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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
motor vehicle or transport vehicle
until the hazardous materials which require the marking or placarding are
sufficiently removed to prevent any potential hazards.
(c) Markings, placards and labels
shall be maintained in a manner that
ensures that they are readily visible.
(d) For non-bulk packages which will
not be reshipped, the provisions of this
section are met if a label or other acceptable marking is affixed in accordance with the Hazard Communication
Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
(e) For the purposes of this section,
the term ‘‘hazardous material’’ and
any other terms not defined in this section have the same definition as in the
Hazardous Materials Regulations (49
CFR parts 171 through 180).
[59 FR 36700, July 19, 1994]
§ 1917.30
Emergency action plans.
(a) Emergency action plans—(1) Scope
and application. This paragraph (a) requires all employers to develop and implement an emergency action plan. 3a
The emergency action plan shall be in
writing (except as provided in paragraph (a)(5)(iv) of this section) and
shall cover those designated actions
employers and employees must take to
ensure employee safety from fire and
other emergencies.
(2) Elements. The following elements,
at a minimum, shall be included in the
plan:
(i) Emergency escape procedures and
emergency escape route assignments;
(ii) Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical
plant operations before they evacuate;
(iii) Procedures to account for all
employees after emergency evacuation
has been completed;
(iv) Rescue and medical duties for
those employees who are to perform
them;
(v) The preferred means of reporting
fires and other emergencies; and
(vi) Names or regular job titles of
persons or departments that can be
3a When an employer directs his employees
to respond to an emergency that is beyond
the scope of the Emergency Action Plan developed in accordance with this section, then
§ 1910.120(q) of this chapter shall apply.
contacted for further information or
explanation of duties under the plan.
(3) Alarm system. The employer shall
establish an employee alarm system
that provides warning for necessary
emergency action and for reaction
time for safe escape of employees from
the workplace or the immediate work
area.
(4) Evacuation. The employer shall establish the types of evacuation to be
used in emergency circumstances.
(5) Training. (i) Before implementing
the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the
safe and orderly emergency evacuation
of employees.
(ii) The employer shall review the
plan with each employee covered by
the plan at the following times:
(A) Initially when the plan is developed;
(B) Whenever the employee’s responsibilities or designated actions under
the plan change; and
(C) Whenever the plan is changed.
(iii) The employer shall review with
each employee upon initial assignment
those parts of the plan that the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency.
The written plan shall be kept at the
workplace and be made available for
employee review.
(iv) Employers with 10 or fewer employees may communicate the plan
orally to employees and need not maintain a written plan
(b) [Reserved]
[62 FR 40198, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40938, June 30, 2000]
Subpart C—Cargo Handling Gear
and Equipment
§ 1917.41
House falls.
(a) Span beams shall be secured to
prevent accidental dislodgement.
(b) A safe means of access shall be
provided for employees working with
house fall blocks.
(c) Designated employees shall inspect chains, links, shackles, swivels,
blocks and other loose gear used in
house fall operations before each day’s
use. Defective gear shall not be used.
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
§ 1917.42 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.
(a) Routine inspection. (1) At the completion of each use, loose gear such as
slings, chains, bridles, blocks and
hooks shall be so placed as to avoid
damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be
inspected and any defects corrected before reuse.
(2) All loose gear shall be inspected
by the employer or his authorized representative before each use and, when
necessary, at intervals during its use,
to ensure that it is safe. Any gear
which is found upon such inspection to
be visibly unsafe shall not be used until
it is made safe.
(3) Defective gear shall not be used.
Distorted hooks, shackles or similar
gear shall be discarded.
(b) Wire rope and wire rope slings. (1)
The employer shall ascertain and adhere to the manufacturer’s recommended ratings for wire rope and
wire rope slings and shall have such
ratings available for inspection. When
the manufacturer is unable to supply
such ratings, the employer shall use
the tables for wire rope and wire rope
slings found in American National
Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI
B30.9–1971. A design safety factor of at
least five shall be maintained for the
common sizes of running wire used as
falls, in purchases or in such uses as
light load slings. Wire rope with a safety factor of less than five may be used
only:
(i) In specialized equipment, such as
but not limited to cranes, designed to
be used with lesser wire rope safety
factors;
(ii) In accordance with design factors
in standing rigging applications; or
(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes
for which a safety factor of five is impracticable and for which the employer
can demonstrate that equivalent safety
is ensured.
