48–51,
400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, D.C.
20590. Industry charts are available upon request from the manufacturer.

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

gauge or a preset pressure regulator
shall be used to inflate tires.
(8) Other equipment. (i) Only tools recommended in the rim manual for the
type of wheel being serviced shall be
used to service multi-piece rim wheels.
(ii) Wheel components shall not be
interchanged except as provided in the
applicable chart or manual.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52
FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 62 FR 40199, July 25,
1997; 65 FR 40939, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also
§ 1917.50).
(a) Coverage. (1) This section applies
to every kind of crane and derrick and
to any other type of equipment performing the functions of a crane or derrick except as noted in paragraph (a)(2)
of this section.
(2) This section does not apply to
small industrial truck-type cranes,
container handling top-loaders and
sideloaders, chain hoists, and mobile
straddle-type cranes incapable of straddling two or more intermodal containers (16 feet (4.88 m) in width).
(b) Ratings. (1) Except for bridge
cranes covered by paragraph (g) of this
section, cranes and derricks having
ratings that vary with boom length, radius (outreach) or other variables shall
have a durable rating chart visible to
the operator, covering the complete
range of the manufacturer’s (or design)
capacity ratings. The rating chart
shall include all operating radii (outreach) for all permissible boom lengths
and jib lengths as applicable, with and
without outriggers, and alternate ratings for optional equipment affecting
such ratings. Precautions or warnings
specified by the owner or manufacturer
shall be included along with the chart.
(2) The manufacturer’s (or design)
rated loads for the conditions of use
shall not be exceeded.
(3) Designated working loads shall
not be increased beyond the manufacturer’s ratings or original design limitations unless such increase receives
the manufacturer’s approval. When the
manufacturer’s services are not available or where the equipment is of foreign manufacture, engineering design
analysis shall be performed or approved
by a person accredited for certificating
the equipment under part 1919 of this

chapter. Engineering design analysis
shall be performed by a registered professional engineer competent in the
field of cranes and derricks. Any structural changes necessitated by the
change in rating shall be carried out.
(c) Radius indicator. When the rated
load varies with the boom radius, the
crane or derrick shall be fitted with a
boom angle or radius indicator visible
to the operator.
(d) Prohibited usage. (1) Equipment
shall not be used in a manner that exerts sideloading stresses upon the
crane or derrick boom.
(2) No crane or derrick having a visible or known defect that affects safe
operation shall be used.
(e) Protective devices. (1) When exposed moving parts such as gears,
chains and chain sprockets present a
hazard to employees during crane and
derrick operations, those parts shall be
securely guarded.
(2) Crane hooks shall be latched or
otherwise secured to prevent accidental load disengagement.
(f) General—(1) Operating controls. (i)
Crane and derrick operating controls
shall be clearly marked, or a chart indicating their function shall be posted
at the operator’s position.
(ii) After October 3, 1984, overhead
bridge and container gantry crane operating control levers shall be self-centering so that they will automatically
move to the ‘‘off’’ position when the
operator releases the control.
(2) Booms. Cranes with elevatable
booms and without operable automatic
limiting devices shall be provided with
boom stops if boom elevation can exceed maximum design angles from the
horizontal.
(3) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shall have
a non-skid surface.
(4) Access. Ladders, stairways, stanchions, grab irons, foot steps or equivalent means shall be provided as necessary to ensure safe access to
footwalks, cab platforms, the cab and
any portion of the superstructure
which employees must reach.
(i) Footwalks shall be of rigid construction, and shall be capable of supporting a load of 100 pounds (4.79 kPa)
per square foot.
(ii) If more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in
height, vertical ladders shall comply

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
with § 1917.118 (d), (e)(1), (e)(2)(iii), and
(e)(2)(iv).
(iii) Stairways on cranes shall be
equipped with rigid handrails meeting
the requirements of § 1917.112(e).
(iv) If the top of a ladder or stairway
or any position thereof is located
where a moving part of a crane, such as
a revolving house, could strike an employee ascending or descending the ladder or stairway, a prominent warning
sign shall be posted at the foot of the
ladder or stairway. A system of communication (such as a buzzer or bell)
shall be established and maintained between the foot of the ladder or stairway and the operator’s cab.
(5) Operator’s station. (i) The cab, controls and mechanism of the equipment
shall be so arranged that the operator
has a clear view of the load or signalman, when one is used. Cab glass, when
used, shall be safety plate glass or
equivalent. Cranes with missing, broken, cracked, scratched, or dirty glass
(or equivalent) that impairs operator
visibility shall not be used. Clothing,
tools and equipment shall be stored so
as not to interfere with access, operation, and the operator’s view.
(ii) A seat (lap) belt, meeting the requirements of 49 CFR 571.208–210 for a
Type 1 seat belt assembly, shall be installed on the operator’s seat of high
speed container gantry cranes where
the seat trolleys.
(6) Counterweights or ballast. Cranes
shall be operated only with the specified type and amount of ballast or
counterweights. Ballast or counterweight shall be located and secured
only as provided in the manufacturer’s
or design specifications, which shall be
available.
(7) Outriggers. Outriggers shall be
used according to the manufacturers’
specifications or design data, which
shall be available. Floats, when used,
shall be securely attached to the outriggers. Wood blocks or other support
shall be of sufficient size to support the
outrigger, free of defects that may affect safety and of sufficient width and
length to prevent the crane from shifting or toppling under load.
(8) Exhaust gases. Engine exhaust
gases shall be discharged away from
the normal position of crane operating
personnel.

§ 1917.45

(9) Electrical equipment shall be so
located or enclosed that live parts will
not be exposed to accidental contact.
Designated persons may work on energized equipment only if necessary during inspection, maintenance, or repair.
(10) Fire extinguisher. (i) At least one
portable fire extinguisher of at least 5–
BC rating or equivalent shall be accessible in the cab of the crane or derrick.
(ii) No portable fire extinguisher
using
carbon
tetrachloride
or
chlorobromomethane
extinguishing
agents shall be used.
(11) Rope on drums. At least three full
turns of rope shall remain on
ungrooved drums, and two turns on
grooved drums, under all operating
conditions. Wire rope shall be secured
to drums by clamps, U-bolts, shackles
or equivalent means. Fiber rope fastenings are prohibited.
(12) Assembly or disassembly of boom
sections. Mobile crane booms being assembled or disassembled on the ground
with or without the support of the
boom harness shall be blocked to prevent dropping of the boom or boom sections.
(13) Brakes. (i) Each independent
hoisting unit of a crane shall be
equipped with at least one holding
brake, applied directly to the motor
shaft or gear train.
(ii) Each independent hoisting unit of
a crane, except worm geared hoists, the
angle of whose worm is such as to prevent the load from accelerating in the
lowering direction, shall, in addition to
a holding brake, be equipped with a
controlled braking means to control
lowering speeds.
(iii) Holding brakes for hoist units
shall have not less than the following
percentage of the rated load hoisting
torque at the point where the brake is
applied:
(A) 125 percent when used with an
other than mechanically controlled
braking means; or
(B) 100 percent when used with a mechanically-controlled braking means.
(C) 100 percent when two holding
brakes are provided.
(iv) All power control braking means
shall be capable of maintaining safe
lowering speeds of rated loads.
(g) Rail-mounted cranes (excluding locomotive types). (1) For the purposes of

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§ 1917.45

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

this section, rail-mounted cranes include bridge cranes and portal cranes.
(2) Rated load marking. The rated
loads of bridge cranes shall be plainly
marked on each side of the crane and
in the cab. If there is more than one
hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its
rated load marked on it or on its load
block. Marking shall be legible from
the ground level.
(3) Wind-indicating devices. (i) After
October 3, 1983, each rail-mounted
bridge and portal crane located outside
of an enclosed structure shall be fitted
with an operable wind-indicating device.
(ii) The wind indicating device shall
provide a visible or audible warning to
alert the operator of high wind conditions. That warning shall be transmitted whenever the following circumstances are present:
(A) When wind velocity reaches the
warning speed, not exceeding the crane
manufacturer’s recommendations; and
(B) When wind velocity reaches the
shutdown speed, not exceeding the
crane manufacturer’s recommendations, at which work is to be stopped
and the crane secured.
(iii) Instructions. The employer shall
post operating instructions for high
wind conditions in the operator’s cab of
each crane. Operators shall be directed
to comply with these instructions. The
instructions shall include procedures
for responding to high wind alerts and
for any coordination necessary with
other cranes.
(4) Securing of cranes in high winds. (i)
When the wind reaches the crane’s
warning speed:
(A) Gantry travel shall be stopped;
and
(B) The crane shall be readied for
shutdown.
(ii) When the wind reaches the
crane’s shutdown speed:
(A) Any portion of the crane spanning or partially spanning a vessel
shall be moved clear of the vessel if
safe to do so; and
(B) The crane shall be secured
against travel, using all available
means of securing.
(5) The employer shall monitor local
weather conditions by subscribing to a
weather service or using equally effective means.

(6) Stops and bumpers. (i) The ends of
all tracks shall be equipped with stops
or bumpers. If a stop engages the tread
of the wheel, it shall be of a height not
less than the radius of the wheel.
(ii) When more than one crane operates on the same runway or more than
one trolley on the same bridge, each
crane or trolley shall be equipped with
bumpers or equivalent devices at adjacent ends subject to impact.
(7) Employee exposure to crane movement. When employees may be in the
vicinity of the tracks, crane trucks
shall be equipped with personnel-deflecting guards.
(8) Pedestrian clearance. If the track
area is used for employee passage or for
work, a minimum clearance of three
feet (.91 m) shall be provided between
trucks or the structures of rail-mounted cranes and any other structure or
obstruction. When the required clearance is not available on at least one
side of the crane’s trucks, the area
shall not be used and shall be marked
and identified.
(9) Warning devices. Rail-mounted
cranes shall be equipped with an effective travel warning device which shall
be used to warn employees who may be
in the path of the moving crane.
(10) Communications. Means of communication shall be provided between
the operator’s cab and the base of the
gantry of all rail-mounted cranes. This
requirement may be met by telephone,
radio, sound-signalling system or other
effective methods, but not solely by
hand-signalling.
(11) Limit switch bypass systems
shall be secured during all cargo operations. Such bypass systems shall not
be used except in an emergency or during non-cargo handling operations such
as stowing cranes or derricks or performing repairs. When a situation requiring the use of a bypass system or
the readjustment of a limit switch
arises, it shall be done only under the
direction of a crane mechanic.
(h) Stabilizing of locomotive cranes.
Loads may be hoisted by locomotive
cranes only if outriggers are in place,
unless means are taken to prevent the
load being carried by the truck springs
of the crane.
(i) Operations. (1) Use of cranes together. When two or more cranes hoist

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
a load in unison, a designated person
shall direct the operation and instruct
personnel in positioning, rigging of the
load and movements to be made.
(2) Guarding of swing radius. Accessible areas within the swing radius of
the body of a revolving crane shall be
physically guarded during operations
to prevent an employee from being
caught between the body of the crane
and any fixed structure or between
parts of the crane.
(3) Securing mobile crane components in
transit. The crane’s superstructure and
boom shall be secured against rotation
and carried in line with the direction of
travel except when negotiating turns
with an operator in the cab or when the
boom is supported on a dolly. The
empty hook or other attachment shall
be secured.
(4) Unattended cranes. The following
steps shall be taken before leaving a
crane unattended between work periods:
(i) Suspended loads, such as those
hoisted by lifting magnets or clamshell
buckets, shall be landed unless the
storage position or maximum hoisting
of the suspended device will provide
equivalent safety;
(ii) Clutches shall be disengaged;
(iii) The power supply shall be shut
off;
(iv) The crane shall be secured
against accidental travel; and
(v) The boom shall be lowered or secured against movement.
(5) Operating near electric power lines.
(i) Clearance. Unless electrical distribution and transmission lines are de-energized and visibly grounded at the
point of work, or unless insulating barriers not a part of or attached to the
crane have been erected to prevent
physical contact with lines, cranes
may be operated near power lines only
in accordance with the following:
(A) For lines rated 50 kV or below,
minimum clearance between the lines
and any part of the crane or load shall
be 10 feet (3.05 m);
(B) For lines rated over 50 kV, minimum clearance between the lines and
any part of the crane or load shall be
either 10 feet (3.05 m) plus 0.4 inch
(10.16 mm) for each 1 kV over 50 kV, or
twice the length of the line insulator,
but never less than 10 feet; and

§ 1917.45

(C) In transit with no load and boom
lowered, the clearance shall be a minimum of 4 feet (1.22 m).
(ii) Boom guards. Cage-type boom
guards, insulating links or proximity
warning devices may be used on cranes,
but they shall not be used in place of
the clearances required by paragraph
(i)(5)(i) of this section.
(iii) Determination of energized lines.
Any overhead line shall be presumed to
be energized until the owner of the line
indicates that it is not energized.
(j) Protection for employees being hoisted. (1) No employee shall be hoisted by
the load hoisting apparatus of a crane
or derrick except:
(i) On intermodal container spreaders, equipped in accordance with paragraph (j)(8) of this section; or
(ii) In a boatswain’s chair or other
device rigged to prevent it from accidental disengagement from the hook or
supporting member; or
(iii) On a platform meeting the following requirements:
(A) Enclosed by a railing or other
means providing protection equivalent
to that described in § 1917.112(c). If
equipped with open railings, the platform shall be fitted with toe boards;
(B) Having a safety factor of four
based on ultimate strength;
(C) Bearing a plate or permanent
marking indicating maximum load rating, which shall not be exceeded, and
the weight of the platform itself;
(D) Equipped with a device to prevent
access doors, when used, from opening
accidentally;
(E) Equipped with overhead protection for employees on the platform if
they are exposed to falling objects or
overhead hazards;
(F) Secured to the load line by means
other than wedge and socket attachments, unless the free (bitter) end of
the line is secured back to itself by a
clamp placed as close above the wedge
as possible.
(2) Except in an emergency, the
hoisting mechanism of all cranes or
derricks used to hoist personnel shall
operate only in power up and power
down, with automatic brake application when not hoisting or lowering.
(3) Variable radius booms of a crane
or derrick used to hoist personnel shall

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§ 1917.46

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

be so constructed or secured as to prevent accidental boom movement.
(4) Platforms or devices used to hoist
employees shall be inspected for defects before each day’s use and shall be
removed from service if defective.
(5) Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight of and communication with the operator or signalman.
(6) Operators shall remain at the controls when employees are hoisted.
(7) Cranes shall not travel while employees are hoisted, except in emergency or in normal tier to tier transfer
of employees during container operations.
(8)
When
intermodal
container
spreaders are used to transfer employees to or from the tops of containers,
the spreaders shall be equipped with a
personnel platform equipped with fixed
railings, provided that the railings
have one or more openings for access.
The openings shall be fitted with a
means of closure, such as chains with
hooks. Existing railings shall be at
least 36 inches (0.91 m) in height. New
railings installed after October 3, 1983
shall be 42 inches (1.07 m), plus or
minus 3 inches (7.62 cm), in height. The
provisions of paragraphs (j)(1)(iii)(C),
(j)(1)(iii)(D), and (j)(1)(iii)(F) of this
section also apply to personnel platforms when such container spreaders
are used.
(9) Employees shall not be hoisted on
intermodal container spreaders while a
load is engaged.
(10) All cranes and derricks used to
hoist personnel shall be equipped with
an anti-two-blocking device.
(k) Routine inspection. (1) Designated
persons shall visually inspect each
crane and derrick on each day of use
for defects in functional operating
components and shall report any defect
found to the employer. The employer
shall inform the operator of the findings.
(2) A designated person shall thoroughly inspect all functional components and accessible structural features of each crane or device at monthly intervals.
(3) Any defects found during such inspections which may create a safety
hazard shall be corrected before further

equipment use. Repairs shall be performed only by designated persons.
(4) A record of monthly inspections
shall be maintained for six months in
or on the crane or derrick or at the terminal.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40199, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40940, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.46

Load indicating devices.

