1,3 - Butadiene Standard (1910.1051)

§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

Analytical standard concentrations should
bracket sample concentrations. Thus, if samples fall out of the range of prepared standards, additional standards must be prepared
to ascertain detector response.
Sample Preparation
The sample filters are received in vials
containing deionized water.
1 mL of 0.5N NaOH and 2.0 mL toluene are
added to each vial.
The vials are recapped and shaken for 10
min.
After allowing the layers to separate, approximately 1 mL aliquots of the toluene
(upper) layers are transferred to separate
vials with clean disposable pipets.
The toluene layers are treated and analyzed.
Analysis
GC conditions
Zone temperatures:
Column—220 degrees C
Injector—235 degrees C
Detector—335 degrees C
Gas flows, Ar/CH4 Column—28 mL/min
(95/5)
Purge—40 mL/min
Injection volume: 5.0 uL
Column: 6 ft × 1/8 in ID glass, 3% OV–101 on
100/120 Gas Chrom Q
Retention time of MDA derivative: 3.5 min
Chromatogram
Peak areas or heights are measured by an
integrator or other suitable means.
A calibration curve is constructed by plotting response (peak areas or heights) of
standard injections versus ug of MDA per
sample. Sample concentrations must be
bracketed by standards.
Interferences (Analytical)
Any compound that gives an electron capture detector response and has the same general retention time as the HFAA derivative
of MDA is a potential interference. Suspected interferences reported to the laboratory with submitted samples by the industrial hygienist must be considered before
samples are derivatized.
GC parameters may be changed to possibly
circumvent interferences.
Retention time on a single column is not
considered proof of chemical identity.
Analyte identity should be confirmed by GC/
MS if possible.

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Calculations
The analyte concentration for samples is
obtained from the calibration curve in terms
of ug MDA per sample. The extraction efficiency is 100%. If any MDA is found on the
blank, that amount is subtracted from the

sample amounts. The air concentrations are
calculated using the following formulae.
µg/m3=(µg MDA per sample) (1000)/(L of air
sampled)
ppb=(µg/m3)
(24.46)/(198.3)=(µg/m3)
(0.1233)
where 24.46 is the molar volume at 25 degrees C and 760 mm Hg
Safety Precautions (Analytical)
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of all
chemicals.
Restrict the use of all chemicals to a fume
hood if possible.
Wear safety glasses and a lab coat at all
times while in the lab area.
[57 FR 35666, Aug. 10, 1992, as amended at 57
FR 49649, Nov. 3, 1992; 61 FR 5508, Feb. 13,
1996; 63 FR 1293, Jan. 8, 1998; 67 FR 67965, Nov.
7, 2002; 71 FR 16672, 16673, Apr. 3, 2006; 71 FR
50190, Aug. 24, 2006]

§ 1910.1051

1,3-Butadiene.

(a) Scope and application. (1) This section applies to all occupational exposures to 1,3-Butadiene (BD), Chemical
Abstracts Service Registry No. 106–99–
0, except as provided in paragraph (a)(2)
of this section.
(2)(i) Except for the recordkeeping
provisions in paragraph (m)(1) of this
section, this section does not apply to
the processing, use, or handling of
products containing BD or to other
work operations and streams in which
BD is present where objective data are
reasonably relied upon that demonstrate the work operation or the
product or the group of products or operations to which it belongs may not
reasonably be foreseen to release BD in
airborne concentrations at or above
the action level or in excess of the
STEL under the expected conditions of
processing, use, or handling that will
cause the greatest possible release or
in any plausible accident.
(ii) This section also does not apply
to work operations, products or
streams where the only exposure to BD
is from liquid mixtures containing 0.1%
or less of BD by volume or the vapors
released from such liquids, unless objective data become available that
show that airborne concentrations generated by such mixtures can exceed the
action level or STEL under reasonably
predictable conditions of processing,
use or handling that will cause the
greatest possible release.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(iii) Except for labeling requirements
and requirements for emergency response, this section does not apply to
the storage, transportation, distribution or sale of BD or liquid mixtures in
intact containers or in transportation
pipelines sealed in such a manner as to
fully contain BD vapors or liquid.
(3) Where products or processes containing BD are exempted under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the employer shall maintain records of the objective data supporting that exemption
and the basis for the employer’s reliance on the data, as provided in paragraph (m)(1) of this section.
(b) Definitions: For the purpose of this
section, the following definitions shall
apply:
Action level means a concentration of
airborne BD of 0.5 ppm calculated as an
eight (8)-hour time-weighted average.
Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or designee.
Authorized person means any person
specifically designated by the employer, whose duties require entrance
into a regulated area, or a person entering such an area as a designated representative of employees to exercise
the right to observe monitoring and
measuring procedures under paragraph
(d)(8) of this section, or a person designated under the Act or regulations
issued under the Act to enter a regulated area.
1,3–Butadiene means an organic compound with chemical formula CH2=CHCH=CH2 that has a molecular weight of
approximately 54.15 gm/mole.
Business day means any Monday
through Friday, except those days designated as federal, state, local or company specific holidays.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) means
laboratory tests performed on whole
blood specimens and includes the following: White blood cell count (WBC),
hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell count
(RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), differential
count of white blood cells, red blood
cell morphology, red blood cell indices,
and platelet count.
Day means any part of a calendar
day.
Director means the Director of the
National Institute for Occupational

§ 1910.1051

Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or designee.
Emergency situation means any occurrence such as, but not limited to,
equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment
that may or does result in an uncontrolled significant release of BD.
Employee exposure means exposure of
a worker to airborne concentrations of
BD which would occur if the employee
were not using respiratory protective
equipment.
Objective data means monitoring
data, or mathematical modelling or
calculations based on composition,
chemical and physical properties of a
material, stream or product.
Permissible Exposure Limits, PELs
means either the 8 hour Time Weighted
Average (8-hr TWA) exposure or the
Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL).
Physician or other licensed health care
professional is an individual whose legally permitted scope of practice (i.e.,
license, registration, or certification)
allows him or her to independently provide or be delegated the responsibility
to provide one or more of the specific
health care services required by paragraph (k) of this section.
Regulated area means any area where
airborne concentrations of BD exceed
or can reasonably be expected to exceed the 8-hour time weighted average
(8-hr TWA) exposure of 1 ppm or the
short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 5
ppm for 15 minutes.
This section means this 1,3-butadiene
standard.
(c) Permissible exposure limits (PELs)—
(1) Time-weighted average (TWA) limit.
The employer shall ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of BD in excess of one (1)
part BD per million parts of air (ppm)
measured as an eight (8)-hour timeweighted average.
(2) Short-term exposure limit (STEL).
The employer shall ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of BD in excess of five parts
of BD per million parts of air (5 ppm)
as determined over a sampling period
of fifteen (15) minutes.
(d) Exposure monitoring—(1) General.
(i) Determinations of employee exposure shall be made from breathing zone

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§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

air samples that are representative of
the 8-hour TWA and 15-minute shortterm exposures of each employee.
(ii) Representative 8-hour TWA employee exposure shall be determined on
the basis of one or more samples representing full-shift exposure for each
shift and for each job classification in
each work area.
(iii) Representative 15-minute shortterm employee exposures shall be determined on the basis of one or more
samples representing 15-minute exposures associated with operations that
are most likely to produce exposures
above the STEL for each shift and for
each job classification in each work
area.
(iv) Except for the initial monitoring
required under paragraph (d)(2) of this
section, where the employer can document that exposure levels are equivalent for similar operations on different
work shifts, the employer need only determine representative employee exposure for that operation from the shift
during which the highest exposure is
expected.
(2) Initial monitoring. (i) Each employer who has a workplace or work
operation covered by this section, shall
perform initial monitoring to determine accurately the airborne concentrations of BD to which employees
may be exposed, or shall rely on objective data pursuant to paragraph
(a)(2)(i) of this section to fulfill this requirement. The initial monitoring required under this paragraph shall be
completed within 60 days of the introduction of BD into the workplace.
(ii) Where the employer has monitored within two years prior to the effective date of this section and the
monitoring satisfies all other requirements of this section, the employer
may rely on such earlier monitoring
results to satisfy the requirements of
paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, provided that the conditions under which
the initial monitoring was conducted
have not changed in a manner that
may result in new or additional exposures.
(3) Periodic monitoring and its frequency. (i) If the initial monitoring required by paragraph (d)(2) of this section reveals employee exposure to be at
or above the action level but at or

below both the 8-hour TWA limit and
the STEL, the employer shall repeat
the representative monitoring required
by paragraph (d)(1) of this section
every twelve months.
(ii) If the initial monitoring required
by paragraph (d)(2) of this section reveals employee exposure to be above
the 8-hour TWA limit, the employer
shall repeat the representative monitoring required by paragraph (d)(1)(ii)
of this section at least every three
months until the employer has collected two samples per quarter (each at
least 7 days apart) within a two-year
period, after which such monitoring
must occur at least every six months.
(iii) If the initial monitoring required
by paragraph (d)(2) of this section reveals employee exposure to be above
the STEL, the employer shall repeat
the representative monitoring required
by paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section
at least every three months until the
employer has collected two samples per
quarter (each at least 7 days apart)
within a two-year period, after which
such monitoring must occur at least
every six months.
(iv) The employer may alter the monitoring schedule from every six months
to annually for any required representative monitoring for which two consecutive measurements taken at least 7
days apart indicate that employee exposure has decreased to or below the 8hour TWA, but is at or above the action level.
(4) Termination of monitoring. (i) If the
initial monitoring required by paragraph (d)(2) of this section reveals employee exposure to be below the action
level and at or below the STEL, the
employer may discontinue the monitoring for employees whose exposures
are represented by the initial monitoring.
(ii) If the periodic monitoring required by paragraph (d)(3) of this section reveals that employee exposures,
as indicated by at least two consecutive measurements taken at least 7
days apart, are below the action level
and at or below the STEL, the employer may discontinue the monitoring
for those employees who are represented by such monitoring.
(5) Additional monitoring. (i) The employer shall institute the exposure

