U.S. Individual Income Tax Return

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Instructions for Form T (Timber)

15:15 - 18-JAN-2006

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Instructions for Form T
(Timber)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

(Rev. December 2005)
Forest Activities Schedule
Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code unless otherwise noted.

What’s New
• If you are required to file Form T
(see Who Must File below), you can
elect to deduct a limited amount of
qualifying reforestation costs (up to
$10,000 per qualified timber property
per year) by entering an amount on
Part IV, line 4a. For more information,
see the instructions on page 3 and
section 194.
Even if you are not required to file
Form T, you can elect to deduct on
your tax return up to $10,000 of
qualifying reforestation costs per year
for each qualifying timber property.
Attach a statement to your return for
the year in which reforestation costs
were paid or incurred and provide the
following information.
1. The Unique Stand Identifier;
2. The total number of acres
reforested during the tax year;
3. The nature of the reforestation
treatments; and
4. The total amounts of the
qualified reforestation expenses
eligible to be amortized under section
194(a) or deducted under section
194(b).
• Certain timber producers who hold
not more than 500 acres of qualified
timber property located in the Gulf
Opportunity Zone for Hurricane
Katrina, Rita, or Wilma are allowed an
increased reforestation expense
deduction. For more information, see
Pub. 4492, Information for Taxpayers
Affected by Hurricanes Katrina, Rita,
and Wilma.
• If you previously elected for any
tax year ending before October 23,
2004, to treat the cutting of timber as
a sale or exchange under section
631(a), you may revoke this election
without the consent of the IRS for any
tax year ending after October 22,
2004. The prior election (and
revocation) is disregarded for

purposes of making a subsequent
election.
If you are required to file Form T,
you may revoke this election by
checking the “Yes” box in Part II, line
18b. If you are not required to file
Form T, attach a statement to your
return.
• Outright sales of timber by
landowners will qualify for capital
gains treatment after 2004. For more
information, see the instructions for
Part III.

General Instructions
Purpose of Form
Use Form T (Timber), Forest
Activities Schedule, to provide
information on timber accounts when
a sale or deemed sale under sections
631(a), 631(b), or other exchange
has occurred during the tax year.
For additional information
regarding federal income tax rules for
reporting forest-related activities, see
the following publications:
• Pub. 225, Farmer’s Tax Guide,
• Pub. 535, Business Expenses, and
• Pub. 544, Sales and Other
Dispositions of Assets.

Who Must File
Complete and attach Form T to your
income tax return only if you:
• Claim a deduction for depletion of
timber,
• Elect under section 631(a) to treat
the cutting of timber as a sale or
exchange, or
• Make an outright sale of timber
under section 631(b).
Complete Form T in accordance
with sections 194, 611, 631, and
1231, and the related regulations.
Exceptions. You are not required to
file Form T if you only have an
occasional sale of timber (one or two
Cat. No. 39879B

sales every 3 or 4 years). However,
you must maintain adequate records
of these transactions and other
timber-related activities during the
year, as discussed in Recordkeeping,
below. These transactions may be
treated as an investment for tax
purposes if your property is not held
for use in a trade or business.
If you are required to file Form
T for the current tax year (as
CAUTION discussed above under Who
Must File), complete all the parts of
the form that apply. However, if you
are not required to file Form T but
have other forest-related activities
(reportable in Part I (Acquisitions),
Part IV (Reforestation and Timber
Stand Activities), or Part V (Land
Ownership), complete and attach the
appropriate tax form (for example,
Form 4562 to claim depreciation) or
statement to your income tax return
to report these activities. Also,
maintain adequate records as
discussed in Recordkeeping, below.

!

Recordkeeping
Maps. Do not attach maps of your
timber properties to Form T to
substantiate any claimed deduction
for depletion of timber. Instead, you
are required to retain records
sufficient to substantiate your right to
claim the deduction, including a map
(where necessary) to show clearly the
location(s) of timber and land
acquired, timber cut, and timber and
land sold for as long as their contents
may become material in the
administration of any Internal
Revenue law.
Other business records. You must
also keep business records to
support other items reported on your
tax return such as expenses incurred
during the tax year for road
construction and for building drainage
structures.