(a)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(1)(viii) of this section, every
crane after October 3, 1984 shall be
fitted with a load indicating device or
alternative device in proper working
condition which shall meet the following criteria:
(i) The type or model or any load indicating or alternate device which is
used shall provide:
(A) A direct indication in the cab of
actual weight hoisted or a means of determining this by referencing a weight
indication to crane ratings posted and
visible to the operator, except that the
use of a dynamometer or simple scale
alone will not meet this requirement;
or
(B) Indications in the cab according
to the radius and load at the moment;
or
(C) A direct means to prevent an
overload from occurring.
(ii) The accuracy of the load indicating device, weight-moment device,
or overload protection device shall be
such that any indicated load (or limit),
including the sum of actual weight
hoisted and additional equipment or
‘‘add ons’’ such as slings, sensors,
blocks, etc., is within the range between 95 percent (5 percent underload)
and 110 percent (10 percent overload) of
the actual true total load. Such accuracy shall be required over the range of
daily operating variables reasonably
anticipated under the conditions of
use.
(iii) The device shall permit the operator to determine, before making any
lift, that the indicating or substitute
system is operative. In the alternative,
if a device is so mounted or attached to
preclude such a determination, it may
not be used unless it has been certified

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by the manufacturer to remain operable within the limits stated in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section for a specific period of use. Checks for accuracy, using known values of load, shall
be performed at the time of every certification survey (see § 1917.50) and at
such additional times as may be recommended by the manufacturer.
(iv) When a load indicating device or
alternative system is so arranged in
the supporting system (crane structure) that its failure could cause the
load to be dropped, its strength shall
not be the limiting factor of the supporting system (crane structure).
(v) Marking shall be conspicuously
placed giving: units of measure in
pounds or both pounds and kilograms,
capacity of the indicating system, accuracy of the indicating system, and
operating instructions and precautions.
In the case of systems utilizing indications other than actual weights, the
marking shall include data on: the
means of measurement, capacity of the
system, accuracy of the system, and
operating instructions and precautions.
If the system used provides no readout,
but is such as to automatically cease
crane operation when the rated load
limit under any specific condition of
use is reached, marking shall be provided giving the make and model of the
device installed, a description of what
it does, how it is operated, and any
necessary precautions regarding the
system. All weight indications, other
types of loading indications, and other
data required shall be readily visible to
the operator.
(vi) All load indicating devices shall
be operative over the full operating radius. Overall accuracy shall be based
on actual applied load and not on full
scale (full capacity) load.
EXPLANATORY NOTE: For example, if accuracy of the load indicating device is based on
full scale load and the device is arbitrarily
set at plus/minus 10 percent, it would accept
a reading between 90,000 and 110,000 lbs., at
full capacity of a machine with 100,000 lbs.,
maximum rating, but would also allow a
reading between zero and 20,000 lbs., at that
outreach (radius) at which the rating would
be 10,000 lbs., capacity—an unacceptable figure. If, however, accuracy is based on actual
applied load under the same conditions, the
acceptable range would remain the same
with the 100,000-lb. load but becomes a figure

§ 1917.47

between 9,000 and 11,000 lbs., a much different
and acceptable condition, at the 10,000-lb.
load.

(vii) When the device uses the radius
as a factor in its use or in its operating
indications,
the
indicated
radius
(which may be in feet and/or meters, or
degrees of boom angle, depending on
the system used) shall be a figure
which is within the range of a figure no
greater than 110 percent of the actual
radius to a figure which is no less than
97 percent of the actual (true) radius. A
conversion chart shall be provided
whenever it is necessary to convert between degrees of radius and feet or meters.
(viii) The load indicating device requirements of this subparagraph do not
apply to a crane:
(A) Of trolley equipped bridge type or
overhead type while handling intermodal containers known to be identified as empty, or loaded, and in either
case in compliance with the provisions
of § 1917.71, or while hoisting other lifts
by means of a lifting beam supplied by
the crane manufacturer for the purpose, and in all cases within the crane
rating;
(B) While handling bulk commodities
or cargoes by means of clamshell bucket or magnet;
(C) While used to handle or hold
hoses in connection with transfer of
bulk liquids or other hose handled
products; or
(D) While the crane is used exclusively to handle cargo or equipment
the total actual gross weight of which
is known by means of marking of the
unit or units hoisted, when such total
actual gross weight never exceeds
11,200 lbs., and when 11,200 lbs., is less
than the rated capacity of the crane at
the maximum outreach that is possible
under the conditions of use at the time.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40199, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.47

Winches.

(a) Moving winch parts which present
caught-in hazards to employees shall
be guarded.
(b) Winches shall have clearly identifiable and readily accessible stop controls.

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

(c) Portable winches shall be secured
against accidental shifting while in
use.
(d) Portable winches shall be fitted
with limit switches if employees have
access to areas from which it is possible to be drawn into the winch.
(e) The provisions of § 1917.45(f)(11)
shall apply to winches.

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§ 1917.48

Conveyors.

(a) Guards. (1) Danger zones at or adjacent to conveyors shall be guarded to
protect employees.
(2) An elevated walkway with guardrail or equivalent means of protection
shall be provided where employees
cross over moving conveyors, and suitable guarding shall be provided when
employees pass under moving conveyors.
(b) Moving parts. Conveyor rollers and
wheels shall be secured in position.
(c) Positioning. Gravity conveyor sections shall be firmly placed and secured to prevent them from falling.
(d) Braking. (1) When necessary for
safe operation, provisions shall be
made for braking objects at the delivery end of the conveyor.
(2) Conveyors using electrically released brakes shall be constructed so
that the brakes cannot be released
until power is applied, and so that the
brakes are automatically engaged if
the power fails or the operating control
is returned to the ‘‘stop’’ position.
(e) Stability. Portable conveyors shall
be stable within their operating ranges.
When used at variable fixed levels, the
unit shall be secured at the operating
level.
(f) Emergency stop devices. Readily accessible stop controls shall be provided
for use in an emergency. Whenever the
operation of any power conveyor requires personnel to work in the immediate vicinity of the conveyor, the Conveyor or controls shall not be left unattended while the conveyor is in operation.
(g) Starting powered conveyors. Powered conveyors shall not be started
until all employees are clear of the
conveyor or have been warned that the
conveyor is about to start.
(h) Loading and unloading. The area
around conveyor loading and unloading

points shall be kept clear of obstructions during conveyor operations.
(i) Lockout/Tagout. (1) Conveyors
shall be stopped and their power
sources locked out and tagged out during maintenance, repair, and servicing,
unless power is necessary for testing.
(2) The starting device shall be
locked out and tagged out in the stop
position before an attempt is made to
remove the cause of a jam or overload
of the conveying medium, unless it is
necessary to have the power on to remove the jam.
(j) Safe practices. (1) Only designated
persons shall operate, repair or service
powered conveyors.
(2) The employer shall direct employees to stay off operating conveyors.
(3) Conveyors shall be operated only
with all overload devices, guards and
safety devices in place and operable.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40200, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.49 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins,
and associated equipment.
(a) Standing and running rigging and
associated gear used as a permanent
part of spouts, chutes or similar devices shall be inspected before each use
and shall not be used if it has any functional defects. (See also § 1917.50(c)(2)
for certification requirements.)
(b) Direct communication shall be
provided between the discharge or shipboard control end of loading spouts and
chutes and the point in the terminal
from which the flow of cargo is controlled.
(c) Chute and hopper openings which
present a hazard shall be guarded to
prevent
employees
from
falling
through them.
(d) When employees are working on
hoppers, the hopper shall be equipped
with a safe walkway and means of access.
(e) When necessary for the safety of
employees, chutes shall be equipped
with sideboards to afford protection
from falling objects.
(f) Chutes shall be firmly placed and
secured to prevent them from falling.
(g) When necessary for the safety of
employees, provisions shall be made for
braking objects other than bulk commodities at the delivery end of the
chute.

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(h) Before an employee enters an
empty bin:
(1) Personnel controlling the flow of
cargo into the bin shall have been notified of the entry; and
(2) The power supply to the equipment carrying the cargo to the bin
shall be turned off, locked out and
tagged.
(i) Before an employee enters a bin
containing a bulk commodity such as
coal or sugar, the employer shall ensure that:
(1) Personnel controlling the flow of
cargo into the bin have been notified of
the entry;
(2) The power supply to the equipment carrying the cargo to the bin is
turned off, locked out and tagged.
(3) The employee entering the bin
wears a lifeline and safety harness; and
(4) A standby attendant equipped to
perform a rescue is continuously stationed outside the bin until the employee has left the bin.
(j) Bin top openings that present a
hazard to employees shall be covered to
prevent employees from falling into
bins.
(k) Chutes and hoppers shall be repaired only by designated persons.
(l)(1) Before power shoveling operations begin, a designated person shall
inspect the equipment to be used. The
inspection shall include at least the
eye bolts, wires, and sheaves.
(2) Power shovels and associated
equipment with defects affecting safe
operation shall not be used.
(3) Before adjustments are made to a
power shovel, wire, or associated equipment, the power supply to the shovel
shall be turned off, locked out, and
tagged, the belt stopped, and the hopper closed.
§ 1917.50 Certification of marine terminal material handling devices
(See also mandatory appendix I, of
this part).
(a) The employer shall not use any
material handling device listed in paragraph (c) of this section until he has
ascertained that the device has been
certificated, as evidenced by current
and valid documents attesting to compliance with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section.
(1) Certification surveys are to be
completed for the conditions of use

§ 1917.50

found at the time such surveys are
completed, with the understanding
that
equipment
owners/users
can
change the configurations of the equipment according to the manufacturer’s
specifications without affecting the established certification status for the
equipment.
(2) In cases of foreign manufactured
cranes, there shall be an owner’s warranty that the design is adequate for
the intended use. The warranty shall
be based on a thorough examination of
the design specifications by a registered professional engineer familiar
with the equipment.
(b) The certifications required by this
section shall be performed:
(1) In accordance with part 1919 of
this chapter, by persons then currently
accredited by the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration as provided
in that part; or
(2) In accordance with standards established and enforced by the state in
which the device is located or by a political subdivision thereof, which have
been found by the Secretary to be compatible with part 1919 of this chapter,
by persons designated as competent to
perform such certification by competent state authority and recognized
as such by the Secretary.
(c) The marine terminal material
handling devices listed below shall be
certificated in the following manner:
(1) Each crane and derrick shall be
tested as a unit quadrennially, and
shall be examined annually. Certificates of tests and examinations shall
be made readily available for inspection.
(2) Bulk cargo spouts and suckers, together with any portable extensions
and rigging or outriggers supporting
them vertically, shall be examined annually. Certificates attesting to the required examination shall be made readily available for inspection.
(3) Vertical pocket or bucket conveyors such as banana, sugar, and grain
marine legs (other than those within a
grain elevator structure) used within a
marine terminal facility shall be examined annually. The annual examination
shall include all supporting structures,
rigging and mechanical components

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

shall include all supporting structures,
rigging and mechanical components
and observation of all steps of operations. Certificates attesting to the required examinations shall be readily
available for inspection.
(4)(i) House fall cargo-handling gear
in use shall be proof load tested as a
unit upon initial certification and
every fourth year thereafter. An examination shall be carried out in conjunction with each unit proof load test and
annually thereafter. The unit test shall
consist of a proof load of 25 percent in
excess of the rated safe working load.
Examinations shall include all supporting structures and components.
Certificates attesting to the required
tests and examinations shall be readily
available for inspection.
(ii) House fall span beams or other
house fall block supports shall be
marked with the safe working load,
which shall not be exceeded.
(5) Special gear. (i) Special stevedoring gear provided by the employer,
the strength of which depends upon
components other than commonly used
stock items such as shackles, ropes, or
chains, and that has a Safe Working
Load (SWL) greater than five short
tons (10,000 lbs or 4.54 metric tons)
shall be inspected and tested as a unit
before initial use (see Table A in paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of this section). In addition, any special stevedoring gear that
suffers damage necessitating structural
repair shall be inspected and retested
after repair and before being returned
to service.
(ii) Special stevedoring gear provided
by the employer that has a SWL of five
short tons (10,000 lbs or 4.54 metric
tons) or less shall be inspected and
tested as a unit before initial use according to paragraphs (d) and (e) of this
section or by a designated person (see
Table A in this paragraph (c)(5)(ii)).
TABLE A
Safe working load

Proof load

Up to 20 short tons
(18.1metric tons).
From 20 through 50 short
tons (18.1 to 45.4 metric
tons.
Over 50 short tons (45.4 metric tons).