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
monitoring required under paragraph
(d) of this section whenever there has
been a change in the production, process, control equipment, personnel or
work practices that may result in new
or additional exposures to BD or when
the employer has any reason to suspect
that a change may result in new or additional exposures.
(ii) Whenever spills, leaks, ruptures
or other breakdowns occur that may
lead to employee exposure above the 8hr TWA limit or above the STEL, the
employer shall monitor [using leak
source, such as direct reading instruments, area or personal monitoring],
after the cleanup of the spill or repair
of the leak, rupture or other breakdown, to ensure that exposures have returned to the level that existed prior to
the incident.
(6) Accuracy of monitoring. Monitoring
shall be accurate, at a confidence level
of 95 percent, to within plus or minus
25 percent for airborne concentrations
of BD at or above the 1 ppm TWA limit
and to within plus or minus 35 percent
for airborne concentrations of BD at or
above the action level of 0.5 ppm and
below the 1 ppm TWA limit.
(7) Employee notification of monitoring
results. (i) The employer must, within
15 working days after the receipt of the
results of any monitoring performed
under this section, notify each affected
employee of these results either individually in writing or by posting the
results in an appropriate location that
is accessible to employees.
(ii) The employer shall, within 15
business days after receipt of any monitoring performed under this section
indicating the 8-hour TWA or STEL
has been exceeded, provide the affected
employees, in writing, with information on the corrective action being
taken by the employer to reduce employee exposure to or below the 8-hour
TWA or STEL and the schedule for
completion of this action.
(8) Observation of monitoring—(i) Employee observation. The employer shall
provide affected employees or their
designated representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of
employee exposure to BD conducted in
accordance with paragraph (d) of this
section.

§ 1910.1051

(ii) Observation procedures. When observation of the monitoring of employee exposure to BD requires entry
into an area where the use of protective clothing or equipment is required,
the employer shall provide the observer
at no cost with protective clothing and
equipment, and shall ensure that the
observer uses this equipment and complies with all other applicable safety
and health procedures.
(e) Regulated areas. (1) The employer
shall establish a regulated area wherever occupational exposures to airborne concentrations of BD exceed or
can reasonably be expected to exceed
the permissible exposure limits, either
the 8-hr TWA or the STEL.
(2) Access to regulated areas shall be
limited to authorized persons.
(3) Regulated areas shall be demarcated from the rest of the workplace in
any manner that minimizes the number of employees exposed to BD within
the regulated area.
(4) An employer at a multi-employer
worksite who establishes a regulated
area shall communicate the access restrictions and locations of these areas
to other employers with work operations at that worksite whose employees may have access to these areas.
(f) Methods of compliance—(1) Engineering controls and work practices. (i)
The employer shall institute engineering controls and work practices to reduce and maintain employee exposure
to or below the PELs, except to the extent that the employer can establish
that these controls are not feasible or
where paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section
applies.
(ii) Wherever the feasible engineering
controls and work practices which can
be instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the
8-hour TWA or STEL, the employer
shall use them to reduce employee exposure to the lowest levels achievable
by these controls and shall supplement
them by the use of respiratory protection that complies with the requirements of paragraph (h) of this section.
(2) Compliance plan. (i) Where any exposures are over the PELs, the employer shall establish and implement a
written plan to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs primarily by

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§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

means of engineering and work practice controls, as required by paragraph
(f)(1) of this section, and by the use of
respiratory protection where required
or permitted under this section. No
compliance plan is required if all exposures are under the PELs.
(ii) The written compliance plan
shall include a schedule for the development and implementation of the engineering controls and work practice
controls including periodic leak detection surveys.
(iii) Copies of the compliance plan required in paragraph (f)(2) of this section shall be furnished upon request for
examination and copying to the Assistant Secretary, the Director, affected
employees and designated employee
representatives. Such plans shall be reviewed at least every 12 months, and
shall be updated as necessary to reflect
significant changes in the status of the
employer’s compliance program.
(iv) The employer shall not implement a schedule of employee rotation
as a means of compliance with the
PELs.
(g) Exposure Goal Program. (1) For
those operations and job classifications
where employee exposures are greater
than the action level, in addition to
compliance with the PELs, the employer shall have an exposure goal program that is intended to limit employee exposures to below the action
level during normal operations.
(2) Written plans for the exposure
goal program shall be furnished upon
request for examination and copying to
the Assistant Secretary, the Director,
affected employees and designated employee representatives.
(3) Such plans shall be updated as
necessary to reflect significant changes
in the status of the exposure goal program.
(4) Respirator use is not required in
the exposure goal program.
(5) The exposure goal program shall
include the following items unless the
employer can demonstrate that the
item is not feasible, will have no significant effect in reducing employee
exposures, or is not necessary to
achieve exposures below the action
level:
(i) A leak prevention, detection, and
repair program.

(ii) A program for maintaining the
effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation systems.
(iii) The use of pump exposure control technology such as, but not limited to, mechanical double-sealed or
seal-less pumps.
(iv) Gauging devices designed to
limit employee exposure, such as magnetic gauges on rail cars.
(v) Unloading devices designed to
limit employee exposure, such as a
vapor return system.
(vi) A program to maintain BD concentration below the action level in
control rooms by use of engineering
controls.
(h) Respiratory protection—(1) General.
For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer
must provide respirators that comply
with the requirements of this paragraph. Respirators must be used during:
(i) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and workpractice controls.
(ii) Non-routine work operations that
are performed infrequently and for
which employee exposures are limited
in duration.
(iii) Work operations for which feasible engineering and work-practice
controls are not yet sufficient to reduce employee exposures to or below
the PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.
(2) Respirator program. (i) The employer must implement a respiratory
protection program in accordance with
29 CFR 1910.134 (b) through (d) (except
(d)(1)(iii), (d)(3)(iii)(B)(1), and (2)), and
(f) through (m).
(ii) If air-purifying respirators are
used, the employer must replace the
air-purifying filter elements according
to the replacement schedule set for the
class of respirators listed in Table 1 of
this section, and at the beginning of
each work shift.
(iii) Instead of using the replacement
schedule listed in Table 1 of this section, the employer may replace cartridges or canisters at 90% of their expiration service life, provided the employer:
(A) Demonstrates that employees
will be adequately protected by this
procedure.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(B) Uses BD breakthrough data for
this purpose that have been derived
from tests conducted under worst-case
conditions of humidity, temperature,
and air-flow rate through the filter element, and the employer also describes
the data supporting the cartridge-or
canister-change schedule, as well as
the basis for using the data in the employer’s respirator program.
(iv) A label must be attached to each
filter element to indicate the date and
time it is first installed on the respirator.
(v) If NIOSH approves an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) for an air-puri-

§ 1910.1051

fying filter element, the element may
be used until the ESLI shows no further useful service life or until the element is replaced at the beginning of
the next work shift, whichever occurs
first.
(vi) Regardless of the air-purifying
element used, if an employee detects
the odor of BD, the employer must replace the air-purifying element immediately.
(3) Respirator selection. (i) The employer must select appropriate respirators from Table 1 of this section.

TABLE 1—MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR AIRBORNE BD
Concentration of airborne BD (ppm) or
condition of use

Minimum required respirator

Less than or equal to 5 ppm (5 times PEL)

(a) Air-purifying half mask or full facepiece respirator equipped with approved BD
or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced
every 4 hours.
(a) Air-purifying half mask or full facepiece respirator equipped with approved BD
or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced
every 3 hours.
(a) Air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with approved BD or organic
vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every 2
hours.
(b) Any powered air-purifying respirator equipped with approved BD or organic
vapor cartridges. PAPR cartridges shall be replaced every 2 hours.
(c) Continuous flow supplied air respirator equipped with a hood or helmet.
(a) Air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with approved BD or organic
vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every (1)
hour.
(b) Powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece and an
approved BD or organic vapor cartridges. PAPR cartridges shall be replaced
every (1) hour.
(a) Supplied air respirator equipped with a half mask of full facepiece and operated
in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.
(a) Self-contained breathing apparatus equipped with a full facepiece and operated
in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.
(b) Any supplied air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a
pressure demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure demand or other
positive pressure mode.
(a) Any positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus with an appropriate
service life.
(b) A air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with a front or back mounted
BD or organic vapor canister.

Less than or equal to 10 ppm (10 times
PEL).
Less than or equal to 25 ppm (25 times
PEL).

Less than or equal to 50 ppm (50 times
PEL).

Less than or equal to 1,000 ppm (1,000
times PEL).
Greater than 1000 ppm unknown concentration, or firefighting.

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NOTES: Respirators approved for use in higher concentrations are permitted to be used in lower concentrations. Full facepiece
is required when eye irritation is anticipated.

