29 Cfr 1910.266

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
ahead of the main saw, they shall be so
guarded that an employee cannot contact any part of the edger saw from his
normal position.
(b) Edgers shall not be located in the
main roll case behind the head saws.
(ii) Guards. (a) The top and the openings in end and side frames of edgers
shall be adequately guarded and gears
and chains shall be fully housed.
Guards may be hinged or otherwise arranged to permit oiling and the removal of saws.
(b) All edgers shall be equipped with
pressure feed rolls.
(c) Pressure feed rolls on edgers shall
be guarded against accidental contact.
(iii) Antikickback devices. (a) Edgers
shall be provided with safety fingers or
other approved methods of preventing
kickbacks or guarding against them. A
barricade in line with the edger, if
properly fenced off, may be used if safety fingers are not feasible to install.
(b) A controlling device shall be installed and located so that the operator
can stop the feed mechanism without
releasing the tension of the pressure
rolls.
(iv) Operating speed of live rolls. Live
rolls and tailing devices in back of
edger shall operate at a speed not less
than the speed of the edger feed rolls.
(6) Planers—(i) Guards. (a) All cutting
heads shall be guarded.
(b) Side head hoods shall be of sufficient height to safeguard the head setscrew.
(c) Pressure feed rolls and ‘‘pineapples’’ shall be guarded.
(d) Levers or controls shall be so arranged or guarded as to reduce the possibility of accidental operation.
(f) Dry kilns and facilities—(1) Kiln
foundations. Dry kilns shall be constructed upon solid foundations to prevent tracks from sagging
(2) Passageways. A passageway shall
be provided to give adequate clearance
on at least one side or in the center of
end-piled kilns and on two sides of
cross-piled kilns.
(3) Doors—(i) Main kiln doors. (a) Main
kiln doors shall be provided with a
method of holding them open while
kiln is being loaded.
(b) Counterweights on vertical lift
doors shall be boxed or otherwise
guarded.

§ 1910.266

(c) Adequate means shall be provided
to firmly secure main doors, when they
are disengaged from carriers and hangers, to prevent toppling.
(ii) Escape doors. (a) If operating procedures require access to kilns, kilns
shall be provided with escape doors
that operate easily from the inside,
swing in the direction of exit, and are
located in or near the main door at the
end of the passageway.
(b) Escape doors shall be of adequate
height and width to accommodate an
average size man.
(4) Pits. Pits shall be well ventilated,
drained, and lighted, and shall be large
enough to safely accommodate the kiln
operator together with operating devices such as valves, dampers, damper
rods, and traps.
(5) Steam mains. All high-pressure
steam mains located in or adjacent to
an operating pit shall be covered with
heat-insulating material.
(6) Ladders. A fixed ladder, in accordance with the requirements of § 1910.27
or other adequate means shall be provided to permit access to the roof.
Where controls and machinery are
mounted on the roof, a permanent
stairway with standard handrail shall
be installed in accordance with the requirements of § 1910.24.
(7) Chocks. A means shall be provided
for chocking or blocking cars.
(8) Kiln tender room. A warm room
shall be provided for kiln employees to
stay in during cold weather after leaving a hot kiln.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40
FR 23073, May 28, 1975; 43 FR 49751, Oct. 24,
1978; 43 FR 51760, Nov. 7, 1978; 53 FR 12123,
Apr. 12, 1988; 55 FR 32015, Aug. 6, 1990; 61 FR
9241, Mar. 7, 1996; 63 FR 33467, June 18, 1998]

§ 1910.266 Logging operations.
(a) Table of contents.
This paragraph contains the list of
paragraphs and appendices contained
in this section.
a. Table of contents
b. Scope and application
c. Definitions
d. General requirements
1. Personal protective equipment
2. First-aid kits
3. Seat belts
4. Fire extinguishers
5. Environmental conditions
6. Work areas

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§ 1910.266

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–05 Edition)

7. Signaling and signal equipment
8. Overhead electric lines
9. Flammable and combustible liquids
10. Explosives and blasting agents
e. Hand and portable powered tools
1. General requirements
2. Chain saws
f. Machines
1. General requirements
2. Machine operation
3. Protective structures
4. Overhead guards
5. Machine access
6. Exhaust systems
7. Brakes
8. Guarding
g. Vehicles
h. Tree harvesting
1. General requirements
2. Manual felling
3. Bucking and limbing
4. Chipping
5. Yarding
6. Loading and unloading
7. Transport
8. Storage
i. Training
j. Effective date
k. Appendices
APPENDIX A—MINIMUM FIRST-AID SUPPLIES
APPENDIX B—MINIMUM FIRST-AID TRAINING
APPENDIX C—CORRESPONDING ISO AGREEMENTS

(b) Scope and application.
(1) This standard establishes safety
practices, means, methods and operations for all types of logging, regardless of the end use of the wood. These
types of logging include, but are not
limited to, pulpwood and timber harvesting and the logging of sawlogs, veneer bolts, poles, pilings and other forest products. This standard does not
cover the construction or use of cable
yarding systems.
(2) This standard applies to all logging operations as defined by this section.
(3) Hazards and working conditions
not specifically addressed by this section are covered by other applicable
sections of part 1910.
(c) Definitions applicable to this section.
Arch. An open-framed trailer or builtup framework used to suspend the leading ends of trees or logs when they are
skidded.
Backcut (felling cut). The final cut in
a felling operation.
Ballistic nylon. A nylon fabric of high
tensile properties designed to provide
protection from lacerations.