(2) Wire rope or wire rope slings having any of the following conditions
shall not be used:
(i) Ten randomly distributed broken
wires in one rope lay or three or more
broken wires in one strand in one rope
lay;
(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or
other damage resulting in distortion of
the wire rope structure;
(iii) Evidence of heat damage;
§ 1917.42
(iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, deformation or other defect in the wire or
attachments, including cracks in attachments;
(v) Any indication of strand or wire
slippage in end attachments; or
(vi) More than one broken wire in the
close vicinity of a socket or swaged fitting.
(3) Protruding ends of strands in
splices on slings and bridles shall be
covered or blunted. Coverings shall be
removable so that splices can be examined. Means used to cover or blunt ends
shall not damage the wire.
(4) Where wire rope clips are used to
form eyes, the employer shall adhere to
the manufacturers’ recommendations,
which shall be made available for inspection. If ‘‘U’’ bolt clips are used and
the manufacturers’ recommendations
are not available, Table C–1 shall be
used to determine the number and
spacing of the clips. ‘‘U’’ bolts shall be
applied with the ‘‘U’’ section in contact
with the dead end of the rope.
TABLE C–1—NUMBER AND SPACING OF U-BOLT
WIRE ROPE CLIPS
Improved plow steel,
rope diameter
(inches/(cm))
⁄ or less (1.3) .........
⁄ (1.6) .....................
⁄ (1.9) .....................
7⁄8 (2.2) .....................
1 (2.5) .......................
11⁄8 (2.9) ...................
11⁄4 (3.2) ...................
13⁄8 (3.5) ...................
11⁄2 (3.8) ...................
12
58
34
Minimum number of
clips
Drop
forged
Other
material
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
4
4
5
5
7
7
8
8
9
Minimum
spacing
(inches/
(cm))
3 (7.6)
33⁄4 (9.5)
1
4 ⁄2 (11.4)
51⁄4 (13.3)
6 (15.2)
63⁄4 (17.1)
71⁄2 (19.1)
81⁄4 (21.0)
9 (22.9)
(5) Wire rope shall not be secured by
knots.
(6) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings,
bull wires, or in single parts used for
hoisting shall not be formed by wire
rope clips or knots.
(7) Eye splices in wire ropes shall
have at least three tucks with a whole
strand of the rope and two tucks with
one-half of the wire cut from each
strand. Other forms of splices or connections which are shown to be equivalently safe may be used.
(8) Except for eye splices in the ends
of wires and for endless rope slings,
each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in bulling cargo, shall consist
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§ 1917.42
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
of one continuous piece without knot
or splice.
(c) Natural fiber rope. (1) The employer shall ascertain the manufacturers’ ratings for the specific natural
fiber rope used and have such ratings
available for inspection. The manufacturers’ ratings shall be adhered to and
a minimum design safety factor of five
maintained.
(2) Eye splices shall consist of at
least three full tucks. Short splices
shall consist of at least six full tucks,
three on each side of the center line.
(d) Synthetic rope. (1) The employer
shall adhere to the manufacturers’ ratings and use recommendations for the
specific synthetic fiber rope used and
shall make such ratings available for
inspection.
(2)(i) Unless otherwise recommended
by the manufacturer, when synthetic
fiber ropes are substituted for fiber
ropes of less than three inches (7.62 cm)
in circumference, the substitute shall
be of equal size. Where substituted for
fiber rope of three inches or more in
circumference, the size of the synthetic
rope shall be determined from the formula:
C = ± 0.6C s 2 + 0.4C m 2
Where C = the required circumference of the
synthetic rope in inches, Cs= the circumference to the nearest one-quarter inch of
a synthetic rope having a breaking
strength not less than that of the size fiber
rope that is required by paragraph (c) of
this section and Cm= the circumference of
the fiber rope in inches that is required by
paragraph (c) of this section.
(ii) In making such substitution, it
shall be ascertained that the inherent
characteristics of the synthetic fiber
are suitable for hoisting.
(e) Removal of natural and synthetic
rope from service. Natural and synthetic
rope having any of the following defects shall be removed from service:
(1) Abnormal wear;
(2) Powdered fiber between strands;
(3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to
affect the capability of the rope;
(4) Variations in the size or roundness of strands;
(5) Discolorations other than stains
not associated with rope damage;
(6) Rotting; or
(7) Distortion or other damage to attached hardware.
(f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles
shall be used where any rope is secured
permanently to a ring, shackle or attachment, where practicable.
(g) Synthetic web slings. (1) Slings and
nets or other combinations of more
than one piece of synthetic webbing assembled and used as a single unit (synthetic web slings) shall not be used to
hoist loads in excess of the sling’s
rated capacity.