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Instructions for Form T (Timber)

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Note. Maintain separate cost
accounts for road construction and
drainage structures, such as ditches
and canals. For example, for roads
constructed for logging timber or to
conduct management activities on fee
land or land held under long-term
cutting contracts, maintain records
showing the number of miles
constructed and how the total
expenditures were either (a)
capitalized, (b) amortized, or (c)
claimed as an ordinary expense.
Keep separate records for each
unique stand identifier, depletion
account, block, tract, or geographic
area tributary to a mill or mill
complex. Also, keep records that
verify the basis in property for as long
as they are needed to figure the basis
of the original or replacement
property.

Specific Instructions
Part I. Acquisitions
Complete this part if you acquired
timber, timber-cutting contracts, or
forest land during the tax year,
whether the acquisition was by
purchase, exchange, gift, or
inheritance.

How to Report Acquisitions
Report acquisitions during the tax
year (whether taxable or not) of
timber, timber-cutting contracts, or
forest land. Report separately each
acquisition of $10,000 or more.
You may combine acquisitions of
less than $10,000 for each account
and omit lines 2 and 3. For an
acquisition by gift or inheritance, skip
lines 4 through 7.
For an acquisition or lease of
timber-cutting rights on a pay-as-cut
basis, except for those under which
all cutting is completed within the tax
year, do not complete lines 4 through
8. Instead, list the provisions of the
purchase or lease agreement,
including the number of years from
the effective date to the expiration
date, annual minimum cut or
payment, and the payment rates for
different kinds of timber and forest
products. Follow the format of lines 1
through 9 on additional sheets if
necessary.

What Is Included in Each
Account
You must include your timber in one
or more accounts. Generally, each
account must include all your timber
that is located in one “block.” A block
may be:
1. An operational unit that
includes all timber that would logically
go to a single point of manufacture,
2. A logging unit that includes all
timber that would logically be
removed by a single logging
development, or
3. An area established by the
geographical or political boundaries
of logical management areas. Timber
acquired under a cutting contract may
not be included in part of a block, but
should be kept in a separate account.
For exceptional cases, the timber
in a given block may be divided into
two or more accounts. See
Regulations section 1.611-3(d) for
more information.

Part II. Timber Depletion
Complete this part for each timber
account that has changed in quantity
or dollar amount. A timber account
may change in quantity or dollar
amount as a result of acquisitions,
dispositions, the cutting of timber,
capitalized expenditures, casualty or
theft losses, corrections, additions for
growth, and transfers from other
accounts. Use this part to figure
depletion for timber cut or the basis
for timber sold or lost during the tax
year. A depletion schedule is required
to be maintained for all types of
timber ownership.

Lines 1 through 6
Provide data for each timber account
separately. Account for any changes
that have occurred during the tax
year. Attach as many additional
pages as needed. If you deplete on a
block basis, combine new purchases
with the opening balances and use
the average depletion rate shown on
line 8, column (b), for all timber cut or
sold, regardless of how long held.

Line 14, column (b)
The casualty loss limitation is
determined by the decrease in fair
market value (FMV) of the Single
Identifiable Property (block) before
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and after the casualty event, not to
exceed the basis in the affected
block. Keep FMV appraisals in your
records to support the claimed loss
(see Recordkeeping, earlier).

Line 18a
If you are making the 631(a) election,
or have made the election in a prior
tax year, check the “Yes” box on line
18a.
Note. The 631(a) election cannot be
made on an amended return.
You must maintain the following
records.
Adjusted basis for depletion.
Maintain records that show the
adjusted basis for depletion, fair
market value (FMV), and gain or loss
for each sale or exchange of standing
timber for which you have a section
631(a) election. The records must
show the adjusted basis for depletion
and the FMV of the timber as of the
first day of the tax year in which
timber was cut. The records must
show these amounts by species and
unit rates if these transactions are
reported on a species basis. The gain
or loss on standing timber is reported
on Form 4797, Sales of Business
Property.
Date of acquisition. The records
must provide the date of acquisition
of timber that was cut in the tax year,
if acquired after March 1, 1913; the
quantity of timber remaining (adjusted
for growth, correction of estimates,
changes in use, and any change in
the log rule or other measure used);
and the adjusted basis at the
beginning of the tax year. The
records must state the acreage cut,
the amount of timber cut from the
applicable block during the tax year,
and the log rule or other method used
to determine the quantity of timber
cut. If depletion accounts are kept by
separate tracts or purchases, give the
information separately for each tract
or timber purchase.
If an average depletion rate based
on the average value or cost of a
timber block was used in earlier
years, the adjusted basis referred to
in section 631(a) is the average basis
shown on line 8, column (b), after
adjustment.
Characteristics of the timber. The
records must describe in detail the
characteristics of the timber that