Buck. To cut a felled tree into logs.
Butt. The bottom of the felled part of
a tree.
Cable yarding. The movement of
felled trees or logs from the area where
they are felled to the landing on a system composed of a cable suspended
from spars and/or towers. The trees or
logs may be either dragged across the
ground on the cable or carried while
suspended from the cable.
Chock. A block, often wedge shaped,
which is used to prevent movement;
e.g., a log from rolling, a wheel from
turning.
Choker. A sling used to encircle the
end of a log for yarding. One end is
passed around the load, then through a
loop eye, end fitting or other device at
the other end of the sling. The end that
passed through the end fitting or other
device is then hooked to the lifting or
pulling machine.
Danger tree. A standing tree that presents a hazard to employees due to conditions such as, but not limited to, deterioration or physical damage to the
root system, trunk, stem or limbs, and
the direction and lean of the tree.
Debark. To remove bark from trees or
logs.
Deck. A stack of trees or logs.
Designated person. An employee who
has the requisite knowledge, training
and experience to perform specific duties.
Domino felling. The partial cutting of
multiple trees which are left standing
and then pushed over with a pusher
tree.
Fell (fall). To cut down trees.
Feller (faller). An employee who fells
trees.
Grounded. The placement of a component of a machine on the ground or on
a device where it is firmly supported.
Guarded. Covered, shielded, fenced,
enclosed, or otherwise protected by
means of suitable enclosures, covers,
casings, shields, troughs, railings,
screens, mats, or platforms, or by location, to prevent injury.
Health care provider. A health care
practitioner operating with the scope
of his/her license, certificate, registration or legally authorized practice.
Landing. Any place where logs are
laid after being yarded, and before
transport from the work site.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
Limbing. To cut branches off felled
trees.
Lodged tree (hung tree). A tree leaning
against another tree or object which
prevents it from falling to the ground.
Log. A segment sawed or split from a
felled tree, such as, but not limited to,
a section, bolt, or tree length.
Logging operations. Operations associated with felling and moving trees and
logs from the stump to the point of delivery, such as, but not limited to,
marking danger trees and trees/logs to
be cut to length, felling, limbing, bucking, debarking, chipping, yarding, loading, unloading, storing, and transporting machines, equipment and personnel to, from and between logging
sites.
Machine. A piece of stationary or mobile equipment having a self-contained
powerplant, that is operated off-road
and used for the movement of material.
Machines include, but are not limited
to, tractors, skidders, front-end loaders, scrapers, graders, bulldozers, swing
yarders, log stackers, log loaders, and
mechanical felling devices, such as tree
shears and feller-bunchers. Machines
do not include airplanes or aircraft
(e.g., helicopters).
Rated capacity. The maximum load a
system, vehicle, machine or piece of
equipment was designed by the manufacturer to handle.
Root wad. The ball of a tree root and
dirt that is pulled from the ground
when a tree is uprooted.
Serviceable condition. A state or ability of a tool, machine, vehicle or other
device to operate as it was intended by
the manufacturer to operate.
Skidding. The yarding of trees or logs
by pulling or towing them across the
ground.
Slope (grade). The increase or decrease in altitude over a horizontal distance expressed as a percentage. For
example, a change of altitude of 20 feet
(6 m) over a horizontal distance of 100
feet (30 m) is expressed as a 20 percent
slope.
Snag. Any standing dead tree or portion thereof.
Spring pole. A tree, segment of a tree,
limb, or sapling which is under stress
or tension due to the pressure or
weight of another object.

§ 1910.266

Tie down. Chain, cable, steel strips or
fiber webbing and binders attached to a
truck, trailer or other conveyance as a
means to secure loads and to prevent
them from shifting or moving when
they are being transported.
Undercut. A notch cut in a tree to
guide the direction of the tree fall and
to prevent splitting or kickback.
Vehicle. A car, bus, truck, trailer or
semi-trailer owned, leased or rented by
the employer that is used for transportation of employees or movement of
material.
Winching. The winding of cable or
rope onto a spool or drum.
Yarding. The movement of logs from
the place they are felled to a landing.
(d) General requirements—(1) Personal
protective equipment. (i) The employer
shall assure that personal protective
equipment, including any personal protective equipment provided by an employee, is maintained in a serviceable
condition.
(ii) The employer shall assure that
personal protective equipment, including any personal protective equipment
provided by an employee, is inspected
before
initial
use
during
each
workshift. Defects or damage shall be
repaired or the unserviceable personal
protective equipment shall be replaced
before work is commenced.
(iii) The employer shall provide, at
no cost to the employee, and assure
that each employee handling wire rope
wears, hand protection which provides
adequate protection from puncture
wounds, cuts and lacerations.
(iv) The employer shall provide, at no
cost to the employee, and assure that
each employee who operates a chain
saw wears leg protection constructed
with cut-resistant material, such as
ballistic nylon. The leg protection
shall cover the full length of the thigh
to the top of the boot on each leg to
protect against contact with a moving
chain saw. Exception: This requirement
does not apply when an employee is
working as a climber if the employer
demonstrates that a greater hazard is
posed by wearing leg protection in the
particular situation, or when an employee is working from a vehicular
mounted elevating and rotating work
platform meeting the requirements of
29 CFR 1910.68.

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§ 1910.266

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–05 Edition)

(v) The employer shall assure that
each employee wears foot protection,
such as heavy-duty logging boots that
are waterproof or water repellant,
cover and provide support to the ankle.
The employer shall assure that each
employee who operates a chain saw
wears foot protection that is constructed with cut-resistant material
which will protect the employee
against contact with a running chain
saw. Sharp, calk-soled boots or other
slip-resistant type boots may be worn
where the employer demonstrates that
they are necessary for the employee’s
job, the terrain, the timber type, and
the weather conditions, provided that
foot protection otherwise required by
this paragraph is met.
(vi) The employer shall provide, at no
cost to the employee, and assure that
each employee who works in an area
where there is potential for head injury
from falling or flying objects wears
head protection meeting the requirements of subpart I of part 1910.
(vii) The employer shall provide, at
no cost to the employee, and assure
that each employee wears the following:
(A) Eye protection meeting the requirements of subpart I of part 1910
where there is potential for eye injury
due to falling or flying objects; and
(B) Face protection meeting the requirements of subpart I of part 1910
where there is potential for facial injury such as, but not limited to, operating a chipper. Logger-type mesh
screens may be worn by employees performing chain-saw operations and
yarding.
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (d)(1)(vii): The employee does not have to wear a separate eye
protection device where face protection covering both the eyes and face is worn.