25 percent in excess.
5 short tons in excess.

10 percent in excess.

(iii) Every spreader that is not a part
of ship’s gear and is used for handling
intermodal containers shall be inspected and tested before initial use to
a proof load equal to 25 percent greater
than its rated capacity. In addition,
any spreader that suffers damage necessitating structural repair shall be
inspected and retested after repair and
before being returned to service.
(iv) All cargo handling gear covered
by this section with a SWL greater
than five short tons (10,000 lbs. or 4.54
metric tons) shall be proof load tested
according to Table A of this section
every 4 years in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section or by a designated person.
(v) Certificates and inspection and
test records attesting to the tests required by this section shall be available for inspection.
(6) Wire rope and loose gear obtained
after October 3, 1983, and used for material handling shall have been tested
and certificated before being placed
into use in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (a), (c), and (d) of
§§ 1919.31 and 1919.32 through 1919.34 of
this chapter as applicable. Certificates
attesting to the required tests, inspections and examinations shall be available.
(d) Disassembly and reassembly of
equipment does not require recertification of the equipment provided that
the equipment is reassembled and used
in a manner consistent with its certification.
(e) For equipment certificated in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this
section and transferred to a job site in
another state, the current certification
shall remain valid until the next inspection or examination becomes due.
(f) Certification procedures shall not
be construed as a substitute for, or
cause for elimination of, normal operational inspection and maintenance
routine throughout the year.
(g)(1) Every unit of equipment requiring quadrennial certification shall
have had such quadrennial certification within the previous 48 months.
Equipment requiring annual certification shall have had such annual certification within the previous 12
months, except that no annual certification is required within 12 months

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
after any required quadrennial certification. Annual examinations for certification may be accomplished up to
one month early without effect on subsequent due dates.
(2) When certificated equipment is
out of service for 6 months or more beyond the due date of a certification inspection, an examination equivalent to
an initial certification, including unit
proof load test, shall be performed before the equipment re-enters service.
(h) Loose gear obtained after October
3, 1983 shall bear a legible mark indicating that it has been tested (see
paragraph(c)(6) of this section). Single
sheave blocks shall be marked with
safe working loads and proof test loads.
Marks relating to testing shall be identifiable on the related certificates,
which shall be available.
(i) Safe working load. (1) The safe
working load of gear as specified in
this section shall not be exceeded.
(2) All cargo handling gear provided
by the employer with a safe working
load greater than five short tons (10,000
lbs. or 4.54 metric tons) shall have its
safe working load plainly marked on it.
(j) Exceptions: The certification requirements of this section do not apply
to the following equipment:
(1) Small industrial crane trucks as
described on page 8 and illustrated on
page 13 of ASME B56.1, 1959, ‘‘Safety
Code for Powered Industrial Trucks’’,
and powered industrial trucks;
(2) Any straddle truck not capable of
straddling two or more intermodal containers 16 feet (4.88 m) in width; and
(3) Gear used only for handling or
holding hoses, handling ship’s stores or
handling the gangway.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49
FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,
1996; 62 FR 40200, July 25, 1997; 64 FR 61506,
Nov. 12, 1999; 65 FR 40940, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.51 Hand tools.
(a) Hand tools used by employees
shall be maintained in safe operating
condition.
(b)(1) Hand-held portable electric
tools shall be equipped with switches
that must be manually held in a closed
position to operate the tool.
(2) Portable power-driven circular
saws shall be equipped with guards
above and below the base plate or shoe.

§ 1917.71

The upper guard shall cover the saw to
the depth of the teeth, except for the
minimum arc needed to permit the
base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The
lower guard shall cover the saw to the
depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc needed to allow proper retraction and contact with the work.
When the tool is withdrawn from the
work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the covering position.
(c) Only cutting tools shall be used to
cut metal strapping or banding used to
secure cargo.

Subpart D—Specialized Terminals
§ 1917.70

General.

The provisions of this subpart D shall
apply to specialized terminals in addition to any other applicable requirements of this part.
§ 1917.71 Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off
operations.
(a) Every intermodal container shall
be legibly and permanently marked
with:
(1) The weight of the container when
empty, in pounds;
(2) The maximum cargo weight the
container is designed to carry, in
pounds; and
(3) The sum of the weight of the container and the cargo, in pounds.
(b) No container shall be hoisted by
any crane or derrick unless the following conditions have been met:
(1) The employer shall ascertain from
the carrier whether a container to be
hoisted is loaded or empty. Empty containers shall be identified before loading or discharge in such a manner as
will inform every supervisor and foreman on the site and in charge of loading or discharging, or every crane or
other hoisting equipment operator and
signalman, if any, that such container
is empty. Methods of identification
may include cargo plans, manifests or
markings on the container.
(2) In the case of a loaded container:
(i) The actual gross weight shall be
plainly marked so as to be visible to
the crane or other hoisting equipment

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
one month early without effect on subsequent due dates.
(2) When certificated equipment is
out of service for 6 months or more beyond the due date of a certification inspection, an examination equivalent to
an initial certification, including unit
proof load test, shall be performed before the equipment re-enters service.
(h) Loose gear obtained after October
3, 1983 shall bear a legible mark indicating that it has been tested (see
paragraph(c)(6) of this section). Single
sheave blocks shall be marked with
safe working loads and proof test loads.
Marks relating to testing shall be identifiable on the related certificates,
which shall be available.
(i) Safe working load. (1) The safe
working load of gear as specified in
this section shall not be exceeded.
(2) All cargo handling gear provided
by the employer with a safe working
load greater than five short tons (10,000
lbs. or 4.54 metric tons) shall have its
safe working load plainly marked on it.
(j) Exceptions: The certification requirements of this section do not apply
to the following equipment:
(1) Small industrial crane trucks as
described on page 8 and illustrated on
page 13 of ASME B56.1, 1959, ‘‘Safety
Code for Powered Industrial Trucks’’,
and powered industrial trucks;
(2) Any straddle truck not capable of
straddling two or more intermodal containers 16 feet (4.88 m) in width; and
(3) Gear used only for handling or
holding hoses, handling ship’s stores or
handling the gangway.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49
FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,
1996; 62 FR 40200, July 25, 1997; 64 FR 61506,
Nov. 12, 1999; 65 FR 40940, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.51 Hand tools.
(a) Hand tools used by employees
shall be maintained in safe operating
condition.
(b)(1) Hand-held portable electric
tools shall be equipped with switches
that must be manually held in a closed
position to operate the tool.
(2) Portable power-driven circular
saws shall be equipped with guards
above and below the base plate or shoe.
The upper guard shall cover the saw to
the depth of the teeth, except for the
minimum arc needed to permit the

§ 1917.71

base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The
lower guard shall cover the saw to the
depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc needed to allow proper retraction and contact with the work.
When the tool is withdrawn from the
work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the covering position.
(c) Only cutting tools shall be used to
cut metal strapping or banding used to
secure cargo.

Subpart D—Specialized Terminals
§ 1917.70 General.
The provisions of this subpart D shall
apply to specialized terminals in addition to any other applicable requirements of this part.
§ 1917.71 Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off
operations.
(a) Every intermodal container shall
be legibly and permanently marked
with:
(1) The weight of the container when
empty, in pounds;
(2) The maximum cargo weight the
container is designed to carry, in
pounds; and
(3) The sum of the weight of the container and the cargo, in pounds.
(b) No container shall be hoisted by
any crane or derrick unless the following conditions have been met:
(1) The employer shall ascertain from
the carrier whether a container to be
hoisted is loaded or empty. Empty containers shall be identified before loading or discharge in such a manner as
will inform every supervisor and foreman on the site and in charge of loading or discharging, or every crane or
other hoisting equipment operator and
signalman, if any, that such container
is empty. Methods of identification
may include cargo plans, manifests or
markings on the container.
(2) In the case of a loaded container:
(i) The actual gross weight shall be
plainly marked so as to be visible to
the crane or other hoisting equipment
operator or signalman, or to every supervisor and foreman on the site and in
charge of the operation; or
(ii) The cargo stowage plan or equivalent permanently recorded display

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§ 1917.71

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

serving the same purpose, containing
the actual gross weight and the serial
number or other positive identification
of that specific container, shall be provided to the crane or other hoisting
equipment operator and signalman, if
any, and to every supervisor and foreman on the site and in charge of the
operation.
(3) Every outbound loaded container
which is received at a marine terminal
ready to load aboard a vessel without
further consolidation or loading shall
be weighed to obtain the actual gross
weight, either at the terminal or elsewhere, before being hoisted.
(4)(i) When container weighing scales
are located at a marine terminal, any
outbound container with a load consolidated at that terminal shall be
weighed to obtain an actual weight before being hoisted.
(ii) If the terminal has no scales, the
actual gross weight may be calculated
on the basis of the container’s contents
and the container’s empty weight. The
weights used in the calculation shall be
posted conspicuously on the container,
with the name of the person making
the calculation and the date.
(5) Open type vehicle carrying containers and those built specifically and
used solely for the carriage of compressed gases are excepted from paragraphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of this section.
(6) Closed dry van containers carrying vehicles are exempted from paragraph (b)(4) of this section provided
that:
(i) The container carries only completely assembled vehicles and no
other cargo;
(ii) The container is marked on the
outside in such a manner that an employee can readily discern that the
container is carrying vehicles; and
(iii) The vehicles were loaded into
the container at the marine terminal.
(7) The weight of loaded inbound containers from foreign ports shall be determined by weighing or by the method
of calculation described in paragraph
(b)(4)(ii) of this section or by shipping
documents.
(8) Any scale used within the United
States to weigh containers for the purpose of the requirements of this section
shall meet the accuracy standards of

the state or local public authority in
which the scale is located.
(c) No container or containers shall
be hoisted if their actual gross weight
exceeds the weight marked as required
in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, or if
it exceeds the capacity of the crane or
other hoisting device intended to be
used.
(d)(1) Marked or designated areas
shall be set aside within a container or
roll-on roll-off terminal for passage of
employees to and from active cargo
transfer points, except where transportation to and from those points is provided by the employer.
(2) The employer shall direct employees to stay clear of the area beneath a
suspended container.
(e) Each employee working in the immediate area of container handling
equipment or in the terminal’s traffic
lanes shall wear a high visibility vest
(or equivalent protection).7
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (e): High visibility
vests or equivalent protection means high
visibility/retro-reflective materials which
are intended to make the user clearly visible
by day through the use of high visibility (fluorescent) material and in the dark by vehicle
headlights through the use of retro-reflective
material. For example, an acceptable area of
material for a vest or equivalent protection
is .5 m2 (760 in.2) for fluorescent (background)
material and .13m2 (197 in.2) for retro-reflective material. Vests or equivalent protection, such as high visibility/retro-reflective
coveralls, that are available for industrial
use, may also be acceptable.

(f) Containers shall be handled using
lifting fittings or other arrangements
suitable and intended for the purpose
as set forth in paragraphs (f)(1) through
(f)(4) of this section, unless damage to
an intermodal container makes special
means of handling necessary.
(1) Loaded intermodal containers of
20 feet (6.1 m) or more in length shall
be hoisted as follows:
(i) When hoisting containers by the
top fittings, the lifting forces shall be
applied vertically from at least four
such fittings. A less than vertical lift is
permitted only under the following
conditions:
7 Decals on hard hats will not be considered
equivalent protection for the purposes of this
paragraph.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

(A) The container being lifted is an
ISO closed box container;
(B) The condition of the box is sound;
(C) The speed of hoisting and lowering is moderated when heavily
ladened containers 8 are encountered;
(D) The lift angle is at 80 to 90 degrees;
(E) The distance between the lifting
beam and the load is at least 8 feet and
2.4 inches (2.5 m); and
(F) The length of the spreader beam
is at least 16.3 feet (5 m) for a 20-foot
container, and at least 36.4 feet (11.1 m)
for a 40-foot container.
(ii) If hoisted from bottom fittings,
the hoisting connections shall bear on
the fittings only, making no other contact with the container. The angles of
the four bridle legs shall not be less
than 30° to the horizontal in the case of
40 foot (12.2 m) containers, 37° in the
case of 30 foot (9.1 m) containers, and
45° in the case of 20 foot (6.1 m) containers.
(iii) Lifting containers by fork lift
trucks or by grappling arms from
above or from one side may be done
only if the container is designed for
this type of handling.
(iv) Other means of hoisting may be
used only if the containers and hoisting means are designed for such use.
(2)(i) When using intermodal container spreaders that employ lanyards
for activation of load disengagement,
all possible precautions shall be taken
to prevent accidental release of the
load.
(ii) Intermodal container spreader
twistlock systems shall be designed
and used so that a suspended load cannot accidentally be released.
(3) Flat bed trucks or container chassis used to move intermodal containers
shall be equipped with pins, flanges, or
other means to prevent the container
from shifting.
(4) After July 27, 1998, flat bed, low
boy trailers (mafis) and other similar
equipment used to transport containers
shall be marked with their cargo capacities and shall not be overloaded.
(5) Each tractor shall have all brake
air lines connected when pulling trail8 A heavily laden container is one that is
loaded to within 20 percent of its rated capacity.