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Instructions for Form T (Timber)

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

affect its value, such as total quantity,
species, quality, quantity per acre,
size of the average tree, logging
conditions, and distance to markets.
Valuation evidence. The records
must provide evidence in the form of
actual sales of comparable timber as
of the valuation date, along with other
valuation evidence used. Include a
computation showing the difference
between the cost (excluding timber or
stumpage cost) and value of the
primary wood product (logs or other
roundwood, chips, etc.) at the mill or
plant. Give detailed evidence that
permits a comparison with the timber
on which you report a value.
Additional information. The records
must include the following additional
information:
1. Location of the sawmill, log
market, or other point of delivery of
the logs or wood to the user or buyer.
2. The total MBF, log scale, cords,
or other units of timber cut, and the
length and diameter of the average
log or the average number of units
per tree.
3. The percentage of rough
lumber grades, by species,
manufactured from the timber during
the year, or, if cut timber is sold as
logs, the percentage of log grades, by
species.
Timber owned or held under a
contract right to cut. Show the
amount of timber owned, or held
under a contract right to cut, for a
period of more than 1 year. Show
separately the quantity of timber cut
that was held for less than 1 year.
The scale of logs purchased during
the year must be shown by species
and quantity and excluded from the
quantity shown as cut under section
631(a) in Part II, line 17. Also show
the number, cost, and point of
delivery of purchased logs by species
and grade.

Line 18b
If you are revoking your 631(a)
election, check the “Yes” box.
If you made a section 631(a)
election for any tax year ending
before October 23, 2004, you can
revoke that election without the
consent of the IRS for any tax year
ending after October 22, 2004. The
prior election (and revocation) is

disregarded for purposes of making a
subsequent election. Unless this
special rule applies, or the election
was made for a tax year beginning
before 1987, you can only revoke a
section 631(a) election with IRS
consent.

Part III. Profit or Loss
From Land and Timber
Sales
Complete this part to report all
dispositions of timber, timber-cutting
contracts, or forest land during the tax
year (whether taxable or not). Do not
report dispositions by gift or
distributions made by an estate or to
a beneficiary.
Report each sale involving total
consideration of $10,000 or more.
You may combine sales of less than
$10,000 for each timber or land
account and omit lines 2 and 3 for
each combined small sale.
Outright sales of timber after
December 31, 2004. New rules
under section 631(b) allow the
landowner to treat outright sales of
timber after 2004 as capital gain. The
new rules extending capital gains
treatment to outright sales of timber
are similar to certain disposals of
timber under a contract with a
retained economic interest. However,
for outright sales, the date of disposal
is not deemed to be the date timber is
cut because the owner may elect to
treat the payment date as the date of
disposal. For more information, see
section 631(b) and Pub. 544.
Timber-cutting contract. For a sale
or lease of timber-cutting rights on a
pay-as-cut basis, that will be paid for
at intervals during the cutting period
according to the number of units cut,
complete lines 4, 7, and 8, only for
accounts that must be reported on
your current year income tax return.
Instead of completing lines 5a, 5b,
and 6, briefly state the provisions of
the sale or lease agreement,
including the number of years from
the effective date to the expiration
date, annual minimum cut or
payment, and the payment rates for
the different kinds of timber and forest
products. You may combine small
sales or leases of timber-cutting
rights on a pay-as-cut basis that were
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completed within the tax year. Follow
the format of lines 1 through 8 on
additional sheets if necessary.

Part IV. Reforestation
and Timber Stand
Activities
Summarize your expenditures for
reforestation and timber stand
activities during the tax year. Timber
stand activities include all silvicultural
prescriptions (such as burning,
spraying, and thinning) applied to a
timber stand regardless of age.