(2) First-aid kits. (i) The employer
shall provide first-aid kits at each
work site where trees are being cut
(e.g., felling, bucking, limbing), at each
active landing, and on each employee
transport vehicle. The number of firstaid kits and the content of each kit
shall reflect the degree of isolation, the
number of employees, and the hazards
reasonably anticipated at the work
site.
(ii) At a minimum, each first-aid kit
shall contain the items listed in appendix A at all times.

(iii) The employer also may have the
number and content of first-aid kits reviewed and approved annually by a
health care provider.
(iv) The employer shall maintain the
contents of each first-aid kit in a serviceable condition.
(3) Seat belts. For each vehicle or machine (equipped with ROPS/FOPS or
overhead guards), including any vehicle or machine provided by an employee, the employer shall assure:
(i) That a seat belt is provided for
each vehicle or machine operator;
(ii) That each employee uses the
available seat belt while the vehicle or
machine is being operated;
(iii) That each employee securely and
tightly fastens the seat belt to restrain
the employee within the vehicle or machine cab;
(iv) That each machine seat belt
meets the requirements of the Society
of Automotive Engineers Standard
SAE J386, June 1985, ‘‘Operator Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work Machines’’, which is incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6.
(v) That seat belts are not removed
from any vehicle or machine. The employer shall replace each seat belt
which has been removed from any vehicle or machine that was equipped with
seat belts at the time of manufacture;
and
(vi) That each seat belt is maintained
in a serviceable condition.
(4) Fire extinguishers. The employer
shall provide and maintain portable
fire extinguishers on each machine and
vehicle in accordance with the requirements of subpart L of part 1910.
(5) Environmental conditions. All work
shall terminate and each employee
shall move to a place of safety when
environmental conditions, such as but
not limited to, electrical storms,
strong winds which may affect the fall
of a tree, heavy rain or snow, extreme
cold, dense fog, fires, mudslides, and
darkness, create a hazard for the employee in the performance of the job.
(6) Work areas. (i) Employees shall be
spaced and the duties of each employee
shall be organized so the actions of one
employee will not create a hazard for
any other employee.
(ii) Work areas shall be assigned so
that trees cannot fall into an adjacent

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
occupied work area. The distance between adjacent occupied work areas
shall be at least two tree lengths of the
trees being felled. The distance between adjacent occupied work areas
shall reflect the degree of slope, the
density of the growth, the height of the
trees, the soil structure and other hazards reasonably anticipated at that
work site. A distance of greater than
two tree lengths shall be maintained
between adjacent occupied work areas
on any slope where rolling or sliding of
trees or logs is reasonably foreseeable.
(iii) Each employee performing a logging operation at a logging work site
shall work in a position or location
that is within visual or audible contact
with another employee.
(iv) The employer shall account for
each employee at the end of each
workshift.
(7) Signaling and signal equipment. (i)
Hand signals or audible contact, such
as but not limited to, whistles, horns,
or radios, shall be utilized whenever
noise, distance, restricted visibility, or
other factors prevent clear understanding of normal voice communications between employees.
(ii) Engine noise, such as from a
chain saw, is not an acceptable means
of signaling. Other locally and regionally recognized signals may be used.
(iii) Only a designated person shall
give signals, except in an emergency.
(8) Overhead electric lines. (i) Logging
operations near overhead electric lines
shall be done in accordance with the
requirements of 29 CFR 1910.333(c)(3).
(ii) The employer shall notify the
power company immediately if a felled
tree makes contact with any power
line. Each employee shall remain clear
of the area until the power company
advises that there are no electrical
hazards.
(9) Flammable and combustible liquids.
(i) Flammable and combustible liquids
shall be stored, handled, transported,
and used in accordance with the requirements of subpart H of part 1910.
(ii) Flammable and combustible liquids shall not be transported in the
driver compartment or in any passenger-occupied area of a machine or
vehicle.
(iii) Each machine, vehicle, and portable powered tool shall be shut off dur-

§ 1910.266

ing fueling. Diesel-powered machines
and vehicles may be fueled while they
are at idle, provided that continued operation is intended and that the employer follows safe fueling and operating procedures.
(iv) Flammable and combustible liquids, including chain-saw and diesel
fuel, may be used to start a fire, provided the employer assures that in the
particular situation its use does not
create a hazard for an employee.
(10) Explosives and blasting agents. (i)
Explosives and blasting agents shall be
stored, handled, transported, and used
in accordance with the requirements of
subpart H of part 1910.
(ii) Only a designated person shall
handle or use explosives and blasting
agents.
(iii) Explosives and blasting agents
shall not be transported in the driver
compartment or in any passenger-occupied area of a machine or vehicle.
(e) Hand and portable powered tools—
(1) General requirements. (i) The employer shall assure that each hand and
portable powered tool, including any
tool provided by an employee, is maintained in serviceable condition.
(ii) The employer shall assure that
each tool, including any tool provided
by an employee, is inspected before initial use during each workshift. At a
minimum, the inspection shall include
the following:
(A) Handles and guards, to assure
that they are sound, tight-fitting,
properly shaped, free of splinters and
sharp edges, and in place;
(B) Controls, to assure proper function;
(C) Chain-saw chains, to assure proper adjustment;
(D) Chain-saw mufflers, to assure
that they are operational and in place;
(E) Chain brakes and nose shielding
devices, to assure that they are in
place and function properly;
(F) Heads of shock, impact-driven
and driving tools, to assure that there
is no mushrooming;
(G) Cutting edges, to assure that they
are sharp and properly shaped; and
(H) All other safety devices, to assure
that they are in place and function
properly.