§ 1917.73

ers equipped with air brakes and shall
have the brakes tested before commencing operations.
(g)(1) Intermodal containers shall be
inspected for defects in structural
members or fittings before handling.
(2) Any intermodal container found
to be unsafe shall be identified as such,
promptly removed from service and repaired before being returned to service.
(h) Containers shall not be hoisted
unless all engaged chassis twist locks
are released.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40200, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40940, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.73 Terminal facilities handling
menhaden and similar species of
fish (see also § 1917.2, definition of
hazardous cargo, material, substance or atmosphere).
(a)(1) Tanks in terminal areas used
for receiving or storing bailwater for
recirculating into vessel holds in discharging operations shall be opened or
ventilated to minimize contamination
of water circulated to the vessel.
Bailwater tanks shall be thoroughly
drained upon completion of each day’s
operations and shall be left open to the
air. Drainage is unnecessary when
bailwater has been treated to remove
hydrogen sulfide-producing contaminants and the efficiency of such treatment has been established by the employer.
(2) Before employees enter a dock
tank, it shall first be drained, rinsed
and tested for hydrogen sulfide and oxygen deficiency. Employees shall not
enter the tank when the hydrogen sulfide level exceeds 20 ppm or oxygen
content is less than 19.5 percent, except
in emergencies.
(3) Tests shall be conducted by designated personnel with suitable test
equipment and respiratory protective
equipment complying with the provisions of § 1910.134 of this chapter.
(b) Pipelines and hoses on the dock or
terminal used for receiving and circulating used bailwater shall be completely drained upon completion of
each day’s operation and left open to
the air.
(c) At least four units of respiratory
protective equipment consisting of supplied-air respirators or self-contained

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§ 1917.91

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

breathing apparatus complying with
the requirements of § 1910.134 of this
chapter shall be available in a suitably
labeled cabinet for immediate use in
case of emergency caused by oxygen
deficiency or hydrogen sulfide. Any
employee entering a tank in an emergency shall, in addition to respiratory
protective equipment, wear a lifeline
and safety harness to facilitate rescue.
At least two other employees, similarly equipped, shall be continuously
stationed outside the tank to observe
and to provide rescue services.
(d) The plant superintendent and
foremen shall be trained and knowledgeable about the hazards of hydrogen
sulfide and oxygen deficiency. They
shall be trained in the use of appropriate respiratory and other protective
equipment, and in rescue procedures.
Other supervisory plant personnel shall
be informed of these hazards and instructed in the necessary safety measures, including use of respiratory and
rescue equipment.
(e) Supervisory personnel shall be on
hand at dockside to supervise discharging of bailwater from vessels.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65
FR 40940, June 30, 2000]

Subpart E—Personal Protection

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.91

Eye and face protection.

(a)(1) The employer shall ensure that
each affected employee uses appropriate eye and/or face protection where
there are exposures to eye and/or face
hazards. Such equipment shall comply
with American National Standards Institute, ANSI Z–87.1–1989, ‘‘Practice for
Occupational and Educational Eye and
Face Protection.’’
(2) For employees wearing corrective
spectacles, eye protection equipment
required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section must be of a type which can be
worn over spectacles. Prescription
ground safety lenses may be substituted if they provide equivalent protection.
(3) For additional requirements covering eye protection against radiant
energy, see § 1917.152(h).
(b) Eye protection equipment shall be
maintained in good condition.

(c) Used eye protection equipment
shall be cleaned and disinfected before
reissuance to another employee.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.92 Respiratory protection.
(See § 1917.1(a)(2)(x)).
[65 FR 40941, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.93 Head protection.
(a) The employer shall ensure that
each affected employee wears a protective helmet when working in areas
where there is a potential for injury to
the head from falling objects.
(b) Such equipment shall comply
with American National Standards Institute, ANSI Z–89.1–1986, ‘‘Personnel
Protection-Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers-Requirements.’’
(c) Protective hats previously worn
shall be cleaned and disinfected before
issuance by the employer to another
employee.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.94 Foot protection.
(a) The employer shall ensure that
each affected employee wears protective footwear when working in areas
where there is a danger of foot injuries
due to falling or rolling objects or objects piercing the sole.
(b) Such equipment shall comply
with American National Standards
Institute, ANSI Z–41–1991, ‘‘American
National Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear.’’
[62 FR 40201, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.95 Other protective measures.
(a) Protective clothing. (1) Employees
performing work that requires special
protective clothing shall be directed by
the employer to wear the necessary
special protective clothing.
(2) When necessary, protective clothing previously worn shall be cleaned
and disinfected before reissuance.
(b) Personal flotation devices (PFDs).
(1) The employer shall provide, and
shall direct the wearing of PFDs for
those employees, such as line handlers,
who are engaged in work in which they
may be pulled into the water:

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(i) When such employees are working
in isolation, or
(ii) Where physical limitations of
available working space creates a hazard of falling into the water, or
(iii) Where the work area is obstructed by cargo or other obstacles so
as to prevent employees from obtaining
safe footing for their work.
(2) PFDs (life preservers, life jackets,
or work vests) worn by each affected
employee must be United States Coast
Guard (USCG) approved pursuant to 46
CFR part 160 (Type I, II, III, or V PFD)
and marked for use as a work vest, for
commercial use, or for use on vessels.
(3) Personal flotation devices shall be
maintained in safe condition and shall
be considered unserviceable when damaged so as to affect buoyancy or fastening capability.
(c) Emergency facilities. When employees are exposed to hazardous substances which may require emergency
bathing, eye washing or other facilities, the employer shall provide such
facilities and maintain them in good
working order.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40941, June 30,
2000]

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.96 Payment
equipment.

for

protective

(a) Except as provided by paragraphs
(b) through (f) of this section, the protective equipment, including personal
protective equipment (PPE), used to
comply with this part, shall be provided by the employer at no cost to
employees.
(b) The employer is not required to
pay for non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes
or steel-toe boots) and non-specialty
prescription safety eyewear, provided
that the employer permits such items
to be worn off the job-site.
(c) When the employer provides
metatarsal guards and allows the employee, at his or her request, to use
shoes or boots with built-in metatarsal
protection, the employer is not required to reimburse the employee for
the shoes or boots.
(d) The employer is not required to
pay for:

§ 1917.112

(1) Everyday clothing, such as longsleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes,
and normal work boots; or
(2) Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or
other items, used solely for protection
from weather, such as winter coats,
jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots,
hats, raincoats, ordinary sunglasses,
and sunscreen.
(e) The employer must pay for replacement PPE, except when the employee has lost or intentionally damaged the PPE.
(f) Where an employee provides adequate protective equipment he or she
owns, the employer may allow the employee to use it and is not required to
reimburse the employee for that equipment. The employer shall not require
an employee to provide or pay for his
or her own PPE, unless the PPE is excepted by paragraphs (b) through (e) of
this section.
(g) This section shall become effective on February 13, 2008. Employers
must implement the PPE payment requirements no later than May 15, 2008.
NOTE TO § 1917.96: When the provisions of
another OSHA standard specify whether or
not the employer must pay for specific
equipment, the payment provisions of that
standard shall prevail.
[72 FR 64429, Nov. 15, 2007]

Subpart F—Terminal Facilities
§ 1917.111
its.

Maintenance and load lim-

(a) The structural integrity of docks,
piers, wharves, terminals and working
surfaces shall be maintained.
(b) Maximum safe load limits, in
pounds per square foot (kilograms per
square meter), of floors elevated above
ground level, and pier structures over
the water shall be conspicuously posted
in all cargo areas.
(c) Maximum safe load limits shall
not be exceeded.
(d) All walking and working surfaces
in the terminal area shall be maintained in good repair.
§ 1917.112

Guarding of edges.

(a) Vehicle protection. (1) Vehicle
curbs, bull rails, or other effective barriers at least six inches (15.24 cm) in

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§ 1917.113

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

height shall be provided at the waterside edges of aprons and bulkheads, except where vehicles are prohibited.
Curbs or bull rails installed after October 3, 1983, shall be at least 10 inches
(25.4 cm) in height.
(2) The provisions of paragraph (a)(1)
of this section also apply at the edge of
any fixed level above the common floor
area from which vehicles may fall, except at loading docks, platforms and
skids where cargo is moved by vehicles.
(b) Employee protection. (1) Guardrails
shall be provided at locations where
employees are exposed to floor or wall
openings or waterside edges, including
bridges or gangway-like structures
leading to pilings or vessel mooring or
berthing installations, which present a
hazard of falling more than 4 feet (1.22
m) or into the water, except as specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(2) Guardrails are not required:
(i) At loading platforms and docks;
(ii) At waterside edges used for cargo
handling;
(iii) On the working sides of work
platforms, skids or similar workplaces;
or
(iv) On railroad rolling stock, highway vehicles, intermodal containers or
similar equipment.
(3) Where guardrails are impracticable due to machinery requirements
or work processes, an alternate means
of protecting employees from falling,
such as nets, shall be used.
(c) Criteria for guardrails. Guardrails
shall meet the following criteria:
(1) They shall be capable of withstanding a force of at least 200 pounds
(890 N) applied in any direction at midspan of the top rail (when used), or at
the uppermost point if there is no top
rail.
(2) If not of solid baluster, grillwork,
slatted or similar construction, guardrails shall consist of top rails and
midrails. Midrails, when used, shall be
positioned at approximately half the
height of the top rail.
(3) The top surface of guardrails installed before October 3, 1983, shall be
at least 36 inches (0.91 m) high. Those
installed after October 3, 1983, shall be
42 inches (1.07 m), plus or minus 2
inches (5.1 cm), high.
(4) Any non-rigid railing such as
chain or wire rope shall have a max-

imum sag limit at the mid-point between posts of not more than 6 inches
(15.24 cm).
(5) Top rails shall be free of puncture
and laceration hazards.
(6) Rail ends shall not overhang to
constitute a hazard, but this does not
prohibit scrollwork, boxed ends or
similar non-hazardous projections.
(d) Toeboards. Toeboards shall be provided when employees below could be
exposed to falling objects such as tools.
Toeboards shall be at least 31⁄2 inches
(8.9 cm) in height from top edge to
floor level, and be capable of withstanding a force of 50 pounds (222 N) applied in any direction. Drainage clearance under toeboards is permitted.
(e) Stair railings. Stair railings shall
be capable of withstanding a force of at
least 200 pounds (890 N) applied in any
direction, and shall not be more than
36 inches (0.91 m) nor less than 32
inches (0.81 m) in height from the upper
top rail surface to the tread surface in
line with the leading edge of the tread.
Railings and midrails shall be provided
at any stairway having four or more
risers, as follows:
(1) For stairways less than 44 inches
(1.12 m) wide, at least one railing; and
(2) For stairways more than 44 inches
(1.12 m) but less than 88 inches (2.24 m)
wide, a stair rail or handrail on each
side, and if 88 or more inches wide, an
additional intermediate handrail.
(f) Condition. Railings shall be maintained free of sharp edges and in good
repair.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40941, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.113

Clearance heights.

Clearance heights shall be prominently posted where the height is insufficient for vehicles and equipment.
§ 1917.114

Cargo doors.

(a) Mechanically operated. (1) Cargo
door counterweights shall be guarded.
(2) Lift trucks and cranes shall not be
used to move mechanically operated
doors except when necessary during repair on the doors, in which case ropes
or other guarding shall be provided to
prevent entry into the area where the
door may fall or slide.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(3) Vertically operated doors partially opened for work or ventilation
shall be secured to prevent accidental
closing.
(b) Tackle operated. (1) The door shall
be connected to its lifting tackle with
shackles or equally secure means.
(2) Lifting bridles and tackles shall
have a safety factor of five, based upon
maximum anticipated static loading
conditions.
(3) Devices shall be provided to hold
overhead doors in the open position
and to secure them when closed.
(4) Lifting gear and hardware shall be
maintained in safe condition.
(5) Lifting ropes, when used, shall be
placed out of the work area and off the
floor.
(c) Horizontal sliding. (1) Horizontal
sliding door rollers shall be constructed to prevent the door from
jumping from overhead tracks.
(2) Sliding doors shall be secured to
prevent them from swinging.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.115 Platforms and skids.
(a) Platforms and skids extending
from piers, transit sheds or lofts and
used for landing or hooking on drafts
shall be provided at the open sides with
guardrails meeting the requirements of
§ 1917.112(c) or alternate means, such as
nets, to protect employees against
falls.
(b) Any employee working below a
second-story platform or skid shall be
protected from falling objects by a net
stretched from the platform or skid to
the vessel.
(c) Platforms and skids shall be
strong enough to bear the loads handled and shall be maintained in safe
condition. Safe working loads, which
shall be posted or marked on or adjacent to platforms and skids, shall have
a minimum safety factor of five for any
part, based upon maximum anticipated
static loading conditions and the ultimate strength of the construction material.
(d) The employer shall provide and
maintain platform and skid attachments that will prevent accidental
movement of the skid or platform.
§ 1917.116 Elevators and escalators.
(a) ‘‘Elevator’’ means a permanent
hoisting and lowering mechanism with

§ 1917.117

a car or platform moving vertically in
guides and serving two or more floors
of a structure. The term excludes such
devices as conveyors, tiering or piling
machines, material hoists, skip or furnace hoists, wharf ramps, lift bridges,
car lifts and dumpers.
(b) ‘‘Escalator’’ means a power-driven
continuous moving stairway principally intended for the use of persons.
(c) No elevator or escalator with a
defect which affects safety shall be
used.
(d) Elevator safety devices shall not
be overridden or made inoperable.
(e) Elevators and escalators shall be
thoroughly inspected at intervals not
exceeding one year. Additional monthly inspections for satisfactory operation shall be conducted by designated
persons. Records of the results of the
latest annual elevator inspections shall
be posted in elevators. Records of annual escalator inspections shall be
posted in the vicinity of the escalator
or be available at the terminal.
(f) Elevator landing openings shall be
provided with doors, gates or equivalent protection which shall be in place
when the elevator is not at that landing, to prevent employees from falling
into the shaft.
(g) The elevator’s or escalator’s maximum load limits shall be posted and
not exceeded. Elevator load limits
shall be posted conspicuously both inside and outside of the car.
(h) Elevators shall be operated only
by designated persons except for automatic or door interlocking elevators
which provide full shaft door closing
and automatic car leveling.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49
FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,
1996]

§ 1917.117 Manlifts.
(a) Inspection. Manlifts shall be inspected monthly by a designated person. Safety switches shall be checked
weekly. Manlifts found to be unsafe
shall not be operated until repaired. Inspections shall include at least the following:
(1) Step fastenings;
(2) Rails;
(3) Rail supports and fastenings;
(4) Roller and slides;
(5) Belt and belt tension;