Line 4a. Reforestation
Expenses
By entering an amount on this line,
you are indicating that you have
elected to deduct qualifying
reforestation expenses that were paid
or incurred after October 22, 2004, for
each qualified timber property under
section 194(b). You must complete
line 1 of Part IV listing the following:
• The account, block, tract, area or
stand identification number for each
qualified timber property (QTP);
• The kind of activity (burning,
chopping, spraying, planting, seeding,
thinning, pruning, fertilizing, etc.);
• The number of acres treated; and
• The total expenditures.
The aggregate amount of
reforestation expenses which can be
claimed on line 4a for any tax year
cannot exceed $10,000 ($5,000 if
your filing status is married filing
separately) for each qualified timber
property for any tax year. The
remaining costs (line 4b) can be
amortized over an 84-month period
using the half-year convention under
section 194(a). For more information
on reforestation costs, see Pub. 535.
If you do not elect to deduct
reforestation expenses under section
194(b), all reforestation expenses will
be capitalized in a deferred timber
depletion account.
Reforestation expenses are direct
costs incurred for reforestation by
planting or artificial or natural
seeding. This includes costs for the
preparation of the site, of seeds or
seedlings, and for labor and tools,
including depreciation of equipment
such as tractors, trucks, tree planters,

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Instructions for Form T (Timber)

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and similar machines used in planting
or seeding.
Reimbursements under
governmental reforestation
cost-sharing programs. If you have
been reimbursed under any
governmental reforestation
cost-sharing program, you may not
claim these expenses unless the
amount reimbursed has been
included in your income.
Qualified timber property (QTP).
Any qualified timber property subject
to section 194(b) may not be
combined with any other qualified
timber property account (depletion
block) for which depletion is allowed
or for casualty losses (that is, lines 13
and 14 of Part II) or other purposes.
The qualified timber property account
must be maintained until after the
timber is disposed of through sale,
harvest, or other transaction.
For each qualified timber property
(QTP), keep detailed information to
support reforestation costs, showing
treatments and dates of application.
Each qualified timber property is
required to have a unique stand
identifier. Retain this information for
your records. Report expenses such
as supplies, labor, overhead,
transportation, tools, and depreciation
on equipment.
Site preparation. Report all
expenses incurred during the tax year
for preparing the land for planting or
seeding (including natural seeding).
Include expenses for clearing the
land of brush and culling trees by
burning, disking, chopping, shearing
and piling, spraying with herbicides,
or other measures taken to aid
successful site reforestation. Report
this information separately for each
unique stand identifier, depletion
account, block, tract, or operating
area tributary to a mill or mill

complex. Report contract work
separately from your employees’
work.
Planting or seeding. Report the
expenses you incurred during the tax
year for planting seedlings or sowing
seed to reforest the land. Report this
information separately for each
unique stand identifier, depletion
account, block, tract, or operating
area tributary to a mill or mill
complex. Report contract work
separately from your employees’
work.
Other silvicultural activities.
Report all expenditures that must be
capitalized and items that you elect to
capitalize. Also, list on a separate
attachment items that are treated as
current deductions (including, but not
limited to, weed control, pruning,
fertilization, thinning, insect and
disease control). Report this
information separately for each
unique stand identifier, depletion
account, block, tract, or operating
area tributary to a mill or mill
complex. Report contract work
separately from your employees’
work.
For more information, see section
194 and Regulations section 1.194-3.

Part V. Land Ownership
Complete this part to show all
changes in your land account,
including sales or exchanges, during
the tax year. Attach as many
additional sheets as needed,
following the format of lines 1 through
6.
Paperwork Reduction Act Notice.
We ask for the information on this
form to carry out the Internal
Revenue laws of the United States.

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You are required to give us the
information. We need it to ensure that
you are complying with these laws
and to allow us to figure and collect
the right amount of tax. Section 6109
requires return preparers to provide
their identifying numbers on the
return.
You are not required to provide the
information requested on a form that
is subject to the Paperwork Reduction
Act unless the form displays a valid
OMB control number. Books or
records relating to a form or its
instructions must be retained as long
as their contents may become
material in the administration of any
Internal Revenue law. Generally, tax
returns and return information are
confidential, as required by section
6103.
The time needed to complete and
file this form will vary depending on
individual circumstances. The
estimated burden for individual
taxpayers filing this form is approved
under OMB control number
1545-0074 and is included in the
estimates shown in the instructions
for their individual income tax return.
The estimated burden for all other
taxpayers who file this form is shown
below.
Recordkeeping . . . . . . . .
Learning about the law or
the form . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preparing and sending the
form to the IRS . . . . . . . . .

34 hr., 12 min.
42 min.
1 hr., 17 min.

If you have comments concerning
the accuracy of these time estimates
or suggestions for making this form
simpler, we would be happy to hear
from you. See the instructions for the
tax return with which this form is filed.