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§ 1910.266

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–05 Edition)

(iii) The employer shall assure that
each tool is used only for purposes for
which it has been designed.
(iv) When the head of any shock, impact-driven or driving tool begins to
chip, it shall be repaired or removed
from service.
(v) The cutting edge of each tool
shall be sharpened in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications whenever it becomes dull during the
workshift.
(vi) Each tool shall be stored in the
provided location when not being used
at a work site.
(vii) Racks, boxes, holsters or other
means shall be provided, arranged and
used for the transportation of tools so
that a hazard is not created for any vehicle operator or passenger.
(2) Chain saws. (i) Each chain saw
placed into initial service after the effective date of this section shall be
equipped with a chain brake and shall
otherwise meet the requirements of the
ANSI B175.1–1991 ‘‘Safety Requirements
for Gasoline-Powered Chain Saws’’,
which is incorporated by reference as
specified in § 1910.6. Each chain saw
placed into service before the effective
date of this section shall be equipped
with a protective device that minimizes chain-saw kickback. No chainsaw kickback device shall be removed
or otherwise disabled.
(ii) Each gasoline-powered chain saw
shall be equipped with a continuous
pressure throttle control system which
will stop the chain when pressure on
the throttle is released.
(iii) The chain saw shall be operated
and adjusted in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
(iv) The chain saw shall be fueled at
least 10 feet (3 m) from any open flame
or other source of ignition.
(v) The chain saw shall be started at
least 10 feet (3 m) from the fueling
area.
(vi) The chain saw shall be started on
the ground or where otherwise firmly
supported. Drop starting a chain saw is
prohibited.
(vii) The chain saw shall be started
with the chain brake engaged.
(viii) The chain saw shall be held
with the thumbs and fingers of both
hands encircling the handles during operation unless the employer dem-

onstrates that a greater hazard is
posed by keeping both hands on the
chain saw in that particular situation.
(ix) The chain-saw operator shall be
certain of footing before starting to
cut. The chain saw shall not be used in
a position or at a distance that could
cause the operator to become off-balance, to have insecure footing, or to relinquish a firm grip on the saw.
(x) Prior to felling any tree, the
chain-saw operator shall clear away
brush or other potential obstacles
which might interfere with cutting the
tree or using the retreat path.
(xi) The chain saw shall not be used
to cut directly overhead.
(xii) The chain saw shall be carried in
a manner that will prevent operator
contact with the cutting chain and
muffler.
(xiii) The chain saw shall be shut off
or the throttle released before the
feller starts his retreat.
(xiv) The chain saw shall be shut
down or the chain brake shall be engaged whenever a saw is carried further
than 50 feet (15.2 m). The chain saw
shall be shut down or the chain brake
shall be engaged when a saw is carried
less than 50 feet if conditions such as,
but not limited to, the terrain, underbrush and slippery surfaces, may create
a hazard for an employee.
(f) Machines—(1) General requirements.
(i) The employer shall assure that each
machine, including any machine provided by an employee, is maintained in
serviceable condition.
(ii) The employer shall assure that
each machine, including any machine
provided by an employee, is inspected
before
initial
use
during
each
workshift. Defects or damage shall be
repaired or the unserviceable machine
shall be replaced before work is commenced.
(iii) The employer shall assure that
operating and maintenance instructions are available on the machine or
in the area where the machine is being
operated. Each machine operator and
maintenance employee shall comply
with the operating and maintenance
instructions.
(2) Machine operation. (i) The machine
shall be started and operated only by a
designated person.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(ii) Stationary logging machines and
their components shall be anchored or
otherwise stabilized to prevent movement during operation.
(iii) The rated capacity of any machine shall not be exceeded.
(iv) To maintain stability, the machine must be operated within the limitations imposed by the manufacturer
as described in the operating and maintenance instructions for that machine.
(v) Before starting or moving any
machine, the operator shall determine
that no employee is in the path of the
machine.
(vi) The machine shall be operated
only from the operator’s station or as
otherwise recommended by the manufacturer.
(vii) The machine shall be operated
at such a distance from employees and
other machines such that operation
will not create a hazard for an employee.
(viii) No employee other than the operator shall ride on any mobile machine unless seating, seat belts and
other protection equivalent to that
provided for the operator are provided.
(ix) No employee shall ride on any
load.
(x) Before the operator leaves the operator’s station of a machine, it shall
be secured as follows:
(A) The parking brake or brake locks
shall be applied;
(B) The transmission shall be placed
in the manufacturer’s specified park
position; and
(C) Each moving element such as, but
not limited to blades, buckets, saws
and shears, shall be lowered to the
ground or otherwise secured.
(xi) If a hydraulic or pneumatic storage device can move the moving elements such as, but not limited to,
blades, buckets, saws and shears, after
the machine is shut down, the pressure
or stored energy from the element
shall be discharged as specified by the
manufacturer.
(xii) The rated capacity of any vehicle transporting a machine shall not be
exceeded.
(xiii) The machine shall be loaded,
secured and unloaded so that it will
not create a hazard for any employee.
(3) Protective structures. (i) Each tractor, skidder, swing yarder, log stacker,

§ 1910.266

log loader and mechanical felling device, such as tree shears or fellerbuncher, placed into initial service
after February 9, 1995, shall be
equipped with falling object protective
structure (FOPS) and/or rollover protective structure (ROPS). The employer shall replace FOPS or ROPS
which have been removed from any machine. Exception: This requirement does
not apply to machines which are capable of 360 degree rotation.
(ii)(A) ROPS shall be tested, installed, and maintained in serviceable
condition.
(B) Each machine manufactured after
August 1, 1996, shall have ROPS tested,
installed, and maintained in accordance with the Society of Automotive
Engineers SAE J1040, April 1988, ‘‘Performance Criteria for Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for Construction, Earthmoving, Forestry, and Mining Machines’’, which is incorporated
by reference as specified in § 1910.6.
(C) This incorporation by reference
was approved by the Director of the
Federal Register in accordance with 5
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies
may be obtained from the Society of
Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096.
Copies may be inspected at the Docket
Office, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, U.S. Department of
Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW.,
room N2625, Washington, DC 20210, or
at the National Archives and Records
Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202–741–6030, or go
to:
http://www.archives.gov/
federallregister/
codeloflfederallregulations/
ibrllocations.html.
(iii) FOPS shall be installed, tested
and maintained in accordance with the
Society of Automotive Engineers SAE
J231, January 1981, ‘‘Minimum Performance Criteria for Falling Object
Protective Structures (FOPS)’’, which
is incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6.
(iv) ROPS and FOPS shall meet the
requirements of the Society of Automotive Engineers SAE J397, April 1988,
‘‘Deflection Limiting Volume-ROPS/
FOPS Laboratory Evaluation’’, which