(ii) Air-purifying respirators must
have filter elements approved by
NIOSH for organic vapors or BD.
(iii) When an employee whose job requires the use of a respirator cannot
use a negative-pressure respirator, the
employer must provide the employee
with a respirator that has less breathing resistance than the negative-pressure respirator, such as a powered airpurifying respirator or supplied-air res-

pirator, when the employee is able to
use it and if it provides the employee
adequate protection.
(i) Protective clothing and equipment.
Where appropriate to prevent eye contact and limit dermal exposure to BD,
the employer shall provide protective
clothing and equipment at no cost to
the employee and shall ensure its use.
Eye and face protection shall meet the
requirements of 29 CFR 1910.133.

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§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

(j) Emergency situations. Written plan.
A written plan for emergency situations shall be developed, or an existing
plan shall be modified, to contain the
applicable elements specified in 29 CFR
1910.38 and 29 CFR 1910.39, ‘‘Emergency
action plans’’ and ‘‘Fire prevention
plans,’’ respectively, and in 29 CFR
1910.120, ‘‘Hazardous Waste Operations
and Emergency Response,’’ for each
workplace where there is the possibility of an emergency.
(k) Medical screening and surveillance—(1) Employees covered. The employer shall institute a medical screening and surveillance program as specified in this paragraph for:
(i) Each employee with exposure to
BD at concentrations at or above the
action level on 30 or more days or for
employees who have or may have exposure to BD at or above the PELs on 10
or more days a year;
(ii) Employers (including successor
owners) shall continue to provide medical screening and surveillance for employees, even after transfer to a nonBD exposed job and regardless of when
the employee is transferred, whose
work histories suggest exposure to BD:
(A) At or above the PELs on 30 or
more days a year for 10 or more years;
(B) At or above the action level on 60
or more days a year for 10 or more
years; or
(C) Above 10 ppm on 30 or more days
in any past year; and
(iii) Each employee exposed to BD
following an emergency situation.
(2) Program administration. (i) The employer shall ensure that the health
questionnaire, physical examination
and medical procedures are provided
without cost to the employee, without
loss of pay, and at a reasonable time
and place.
(ii) Physical examinations, health
questionnaires, and medical procedures
shall be performed or administered by
a physician or other licensed health
care professional.
(iii) Laboratory tests shall be conducted by an accredited laboratory.
(3) Frequency of medical screening activities. The employer shall make medical screening available on the following schedule:
(i) For each employee covered under
paragraphs (j)(1) (i)–(ii) of this section,

a health questionnaire and complete
blood count with differential and platelet count (CBC) every year, and a physical examination as specified below:
(A) An initial physical examination
that meets the requirements of this
rule, if twelve months or more have
elapsed since the last physical examination conducted as part of a medical
screening program for BD exposure;
(B) Before assumption of duties by
the employee in a job with BD exposure;
(C) Every 3 years after the initial
physical examination;
(D) At the discretion of the physician
or other licensed health care professional reviewing the annual health
questionnaire and CBC;
(E) At the time of employee reassignment to an area where exposure to BD
is below the action level, if the employee’s past exposure history does not
meet the criteria of paragraph (j)(1)(ii)
of this section for continued coverage
in the screening and surveillance program, and if twelve months or more
have elapsed since the last physical examination; and
(F) At termination of employment if
twelve months or more have elapsed
since the last physical examination.
(ii) Following an emergency situation, medical screening shall be conducted as quickly as possible, but not
later than 48 hours after the exposure.
(iii) For each employee who must
wear a respirator, physical ability to
perform the work and use the respirator must be determined as required
by 29 CFR 1910.134.
(4) Content of medical screening. (i)
Medical screening for employees covered by paragraphs (j)(1) (i)–(ii) of this
section shall include:
(A) A baseline health questionnaire
that includes a comprehensive occupational and health history and is updated annually. Particular emphasis
shall be placed on the hematopoietic
and reticuloendothelial systems, including exposure to chemicals, in addition to BD, that may have an adverse
effect on these systems, the presence of
signs and symptoms that might be related to disorders of these systems, and
any other information determined by
the examining physician or other licensed health care professional to be

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
necessary to evaluate whether the employee is at increased risk of material
impairment of health from BD exposure. Health questionnaires shall consist of the sample forms in Appendix C
to this section, or be equivalent to
those samples;
(B) A complete physical examination,
with special emphasis on the liver,
spleen, lymph nodes, and skin;
(C) A CBC; and
(D) Any other test which the examining physician or other licensed
health care professional deems necessary to evaluate whether the employee may be at increased risk from
exposure to BD.
(ii) Medical screening for employees
exposed to BD in an emergency situation shall focus on the acute effects of
BD exposure and at a minimum include: A CBC within 48 hours of the exposure and then monthly for three
months; and a physical examination if
the employee reports irritation of the
eyes, nose throat, lungs, or skin,
blurred vision, coughing, drowsiness,
nausea, or headache. Continued employee participation in the medical
screening and surveillance program,
beyond these minimum requirements,
shall be at the discretion of the physician or other licensed health care professional.
(5) Additional medical evaluations and
referrals. (i) Where the results of medical screening indicate abnormalities
of
the
hematopoietic
or
reticuloendothelial systems, for which
a non-occupational cause is not readily
apparent, the examining physician or
other licensed health care professional
shall refer the employee to an appropriate specialist for further evaluation
and shall make available to the specialist the results of the medical
screening.
(ii) The specialist to whom the employee is referred under this paragraph
shall determine the appropriate content for the medical evaluation, e.g.,
examinations, diagnostic tests and procedures, etc.
(6) Information provided to the physician or other licensed health care professional. The employer shall provide the
following information to the examining physician or other licensed

§ 1910.1051

health care professional involved in the
evaluation:
(i) A copy of this section including
its appendices;
(ii) A description of the affected employee’s duties as they relate to the
employee’s BD exposure;
(iii) The employee’s actual or representative BD exposure level during
employment tenure, including exposure incurred in an emergency situation;
(iv) A description of pertinent personal protective equipment used or to
be used; and
(v) Information, when available, from
previous employment-related medical
evaluations of the affected employee
which is not otherwise available to the
physician or other licensed health care
professional or the specialist.
(7) The written medical opinion. (i) For
each medical evaluation required by
this section, the employer shall ensure
that the physician or other licensed
health care professional produces a
written opinion and provides a copy to
the employer and the employee within
15 business days of the evaluation. The
written opinion shall be limited to the
following information:
(A) The occupationally pertinent results of the medical evaluation;
(B) A medical opinion concerning
whether the employee has any detected
medical conditions which would place
the employee’s health at increased risk
of material impairment from exposure
to BD;
(C) Any recommended limitations
upon the employee’s exposure to BD;
and
(D) A statement that the employee
has been informed of the results of the
medical evaluation and any medical
conditions resulting from BD exposure
that require further explanation or
treatment.
(ii) The written medical opinion provided to the employer shall not reveal
specific records, findings, and diagnoses that have no bearing on the employee’s ability to work with BD.
NOTE: However, this provision does not negate the ethical obligation of the physician
or other licensed health care professional to
transmit any other adverse findings directly
to the employee.

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§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

(8) Medical surveillance. (i) The employer shall ensure that information
obtained from the medical screening
program activities is aggregated (with
all personal identifiers removed) and
periodically reviewed, to ascertain
whether the health of the employee
population of that employer is adversely affected by exposure to BD.
(ii) Information learned from medical
surveillance activities must be disseminated to covered employees, as defined in paragraph (k)(1) of this section, in a manner that ensures the confidentiality of individual medical information.
(l) Communication of BD hazards to
employees—(1) Hazard communication.
The employer shall communicate the
hazards associated with BD exposure in
accordance with the requirements of
the Hazard Communication Standard,
29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, and
29 CFR 1926.59.
(2) Employee information and training.
(i) The employer shall provide all employees exposed to BD with information and training in accordance with
the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200,
29 CFR 1915.1200, and 29 CFR 1926.59.
(ii) The employer shall institute a
training program for all employees who
are potentially exposed to BD at or
above the action level or the STEL, ensure employee participation in the program and maintain a record of the contents of such program.
(iii) Training shall be provided prior
to or at the time of initial assignment
to a job potentially involving exposure
to BD at or above the action level or
STEL and at least annually thereafter.
(iv) The training program shall be
conducted in a manner that the employee is able to understand. The employee shall ensure that each employee
exposed to BD over the action level or
STEL is informed of the following:
(A) The health hazards associated
with BD exposure, and the purpose and
a description of the medical screening
and surveillance program required by
this section;
(B) The quantity, location, manner of
use, release, and storage of BD and the
specific operations that could result in
exposure to BD, especially exposures
above the PEL or STEL;

(C) The engineering controls and
work practices associated with the employee’s job assignment, and emergency procedures and personal protective equipment;
(D) The measures employees can take
to protect themselves from exposure to
BD.
(E) The contents of this standard and
its appendices, and
(F) The right of each employee exposed to BD at or above the action
level or STEL to obtain:
(1) medical examinations as required
by paragraph (j) of this section at no
cost to the employee;
(2) the employee’s medical records required to be maintained by paragraph
(m)(4) of this section; and
(3) all air monitoring results representing the employee’s exposure to
BD and required to be kept by paragraph (m)(2) of this section.
(3) Access to information and training
materials. (i) The employer shall make
a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available without cost to
all affected employees and their designated representatives and shall provide a copy if requested.
(ii) The employer shall provide to the
Assistant Secretary or the Director, or
the designated employee representatives, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and
the training program.
(m) Recordkeeping—(1) Objective data
for exemption from initial monitoring. (i)
Where the processing, use, or handling
of products or streams made from or
containing BD are exempted from
other requirements of this section
under paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
or where objective data have been relied on in lieu of initial monitoring
under paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, the employer shall establish and
maintain a record of the objective data
reasonably relied upon in support of
the exemption.
(ii) This record shall include at least
the following information:
(A) The product or activity qualifying for exemption;
(B) The source of the objective data;
(C) The testing protocol, results of
testing, and analysis of the material
for the release of BD;