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§ 1917.118

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

(6) Handholds and fastenings;
(7) Floor landings;
(8) Guardrails;
(9) Lubrication;
(10) Safety switches;
(11) Warning signs and lights;
(12) Illumination;
(13) Drive pulley;
(14) Bottom (boot) pulley and clearance;
(15) Pulley supports;
(16) Motor;
(17) Drive mechanism;
(18) Brake;
(19) Electrical switches;
(20) Vibration and misalignment;
(21) ‘‘Skip’’ on up or down run when
mounting the step (indicating worn
gears); and
(22) Emergency exit ladders.
(b) Inspection records. Inspection
records shall be kept for at least one
year. The record of the most recent inspection shall be posted in the vicinity
of the manlift or in the terminal.
(c) Emergency stop. An emergency
stop device shall be available within
easy reach from any position on the
belt.
(d) Instructions. Manlift use instructions shall be conspicuously posted.
(e) Top floor warning sign and light.
An illuminated sign and red light that
are visible to the user shall be provided
under the top floor opening of the
manlift to warn the user to get off at
that floor.
(f) Bottom floor warning sign. A sign
visible to descending passengers shall
be provided to warn them to get off at
the bottom floor.
(g) Upper limit stop. An automatic
stop device shall be provided to stop
the manlift when a loaded step passes
the top landing, except that manlifts
installed after October 3, 1983 shall
have two such devices.
(h) Handholds and steps. Each step
shall be provided with a corresponding
handhold.
(i) Emergency ladder. A fixed emergency ladder accessible from any position on the lift and in accordance with
the requirements of § 1917.118(d) shall
be provided for the entire run of the
manlift.
(j) Landings. (1) Clear and unobstructed landing spaces shall be provided at each level. Manlifts con-

structed after October 3, 1983 and that
have a distance of 50 feet (15.24 m) or
more between floor landings shall have
an emergency landing every 25 feet
(7.62 m) or less of manlift travel.
(2) Open sides of emergency landings
shall be protected by guardrails.
(3) Floor landing entrances and exits
shall be guarded by mazes, self-closing
gates, or equivalent devices.
(4) Landings shall be of sufficient size
and strength to support 250 pounds
(1,112 N).
(k) Floor opening guards. The ascending sides of manlift floor openings shall
be provided with cones or bevel guards
to direct the user through the openings.
(l) Maintenance. Manlifts shall be
equipped, maintained, and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications, which shall be available at
the terminal.
(m) Bottom pulley. (1) The lower pulley shall be supported by the lowest
landing.
(2) Sides of the bottom pulley support
shall be guarded to prevent contact
with the pulley or the steps.
(n) Top clearance. A clearance of at
least 11 feet (3.35 m) shall be provided
between the top landing and the ceiling.
(o) Brakes. Manlifts shall be equipped
with brakes that are:
(1) Self-engaging;
(2) Electrically released; and
(3) Capable of stopping and holding
the manlift when the descending side is
loaded with the maximum rated load.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65
FR 40941, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.118

Fixed ladders.

(a) Scope and applicability. This section applies to all fixed ladders except:
(1) Ladders forming an integral part
of railway cars, highway carriers,
cargo containers or other transportation carrier equipment;
(2) Climbing devices such as step
bolts or structural members of tanks
and towers;
(3) Ladders built into or vertically
attached to tubular scaffold framing;
and
(4) Ladders used only for fire-fighting
or emergency purposes.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(b) Definitions. (1) Cage (basket guard)
means a barrier enclosing or nearly enclosing a ladder’s climbing space and
fastened to one or both of the ladder’s
side rails or to another structure.
(2) Fixed ladder means a ladder, including individual rung ladders, permanently attached to a structure, building or piece of equipment.
(3) Ladder safety device means a support system limiting an employee’s
drop or fall from the ladder, and which
may incorporate friction brakes, lifelines and lanyards, or sliding attachments.
(4) Well means a permanent complete
enclosure around a fixed ladder, which
is attached to the walls of the well.
(c) Defects. (1) Ladders with broken,
split or missing rungs, steps or rails,
broken welds or connections, corrosion
or wastage or other defect which may
affect safe use shall be removed from
service.
(2) Ladder repairs shall provide
strength at least equivalent to that of
the original ladder.
(d) Ladder specifications. (1)(i) Ladders
installed before October 3, 1983, shall be
capable of withstanding without damage a minimum concentrated load, applied uniformly over a 31⁄2 inch (8.9 cm)
width at the rung center, of 200 pounds
(890 N).
(ii) Ladders installed after October 3,
1983 shall be capable of withstanding
250 pounds (1,112 N) applied as described
in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section. If
used by more than one employee simultaneously, the ladder as a unit shall be
capable of simultaneous additional
loading in 250 pound (1,112 N) increments for each additional employee,
applied to a corresponding number of
rungs. The unit shall have a safety factor of four (4), based on ultimate
strength, in the designed service.
(2)(i) Ladders installed before October 3, 1983, shall have rungs evenly
spaced from nine to 161⁄2 inches (22.9 to
41.9 cm) apart, center to center.
(ii) Ladders installed after October 3,
1983 shall have rungs evenly spaced
from 12±2 inches (30.5±5.08 cm) apart,
center to center.
(3)(i) Ladders installed before October 3, 1983 shall have a width between
side rails of at least 10 inches (25.4 cm).

§ 1917.118

(ii) Ladders installed after October 3,
1983 shall have a width between side
rails of at least 12 inches (30.48 cm).
(4) The minimum distance between
the rung center line and the nearest
permanent object behind the rung shall
be 4 inches (10.16 cm), except that in
ladders installed after October 3, 1983,
the minimum distance shall be 7 inches
(17.78 cm) unless physical limitations
make a lesser distance, not less than
41⁄2 inches (11.43 cm), necessary.
(5) When a ladder passes through an
opening or past overhead obstructions,
a minimum 24 inch (.61 m) clearance
shall exist between the climbing side
and any obstruction. Where this distance is less than 30 inches (0.76 m), a
deflection device shall be installed for
guidance through the opening.
(6) The side rails of ladders shall extend at least 36 inches (0.91 m) above
the top landing surface, unless grab
bars or equivalent holds are provided.
(7) Ladders whose pitch exceeds 90° to
the horizontal (slanting backward on
the climbing side) shall not be used.
(e) Protection against falls. (1) Fixed
ladders more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in
height shall be provided with a cage,
well, or ladder safety device.
(2) When a well or cage is used, ladders with length of climb exceeding 30
feet (9.14 m) shall comply with the following provisions:
(i) The ladder shall consist of multiple sections not exceeding 30 feet (9.14
m) each;
(ii) Each section shall be horizontally
offset from adjacent sections, except as
specified in paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this
section, and
(iii) A landing platform capable of
supporting a load of 100 pounds per
square foot (4.79 kPa) and fitted with
guardrails
complying
with
Sec.
1917.112(c) shall be provided at least
every 30 feet (9.14 m), except as specified in paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this section.
(iv) For ladders installed after October 3, 1983, offset sections and landing
platforms are not required if hinged
platforms capable of supporting 100
pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa), and
which are kept closed except when
opened for passage, are within the cage
or well at intervals not exceeding 30
feet (9.14 m).

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§ 1917.119

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

(3) Ladders equipped with ladder safety devices shall have rest platforms;
(i) Capable of supporting a load of 100
pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa);
(ii) Located at intervals of 150 feet
(45.7 m) or less; and
(iii) Protected by guardrails complying with § 1917.112(c) of three sides.
(4) Where used, ladder safety devices
shall:
(i) Be installed and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, which shall be available for
inspection;
(ii) Be repaired only with replacement parts having performance capability at least equal to that of the
original parts;
(iii) Have a connection length between carrier centerlines and safety
belts of 10±2 inches (25.4±5.08 cm); and
(iv) Be installed in a manner that
does not reduce the ladder’s structural
capability.
(5) Ladder cages or wells shall:
(i) Be of rigid construction that allows unobstructed use but prevents an
employee from falling through or dislodging the cage or well by falling
against it;
(ii) Have smooth inner surfaces;
(iii) Extend at least 36 inches (0.91m)
above landings; and
(iv) Extend to within 8 feet (2.44 m)
above the ground or base, except that a
maximum of 20 feet (6.1 m) is permitted
where the cage or well would extend
into traffic lanes.
(6) Ladders installed after (effective
date of standard) on radio, microwave
communications, electrical power and
similar towers, poles and structures,
including stacks and chimneys, shall
meet the requirements of this paragraph (e).
(f) Individual rung ladders. Ladders
consisting of individual rungs that are
attached to walls, conical manhole sections or river cells shall:
(1) Be capable of supporting a load of
350 pounds (1557 N) without deformation;
(2) Form a continuous ladder, uniformly spaced vertically from 12 inches
to 16 inches (30.5 to 40.6 cm) apart, with
a minimum width of 10 inches (25.4 cm)
and projecting at least 41⁄2 inches (11.43
cm) from the wall;

(3) Be so constructed that an employee’s foot cannot slide off the ends; and
(4) Be firmly attached and without
sharp edges.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40941, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.119

Portable ladders.

(a) Scope and applicability. This section applies to all portable ladders, including job-made ladders for temporary
use, unless otherwise specified.
(b) Standards for existing manufactured
portable ladders. (1) Rungs of manufactured portable ladders obtained before
October 3, 1983, shall be capable of supporting a 200-pound (890 N) load without deformation.
(2) Rungs shall be evenly spaced from
9 to 161⁄2 inches (22.9 to 41.9 cm), center
to center.
(3) Rungs shall be continuous members between rails. Each rung of a double-rung ladder (two side rails and a
center rail) shall extend the full width
of the ladder.
(4) Width between side rails at the
base of the ladder shall be at least 12
inches (30.48 cm) for ladders 10 feet (3.05
m) or less in overall length, and shall
increase at least 1⁄4 inch (0.64 cm) for
each additional 2 feet (0.61 m) of ladder
length.
(c) Standards for manufactured portable ladders. Portable manufactured
ladders obtained after January 21, 1998
shall bear identification indicating
that they meet the appropriate ladder
construction requirements of the following standards:
ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Requirements
for Portable Wood Ladders
ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Requirements
for Portable Metal Ladders
ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Requirements
for Portable Reinforced Plastic Ladders
(d) Standards for job-made portable ladders. Job-made ladders shall:
(1) Have a minimum and uniform distance between rungs of 12 inches (30.48
cm), center to center;
(2) Are capable of supporting a 250pound (1,112 N) load without deformation; and

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(3) Have a minimum width between
side rails of 12 inches (30.48 cm) for ladders 10 feet (3.05 m) in height. Width
between rails shall increase at least 1⁄4
inch (0.64 cm) for each additional 2 feet
(0.61 m) of ladder length.
(e) Maintenance and inspection. (1)
The employer shall maintain portable
ladders in safe condition. Ladders with
the following defects shall not be used
and either shall be tagged as unusable
if kept on the premises or shall be removed from the worksite:
(i) Broken, split or missing rungs,
cleats or steps;
(ii) Broken or split side rails;
(iii) Missing or loose bolts, rivets or
fastenings;
(iv) Defective ropes; or
(v) Any other structural defect.
(2) Ladders shall be inspected for defects prior to each day’s use, and after
any occurrence, such as a fall, which
could damage the ladder.
(f) Ladder usage. (1) Ladders made by
fastening rungs or devices across a single rail are prohibited.
(2) Ladders shall not be used:
(i) As guys, braces or skids; or
(ii) As platforms, runways or scaffolds.
(3) Metal and wire-reinforced ladders
with wooden side rails shall not be used
when employees on the ladder might
come into contact with energized electrical conductors.
(4) Individual sections from different
multi-sectional ladders or two or more
single straight ladders shall not be tied
or fastened together to achieve additional length.
(5) Except for combination ladders,
self-supporting ladders shall not be
used as single straight ladders.
(6) Unless intended for cantilever operation, non-self-supporting ladders
shall not be used to climb above the
top support point.
(7) Ladders shall extend at least 36
inches (0.91 m) above the upper support
level if employees are to leave or
mount the ladder at that level, except
that where such extension is impractical other equivalent means such as
grab bars may be used to provide a
hand grip.
(8) Ladders shall be securely positioned on a level and firm base.

§ 1917.120

(9) Ladders shall be fitted with slipresistant bases and secured at top or
bottom to prevent the ladder from slipping.
(10) The employer shall direct that
ladders shall be placed so that employees climbing are not exposed to injury
from projecting objects or doors that
open toward the ladder.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40941, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.120

Fixed stairways.

(a) Definition. ‘‘Fixed stairway’’
means interior and exterior stairs serving machinery, tanks and equipment,
and stairs to or from floors, platforms
or pits. The term does not apply to
stairs intended only for fire exit purposes, to articulated stairs (the angle
of which changes with the rise and fall
of the base support) or to stairs forming an intergral part of machinery.
(b) New installations. (1) Fixed stairs
installed after October 3, 1983 shall be
positioned within the range of 30 degrees to 50 degrees to the horizontal
with uniform riser height and tread
width throughout each run and be capable of a minimum loading of 100
pounds per square foot (445 N) and a
minimum concentrated load of 300
pounds (1,334 N) at the center of any
treadspan. Riser height shall be from 6
to 7.5 inches (15.24 to 19.05 cm), stair
width a minimum of 22 inches (55.88
cm) between vertical barriers, tread
depth a minimum of 12±2 inches
(30.48±5.08 cm), and tread nosing shall
be straight leading edges.
(2) Stair landings shall be at least 20
inches (50.8 cm) in depth. Where doors
or gates open on a stairway, a landing
platform shall be provided. Door swing
shall not reduce effective standing area
on the landing to less than 18 inches
(45.72 cm) in depth.
(3) Fixed stairs having four or more
risers shall have stair railings or handrails complying with § 1917.112(c)(1).
(4) Railing height from tread surface
at the riser face shall be 33±3 inches
(83.82 cm ±7.62 cm).
(5) Restricted areas. When physical
features require stairs steeper than
those provided for by paragraph (b)(1)
of this section, stairs at angles of 50° to

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§ 1917.121

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

75° from the horizontal may be used if
they:
(i) Are capable of a single concentrated load of 200 pounds (890 N) at
the tread centers;
(ii) Have open treads at least 4 inches
(10.16 cm) in depth and 18 inches (45.72
cm) in width with a uniformly spaced
vertical rise between treads of 6 to 9.5
inches (15.24 to 24.13 cm); and
(iii) Have handrails that meet the requirements of § 1917.112(c)(1) on both
sides and that are not less than 30
inches (76.2 cm) in height from the
tread surface at the riser face.
(6) Maintenance. Fixed stairways
shall be maintained in safe condition
and shall not be obstructed.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65
FR 40942, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.121

Spiral stairways.