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§ 1910.266

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–05 Edition)

is incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6.
(v) Each protective structure shall be
of a size that does not impede the operator’s normal movements.
(vi) The overhead covering of each
cab shall be of solid material and shall
extend over the entire canopy.
(vii) Each machine manufactured
after August 1, 1996, shall have a cab
that is fully enclosed with mesh material with openings no greater than 2
inches (5.08 cm) at its least dimension.
The cab may be enclosed with other
material(s) where the employer demonstrates such material(s) provides
equivalent protection and visibility.
Exception: Equivalent visibility is not
required for the lower portion of the
cab where there are control panels or
similar obstructions in the cab, or
where visibility is not necessary for
safe operation of the machine.
(viii) Each machine manufactured on
or before August 1, 1996 shall have a
cab which meets the requirements
specified in paragraph (f)(3)(vii) or a
protective canopy for the operator
which meets the following requirements:
(A) The protective canopy shall be
constructed to protect the operator
from injury due to falling trees, limbs,
saplings or branches which might enter
the compartment side areas and from
snapping winch lines or other objects;
(B) The lower portion of the cab shall
be fully enclosed with solid material,
except at entrances, to prevent the operator from being injured from obstacles entering the cab;
(C) The upper rear portion of the cab
shall be fully enclosed with open mesh
material with openings of such size as
to reject the entrance of an object larger than 2 inches in diameter. It shall
provide maximum rearward visibility;
and
(D) Open mesh shall be extended forward as far as possible from the rear
corners of the cab sides so as to give
the maximum protection against obstacles, branches, etc., entering the cab
area.
(ix) The enclosure of the upper portion of each cab shall allow maximum
visibility.
(x) When transparent material is
used to enclose the upper portion of the

cab, it shall be made of safety glass or
other material that the employer demonstrates provides equivalent protection and visibility.
(xi) Transparent material shall be
kept clean to assure operator visibility.
(xii) Transparent material that may
create a hazard for the operator, such
as but not limited to, cracked, broken
or scratched safety glass, shall be replaced.
(xiii) Deflectors shall be installed in
front of each cab to deflect whipping
saplings and branches. Deflectors shall
be located so as not to impede visibility and access to the cab.
(xiv) The height of each cab entrance
shall be at least 52 inches (1.3 meters)
from the floor of the cab.
(xv) Each machine operated near
cable yarding operations shall be
equipped with sheds or roofs of sufficient strength to provide protection
from breaking lines.
(4) Overhead guards. Each forklift
shall be equipped with an overhead
guard meeting the requirements of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME B56.6–1992 (with addenda),
‘‘Safety Standard for Rough Terrain
Forklift Trucks’’, which is incorporated by reference as specified in
§ 1910.6.
(5) Machine access. (i) Machine access
systems, meeting the specifications of
the Society of Automotive Engineers,
SAE J185, June 1988, ‘‘Recommended
Practice for Access Systems for OffRoad Machines’’, which is incorporated
by reference as specified in § 1910.6,
shall be provided for each machine
where the operator or any other employee must climb onto the machine to
enter the cab or to perform maintenance.
(ii) Each machine cab shall have a
second means of egress.
(iii) Walking and working surfaces of
each machine and machine work station shall have a slip resistant surface
to assure safe footing.
(iv) The walking and working surface
of each machine shall be kept free of
waste, debris and any other material
which might result in fire, slipping, or
falling.
(6) Exhaust systems. (i) The exhaust
pipes on each machine shall be located

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
so exhaust gases are directed away
from the operator.
(ii) The exhaust pipes on each machine shall be mounted or guarded to
protect each employee from accidental
contact.
(iii) The exhaust pipes shall be
equipped with spark arresters. Engines
equipped with turbochargers do not require spark arresters.
(iv) Each machine muffler provided
by the manufacturer, or their equivalent, shall be in place at all times the
machine is in operation.
(7) Brakes. (i) Service brakes shall be
sufficient to stop and hold each machine and its rated load capacity on
the slopes over which it is being operated.
(ii) Each machine placed into initial
service on or after September 8, 1995
shall also be equipped with: back-up or
secondary brakes that are capable of
stopping the machine regardless of the
direction of travel or whether the engine is running; and parking brakes
that are capable of continuously holding a stopped machine stationary.
(8) Guarding. (i) Each machine shall
be equipped with guarding to protect
employees from exposed moving elements, such as but not limited to,
shafts, pulleys, belts on conveyors, and
gears, in accordance with the requirements of subpart O of part 1910.
(ii) Each machine used for debarking,
limbing and chipping shall be equipped
with guarding to protect employees
from flying wood chunks, logs, chips,
bark, limbs and other material in accordance with the requirements of subpart O of part 1910.
(iii) The guarding on each machine
shall be in place at all times the machine is in operation.
(g) Vehicles. (1) The employer shall
assure that each vehicle used to perform any logging operation is maintained in serviceable condition.
(2) The employer shall assure that
each vehicle used to perform any logging operation is inspected before initial use during each workshift. Defects
or damage shall be repaired or the unserviceable vehicle shall be replaced
before work is commenced.
(3) The employer shall assure that
operating and maintenance instructions are available in each vehicle.

§ 1910.266

Each vehicle operator and maintenance
employee shall comply with the operating and maintenance instructions.
(4) The employer shall assure that
each vehicle operator has a valid operator’s license for the class of vehicle
being operated.
(5) Mounting steps and handholds
shall be provided for each vehicle wherever it is necessary to prevent an employee from being injured when entering or leaving the vehicle.
(6) The seats of each vehicle shall be
securely fastened.
(7) The requirements of paragraphs
(f)(2)(iii), (f)(2)(v), (f)(2)(vii), (f)(2)(x),
(f)(2)(xiii), and (f)(7) of this section
shall also apply to each vehicle used to
transport any employee off public
roads or to perform any logging operation, including any vehicle provided
by an employee.
(h) Tree harvesting—(1) General requirements. (i) Trees shall not be felled
in a manner that may create a hazard
for an employee, such as but not limited to, striking a rope, cable, power
line, or machine.
(ii) The immediate supervisor shall
be consulted when unfamiliar or unusually hazardous conditions necessitate
the supervisor’s approval before cutting is commenced.
(iii) While manual felling is in
progress, no yarding machine shall be
operated within two tree lengths of
trees being manually felled. Exception:
This provision does not apply to
yarding machines performing tree pulling operations.
(iv) No employee shall approach a
feller closer than two tree lengths of
trees being felled until the feller has
acknowledged that it is safe to do so,
unless the employer demonstrates that
a team of employees is necessary to
manually fell a particular tree.
(v) No employee shall approach a mechanical felling operation closer than
two tree lengths of the trees being
felled until the machine operator has
acknowledged that it is safe to do so.
(vi) Each danger tree shall be felled,
removed or avoided. Each danger tree,
including lodged trees and snags, shall
be felled or removed using mechanical
or other techniques that minimize employee exposure before work is commenced in the area of the danger tree.