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rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(D) A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the
exemption; and
(E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee exposures covered by the exemption.
(iii) The employer shall maintain
this record for the duration of the employer’s reliance upon such objective
data.
(2) Exposure measurements. (i) The employer shall establish and maintain an
accurate record of all measurements
taken to monitor employee exposure to
BD as prescribed in paragraph (d) of
this section.
(ii) The record shall include at least
the following information:
(A) The date of measurement;
(B) The operation involving exposure
to BD which is being monitored;
(C) Sampling and analytical methods
used and evidence of their accuracy;
(D) Number, duration, and results of
samples taken;
(E) Type of protective devices worn,
if any; and
(F) Name, social security number and
exposure of the employees whose exposures are represented.
(G) The written corrective action and
the schedule for completion of this action required by paragraph (d)(7)(ii) of
this section.
(iii) The employer shall maintain
this record for at least 30 years in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
(3) Respirator Fit-test. (i) The employer shall establish a record of the fit
tests administered to an employee including:
(A) The name of the employee,
(B) Type of respirator,
(C) Brand and size of respirator,
(D) Date of test, and
(E) Where QNFT is used, the fit factor, strip chart recording or other recording of the results of the test.
(ii) Fit test records shall be maintained for respirator users until the
next fit test is administered.
(4) Medical screening and surveillance.
(i) The employer shall establish and
maintain an accurate record for each
employee subject to medical screening
and surveillance under this section.
(ii) The record shall include at least
the following information:

§ 1910.1051

(A) The name and social security
number of the employee;
(B) Physician’s or other licensed
health care professional’s written opinions as described in paragraph (k)(7) of
this section;
(C) A copy of the information provided to the physician or other licensed
health care professional as required by
paragraphs (k)(7)(ii)–(iv) of this section.
(iii) Medical screening and surveillance records shall be maintained for
each employee for the duration of employment plus 30 years, in accordance
with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
(5) Availability. (i) The employer,
upon written request, shall make all
records required to be maintained by
this section available for examination
and copying to the Assistant Secretary
and the Director.
(ii) Access to records required to be
maintained by paragraphs (l)(1)–(3) of
this section shall be granted in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020(e).
(6) Transfer of records. (i) Whenever
the employer ceases to do business, the
employer shall transfer records required by this section to the successor
employer. The successor employer
shall receive and maintain these
records. If there is no successor employer, the employer shall notify the
Director, at least three (3) months
prior to disposal, and transmit them to
the Director if requested by the Director within that period.
(ii) The employer shall transfer medical and exposure records as set forth
in 29 CFR 1910.1020(h).
(n) [Reserved]
(o) Appendices. (1) Appendix E to this
section is mandatory.
(2) Appendices A, B, C, D, and F to
this section are informational and are
not intended to create any additional
obligations not otherwise imposed or
to detract from any existing obligations.
APPENDIX A TO § 1910.1051—SUBSTANCE SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR 1,3-BUTADIENE (NONMANDATORY)
I. SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
A. Substance:
CH=CH2).

1,3-Butadiene

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(CH2=CH-

§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

B. Synonyms: 1,3-Butadiene (BD); butadiene; biethylene; bi-vinyl; divinyl; butadiene-1,3; buta-1,3-diene; erythrene; NCIC50602; CAS–106–99–0.
C. BD can be found as a gas or liquid.
D. BD is used in production of styrene-butadiene rubber and polybutadiene rubber for
the tire industry. Other uses include copolymer latexes for carpet backing and paper
coating, as well as resins and polymers for
pipes and automobile and appliance parts. It
is also used as an intermediate in the production of such chemicals as fungicides.
E. Appearance and odor: BD is a colorless,
non-corrosive, flammable gas with a mild aromatic odor at standard ambient temperature and pressure.
F. Permissible exposure: Exposure may not
exceed 1 part BD per million parts of air
averaged over the 8-hour workday, nor may
short-term exposure exceed 5 parts of BD per
million parts of air averaged over any 15minute period in the 8-hour workday.
II. HEALTH HAZARD DATA
A. BD can affect the body if the gas is inhaled or if the liquid form, which is very cold
(cryogenic), comes in contact with the eyes
or skin.
B. Effects of overexposure: Breathing very
high levels of BD for a short time can cause
central nervous system effects, blurred vision, nausea, fatigue, headache, decreased
blood pressure and pulse rate, and unconsciousness. There are no recorded cases of accidental exposures at high levels that have
caused death in humans, but this could
occur. Breathing lower levels of BD may
cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.
Skin contact with liquefied BD can cause irritation and frostbite.
C. Long-term (chronic) exposure: BD has
been found to be a potent carcinogen in rodents, inducing neoplastic lesions at multiple target sites in mice and rats. A recent
study of BD-exposed workers showed that exposed workers have an increased risk of developing leukemia. The risk of leukemia increases with increased exposure to BD.
OSHA has concluded that there is strong evidence that workplace exposure to BD poses
an increased risk of death from cancers of
the lymphohematopoietic system.
D. Reporting signs and symptoms: You
should inform your supervisor if you develop
any of these signs or symptoms and suspect
that they are caused by exposure to BD.

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III. EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES
In the event of an emergency, follow the
emergency plan and procedures designated
for your work area. If you have been trained
in first aid procedures, provide the necessary
first aid measures. If necessary, call for additional assistance from co-workers and emergency medical personnel.

A. Eye and Skin Exposures: If there is a
potential that liquefied BD can come in contact with eye or skin, face shields and skin
protective equipment must be provided and
used. If liquefied BD comes in contact with
the eye, immediately flush the eyes with
large amounts of water, occasionally lifting
the lower and the upper lids. Flush repeatedly. Get medical attention immediately.
Contact lenses should not be worn when
working with this chemical. In the event of
skin contact, which can cause frostbite, remove any contaminated clothing and flush
the affected area repeatedly with large
amounts of tepid water.
B. Breathing: If a person breathes in large
amounts of BD, move the exposed person to
fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped,
begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
if you have been trained in this procedure.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.
Get medical attention immediately.
C. Rescue: Move the affected person from
the hazardous exposure. If the exposed person has been overcome, call for help and
begin emergency rescue procedures. Use extreme caution so that you do not become a
casualty. Understand the plant’s emergency
rescue procedures and know the locations of
rescue equipment before the need arises.
IV. RESPIRATORS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
A. Respirators: Good industrial hygiene
practices recommend that engineering and
work practice controls be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the permissible exposure level. However, there are some
exceptions where respirators may be used to
control exposure. Respirators may be used
when engineering and work practice controls
are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or
when these controls fail and need to be supplemented or during brief, non-routine,
intermittent exposure. Respirators may also
be used in situations involving non-routine
work operations which are performed infrequently and in which exposures are limited
in duration, and in emergency situations. In
some instances cartridge respirator use is allowed, but only with strict time constraints.
For example, at exposure below 5 ppm BD, a
cartridge (or canister) respirator, either full
or half face, may be used, but the cartridge
must be replaced at least every 4 hours, and
it must be replaced every 3 hours when the
exposure is between 5 and 10 ppm. If the use
of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been
approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program must be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, fit testing, inspection, cleaning, and
evaluation of respirators. If you can smell

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
BD while wearing a respirator, proceed immediately to fresh air, and change cartridge
(or canister) before re-entering an area
where there is BD exposure. If you experience difficulty in breathing while wearing a
respirator, tell your supervisor.
B. Protective Clothing: Employees should
be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eightinch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent the
skin from becoming frozen by contact with
liquefied BD (or a vessel containing liquid
BD).
Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof safety goggles
where liquefied BD may contact the eyes.