(a) Definition. ‘‘Spiral stairway’’
means one with closed circular form,
uniform sector-shaped treads and a
supporting column.
(b) Requirements. Spiral stairways
shall meet the following requirements:
(1) Stairways shall conform to the
minimum dimensions of Figure F–1;

(3) Minimum loading capability shall
be 100 pounds per square foot (4.79kN),
and minimum tread center concentrated loading shall be 300 pounds
(1334 N);
(4) Railings shall conform to the requirements of § 1917.112(c)(1). If balusters are used, there shall be a minimum of one per tread. Handrails shall
be a minimum of 11⁄4 inches (3.18 cm) in
outside diameter; and
(5) Vertical clearance shall be at
least 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 m) above the
top step.
(c) Maintenance. Spiral stairways
shall be maintained in safe condition.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40942, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.122 Employee exits.
(a) Employee exits shall be clearly
marked.
(b) If an employee exit is not visible
from employees’ work stations, directional signs indicating routes to the
exit shall be posted.
(c) Exits shall be readily accessible
and sufficient in number to provide employees with a convenient means of escape in emergencies. A clear passage to
the exit shall be maintained.
(d) The minimum width of any employee exit shall be 28 inches (71.12 cm).
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65
FR 40942, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.123 Illumination.9
(a) Working and walking areas shall
be illuminated. Unless conditions described in the regulations of the United
States Coast Guard (33 CFR 126.15(1)
and (n), and 33 CFR 154.570) exist in the
case of specific operations, illumination in active work areas (for example,
cargo transfer points) shall be of an average minimum light intensity of 5
foot-candles. The illumination in other
work areas (for example, farm areas)
shall be of an average minimum light
intensity of 1 foot-candle except for security purposes when a minimum light
intensity of 1⁄2 foot-candle shall be

SPIRAL STAIRWAY—MINIMUM DIMENSIONS
B

11 inches (27.94
cm).
9 inches (22.86
cm).

6 inches (15.24
cm).
5 inches (12.7
cm).

(2) Stairway risers shall be uniform
and shall range from 61⁄2 to 101⁄2 inches
(16.5 to 26.67 cm) in height;

9 The United States Coast Guard, at 33 CFR
126.15(1) and (n), and 33 CFR 154.570 sets out
requirements for illumination at ‘‘designated waterfront facilities’’ and ‘‘large oil
transfer facilities.’’

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Normal use by employees.
Limited access .............

A (half-tread
width)

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
maintained. Where occasional work
tasks require more light than that
which is consistently and permanently
provided, supplemental lighting shall
be used.
(b) The lighting intensity shall be
measured at the task/working surface,
in the plane in which the task/working
surface is present.
(c) Lights shall, so far as possible, be
placed so that they will not shine in
the eyes of employees.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997]

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.124 Dockboards (car and bridge
plates).
(a) General. The employer shall provide safe means of passage between different surface levels and across openings.
(b) [Reserved]
(c) Dockboards (car and bridge plates).
(1) Dockboards shall be strong enough
to support the loads imposed on them.
(2) Portable dockboards shall be anchored in position or be equipped with
devices to prevent their movement.
(3) Hand holds or other effective
means shall be provided on portable
dockboards to permit safe handling.
(4) Positive means shall be used to
prevent railcars or highway vehicles
from being moved while dockboards or
bridge plates are in position.
(5) Be designed, constructed, and
maintained to prevent vehicles from
running off the edge.10
(6) Dockboards shall be well maintained.
(d) Ramps. (1) Ramps shall be strong
enough to support the loads imposed on
them and be designed, constructed, and
maintained to prevent vehicles from
running off the edge.11
(2) Ramps shall be equipped with a
guardrail meeting the requirement of
§ 1917.112(c)(1) if the slope is more than
20 degrees to the horizontal or if em10 When the gap to be bridged to greater
than 36 inches (.91 m), an acceptable means
of preventing vehicles from running off the
edge is a minimum side board height of two
and three-quarter inches.
11 When the gap to be bridged is greater
than 36 inches (.91 m), an acceptable means
of preventing vehicles from running off the
edge is a minumum side board height of two
and three-quarter inches.

§ 1917.127

ployees could fall more than 4 feet (1.22
m).
(3) Ramps shall have slip-resistant
surfaces.
(4) When necessary to prevent displacement by vehicle wheels, steel
plates or similar devices used to temporarily bridge or cover uneven surfaces or tracks, shall be anchored.
(5) Ramps shall be well maintained.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40942, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.125
ards.

Guarding

temporary

Ditches, pits, excavations and surfaces in poor repair shall be guarded by
readily visible barricades, rails or
other equally effective means.
§ 1917.126

River banks.

(a) This section applies to temporary
installations or temporary operations
near a river bank.
(b) Where working surfaces at river
banks slope so steeply that an employee could slip or fall into the water,
the outer perimeter of the working surface shall be protected by posting or
other portable protection such as roping off. In these situations, employees
must wear a personal flotation device
meeting
the
requirements
of
§ 1917.95(b).
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40201, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.127

Sanitation.

(a) Washing and toilet facilities. (1) The
employer shall provide accessible
washing and toilet facilities sufficient
for the sanitary requirements of employees. The facilities shall have:
(i) Running water, including hot and
cold or tepid water at a minimum of
one accessible location (when cargo
handling is conducted at locations
without permanent facilities, potable
water may be provided in lieu of running water);
(ii) Soap;
(iii) Individual hand towels, clean individual sections of continuous toweling or warm air blowers; and
(iv) Fixed or portable toilets in separate
compartments
with
latch-

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§ 1917.128

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

equipped doors. Separate toilet facilities shall be provided for male and female employees except when toilet
rooms will be occupied by only one person at a time.
(2) Washing and toilet facilities shall
be regularly cleaned and maintained in
good order.
(b) Drinking water. (1) Potable drinking water shall be accessible to employees at all times.
(2) Potable drinking water containers
shall be clean, containing only water
and ice, and shall be fitted with covers.
(3) Common drinking cups are prohibited.
(c) Prohibited eating areas. Consumption of food or beverages in areas where
hazardous materials are being stored or
handled shall be prohibited.
(d) Garbage and overboard discharges.
Work shall not be conducted in the immediate vicinity of uncovered garbage
or in the way of overboard discharges
from the vessel’s sanitary lines unless
employees are protected from the garbage or discharge by a baffle or splash
boards.
§ 1917.128 Signs and marking.
(a) General. Signs required by this
part shall be clearly worded and legible, and shall contain a key word or
legend indicating the reason for the
sign.
(1) Key words are such words as Danger, Warning, Caution.
(2) Legends are more specific explanations such as High Voltage, Close
Clearance, Pedestrian Crossing.
(b) Specific. Every marine terminal
shall have conspicuously posted signs
as follows:
(1) Locations of first aid facilities;
(2) Locations of telephones;
(3) Telephone numbers of the closest
ambulance service, hospital or other
source of medical attention, police, fire
department, and emergency squad (if
any); and
(4) Locations of firefighting and
emergency equipment and fire exits.

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

Subpart G—Related Terminal
Operations and Equipment
§ 1917.151 Machine guarding.
(a) Definition. ‘‘Guarded’’ means
shielded, fenced, or enclosed by covers,

casings, shields, troughs, spillways or
railings, or guarded by position or location. Examples of guarding methods
are guarding by location (positioning
hazards so they are inaccessible to employees) and point of operation guarding (using barrier guards, two-hand
tripping devices, electronic safety devices, or other such devices).
(b) General. (1) Danger zones on machines and equipment used by employees shall be guarded.
(2) Where chips and dust produced by
machine operation may result in a hazard to the operator, the machinery
shall be equipped with an effective exhaust system at the point of origin, or
other equally effective means shall be
provided to protect the operator.
(3) Fixed machinery shall be secured
to prevent shifting.
(4) A power cut-off device for machinery and equipment shall be provided at
the operator’s working position.
(5) Machines driven by belts and
shafting shall be fitted with a beltlocking or equivalent protective device
if the belt can be shifted.
(6) In operations where injury to the
operator might result if motors were to
restart after power failures, provisions
shall be made to prevent machines
from automatically restarting upon
restoration of power.
(7) The power supply to machines
shall be turned off, locked out, and
tagged out during repair, adjustment,
or servicing.
(8) Machines shall be maintained in a
safe working condition.
(9) Only designated employees shall
maintain or repair machinery and
equipment.
(10) Machines with defects that affect
the safety of operation shall not be
used.
(c) Hand-fed circular ripsaws and
hand-fed circular crosscut table saws. Unless fixed or manually adjustable enclosures or guarding provides equivalent protection, hand-fed circular
ripsaws and hand-fed circular crosscut
table saws shall be guarded as follows
to keep employees clear of any danger
zones:
(1) They shall be equipped with hoods
completely enclosing those portions of
the saw above the table and the material being cut;

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(2) They shall have spreaders to prevent material from squeezing the saw.
Spreaders shall be in true alignment
with the saw. Spreaders may be removed only during grooving, dadoing,
or rabbeting operations, and shall be
replaced at the completion of such operations; and
(3) They shall have non-kickback fingers or dogs to oppose the tendency of
the saw to pick up material or throw
material toward the operator.
(d) Swing cutoff saws. (1) Swing cutoff
saws shall have hoods completely enclosing the upper half of the saw, the
arbor end and the point of operation at
all saw positions to protect the operator from material thrown up by the
saw. The hood shall automatically
cover the lower portion of the blade, so
that when the saw returns to the back
of the table the hood rises on top of the
fence, and when the saw is moved forward the hood drops on top, remaining
in contact with the table or the material.
(2) Swing cutoff saws shall have a device to return the saw automatically to
the back of the table without rebound.
The device shall not be dependent upon
rope, cord or springs.
(3) Devices shall be provided to prevent saws from swinging beyond the
front or back edges of the table.
(4) Inverted swing cutoff saws shall
have hoods covering the part of the saw
protruding above the table top or the
material being cut. Hoods shall automatically adjust to the thickness of,
and remain in contact with, material
being cut.
(e) Radial saws. Unless fixed or manually adjustable enclosures or guards
provide equivalent protection, radial
saws shall be guarded as follows:
(1) The upper hood of radial saws
shall enclose the upper portion of the
blade up to and including the end of
the saw arbor and shall protect the operator from being struck by debris. The
sides of the lower exposed portion of
the blade shall be guarded to the blade
diameter by a device automatically adjusting to the thickness of the stock
and remaining in contact with the
stock. The lower guard may be removed only when the saw is used for
bevel cuts;

§ 1917.151

(2) Radial saws used for ripping shall
have non-kickback fingers or dogs on
both sides to oppose the thrust or tendency of the saw to pick up material or
throw material toward the operator;
(3) Adjustable stop shall be provided
to prevent travel of radial saw blades
beyond the table’s edge;
(4) Radial saws shall be installed so
that the cutting head returns to the
starting position without rebound
when released; and
(5) The employer shall direct that
employees perform ripping and ploughing against the saw turning direction.
Rotation direction and an indication of
the end of the saw to be used shall be
conspicuously marked on the hood.
(f) Band saws and band resaws. (1) Saw
blades and band saw wheels shall be enclosed or guarded, except for the working portion of the blade between the
bottom of the guide rolls and the table,
to protect employees from point-of-operation hazards and flying debris.
(2) Band saws shall be equipped with
brakes to stop the band saw wheel if
the blade breaks.
(3) Band saws shall be equipped with
a tension control device to keep the
blade taut.
(g) Abrasive wheels and machinery. (1)
Abrasive wheels shall be used only on
machines having enclosure guards to
restrain pieces of grinding wheels and
to protect employees if the wheel
breaks, except as provided in paragraphs (g)(2) and (g)(3) of this section.
Where the operator must stand in front
of the safety guard opening, the safety
guard shall be adjustable or have an
adjustable tongue or piece at the top of
the opening. The safety guard or the
tongue shall be adjusted so that they
are always close to the periphery of the
wheel. Guards shall be aligned with the
wheel and the strength of fastenings
shall be greater than the strength of
the guard.
(2) When the work provides equivalent protection, or when the machine is
designed as a portable saw, guards may
be constructed with the spindle end,
nut and outer flange exposed. When the
work entirely covers the side of the
wheel, the side covers of the guard may
be removed.
(3) Guarding is not required:

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

(i) For wheels used for internal work
while the wheel is contained within the
work being ground; or
(ii) For mounted wheels 2 inches (5
cm) and smaller in diameter used in
portable operations.
(4) Work rests shall be used on fixed
grinding machines. Work rests shall be
rigidly constructed and adjustable for
wheel wear. They shall be adjusted
closely to the wheel with a maximum
opening of 1⁄8-inch (3.18 mm) and shall
be securely clamped. Adjustment shall
not be made while the wheel is in motion.
(5) Grinding wheels shall fit freely on
the spindle. The spindle nut shall be
tightened only enough to hold the
wheel in place.
(6) Grinding machine wheels shall
turn at a speed that is compatible with
the rated speed of the wheel.
(7) Flanges and blotters shall be used
only with wheels designed for their use.
Flanges shall be of a type ensuring retention of pieces of the wheel in case of
breakage.
(8) Abrasive wheels with operational
defects shall not be used.
(h) Rotating parts, drives and connections. (1) Rotating parts, such as gears
and pulleys, that are located 7 feet (2.13
m) or less above working surfaces shall
be guarded to prevent employee contact with moving parts.
(2) Belt, rope and chain drives shall
be guarded to prevent employees from
coming into contact with moving
parts.
(3) Gears, sprockets and chains shall
be guarded to prevent employees from
coming into contact with moving
parts. This requirement does not apply
to manually operated sprockets.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65
FR 40942, June 30, 2000]

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.152 Welding, cutting and heating (hot work) 12 (See also § 1917.2,
definition of Hazardous cargo, materials, substance, or atmosphere).
(a) Definition. ‘‘Hot work’’ means riveting, welding, flame cutting or other
fire or spark-producing operation.
12 The U.S. Coast Guard, at 33 CFR 126.15(c),
requires prior permission of the Captain of
the Port if welding or other hot work is to be
carried out at a facility where dangerous