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§ 1910.266

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–05 Edition)

If the danger tree is not felled or removed, it shall be marked and no work
shall be conducted within two tree
lengths of the danger tree unless the
employer demonstrates that a shorter
distance will not create a hazard for an
employee.
(vii) Each danger tree shall be carefully checked for signs of loose bark,
broken branches and limbs or other
damage before they are felled or removed. Accessible loose bark and other
damage that may create a hazard for
an employee shall be removed or held
in place before felling or removing the
tree.
(viii) Felling on any slope where rolling or sliding of trees or logs is reasonably foreseeable shall be done uphill
from, or on the same level as, previously felled trees.
(ix) Domino felling of trees is prohibited.
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (h)(1)(ix): The definition of domino felling does not include the
felling of a single danger tree by felling another single tree into it.

(2) Manual felling. (i) Before felling is
started, the feller shall plan and clear
a retreat path. The retreat path shall
extend diagonally away from the expected felling line unless the employer
demonstrates that such a retreat path
poses a greater hazard than an alternate path. Once the backcut has been
made the feller shall immediately
move a safe distance away from the
tree on the retreat path.
(ii) Before each tree is felled, conditions such as, but not limited to, snow
and ice accumulation, the wind, the
lean of tree, dead limbs, and the location of other trees, shall be evaluated
by the feller and precautions taken so
a hazard is not created for an employee.
(iii) Each tree shall be checked for
accumulations of snow and ice. Accumulations of snow and ice that may
create a hazard for an employee shall
be removed before felling is commenced in the area or the area shall be
avoided.
(iv) When a spring pole or other tree
under stress is cut, no employee other
than the feller shall be closer than two
trees lengths when the stress is released.
(v) An undercut shall be made in each
tree being felled unless the employer

demonstrates that felling the particular tree without an undercut will
not create a hazard for an employee.
The undercut shall be of a size so the
tree will not split and will fall in the
intended direction.
(vi) A backcut shall be made in each
tree being felled. The backcut shall
leave sufficient hinge wood to hold the
tree to the stump during most of its
fall so that the hinge is able to guide
the tree’s fall in the intended direction.
(vii) The backcut shall be above the
level of the horizontal facecut in order
to provide an adequate platform to prevent kickback. Exception: The backcut
may be at or below the horizontal
facecut in tree pulling operations.
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (h)(2)(vii): This requirement does not apply to open face felling
where two angled facecuts rather than a horizontal facecut are used.

(3) Limbing and bucking. (i) Limbing
and bucking on any slope where rolling
or sliding of trees or logs is reasonably
foreseeable shall be done on the uphill
side of each tree or log.
(ii) Before bucking or limbing windthrown trees, precautions shall be
taken to prevent the root wad, butt or
logs from striking an employee. These
precautions include, but are not limited to, chocking or moving the tree to
a stable position.
(4) Chipping (in-woods locations). (i)
Chipper access covers or doors shall
not be opened until the drum or disc is
at a complete stop.
(ii) Infeed and discharge ports shall
be guarded to prevent contact with the
disc, knives, or blower blades.
(iii) The chipper shall be shut down
and locked out in accordance with the
requirements of 29 CFR 1910.147 when
an employee performs any servicing or
maintenance.
(iv) Detached trailer chippers shall
be chocked during usage on any slope
where rolling or sliding of the chipper
is reasonably foreseeable.
(5) Yarding. (i) No log shall be moved
until each employee is in the clear.
(ii) Each choker shall be hooked and
unhooked from the uphill side or end of
the log, unless the employer demonstrates that is it not feasible in the
particular situation to hook or unhook
the choker from the uphill side. Where
the choker is hooked or unhooked from
the downhill side or end of the log, the

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
log shall be securely chocked to prevent rolling, sliding or swinging.
(iii) Each choker shall be positioned
near the end of the log or tree length.
(iv) Each machine shall be positioned
during winching so the machine and
winch are operated within their design
limits.
(v) No yarding line shall be moved
unless the yarding machine operator
has clearly received and understood the
signal to do so. When in doubt, the
yarding machine operator shall repeat
the signal and wait for a confirming
signal before moving any line.
(vi) No load shall exceed the rated capacity of the pallet, trailer, or other
carrier.
(vii) Towed equipment, such as but
not limited to, skid pans, pallets, arches, and trailers, shall be attached to
each machine or vehicle in such a manner as to allow a full 90 degree turn; to
prevent overrunning of the towing machine or vehicle; and to assure that the
operator is always in control of the
towed equipment.
(viii) The yarding machine or vehicle, including its load, shall be operated with safe clearance from all obstructions that may create a hazard for
an employee.
(ix) Each yarded tree shall be placed
in a location that does not create a
hazard for an employee and an orderly
manner so that the trees are stable before bucking or limbing is commenced.
(6) Loading and unloading. (i) The
transport vehicle shall be positioned to
provide working clearance between the
vehicle and the deck.
(ii) Only the loading or unloading
machine operator and other personnel
the employer demonstrates are essential shall be in the loading or unloading work area during this operation.
(iii) No transport vehicle operator
shall remain in the cab during loading
and unloading if the logs are carried or
moved over the truck cab, unless the
employer demonstrates that it is necessary for the operator to do so. Where
the transport vehicle operator remains
in the cab, the employer shall provide
operator protection, such as but not
limited to, reinforcement of the cab.
(iv) Each log shall be placed on a
transport vehicle in an orderly manner
and tightly secured.