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V. Precautions for Safe Use, Handling, and
Storage
A. Fire and Explosion Hazards: BD is a
flammable gas and can easily form explosive
mixtures in air. It has a lower explosive
limit of 2%, and an upper explosive limit of
11.5%. It has an autoignition temperature of
420 °C (788 °F). Its vapor is heavier than air
(vapor density, 1.9) and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and
flash back. Usually it contains inhibitors to
prevent self-polymerization (which is accompanied by evolution of heat) and to prevent
formation of explosive peroxides. At elevated
temperatures, such as in fire conditions, polymerization may take place. If the polymerization takes place in a container, there is
a possibility of violent rupture of the container.
B. Hazard: Slightly toxic. Slight respiratory irritant. Direct contact of liquefied
BD on skin may cause freeze burns and frostbite.
C. Storage: Protect against physical damage to BD containers. Outside or detached
storage of BD containers is preferred. Inside
storage should be in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, noncombustible location, away from
all possible sources of ignition. Store cylinders vertically and do not stack. Do not
store with oxidizing material.
D. Usual Shipping Containers: Liquefied
BD is contained in steel pressure apparatus.
E. Electrical Equipment: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations, as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical
Code, should be in accordance with Article
501 of the Code. If explosion-proof electrical
equipment is necessary, it shall be suitable
for use in Group B. Group D equipment may
be used if such equipment is isolated in accordance with Section 501–5(a) by sealing all
conduit 1⁄2- inch size or larger. See Venting of
Deflagrations (NFPA No. 68, 1994), National
Electrical Code (NFPA No. 70, 1996 ), Static
Electricity (NFPA No. 77, 1993), Lightning
Protection Systems (NFPA No. 780, 1995), and
Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liq-

§ 1910.1051

uids, Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No.
325, 1994).
F. Fire Fighting: Stop flow of gas. Use
water to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Fire extinguishers and quick drenching facilities must be readily available, and you
should know where they are and how to operate them.
G. Spill and Leak: Persons not wearing
protective equipment and clothing should be
restricted from areas of spills or leaks until
clean-up has been completed. If BD is spilled
or leaked, the following steps should be
taken:
1. Eliminate all ignition sources.
2. Ventilate area of spill or leak.
3. If in liquid form, for small quantities,
allow to evaporate in a safe manner.
4. Stop or control the leak if this can be
done without risk. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in
place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe
place and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.
H. Disposal: This substance, when discarded or disposed of, is a hazardous waste
according to Federal regulations (40 CFR
part 261). It is listed as hazardous waste
number D001 due to its ignitability. The
transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of this waste material must be conducted in compliance with 40 CFR parts 262,
263, 264, 268 and 270. Disposal can occur only
in properly permitted facilities. Check state
and local regulation of any additional requirements as these may be more restrictive
than federal laws and regulation.
I. You should not keep food, beverages, or
smoking materials in areas where there is
BD exposure, nor should you eat or drink in
such areas.
J. Ask your supervisor where BD is used in
your work area and ask for any additional
plant safety and health rules.
VI. Medical Requirements
Your employer is required to offer you the
opportunity to participate in a medical
screening and surveillance program if you
are exposed to BD at concentrations exceeding the action level (0.5 ppm BD as an 8-hour
TWA) on 30 days or more a year, or at or
above the 8 hr TWA (1 ppm) or STEL (5 ppm
for 15 minutes) on 10 days or more a year.
Exposure for any part of a day counts. If you
have had exposure to BD in the past, but
have been transferred to another job, you
may still be eligible to participate in the
medical screening and surveillance program.
The OSHA rule specifies the past exposures
that would qualify you for participation in
the program. These past exposure are work
histories that suggest the following: (1) That
you have been exposed at or above the PELs
on 30 days a year for 10 or more years; (2)
that you have been exposed at or above the
action level on 60 days a year for 10 or more

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§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

years; or (3) that you have been exposed
above 10 ppm on 30 days in any past year. Additionally, if you are exposed to BD in an
emergency situation, you are eligible for a
medical examination within 48 hours. The
basic medical screening program includes a
health questionnaire, physical examination,
and blood test. These medical evaluations
must be offered to you at a reasonable time
and place, and without cost or loss of pay.
VII. Observation of Monitoring
Your employer is required to perform
measurements that are representative of
your exposure to BD and you or your designated representative are entitled to observe the monitoring procedure. You are entitled to observe the steps taken in the
measurement procedure, and to record the
results obtained. When the monitoring procedure is taking place in an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and
equipment are required to be worn, you or
your representative must also be provided
with, and must wear, the protective clothing
and equipment.
VIII. Access to Information
A. Each year, your employer is required to
inform you of the information contained in
this appendix. In addition, your employer
must instruct you in the proper work practices for using BD, emergency procedures,
and the correct use of protective equipment.
B. Your employer is required to determine
whether you are being exposed to BD. You or
your representative has the right to observe
employee measurements and to record the
results obtained. Your employer is required
to inform you of your exposure. If your employer determines that you are being overexposed, he or she is required to inform you
of the actions which are being taken to reduce your exposure to within permissible exposure limits and of the schedule to implement these actions.
C. Your employer is required to keep
records of your exposures and medical examinations. These records must be kept by
the employer for at least thirty (30) years.
D. Your employer is required to release
your exposure and medical records to you or
your representative upon your request.
APPENDIX B TO § 1910.1051—SUBSTANCE TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR 1,3-BUTADIENE (NONMANDATORY)

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I. Physical and Chemical Data
A. Substance identification:
1. Synonyms: 1,3-Butadiene (BD); butadiene; biethylene; bivinyl; divinyl; butadiene-1,3; buta-1,3-diene; erythrene; NCIC50620; CAS–106–99–0.
2. Formula: CH2=CH-CH=CH2.
3. Molecular weight: 54.1.

B. Physical data:
1. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): ¥4.7 °C (23.5
°F).
2. Specific gravity (water=1): 0.62 at 20 °C
(68 °F).
3. Vapor density (air=1 at boiling point of
BD): 1.87.
4. Vapor pressure at 20 °C (68 °F): 910 mm
Hg.
5. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 °C
(68 °F): 0.05.
6. Appearance and odor: Colorless, flammable gas with a mildly aromatic odor. Liquefied BD is a colorless liquid with a mildly
aromatic odor.
II. Fire, Explosion, and Reactivity Hazard Data
A. Fire:
1. Flash point: ¥76 °C (¥105 °F) for take
out; liquefied BD; Not applicable to BD gas.
2. Stability: A stabilizer is added to the
monomer to inhibit formation of polymer
during storage. Forms explosive peroxides in
air in absence of inhibitor.
3. Flammable limits in air, percent by volume: Lower: 2.0; Upper: 11.5.
4. Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide for
small fires, polymer or alcohol foams for
large fires.
5. Special fire fighting procedures: Fight
fire from protected location or maximum
possible distance. Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Use water spray to keep
fire-exposed cylinders cool.
6. Unusual fire and explosion hazards: BD
vapors are heavier than air and may travel
to a source of ignition and flash back. Closed
containers may rupture violently when heated.
7. For purposes of compliance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.106, BD is classified as a flammable gas. For example, 7,500
ppm, approximately one-fourth of the lower
flammable limit, would be considered to pose
a potential fire and explosion hazard.
8. For purposes of compliance with 29 CFR
1910.155, BD is classified as a Class B fire hazard.
9. For purposes of compliance with 29 CFR
1910.307, locations classified as hazardous due
to the presence of BD shall be Class I.
B. Reactivity:
1. Conditions contributing to instability:
Heat. Peroxides are formed when inhibitor
concentration is not maintained at proper
level. At elevated temperatures, such as in
fire conditions, polymerization may take
place.
2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong
oxidizing agents may cause fires and explosions. The contacting of crude BD (not BD
monomer) with copper and copper alloys
may cause formations of explosive copper
compounds.
3. Hazardous decomposition products:
Toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide) may
be released in a fire involving BD.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
4. Special precautions: BD will attack
some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.
BD in storage should be checked for proper
inhibitor content, for self-polymerization,
and for formation of peroxides when in contact with air and iron. Piping carrying BD
may become plugged by formation of rubbery polymer.
C. Warning Properties:
1. Odor Threshold: An odor threshold of 0.45
ppm has been reported in The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Report,
Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established
Occupational Health Standards. (Ex. 32–28C)
2. Eye Irritation Level: Workers exposed to
vapors of BD (concentration or purity unspecified) have complained of irritation of
eyes, nasal passages, throat, and lungs. Dogs
and rabbits exposed experimentally to as
much as 6700 ppm for 71⁄2 hours a day for 8
months have developed no histologically demonstrable abnormality of the eyes.
3. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Since
the mean odor threshold is about half of the
1 ppm PEL, and more than 10-fold below the
5 ppm STEL, most wearers of air purifying
respirators should still be able to detect
breakthrough before a significant overexposure to BD occurs.

§ 1910.1051

1. 8-hr TWA exposure evaluation: Measurements taken for the purpose of determining
employee exposure under this standard are
best taken with consecutive samples covering the full shift. Air samples must be
taken in the employee’s breathing zone (air
that would most nearly represent that inhaled by the employee).
2. STEL exposure evaluation: Measurements must represent 15 minute exposures
associated with operations most likely to exceed the STEL in each job and on each shift.
3. Monitoring frequencies: Table 1 gives
various exposure scenarios and their required monitoring frequencies, as required
by the final standard for occupational exposure to butadiene.

TABLE 1—FIVE EXPOSURE SCENARIOS AND
THEIR ASSOCIATED MONITORING FREQUENCIES
Action
level

8-hr
TWA

STEL

Required monitoring activity

¥*

¥

¥

+*

¥

¥

+

+

¥

+

+

+

+

¥

+

No 8-hr TWA or STEL monitoring
required.
No STEL monitoring required. Monitor 8-hr TWA annually.
No STEL monitoring required. Periodic monitoring 8-hr TWA, in accordance with (d)(3)(ii).**
Periodic monitoring 8-hr TWA, in
accordance with (d)(3)(ii)**. Periodic monitoring STEL, in accordance with (d)(3)(iii).
Periodic monitoring STEL, in accordance with (d)(3)(iii). Monitor
8-hr TWA, annually.