(b) Hot work in confined spaces. Hot
work shall not be performed in a confined space until a designated person
has tested the atmosphere and determined that it is not hazardous.
(c) Fire protection. (1) To the extent
possible, hot work shall be performed
in designated locations that are free of
fire hazards.
(2) When hot work must be performed
in a location that is not free of fire
hazards, all necessary precautions shall
be taken to confine heat, sparks, and
slag so that they cannot contact flammable or combustible material.
(3) Fire extinguishing equipment
suitable for the location shall be immediately available and shall be maintained in readiness for use at all times.
(4) When the hot work operation is
such that normal fire prevention precautions are not sufficient, additional
personnel shall be assigned to guard
against fire during hot work and for a
sufficient time after completion of the
work to ensure that no fire hazard remains. The employer shall instruct all
employees involved in hot work operations as to potential fire hazards and
the use of firefighting equipment.
(5) Drums and containers which contain or have contained flammable or
combustible liquids shall be kept
closed. Empty containers shall be removed from the hot work area.
(6) When openings or cracks in flooring cannot be closed, precautions shall
be taken to ensure that no employees
or flammable or combustible materials
on the floor below are exposed to
sparks dropping through the floor.
Similar precautions shall be taken regarding cracks or holes in walls, open
doorways and open or broken windows.
(7) Hot work shall not be performed:
(i) In flammable or potentially flammable atmospheres:
(ii) On or in equipment or tanks that
have contained flammable gas or liquid
or combustible liquid or dust-producing material, until a designated
person has tested the atmosphere inside the equipment or tanks and determined that it is not hazardous; or
(iii) Near any area in which exposed
readily ignitable materials such as
cargoes as defined by 33 CFR 126.07 are located or being handled.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
bulk sulphur, baled paper or cotton are
stored. Bulk sulphur is excluded from
this prohibition if suitable precautions
are followed, the person in charge is
knowledgeable and the person performing the work has been instructed
in preventing and extinguishing sulphur fires.
(8)(i) Drums, containers or hollow
structures that have contained flammable or combustible substances shall
either be filled with water or cleaned,
and shall then be ventilated. A designated person shall test the atmosphere and determine that it is not hazardous before hot work is performed on
or in such structures.
(ii) Before heat is applied to a drum,
container or hollow structure, an opening to release built-up pressure during
heat application shall be provided.
(d) Gas welding and cutting. (1) Compressed gas cylinders:
(i) Shall have valve protection caps
in place except when in use, hooked up
or secured for movement. Oil shall not
be used to lubricate caps;
(ii) Shall be hoisted only while secured, as on a cradle or pallet, and
shall not be hoisted by magnet, choker
sling or cylinder caps;
(iii) Shall be moved only by tilting or
rolling on their bottom edges;
(iv) Shall be secured when moved by
vehicle;
(v) Shall be secured while in use;
(vi) Shall have valves closed when
cylinders are empty, being moved or
stored;
(vii) Shall be secured upright except
when hoisted or carried;
(viii) Shall not be freed when frozen
by prying the valves or caps with bars
or by hitting the valve with a tool;
(ix) Shall not be thawed by boiling
water;
(x) Shall not be exposed to sparks,
hot slag, or flame;
(xi) Shall not be permitted to become
part of electrical circuits or have electrodes struck against them to strike
arcs;
(xii) Shall not be used as rollers or
supports;
(xiii) Shall not have contents used
for purposes not authorized by the supplier;
(xiv) Shall not be used if damaged or
defective;

§ 1917.152

(xv) Shall not have gases mixed within, except by gas suppliers;
(xvi) Shall be stored so that oxygen
cylinders are separated from fuel gas
cylinders and combustible materials by
either a minimum distance of 20 feet
(6.1 m) or a barrier having a fire-resistance rating of 30 minutes; and
(xvii) Shall not have objects that
might either damage the safety device
or obstruct the valve placed on top of
the cylinder when in use.
(2) Use of fuel gas. Fuel gas shall be
used only as follows:
(i) Before regulators are connected to
cylinder valves, the valves shall be
opened slightly (cracked) and closed
immediately to clear away dust or dirt.
Valves shall not be cracked if gas could
reach possible sources of ignition;
(ii) Cylinder valves shall be opened
slowly to prevent regulator damage
and shall not be opened more than 11⁄2
turns. Any special wrench required for
emergency closing shall be positioned
on the valve stem during cylinder use.
For manifolded or coupled cylinders, at
least one wrench shall be immediately
available. Nothing shall be placed on
top of a cylinder or associated parts
when the cylinder is in use.
(iii) Pressure-reducing regulators
shall be attached to cylinder valves
when cylinders are supplying torches
or devices equipped with shut-off
valves;
(iv) Cylinder valves shall be closed
and gas released from the regulator or
manifold before regulators are removed;
(v) Leaking fuel gas cylinder valves
shall be closed and the gland nut tightened. If the leak continues, the cylinder shall be tagged, removed from
service, and moved to a location where
the leak will not be hazardous. If a regulator attached to a valve stops a leak,
the cylinder need not be removed from
the workplace but shall be tagged and
may not be used again before it is repaired; and
(vi) If a plug or safety device leaks,
the cylinder shall be tagged, removed
from service, and moved to a location
where the leak will not be hazardous.
(3) Hose. (i) Fuel gas and oxygen
hoses shall be easily distinguishable
from each other by color or sense of
touch. Oxygen and fuel hoses shall not

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§ 1917.152

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

be interchangeable. Hoses having more
than one gas passage shall not be used.
(ii) When oxygen and fuel gas hoses
are taped together, not more than four
(4) of each 12 inches (10.16 cm of each
30.48 cm) shall be taped.
(iii) Hose shall be inspected before
use. Hose subjected to flashback or
showing evidence of severe wear or
damage shall be tested to twice the
normal working pressure but not less
than 200 p.s.i. (1378.96 kPa) before
reuse. Defective hose shall not be used.
(iv) Hose couplings shall not unlock
or disconnect without rotary motion.
(v)
Hose
connections
shall
be
clamped or securely fastened to withstand twice the normal working pressure but not less than 300 p.s.i. (2068.44
kPa) without leaking.
(vi) Gas hose storage boxes shall be
ventilated.
(4) Torches. (i) Torch tip openings
shall only be cleaned with devices designed for that purpose.
(ii) Torches shall be inspected before
each use for leaking shut-off valves,
hose couplings and tip connections.
Torches with such defects shall not be
used.
(iii) Torches shall not be lighted from
matches, cigarette lighters, other
flames or hot work.
(5) Pressure regulators. Pressure regulators, including associated gauges,
shall be maintained in safe working
order.
(6) Operational precaution. Gas welding equipment shall be maintained free
of oil and grease.
(e) Arc welding and cutting. (1) Manual
electrode holders. (i) The employer
shall ensure that only manual electrode holders intended for arc welding
and cutting and capable of handling
the maximum current required for such
welding or cutting shall be used.
(ii) Current-carrying parts passing
through those portions of the holder
gripped by the user and through the
outer surfaces of the jaws of the holder
shall be insulated against the maximum voltage to ground.
(2) Welding cables and connectors. (i)
Arc welding and cutting cables shall be
insulated, flexible and capable of handling the maximum current required
by the operations, taking into account
the duty cycles.

(ii) Only cable free from repair or
splice for 10 feet (3 m) from the electrode holder shall be used unless insulated connectors or splices with insulating quality equal to that of the
cable are provided.
(iii) When a cable other than the lead
mentioned in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this
section wears and exposes bare conductors, the portion exposed shall not be
used until it is protected by insulation
equivalent in performance capacity to
the original.
(iv) Insulated connectors of equivalent capacity shall be used for connecting or splicing cable. Cable lugs,
where used as connectors, shall provide
electrical contact. Exposed metal parts
shall be insulated.
(3) Ground returns and machine
grounding. (i) Ground return cables
shall have current-carrying capacity
equal to or exceeding the total maximum output capacities of the welding
or cutting units served.
(ii) Structures or pipelines, other
than those containing gases or flammable liquids or conduits containing
electrical circuits, may be used in the
ground return circuit if their currentcarrying capacity equals or exceeds the
total maximum output capacities of
the welding or cutting units served.
(iii) Structures or pipelines forming a
temporary ground return circuit shall
have electrical contact at all joints.
Arcs, sparks or heat at any point in the
circuit shall cause rejection as a
ground circuit.
(iv) Structures or pipelines acting
continuously as ground return circuits
shall have joints bonded and maintained to ensure that no electrolysis or
fire hazard exists.
(v) Arc welding and cutting machine
frames shall be grounded, either
through a third wire in the cable containing the circuit conductor or
through a separate wire at the source
of the current. Grounding circuits shall
have resistance low enough to permit
sufficient current to flow to cause the
fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the
current.
(vi) Ground connections shall be mechanically and electrically adequate to
carry the current.

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(4) When electrode holders are left
unattended, electrodes shall be removed and holders placed to prevent
employee injury.
(5) Hot electrode holders shall not be
dipped in water.
(6) The employer shall ensure that
when arc welders or cutters leave or
stop work or when machines are
moved, the power supply switch shall
be kept in the off position.
(7) Arc welding or cutting equipment
having a functional defect shall not be
used.
(8)(i) Arc welding and cutting operations shall be separated from other
operations by shields, screens, or curtains to protect employees in the vicinity from the direct rays and sparks of
the arc.
(ii) Employees in areas not protected
from the arc by screening shall be protected by appropriate filter lenses in
accordance with paragraph (h) of this
section. When welders are exposed to
their own arc or to each other’s arc,
they shall wear filter lenses complying
with the requirements of paragraph (h)
of this section.
(9) The control apparatus of arc welding machines shall be enclosed, except
for operating wheels, levers, and handles.
(10) Input power terminals, top
change devices and live metal parts
connected to imput circuits shall be
enclosed and accessible only by means
of insulated tools.
(11) When arc welding is performed in
wet or high-humidity conditions, employees shall use additional protection,
such as rubber pads or boots, against
electric shock.
(f) Ventilation and employee protection
in welding, cutting and heating—(1) Mechanical ventilation requirements. The
employer shall ensure that general mechanical ventilation or local exhaust
systems shall meet the following requirements:
(i) General mechanical ventilation
shall maintain vapors, fumes and
smoke below a hazardous level.
(ii) Local exhaust ventilation shall
consist of movable hoods positioned
close to the work and shall be of such
capacity and arrangement as to keep
breathing zone concentrations below
hazardous levels.

§ 1917.152

(iii) Exhausts from working spaces
shall be discharged into the open air,
clear of intake air sources;
(iv) Replacement air shall be clean
and respirable; and
(v) Oxygen shall not be used for ventilation, cooling or cleaning clothing
or work areas.
(2) Hot work in confined spaces. Except
as specified in paragraphs (f)(3)(ii) and
(f)(3)(iii) of this section, when hot work
is performed in a confined space the
employer shall ensure that:
(i) General mechanical or local exhaust ventilations shall be provided; or
(ii) Employees in the space shall
wear supplied air respirators in accordance with § 1910.134 and a standby on
the outside shall maintain communication with employees inside the space
and shall be equipped and prepared to
provide emergency aid.
(3) Welding, cutting or heating of toxic
metals. (i) In confined or enclosed
spaces, hot work involving the following metals shall only be performed
with general mechanical or local exhaust ventilation that ensures that
employees are not exposed to hazardous levels of fumes:
(A) Lead base metals;
(B) Cadmium-bearing filler materials; and
(C) Chromium-bearing metals or metals coated with chromium-bearing materials.
(ii) In confined or enclosed spaces,
hot work involving the following metals shall only be performed with local
exhaust ventilation meeting the requirements of paragraph (f)(1) of this
section or by employees wearing supplied air respirators in accordance with
§ 1910.134;
(A) Zinc-bearing base or filler metals
or metals coated with zinc-bearing materials;
(B) Metals containing lead other than
as an impurity, or coated with leadbearing materials;
(C) Cadmium-bearing or cadmiumcoated base metals; and
(D) Metals coated with mercury-bearing materials.
(iii) Employees performing hot work
in confined or enclosed spaces involving beryllium-containing base or filler
metals shall be protected by local exhaust ventilation and wear supplied air

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

respirators or self-contained breathing
apparatus, in accordance with the requirements of § 1910.134.
(iv) The employer shall ensure that
employees performing hot work in the
open air that involves any of the metals listed in paragraphs (f)(3)(i) and
(f)(3)(ii) of this section shall be protected by respirators in accordance
with the requirements of § 1910.134, and
those working on beryllium-containing
base or filler metals shall be protected
by supplied air respirators, in accordance
with
the
requirements
of
§ 1910.134.
(v) Any employee exposed to the
same atmosphere as the welder or
burner shall be protected by the same
type of respiratory and other protective equipment as that worn by the
welder or burner.
(4) Inert-gas metal-arc welding. Employees shall not engage in and shall
not be exposed to the inert-gas metalarc welding process unless the following precautions are taken:
(i) Chlorinated solvents shall not be
used within 200 feet (61 m) of the exposed arc. Surfaces prepared with
chlorinated solvents shall be thoroughly dry before welding is performed
on them.
(ii) Employees in areas not protected
from the arc by screening shall be protected by appropriate filter lenses in
accordance with the requirements of
paragraph (h) of this section. When
welders are exposed to their own arc or
to each other’s arc, filter lenses complying with the requirements of paragraph (h) of this section shall be worn
to protect against flashes and radiant
energy.
(iii) Employees exposed to radiation
shall have their skin covered completely to prevent ultraviolet burns
and damage. Helmets and hand shields
shall not have leaks, openings or highly reflective surfaces.
(iv) Inert-gas metal-arc welding on
stainless steel shall not be performed
unless exposed employees are protected
either by local exhaust ventilation or
by wearing supplied air respirators.
(g) Welding, cutting and heating on
preservative coatings. (1) Before hot
work is commenced on surfaces covered by a preservative coating of unknown flammability, a test shall be

made by a designated person to determine the coating’s flammability. Preservative coatings shall be considered
highly flammable when scrapings burn
with extreme rapidity.
(2) Appropriate precaution shall be
taken to prevent ignition of highly
flammable hardened preservative coatings. Highly flammable coatings shall
be stripped from the area to be heated.
An uncoiled fire hose with fog nozzle,
under pressure, shall be immediately
available in the hot work area.
(3) Surfaces covered with preservative coatings shall be stripped for at
least 4 inches (10.16 cm) from the area
of heat application or employees shall
be protected by supplied air respirators
in accordance with the requirements of
§ 1910.134 of this chapter.
(h) Protection against radiant energy.
(1) Employees shall be protected from
radiant energy eye hazards by spectacles, cup goggles, helmets, hand
shields or face shields with filter lenses
complying with the requirements of
this paragraph.
(2) Filter lenses shall have an appropriate shade number, as indicated in
Table G–1, for the work performed.
Variations of one or two shade numbers are permissible to suit individual
preferences.
(3) If filter lenses are used in goggles
worn under the helmet, the shade numbers of both lenses equals the value
shown in Table G–1 for the operation.
TABLE G–1—FILTER LENSES FOR PROTECTION
AGAINST RADIANT ENERGY
Operation
Soldering .....................................
Torch Brazing .............................
Light cutting, up to 1 inch ...........
Medium cutting, 1–6 inches ........
Heavy cutting, over 6 inches ......
Light gas welding, up to 1⁄8 inch
Medium gas welding, 1⁄8–1⁄2 inch
Heavy gas welding, over 1⁄2 inch
Shielded Metal-Arc Welding 1/16
to 5/32-inch electrodes.
Inert-gas Metal-Arc Welding
(Non-ferrous) 1/16- to 5/32inch electrodes.
Shielded Metal-Arc Welding:
3/16- to 1⁄4-inch electrodes ..
5/16- and 3⁄8-inch electrodes

Shade No.
2.
3 or
3 or
4 or
5 or
4 or
5 or
6 or
10

4.
4.
5.
6.
5.
6.
8.