§ 1910.266

(v) The load shall be positioned to
prevent slippage or loss during handling and transport.
(vi) Each stake and chock which is
used to trip loads shall be so constructed that the tripping mechanism
is activated on the side opposite the release of the load.
(vii) Each tie down shall be left in
place over the peak log to secure all
logs until the unloading lines or other
protection the employer demonstrates
is equivalent has been put in place. A
stake of sufficient strength to withstand the forces of shifting or moving
logs, shall be considered equivalent
protection provided that the logs are
not loaded higher than the stake.
(viii) Each tie down shall be released
only from the side on which the unloading machine operates, except as
follows:
(A) When the tie down is released by
a remote control device; and
(B) When the employee making the
release is protected by racks, stanchions or other protection the employer demonstrates is capable of withstanding the force of the logs.
(7) Transport. The transport vehicle
operator shall assure that each tie
down is tight before transporting the
load. While enroute, the operator shall
check and tighten the tie downs whenever there is reason to believe that the
tie downs have loosened or the load has
shifted.
(8) Storage. Each deck shall be constructed and located so it is stable and
provides each employee with enough
room to safely move and work in the
area.
(i) Training. (1) The employer shall
provide training for each employee, including supervisors, at no cost to the
employee.
(2) Frequency. Training shall be provided as follows:
(i) As soon as possible but not later
than the effective date of this section
for initial training for each current and
new employee;
(ii) Prior to initial assignment for
each new employee;
(iii) Whenever the employee is assigned new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines or vehicles; and
(iv) Whenever an employee demonstrates unsafe job performance.

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§ 1910.266

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–05 Edition)

(3) Content. At a minimum, training
shall consist of the following elements:
(i) Safe performance of assigned work
tasks;
(ii) Safe use, operation and maintenance of tools, machines and vehicles
the employee uses or operates, including emphasis on understanding and following the manufacturer’s operating
and maintenance instructions, warnings and precautions;
(iii) Recognition of safety and health
hazards associated with the employee’s
specific work tasks, including the use
of measures and work practices to prevent or control those hazards;
(iv) Recognition, prevention and control of other safety and health hazards
in the logging industry;
(v) Procedures, practices and requirements of the employer’s work site; and
(vi) The requirements of this standard.
(4) Training of an employee due to
unsafe job performance, or assignment
of new work tasks, tools, equipment,
machines, or vehicles; may be limited
to those elements in paragraph (i)(3) of
this section which are relevant to the
circumstances giving rise to the need
for training.
(5) Portability of training. (i) Each current employee who has received training in the particular elements specified
in paragraph (i)(3) of this section shall
not be required to be retrained in those
elements.
(ii) Each new employee who has received training in the particular elements specified in paragraph (i)(3) of
this section shall not be required to be
retrained in those elements prior to
initial assignment.
(iii) The employer shall train each
current and new employee in those elements for which the employee has not
received training.
(iv) The employer is responsible for
ensuring that each current and new
employee can properly and safely perform the work tasks and operate the
tools, equipment, machines, and vehicles used in their job.
(6) Each new employee and each employee who is required to be trained as
specified in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, shall work under the close supervision of a designated person until the
employee demonstrates to the em-

ployer the ability to safely perform
their new duties independently.
(7) First-aid training. (i) The employer
shall assure that each employee, including supervisors, receives or has received first-aid and CPR training meeting at least the requirements specified
in appendix B.
(ii) The employer shall assure that
each employee’s first-aid and CPR
training and/or certificate of training
remain current.
(8) All training shall be conducted by
a designated person.
(9) The employer shall assure that all
training required by this section is presented in a manner that the employee
is able to understand. The employer
shall assure that all training materials
used are appropriate in content and vocabulary to the educational level, literacy, and language skills of the employees being trained.
(10) Certification of training. (i) The
employer shall verify compliance with
paragraph (i) of this section by preparing a written certification record.
The written certification record shall
contain the name or other identity of
the employee trained, the date(s) of the
training, and the signature of the person who conducted the training or the
signature of the employer. If the employer relies on training conducted
prior to the employee’s hiring or completed prior to the effective date of this
section, the certification record shall
indicate the date the employer determined the prior training was adequate.
(ii) The most recent training certification shall be maintained.
(11) Safety and health meetings. The
employer shall hold safety and health
meetings as necessary and at least
each month for each employee. Safety
and health meetings may be conducted
individually, in crew meetings, in larger groups, or as part of other staff
meetings.
(j) Effective date. This section is effective February 9, 1995. All requirements
under this section commence on the effective date.
(k) Appendices. Appendices A and B of
this section are mandatory. The information contained in appendix C of this

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
section is informational and is not intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from existing regulations.
NOTE: In the FEDERAL REGISTER of August
9, 1995, OSHA extended the stay of the following paragraphs of § 1910.266 until September 8, 1995. The remaining requirements
of § 1910.266, which became effective on February 9, 1995, are unaffected by the extension
of the partial stay:
1. (d)(1)(v)—insofar as it requires foot protection to be chain-saw resistant.
2. (d)(1)(vii)—insofar as it required face
protection.
3. (d)(2)(iii).
4. (f)(2)(iv).
5. (f)(2)(xi).
6. (f)(3)(ii).
7. (f)(3)(vii).
8. (f)(3)(viii).
9. (f)(7)(ii)—insofar as it requires parking
brakes to be able to stop a moving machine.
10. (g)(1) and (g)(2) insofar as they require
inspection and maintenance of employeeowned vehicles.
11. (h)(2)(vii)—insofar as it precludes
backcuts at the level of the horizontal cut of
the undercut when the Humboldt cutting
method is used.
APPENDIX A TO § 1910.266—FIRST-AID KITS
(MANDATORY)
The following list sets forth the minimally
acceptable number and type of first-aid supplies for first-aid kits required under paragraph (d)(2) of the logging standard. The contents of the first-aid kit listed should be adequate for small work sites, consisting of approximately two to three employees. When
larger operations or multiple operations are
being conducted at the same location, additional first-aid kits should be provided at the
work site or additional quantities of supplies
should be included in the first-aid kits:
1. Gauze pads (at least 4×4 inches).
2. Two large gauze pads (at least 8×10
inches).
3. Box adhesive bandages (band-aids).
4. One package gauze roller bandage at
least 2 inches wide.
5. Two triangular bandages.
6. Wound cleaning agent such as sealed
moistened towelettes.
7. Scissors.
8. At least one blanket.
9. Tweezers.
10. Adhesive tape.
11. Latex gloves.
12. Resuscitation equipment such as resuscitation bag, airway, or pocket mask.
13. Two elastic wraps.
14. Splint.
15. Directions for requesting emergency assistance.