III. Spill, Leak, and Disposal Procedures
A. Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from
areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has
been completed. If BD is spilled or leaked,
the following steps should be taken:
1. Eliminate all ignition sources.
2. Ventilate areas of spill or leak.
3. If in liquid form, for small quantities,
allow to evaporate in a safe manner.
4. Stop or control the leak if this can be
done without risk. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in
place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe
place and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.
B. Disposal: This substance, when discarded or disposed of, is a hazardous waste
according to Federal regulations (40 CFR
part 261). It is listed by the EPA as hazardous waste number D001 due to its ignitability. The transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of this waste material
must be conducted in compliance with 40
CFR parts 262, 263, 264, 268 and 270. Disposal
can occur only in properly permitted facilities. Check state and local regulations for
any additional requirements because these
may be more restrictive than federal laws
and regulations.

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IV. Monitoring and Measurement Procedures
A. Exposure above the Permissible Exposure Limit (8-hr TWA) or Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL):

* Exposure Scenario, Limit Exceeded: + = Yes, ¥= No.
** The employer may decrease the frequency of exposure
monitoring to annually when at least 2 consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart show exposures to be
below the 8 hr TWA, but at or above the action level.

4. Monitoring techniques: Appendix D describes the validated method of sampling and
analysis which has been tested by OSHA for
use with BD. The employer has the obligation of selecting a monitoring method which
meets the accuracy and precision requirements of the standard under his or her
unique field conditions. The standard requires that the method of monitoring must
be accurate, to a 95 percent confidence level,
to plus or minus 25 percent for concentrations of BD at or above 1 ppm, and to plus or
minus 35 percent for concentrations below 1
ppm.
V. Personal Protective Equipment
A. Employees should be provided with and
required to use impervious clothing, gloves,
face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other
appropriate protective clothing necessary to
prevent the skin from becoming frozen from
contact with liquid BD.
B. Any clothing which becomes wet with
liquid BD should be removed immediately
and not re-worn until the butadiene has
evaporated.

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§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

C. Employees should be provided with and
required to use splash proof safety goggles
where liquid BD may contact the eyes.
VI. Housekeeping and Hygiene Facilities
For purposes of complying with 29 CFR
1910.141, the following items should be emphasized:
A. The workplace should be kept clean, orderly, and in a sanitary condition.
B. Adequate washing facilities with hot
and cold water are to be provided and maintained in a sanitary condition.
VII. Additional Precautions
A. Store BD in tightly closed containers in
a cool, well-ventilated area and take all necessary precautions to avoid any explosion
hazard.
B. Non-sparking tools must be used to open
and close metal containers. These containers
must be effectively grounded.
C. Do not incinerate BD cartridges, tanks
or other containers.
D. Employers must advise employees of all
areas and operations where exposure to BD
might occur.
APPENDIX C TO § 1910.1051—MEDICAL SCREENING AND SURVEILLANCE FOR 1,3-BUTADIENE
(NON-MANDATORY)
I. Basis for Medical Screening and Surveillance
Requirements

II. Potential Adverse Health Effects
A. Acute
Skin contact with liquid BD causes characteristic burns or frostbite. BD is gaseous
form can irritate the eyes, nasal passages,
throat, and lungs. Blurred vision, coughing,
and drowsiness may also occur. Effects are
mild at 2,000 ppm and pronounced at 8,000
ppm for exposures occurring over the full
workshift.
At very high concentrations in air, BD is
an anesthetic, causing narcosis, respiratory
paralysis, unconsciousness, and death. Such
concentrations are unlikely, however, except
in an extreme emergency because BD poses
an explosion hazard at these levels.
B. Chronic
The principal adverse health effects of concern are BD-induced lymphoma, leukemia
and potential reproductive toxicity. Anemia
and other changes in the peripheral blood
cells may be indicators of excessive exposure
to BD.
C. Reproductive

A. Route of Entry Inhalation
B. Toxicology

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C. Epidemiology
Epidemiologic evidence demonstrates that
BD exposure poses an increased risk of leukemia. Mild alterations of hematologic parameters have also been observed in synthetic rubber workers exposed to BD.

Inhalation of BD has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, damage to the reproductive organs, and fetotoxicity. Butadiene
can
be
converted
via
oxidation
to
epoxybutene
and
diepoxybutane,
two
genotoxic metabolites that may play a role
in the expression of BD’s toxic effects.
BD has been tested for carcinogenicity in
mice and rats. Both species responded to BD
exposure by developing cancer at multiple
primary organ sites. Early deaths in mice
were caused by malignant lymphomas, primarily lymphocytic type, originating in the
thymus.
Mice exposed to BD have developed ovarian
or testicular atrophy. Sperm head morphology tests also revealed abnormal sperm
in mice exposed to BD; lethal mutations
were found in a dominant lethal test. In
light of these results in animals, the possibility that BD may adversely affect the reproductive systems of male and female workers must be considered.
Additionally, anemia has been observed in
animals exposed to butadiene. In some cases,
this anemia appeared to be a primary response to exposure; in other cases, it may
have been secondary to a neoplastic response.

Workers may be concerned about the possibility that their BD exposure may be affecting their ability to procreate a healthy child.
For workers with high exposures to BD, especially those who have experienced difficulties in conceiving, miscarriages, or stillbirths, appropriate medical and laboratory
evaluation of fertility may be necessary to
determine if BD is having any adverse effect
on the reproductive system or on the health
of the fetus.
III. Medical Screening Components At-A-Glance
A. Health Questionnaire
The most important goal of the health
questionnaire is to elicit information from
the worker regarding potential signs or
symptoms generally related to leukemia or
other blood abnormalities. Therefore, physicians or other licensed health care professionals should be aware of the presenting
symptoms and signs of lymphohematopoietic
disorders and cancers, as well as the procedures necessary to confirm or exclude such
diagnoses. Additionally, the health questionnaire will assist with the identification of
workers at greatest risk of developing leukemia or adverse reproductive effects from
their exposures to BD.
Workers with a history of reproductive difficulties or a personal or family history of

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
immune
deficiency
syndromes,
blood
dyscrasias, lymphoma, or leukemia, and
those who are or have been exposed to medicinal drugs or chemicals known to affect the
hematopoietic or lymphatic systems may be
at higher risk from their exposure to BD.
After the initial administration, the health
questionnaire must be updated annually.
B. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
The medical screening and surveillance
program requires an annual CBC, with differential and platelet count, to be provided
for each employee with BD exposure. This
test is to be performed on a blood sample obtained by phlebotomy of the venous system
or, if technically feasible, from a fingerstick
sample of capillary blood. The sample is to
be analyzed by an accredited laboratory.
Abnormalities in a CBC may be due to a
number of different etiologies. The concern
for workers exposed to BD includes, but is
not limited to, timely identification of
lymphohematopoietic cancers, such as leukemia and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Abnormalities of portions of the CBC are identified
by comparing an individual’s results to those
of an established range of normal values for
males and females. A substantial change in
any individual employee’s CBC may also be
viewed as ‘‘abnormal’’ for that individual
even if all measurements fall within the population-based range of normal values. It is
suggested that a flowsheet for laboratory
values be included in each employee’s medical record so that comparisons and trends in
annual CBCs can be easily made.
A determination of the clinical significance of an abnormal CBC shall be the responsibility of the examining physician,
other licensed health care professional, or
medical specialist to whom the employee is
referred. Ideally, an abnormal CBC should be
compared to previous CBC measurements for
the same employee, when available. Clinical
common sense may dictate that a CBC value
that is very slightly outside the normal
range does not warrant medical concern. A
CBC abnormality may also be the result of a
temporary physical stressor, such as a transient viral illness, blood donation, or
menorrhagia, or laboratory error. In these
cases, the CBC should be repeated in a timely fashion, i.e., within 6 weeks, to verify that
return to the normal range has occurred. A
clinically significant abnormal CBC should
result in removal of the employee from further exposure to BD. Transfer of the employee to other work duties in a BD-free environment would be the preferred recommendation.

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C. Physical Examination
The medical screening and surveillance
program requires an initial physical examination for workers exposed to BD; this ex-

§ 1910.1051

amination is repeated once every three
years. The initial physical examination
should assess each worker’s baseline general
health and rule out clinical signs of medical
conditions that may be caused by or aggravated by occupational BD exposure. The
physical examination should be directed at
identification
of
signs
of
lymphohematopoietic disorders, including
lymph node enlargement, splenomegaly, and
hepatomegaly.
Repeated physical examinations should update objective clinical findings that could be
indicative of interim development of a
lymphohematopoietic disorder, such as
lymphoma, leukemia, or other blood abnormality. Physical examinations may also be
provided on an as needed basis in order to
follow up on a positive answer on the health
questionnaire, or in response to an abnormal
CBC. Physical examination of workers who
will no longer be working in jobs with BD exposure
are
intended
to
rule
out
lymphohematopoietic disorders.
The need for physical examinations for
workers concerned about adverse reproductive effects from their exposure to BD should
be identified by the physician or other licensed health care professional and provided
accordingly. For these workers, such consultations and examinations may relate to
developmental toxicity and reproductive capacity.
Physical examination of workers acutely
exposed to significant levels of BD should be
especially directed at the respiratory system, eyes, sinuses, skin, nervous system, and
any region associated with particular complaints. If the worker has received a severe
acute exposure, hospitalization may be required to assure proper medical management. Since this type of exposure may place
workers at greater risk of blood abnormalities, a CBC must be obtained within 48 hours
and repeated at one, two, and three months.
APPENDIX D TO § 1910.1051—SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR 1,3-BUTADIENE (NONMANDATORY)
OSHA Method No.: 56.
Matrix: Air.
Target concentration: 1 ppm (2.21 mg/m3)
Procedure: Air samples are collected by
drawing known volumes of air through sampling tubes containing charcoal adsorbent
which has been coated with 4-tertbutylcatechol. The samples are desorbed
with carbon disulfide and then analyzed by
gas chromatography using a flame ionization
detector.
Recommended sampling rate and air volume:
0.05 L/min and 3 L.
Detection limit of the overall procedure: 90
ppb (200 ug/m3) (based on 3 L air volume).
Reliable quantitation limit: 155 ppb (343 ug/
m3) (based on 3 L air volume).