11.

12.
14.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40202, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40942, June 30,
2000]

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

§ 1917.153 Spray painting (See also
§ 1917.2, definition of Hazardous
cargo, materials, substance, or atmosphere).
(a) Scope. This section covers painting operations connected with maintenance of structures, equipment and
gear at the marine terminal and of
transient equipment serviced at the
terminal. It does not apply to overall
painting of terminal structures under
construction, major repair or rebuilding of terminal structures, or portable
spraying apparatus not used regularly
in the same location.
(b) Definitions. (1) Spraying area
means any area where flammable vapors, mists or combustible residues,
dusts or deposits may be present due to
paint spraying operations.
(2) Spray booth means an enclosure
containing a flammable or combustible
spraying operation and confining and
limiting the escape of paint, vapor and
residue by means of a powered exhaust
system.
(3) Approved means, for the purpose of
this section, that the equipment has
been approved for the specified use by a
nationally recognized testing laboratory.
(c) Spray painting requirements for indoor and outdoor spraying areas and
booths. (1) Shut-off valves, containers
or piping with attached hoses or flexible connections shall have shut-off
valves closed at the connection when
not in use.
(2) Pumps used to transfer paint supplies shall have automatic pressure-relieving devices.
(3) Hoses and couplings shall be inspected before use. Hoses showing deterioration, leakage or weakness in the
carcass or at the couplings shall be removed from service.
(4)(i) No open flame or spark-producing equipment shall be within 20
feet (6.1 m) of a spraying area unless it
is separated from the spraying area by
a fire-retardant partition.
(ii) Hot surfaces shall not be located
in spraying areas.
(iii) Whenever combustible residues
may accumulate on electrical installations, wiring shall be in rigid conduit
or in boxes containing no taps, splices
or connections.

§ 1917.153

(iv) Portable electric lights shall not
be used during spraying operations.
Lights used during cleaning or repairing operations shall be approved for the
location in which they are used.
(5) When flammable or combustible
liquids are being transferred between
containers, both containers shall be
bonded and grounded.
(6)(i) Spraying shall be performed
only in designated spray booths or
spraying areas.
(ii) Spraying areas shall be kept as
free from combustible residue accumulations as practicable.
(iii) Residue scrapings, debris, rags,
and waste shall be removed from the
spraying area as they accumulate.
(7) Spraying with organic peroxides
and other dual-component coatings
shall only be conducted in sprinklerequipped spray booths.
(8) Only the quantity of flammable or
combustible liquids required for the operation shall be allowed in the spraying
area, and in no case shall the amount
exceed a one-day supply.
(9) Smoking shall be prohibited and
‘‘No Smoking’’ signs shall be posted in
spraying and paint storage areas.
(d) Additional requirements for spraying
areas and spray booths. (1) Distribution
or baffle plates shall be of noncombustible material and shall be removable
or accessible for cleaning. They shall
not be located in exhaust ducts.
(2) Any discarded filter shall be removed from the work area or placed in
water.
(3) Filters shall not be used when the
material being sprayed is highly susceptible to spontaneous heating and ignition.
(4) Filters shall be noncombustible or
of an approved type. The same filter
shall not be used when spraying with
different coating materials if the combination of materials may spontaneously ignite.
(5) Spraying areas shall be mechanically ventilated for removal of flammable and combustible vapor and mist.
(6) Mechanical ventilation shall be in
operation during spraying operations
and long enough thereafter to exhaust
hazardous vapor concentrations.
(7) Rotating fan elements shall be
nonsparking or the casing shall consist

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§ 1917.154

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

of or be lined with nonsparking material.
(8) Piping systems conveying flammable or combustible liquids to the
spraying booth or area shall be made of
metal and be both bonded and grounded.
(9) Air exhausted from spray operations shall not contaminate makeup
air or other ventilation intakes. Exhausted air shall not be recirculated
unless it is first cleaned of any hazardous contaminants.
(10) Original closed containers, approved portable tanks, approved safety
cans or a piping system shall be used to
bring flammable or combustible liquids
into spraying areas.
(11) If flammable or combustible liquids are supplied to spray nozzles by
positive displacement pumps, the pump
discharge line shall have a relief valve
discharging either to a pump section or
detached location, or the line shall be
equipped with a device to stop the
prime mover when discharge pressure
exceeds the system’s safe operating
pressure.
(12) Wiring, motors and equipment in
a spray booth shall be of approved explosion-proof type for Class I, Group D
locations and conform to subpart S of
Part 1910 of this chapter for Class I, Division 1, Hazardous Locations. Wiring,
motors and equipment within 20 feet
(6.1m) of any interior spraying area and
not separated by vapor-tight partitions
shall not produce sparks during operation and shall conform to the requirements of subpart S of Part 1910 of this
chapter for Class I, Division 2, Hazardous Locations.
(13) Outside electrical lights within
10 feet (3.05m) of spraying areas and
not separated from the areas by partitions shall be enclosed and protected
from damage.
(e) Additional requirements for spray
booths. (1) Spray booths shall be substantially constructed of noncombustible material and have smooth interior surfaces. Spray booth floors shall
be covered with noncombustible material. As an aid to cleaning, paper may
be used to cover the floor during painting operations if it is removed after the
painting is completed.
(2) Spray booths shall be separated
from other operations by at least 3 feet

(0.91m) or by fire-retardant partitions
or walls.
(3) A space of at least 3 feet (0.91m)
on all sides of the spray booth shall be
maintained free of storage or combustible materials.
(4) Metal parts of spray booths, exhaust ducts, piping and airless highpressure spray guns and conductive objects being sprayed shall be grounded.
(5) Electric motors driving exhaust
fans shall not be located inside booths
or ducts.
(6) Belts shall not enter ducts or
booths unless the belts are completely
enclosed.
(7) Exhaust ducts shall be made of
steel, shall have sufficient access doors
to permit cleaning, and shall have a
minimum clearance of 18 inches (0.46m)
from combustible materials. Any installed dampers shall be fully opened
when the ventilating system is operating.
(8) Spray booths shall not be alternately used to spray different types of
coating materials if the combination of
the materials may spontaneously ignite unless deposits of the first material are removed from the booth and
from exhaust ducts before spraying of
the second material begins.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65
FR 40942, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.154

Compressed air.

Employees shall be protected by chip
guarding
and
personal
protective
equipment complying with the provisions of subpart E of this part during
cleaning with compressed air. Compressed air used for cleaning shall not
exceed a pressure of 30 psi. Compressed
air shall not be used to clean employees.
§ 1917.155

Air receivers.

(a) Application. This section applies
to compressed air receivers and equipment used for operations such as cleaning, drilling, hoisting and chipping. It
does not apply to equipment used to
convey materials or in such transportation applications as railways, vehicles or cranes.
(b) Gauges and valves. (1) Air receivers
shall be equipped with indicating pressure gauges and spring-loaded safety

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valves. Safety valves shall prevent receiver pressure from exceeding 110 percent of the maximum allowable working pressure.
(2) No other valves shall be placed between air receivers and their safety
valves.
§ 1917.156 Fuel handling and storage.
(a) Liquid fuel. (1) Only designated
persons shall conduct fueling operations.
(2) In case of spillage, filler caps shall
be replaced and spillage disposed of before engines are started.
(3) Engines shall be stopped and operators shall not be on the equipment
during refueling operations.
(4) Smoking and open flames shall be
prohibited in areas used for fueling,
fuel storage or enclosed storage of
equipment containing fuel.
(5) Equipment shall be refueled only
at designated locations.
(6) Liquid fuels not handled by pump
shall be handled and transported only
in portable containers or equivalent
means designed for that purpose. Portable containers shall be metal, have
tight closures with screw or spring covers and shall be equipped with spouts
or other means to allow pouring without spilling. Leaking containers shall
not be used.
(7) Flammable liquids may be dispensed in the open from a tank or from
other vehicles equipped for delivering
fuel to another vehicle only if:
(i) Dispensing hoses do not exceed 50
feet (15.24 m) in length; and
(ii) Any powered dispensing nozzles
used are of the automatic-closing type.
(8) Liquid fuel dispensing devices
shall be provided with an easily accessible and clearly identified shut-off device, such as a switch or circuit breaker, to shut off the power in an emergency.
(9) Liquid fuel dispensing devices,
such as pumps, shall be mounted either
on a concrete island or be otherwise
protected against collision damage.
(b) Liquefied gas fuels—(1) Fueling locations. (i) Liquefied gas powered equipment shall be fueled only at designated
locations.
(ii) Equipment with permanently
mounted fuel containers shall be
charged outdoors.

§ 1917.156

(iii) Equipment shall not be fueled or
stored near underground entrances, elevator shafts or other places where gas
or fumes might accumulate.
(2) Fuel containers. (i) When removable fuel containers are used, the escape of fuel when containers are exchanged shall be minimized by:
(A) Automatic quick-closing couplings (closing in both directions when
uncoupled) in fuel lines; or
(B) Closing fuel container valves and
allowing engines to run until residual
fuel is exhausted.
(ii) Pressure-relief valve openings
shall be in continuous contact with the
vapor space (top) of the cylinder.
(iii) Fuel containers shall be secured
to prevent their being jarred loose,
slipping or rotating.
(iv) Containers shall be located to
prevent damage to the container. If located within a compartment, that compartment shall be vented. Containers
near the engine or exhaust system
shall be shielded against direct heat radiation.
(v) Container installation shall provide the container with at least the vehicle’s road clearance under maximum
spring deflection, which shall be to the
bottom of the container or to the lowest fitting on the container or housing,
whichever is lower.
(vi) Valves and connections shall be
protected from contact damage. Permanent protection shall be provided for
fittings on removable containers.
(vii) Defective containers shall be removed from service.
(3) Fueling operations. (i) To the extent applicable, fueling operations for
liquefied gas fuels shall also comply
with paragraph (a) of this section.
(ii) Using matches or flames to check
for leaks is prohibited.
(iii) Containers shall be examined before recharging and again before reuse
for the following:
(A) Dents, scrapes and gouges of pressure vessels;
(B) Damage to valves and liquid level
gauges;
(C) Debris in relief valves;
(D) Leakage at valves or connections;
and
(E) Deterioration or loss of flexible
seals in filling or servicing connections.

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–08 Edition)

(4) Fuel storage. (i) Stored fuel containers shall be located to minimize exposure to excessive temperatures and
physical damage.
(ii) Containers shall not be stored
near exits, stairways or areas normally
used or intended for egress.
(iii) Outlet valves of containers in
storage or transport shall be closed.
Relief valves shall connect with vapor
spaces.
(5) Vehicle storage and servicing. (i)
Liquefied gas fueled vehicles may be
stored or serviced inside garages or
shops only if there are no fuel system
leaks.
(ii) Liquefied gas fueled vehicles
under repair shall have container shutoff valves closed unless engine operation is necessary for repairs.
(iii) Liquefied gas fueled vehicles
shall not be parked near open flames,
sources of ignition or unventilated
open pits.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40202, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40943, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.157
ing.

Battery charging and chang-

yshivers on PROD1PC62 with CFR

(a) Only designated persons shall
change or charge batteries.
(b) Battery charging and changing
shall be performed only in areas designated by the employer.
(c) Smoking and other ignition
sources are prohibited in charging
areas.
(d) Filler caps shall be in place when
batteries are being moved.
(e) Parking brakes shall be applied
before
batteries
are
charged
or
changed.
(f) When a jumper battery is connected to a battery in a vehicle, the
ground lead shall connect to ground
away from the vehicle’s battery. Igni-

tion, lights and accessories on the vehicle shall be turned off before connections are made.
(g) Batteries shall be free of corrosion buildup and cap vent holes shall be
open.
(h) Adequate ventilation shall be provided during charging.
(i) Facilities for flushing the eyes,
body and work area with water shall be
provided wherever electrolyte is handled, except that this requirement does
not apply when employees are only
checking battery electrolyte levels or
adding water.
(j) Carboy tilters or siphons shall be
used to handle electrolyte in large containers.
(k) Battery handling equipment
which could contact battery terminals
or cell connectors shall be insulated or
otherwise protected.
(l) Metallic objects shall not be
placed on uncovered batteries.
(m)
When
batteries
are
being
charged, the vent caps shall be in
place.
(n) Chargers shall be turned off when
leads are being connected or disconnected.
(o) Installed batteries shall be secured to avoid physical or electrical
contact with compartment walls or
components.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40202, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.158 Prohibited operations.
(a) Spray painting and abrasive blasting operations shall not be conducted
in the vicinity of cargo handling operations.
(b) Welding and burning operations
shall not be conducted in the vicinity
of cargo handling operations unless
such hot work is part of the cargo operation.

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