§ 1910.266

APPENDIX B TO § 1910.266—FIRST-AID AND CPR
TRAINING (MANDATORY)
The following is deemed to be the minimal
acceptable first-aid and CPR training program for employees engaged in logging activities.
First-aid and CPR training shall be conducted using the conventional methods of
training such as lecture, demonstration,
practical exercise and examination (both
written and practical). The length of training must be sufficient to assure that trainees
understand the concepts of first aid and can
demonstrate their ability to perform the various procedures contained in the outline
below.
At a minimum, first-aid and CPR training
shall consist of the following:
1. The definition of first aid.
2. Legal issues of applying first aid (Good
Samaritan Laws).
3. Basic anatomy.
4. Patient assessment and first aid for the
following:
a. Respiratory arrest.
b. Cardiac arrest.
c. Hemorrhage.
d. Lacerations/abrasions.
e. Amputations.
f. Musculoskeletal injuries.
g. Shock.
h. Eye injuries.
i. Burns.
j. Loss of consciousness.
k. Extreme temperature exposure (hypothermia/hyperthermia)
l. Paralysis
m. Poisoning.
n. Loss of mental functioning (psychosis/
hallucinations, etc.). Artificial ventilation.
o. Drug overdose.
5. CPR.
6. Application of dressings and slings.
7. Treatment of strains, sprains, and fractures.
8. Immobilization of injured persons.
9. Handling and transporting injured persons.
10. Treatment of bites, stings, or contact
with poisonous plants or animals.
APPENDIX C TO § 1910.266—COMPARABLE ISO
STANDARDS (NON-MANDATORY)
The following International Labor Organization (ISO) standards are comparable to the
corresponding Society of Automotive Engineers (Standards that are referenced in this
standard.)
Utilization of the ISO standards in lieu of
the corresponding SAE standards should result in a machine that meets the OSHA
standard.

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§ 1910.268

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–05 Edition)

SAE standard

ISO standard

SAE J1040

ISO 3471–1

SAE
SAE
SAE
SAE

ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO

J397
J231
J386
J185

3164
3449
6683
2897

Subject
Performance Criteria for Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for Construction,
Earthmoving, Forestry and Mining Machines.
Deflection Limiting Volume—ROPS/FOPS Laboratory Evaluation.
Minimum Performance Criteria for Falling Object Protective Structures (FOPS).
Operator Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work Machines.
Access Systems for Off-Road Machines.

[59 FR 51741, Oct. 12, 1994, as amended at 60 FR 7449, Feb. 8, 1995; 60 FR 40458, Aug. 9, 1996;
60 FR 47035–47037, Sept. 8, 1995; 61 FR 9241, 9242, Mar. 7, 1996; 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9, 2004]

§ 1910.268

Telecommunications.

(a) Application. (1) This section sets
forth safety and health standards that
apply to the work conditions, practices, means, methods, operations, installations and processes performed at
telecommunications centers and at
telecommunications field installations,
which are located outdoors or in building spaces used for such field installations. Center work includes the installation, operation, maintenance, rearrangement, and removal of communications equipment and other associated equipment in telecommunications
switching centers. Field work includes
the installation, operation, maintenance, rearrangement, and removal of
conductors and other equipment used
for signal or communication service,
and of their supporting or containing
structures, overhead or underground,
on public or private rights of way, including buildings or other structures.
(2) These standards do not apply: (i)
To construction work, as defined in
§ 1910.12, nor (ii) to installations under
the exclusive control of electric utilities used for the purpose of communications or metering, or for generation, control, transformation, transmission, and distribution of electric
energy, which are located in buildings
used exclusively by the electric utilities for such purposes, or located outdoors on property owned or leased by
the electric utilities or on public highways, streets, roads, etc., or outdoors
by established rights on private property.
(3) Operations or conditions not specifically covered by this section are
subject to all the applicable standards
contained in this part 1910. See
§ 1910.5(c). Operations which involve
construction work, as defined in
§ 1910.12 are subject to all the applica-

ble standards contained in part 1926 of
this chapter.
(b) General—(1) Buildings containing
telecommunications centers—(i) Illumination. Lighting in telecommunication
centers shall be provided in an adequate amount such that continuing
work operations, routine observations,
and the passage of employees can be
carried out in a safe and healthful
manner. Certain specific tasks in centers, such as splicing cable and the
maintenance and repair of equipment
frame lineups, may require a higher
level of illumination. In such cases, the
employer shall install permanent lighting or portable supplemental lighting
to attain a higher level of illumination
shall be provided as needed to permit
safe performance of the required task.
(ii) Working surfaces. Guard rails and
toe boards may be omitted on distribution frame mezzanine platforms to permit access to equipment. This exemption applies only on the side or sides of
the platform facing the frames and
only on those portions of the platform
adjacent to equipped frames.
(iii) Working spaces. Maintenance
aisles, or wiring aisles, between equipment frame lineups are working spaces
and are not an exit route for purposes
of 29 CFR 1910.34.
(iv) Special doors. When blastproof or
power actuated doors are installed in
specially designed hardsite security
buildings and spaces, they shall be designed and installed so that they can
be used as a means of egress in emergencies.
(v) Equipment, machinery and machine
guarding. When power plant machinery
in telecommunications centers is operated with commutators and couplings
uncovered, the adjacent housing shall
be clearly marked to alert personnel to
the rotating machinery.

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