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§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

Standard error of estimate at the target concentration: 6.5%.
Special requirements: The sampling tubes
must be coated with 4-tert-butylcatechol.
Collected samples should be stored in a freezer.
Status of method: A sampling and analytical
method has been subjected to the established
evaluation procedures of the Organic Methods Evaluation Branch, OSHA Analytical
Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah 84165.
1.

Background

This work was undertaken to develop a
sampling and analytical procedure for BD at
1 ppm. The current method recommended by
OSHA for collecting BD uses activated coconut shell charcoal as the sampling medium
(Ref. 5.2). This method was found to be inadequate for use at low BD levels because of
sample instability.
The stability of samples has been significantly improved through the use of a specially cleaned charcoal which is coated with
4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC). TBC is a polymerization inhibitor for BD (Ref. 5.3).
1.1.1

Toxic effects

Symptoms of human exposure to BD include irritation of the eyes, nose and throat.
It can also cause coughing, drowsiness and
fatigue. Dermatitis and frostbite can result
from skin exposure to liquid BD. (Ref. 5.1)
NIOSH recommends that BD be handled in
the workplace as a potential occupational
carcinogen. This recommendation is based
on two inhalation studies that resulted in
cancers at multiple sites in rats and in mice.
BD has also demonstrated mutagenic activity in the presence of a liver microsomal activating system. It has also been reported to
have adverse reproductive effects. (Ref. 5.1)
1.1.2.

Potential workplace exposure

About 90% of the annual production of BD
is used to manufacture styrene-butadiene
rubber and Polybutadiene rubber. Other uses
include: Polychloroprene rubber, acrylonitrile butadiene-stryene resins, nylon intermediates, styrene-butadiene latexes, butadiene polymers, thermoplastic elastomers,
nitrile resins, methyl methacrylate-butadiene styrene resins and chemical intermediates. (Ref. 5.1)

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1.1.3.

Physical properties (Ref. 5.1)

CAS No.: 106–99–0
Molecular weight: 54.1
Appearance: Colorless gas
Boiling point: ¥4.41 °C (760 mm Hg)
Freezing point: ¥108.9 °C
Vapor pressure: 2 atm @ 15.3 °C; 5 atm @ 47
°C
Explosive limits: 2 to 11.5% (by volume in
air)
Odor threshold: 0.45 ppm

Structural formula: H2 C:CHCH:CH2
Synonyms: BD; biethylene; bivinyl; butadiene; divinyl; buta-1,3-diene; alpha-gammabutadiene;
erythrene;
NCI-C50602;
pyrrolylene; vinylethylene.
1.2.

Limit defining parameters

The analyte air concentrations listed
throughout this method are based on an air
volume of 3 L and a desorption volume of 1
mL. Air concentrations listed in ppm are referenced to 25 °C and 760 mm Hg.
1.2.1.

Detection limit of the analytical
procedure

The detection limit of the analytical procedure was 304 pg per injection. This was the
amount of BD which gave a response relative
to the interferences present in a standard.
1.2.2.

Detection limit of the overall procedure

The detection limit of the overall procedure was 0.60 µg per sample (90 ppb or 200 µg/
m3). This amount was determined graphically. It was the amount of analyte which,
when spiked on the sampling device, would
allow recovery approximately equal to the
detection limit of the analytical procedure.
1.2.3.

Reliable quantitation limit

The reliable quantitation limit was 1.03 µg
per sample (155 ppb or 343 µg/m3). This was
the smallest amount of analyte which could
be quantitated within the limits of a recovery of at least 75% and a precision (±1.96 SD)
of ±25% or better.
1.2.4.

Sensitivity 1

The sensitivity of the analytical procedure
over a concentration range representing 0.6
to 2 times the target concentration, based on
the recommended air volume, was 387 area
units per µg/mL. This value was determined
from the slope of the calibration curve. The
sensitivity may vary with the particular instrument used in the analysis.
1.2.5.

Recovery

The recovery of BD from samples used in
storage tests remained above 77% when the
samples were stored at ambient temperature
and above 94% when the samples were stored
at refrigerated temperature. These values
were determined from regression lines which
were calculated from the storage data. The
recovery of the analyte from the collection
1 The reliable quantitation limit and detection limits reported in the method are based
upon optimization of the instrument for the
smallest possible amount of analyte. When
the target concentration of an analyte is exceptionally higher than these limits, they
may not be attainable at the routine operation parameters.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
device must be at least 75% following storage.
1.2.6.

Precision (analytical method only)

The pooled coefficient of variation obtained from replicate determinations of analytical standards over the range of 0.6 to 2
times the target concentration was 0.011.
1.2.7.

Precision (overall procedure)

The precision at the 95% confidence level
for the refrigerated temperature storage test
was ±12.7%. This value includes an additional
±5% for sampling error. The overall procedure must provide results at the target concentrations that are ±25% at the 95% confidence level.
1.2.8.

Reproducibility

Samples collected from a controlled test
atmosphere and a draft copy of this procedure were given to a chemist unassociated
with this evaluation. The average recovery
was 97.2% and the standard deviation was
6.2%.
2. Sampling procedure
2.1.

Apparatus

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2.1.1. Samples are collected by use of a
personal sampling pump that can be calibrated to within ±5% of the recommended
0.05 L/min sampling rate with the sampling
tube in line.
2.1.2. Samples are collected with laboratory prepared sampling tubes. The sampling
tube is constructed of silane-treated glass
and is about 5-cm long. The ID is 4 mm and
the OD is 6 mm. One end of the tube is tapered so that a glass wool end plug will hold
the contents of the tube in place during sampling. The opening in the tapered end of the
sampling tube is at least one-half the ID of
the tube (2 mm). The other end of the sampling tube is open to its full 4-mm ID to facilitate packing of the tube. Both ends of the
tube are fire-polished for safety. The tube is
packed with 2 sections of pretreated charcoal
which has been coated with TBC. The tube is
packed with a 50-mg backup section, located
nearest the tapered end, and with a 100-mg
sampling section of charcoal. The two sections of coated adsorbent are separated and
retained with small plugs of silanized glass
wool. Following packing, the sampling tubes
are sealed with two 7⁄32 inch OD plastic end
caps. Instructions for the pretreatment and
coating of the charcoal are presented in Section 4.1 of this method.
2.2.

§ 1910.1051
2.3.

Technique

2.3.1. Properly label the sampling tube before sampling and then remove the plastic
end caps.
2.3.2. Attach the sampling tube to the
pump using a section of flexible plastic tubing such that the larger front section of the
sampling tube is exposed directly to the atmosphere. Do not place any tubing ahead of
the sampling tube. The sampling tube should
be attached in the worker’s breathing zone
in a vertical manner such that it does not
impede work performance.
2.3.3. After sampling for the appropriate
time, remove the sampling tube from the
pump and then seal the tube with plastic end
caps. Wrap the tube lengthwise.
2.3.4. Include at least one blank for each
sampling set. The blank should be handled in
the same manner as the samples with the exception that air is not drawn through it.
2.3.5. List any potential interferences on
the sample data sheet.
2.3.6. The samples require no special shipping precautions under normal conditions.
The samples should be refrigerated if they
are to be exposed to higher than normal ambient temperatures. If the samples are to be
stored before they are shipped to the laboratory, they should be kept in a freezer. The
samples should be placed in a freezer upon
receipt at the laboratory.
2.4.

Breakthrough

(Breakthrough was defined as the relative
amount of analyte found on the backup section of the tube in relation to the total
amount of analyte collected on the sampling
tube. Five-percent breakthrough occurred
after sampling a test atmosphere containing
2.0 ppm BD for 90 min at 0.05 L/min. At the
end of this time 4.5 L of air had been sampled
and 20.1 µg of the analyte was collected. The
relative humidity of the sampled air was 80%
at 23 °C.)
Breakthrough studies have shown that the
recommended sampling procedure can be
used at air concentrations higher than the
target concentration. The sampling time,
however, should be reduced to 45 min if both
the expected BD level and the relative humidity of the sampled air are high.
2.5.

Desorption efficiency

The average desorption efficiency for BD
from TBC coated charcoal over the range
from 0.6 to 2 times the target concentration
was 96.4%. The efficiency was essentially
constant over the range studied.
2.6.

Recommended air volume and sampling
rate

2.6.1. The recommended air volume is 3L.
2.6.2. The recommended sampling rate is
0.05 L/min for 1 hour.

Reagents

None required.

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§ 1910.1051

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)
2.7.

Interferences

There are no known interferences to the
sampling method.
2.8.

Safety precautions

2.8.1. Attach the sampling equipment to
the worker in such a manner that it will not
interfere with work performance or safety.
2.8.2. Follow all safety practices that
apply to the work area being sampled.
3.

Analytical procedure
3.1.

Apparatus

3.1.1. A gas chromatograph (GC), equipped
with a flame ionization detector (FID). 2
3.1.2. A GC column capable of resolving
the analytes from any interference. 3
3.1.3. Vials, glass 2-mL with Teflon-lined
caps.
3.1.4. Disposable Pasteur-type pipets, volumetric flasks, pipets and syringes for preparing samples and standards, making dilutions and performing injections.
3.2.

Reagents

3.2.1. Carbon disulfide. 4
The benzene contaminant that was present
in the carbon disulfide was used as an internal standard (ISTD) in this evaluation.
3.2.2. Nitrogen, hydrogen and air, GC
grade.
3.2.3. BD of known high purity. 5
3.3.

Standard preparation

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3.3.1. Prepare
standards
by
diluting
known volumes of BD gas with carbon disulfide. This can be accomplished by injecting
the appropriate volume of BD into the
headspace above the 1-mL of carbon disulfide
contained in sealed 2-mL vial. Shake the vial
after the needle is removed from the septum. 6
3.3.2. The mass of BD gas used to prepare
standards can be determined by use of the
following equations:
MV = (760/BP)(273+t)/(273)(22.41)
2 A Hewlett-Packard Model 5840A GC was
used for this evaluation. Injections were performed using a Hewlett-Packard Model 7671A
automatic sampler.
3 A 20-ft × 1⁄8-inch OD stainless steel GC column containing 20% FFAP on 80/100 mesh
Chromabsorb W-AW-DMCS was used for this
evaluation.
4 Fisher Scientific Company A.C.S. Reagent Grade solvent was used in this evaluation.
5 Matheson Gas Products, CP Grade 1,3-butadiene was used in this study.
6 A standard containing 7.71 µg/mL (at ambient temperature and pressure) was prepared by diluting 4 µL of the gas with 1-mL
of carbon disulfide.

Where:
MV = ambient molar volume
BP = ambient barometric pressure
T = ambient temperature
µg/µL = 54.09/MV
µg/standard = (µg/µL)(µL) BD used to prepare
the standard
3.4.

Sample preparation

3.4.1. Transfer the 100-mg section of the
sampling tube to a 2-mL vial. Place the 50mg section in a separate vial. If the glass
wool plugs contain a significant amount of
charcoal, place them with the appropriate
sampling tube section.
3.4.2. Add 1-mL of carbon disulfide to each
vial.
3.4.3. Seal the vials with Teflon-lined caps
and then allow them to desorb for one hour.
Shake the vials by hand vigorously several
times during the desorption period.
3.4.4. If it is not possible to analyze the
samples within 4 hours, separate the carbon
disulfide from the charcoal, using a disposable Pasteur-type pipet, following the one
hour. This separation will improve the stability of desorbed samples.
3.4.5. Save the used sampling tubes to be
cleaned and repacked with fresh adsorbent.
3.5.

Analysis

3.5.1. GC Conditions
Column temperature: 95 °C
Injector temperature: 180 °C
Detector temperature: 275 °C
Carrier gas flow rate: 30 mL/min
Injection volume: 0.80 µL
GC column: 20-ft × 1⁄8-in OD stainless steel
GC column containing 20%
FFAP on 80/100 Chromabsorb W-AW-DMCS.
3.5.2. Chromatogram. See Section 4.2.
3.5.3. Use a suitable method, such as electronic or peak heights, to measure detector
response.
3.5.4. Prepare a calibration curve using
several standard solutions of different concentrations. Prepare the calibration curve
daily. Program the integrator to report the
results in µg/mL.
3.5.5. Bracket sample concentrations with
standards.
3.6.

Interferences (analytical)

3.6.1. Any compound with the same general retention time as the analyte and which
also gives a detector response is a potential
interference. Possible interferences should
be reported by the industrial hygienist to
the laboratory with submitted samples.
3.6.2. GC parameters (temperature, column, etc.) may be changed to circumvent
interferences.
3.6.3. A useful means of structure designation is GC/MS. It is recommended that this
procedure be used to confirm samples whenever possible.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
3.7.

Calculations

4.1.2.

3.7.1. Results are obtained by use of calibration curves. Calibration curves are prepared by plotting detector response against
concentration for each standard. The best
line through the data points is determined
by curve fitting.
3.7.2. The concentration, in ug/mL, for a
particular sample is determined by comparing its detector response to the calibration curve. If any analyte is found on the
backup section, this amount is added to the
amount found on the front section. Blank
corrections should be performed before adding the results together.
3.7.3. The BD air concentration can be expressed using the following equation:
mg/m3 = (A)(B)/(C)(D)
Where:
A = µg/mL from Section 3.7.2
B = volume
C = L of air sampled
D = efficiency
3.7.4. The following equation can be used
to convert results in mg/m3 to ppm:
ppm = (mg/m3)(24.46)/54.09
Where:
mg/m3 = result from Section 3.7.3.
24.46 = molar volume of an ideal gas at 760
mm Hg and 25 °C.
3.8.

Safety precautions (analytical)

3.8.1. Avoid skin contact and inhalation of
all chemicals.
3.8.2. Restrict the use of all chemicals to
a fume hood whenever possible.
3.8.3. Wear safety glasses and a lab coat in
all laboratory areas.
4.
4.1.

Additional Information

A procedure to prepare specially cleaned
charcoal coated with TBC
4.1.1.

Apparatus

4.1.1.1. Magnetic stirrer and stir bar.
4.1.1.2. Tube furnace capable of maintaining a temperature of 700 °C and equipped
with a quartz tube that can hold 30 g of charcoal. 8
4.1.1.3. A means to purge nitrogen gas
through the charcoal inside the quartz tube.
4.1.1.4. Water bath capable of maintaining
a temperature of 60 °C.
4.1.1.5. Miscellaneous laboratory equipment: One-liter vacuum flask, 1–L Erlenmeyer flask, 350–M1 Buchner funnel with a
coarse fitted disc, 4-oz brown bottle, rubber
stopper, Teflon tape etc.
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§ 1910.1051

8 A Lindberg Type 55035 Tube furnace was
used in this evaluation.

4.1.2.1.
water. 9
4.1.2.2.
4.1.2.3.
charcoal,
4.1.2.4.

Reagents

Phosphoric acid, 10% by weight, in
4-tert-Butylcatechol (TBC). 10
Specially cleaned coconut shell
20/40 mesh. 11
Nitrogen gas, GC grade.
4.1.3.

Procedure

Weigh 30g of charcoal into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add about 250 mL of 10% phosphoric acid to the flask and then swirl the
mixture. Stir the mixture for 1 hour using a
magnetic stirrer. Filter the mixture using a
fitted Buchner funnel. Wash the charcoal
several times with 250-mL portions of deionized water to remove all traces of the acid.
Transfer the washed charcoal to the tube
furnace quartz tube. Place the quartz tube in
the furnace and then connect the nitrogen
gas purge to the tube. Fire the charcoal to
700 °C. Maintain that temperature for at
least 1 hour. After the charcoal has cooled to
room temperature, transfer it to a tared
beaker. Determine the weight of the charcoal and then add an amount of TBC which
is 10% of the charcoal, by weight.
CAUTION-TBC is toxic and should only be
handled in a fume hood while wearing gloves.
Carefully mix the contents of the beaker
and then transfer the mixture to a 4-oz bottle. Stopper the bottle with a clean rubber
stopper which has been wrapped with Teflon
tape. Clamp the bottle in a water bath so
that the water level is above the charcoal
level. Gently heat the bath to 60 °C and then
maintain that temperature for 1 hour. Cool
the charcoal to room temperature and then
transfer the coated charcoal to a suitable
container.
The coated charcoal is now ready to be
packed into sampling tubes. The sampling
tubes should be stored in a sealed container
to prevent contamination. Sampling tubes
should be stored in the dark at room temperature. The sampling tubes should be segregated by coated adsorbent lot number.
4.2 Chromatograms
The chromatograms were obtained using
the recommended analytical method. The
chart speed was set at 1 cm/min for the first
three min and then at 0.2 cm/min for the
time remaining in the analysis.
The peak which elutes just before BD is a
reaction product between an impurity on the
9 Baker Analyzed’’ Reagent grade was diluted with water for use in this evaluation.
10 The
Aldrich Chemical Company 99%
grade was used in this evaluation.
11 Specially cleaned charcoal was obtained
from Supelco, Inc. for use in this evaluation.
The cleaning process used by Supelco is proprietary.

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charcoal and TBC. This peak is always
present, but it is easily resolved from the
analyte. The peak which elutes immediately
before benzene is an oxidation product of
TBC.
5. References
5.1. ‘‘Current Intelligence Bulletin 41, 1,3Butadiene’’, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, Center for
Disease Control, NIOSH.

5.2. ‘‘NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods’’, 2nd ed; U.S. Dept. of Health Education
and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Cincinnati, OH.
1977, Vol. 2, Method No. S91 DHEW (NIOSH)
Publ. (US), No. 77–157–B.
5.3. Hawley, G.C., Ed. ‘‘The Condensed
Chemical Dictionary’’, 8th ed.; Van Nostrand
Rienhold Company: New York, 1971; 139.5.4.
Chem. Eng. News (June 10, 1985), (63), 22–66.
APPENDIX E TO § 1910.1051 [RESERVED]

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[61 FR 56831, Nov. 4, 1996, as amended at 63 FR 1294, Jan. 8, 1998; 67 FR 67965, Nov. 7, 2002; 70
FR 1143, Jan. 5, 2005; 71 FR 16672, 16674, Apr. 3, 2006]