(2) Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if they exhibit any
of the following defects:
(i) Acid or caustic burns;
(ii) Melting or charring of any part of
the sling surface;
(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;
(iv) Broken or worn stitches; or
(v) Distortion or damage to fittings.
(vi) Display of visible warning
threads or markers designed to indicate excessive wear or damage.
(3) Defective synthetic web slings removed from service shall not be returned to service unless repaired by a
sling manufacturer or similar entity.
Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the repairer to twice the slings’
rated capacity prior to its return to
service. The employer shall retain a
certificate of the proof test and make
it available for examination.
(4) Synthetic web slings provided by
the employer shall only be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s use
recommendations, which shall be available.
(5) Fittings shall have a breaking
strength at least equal to that of the
sling to which they are attached and
shall be free of sharp edges.
(h) Chains and chain slings used for
hoisting. (1) The employer shall adhere
to the manufacturer’s recommended
ratings for safe working loads for the
sizes of wrought iron and alloy steel
chains and chain slings used and shall
have such ratings available. When the
manufacturer is unable to provide such
ratings, the employer shall use the tables for chains and chain slings found
in American National Safety Standard
for Slings, ANSI B30.9–1971.
(2) Proof coil steel chain, also known
as common or hardware chain, and
other chain not recommended by the
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ER30JN00.079
236
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
manufacturer for slinging or hoisting
shall not be used for slinging or hoisting.
(3)(i) Sling chains, including end fastenings, shall be inspected for visible
defects before each day’s use and as
often as necessary during use to ensure
integrity of the sling.
(ii) Thorough inspections of chains in
use shall be made quarterly to detect
wear, defective welds, deformation or
increase in length or stretch. The
month of inspection shall be indicated
on each chain by color of paint on a
link or by other equally effective
means.
(iii) Chains shall be removed from
service when maximum allowable wear,
as indicated in Table C–2, is reached at
any point of link.
(iv) Chain slings shall be removed
from service when stretch has increased the length of a measured section by more than five percent; when a
link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged; or when a link has a raised scarf
or defective weld.
(v) Only designated persons shall inspect chains used for slinging and
hoisting.
TABLE C–2—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR AT
ANY POINT OF LINK
Chain size
Inches
Maximum allowable wear
(cm)
⁄ ( ⁄ )
3⁄8
1⁄2
5⁄8
3⁄4
7⁄8
1
1
1 ⁄8
1
1 ⁄4
13⁄8
11⁄2
13⁄4
1 4 9 32
Inches
(0.6)
(1.0)
(1.3)
(1.6)
(1.9)
(2.2)
(2.5)
(2.9)
(3.2)
(3.5)
(3.8)
(4.4)
§ 1917.42
certified by an agency accredited for
the purpose under part 1919 of this
chapter. Test certificates shall be
available for inspection.
(5) Wrought iron chains in constant
use shall be annealed or normalized at
intervals not exceeding six months.
Heat treatment certificates shall be
available for inspection. Alloy chains
shall not be annealed.
(6) Kinked or knotted chains shall
not be used for lifting. Chains shall not
be shortened by bolting, wiring or
knotting. Makeshift links or fasteners
such as wire, bolts or rods shall not be
used.
(7) Hooks, rings, links and attachments affixed to sling chains shall have
rated capacities at least equal to that
of the chains to which they are attached.
(8) Chain slings shall bear identification of size, grade and rated capacity.
(i) Shackles. (1) If available, the manufacturer’s recommended safe working
loads for shackles shall not be exceeded. In the absence of manufacturer’s
recommendations, Table C–3 shall
apply.
(2) Screw pin shackles used aloft in
house fall or other gear, except in
cargo hook assemblies, shall have their
pins moused or otherwise effectively
secured.
(cm)
⁄
5⁄64
7⁄64
9⁄64
5⁄32
11⁄64
3⁄16
7⁄32
1⁄4
9⁄32
5⁄16
11⁄32
3 64
(0.1)
(0.2)
(0.3)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.5)
(0.6)
(0.6)
(0.7)
(0.8)
(0.9)
(4) Chains shall be repaired only
under qualified supervision. Links or
portions of chain defective under any
of the criteria of paragraph (h)(3)(iii) of
this section shall be replaced with
properly dimensioned links or connections of material similar to those of
the original chain. Before repaired
chains are returned to service, they
shall be tested to the proof load recommended by the manufacturer of the
original chain. Tests shall be performed by the manufacturer or shall be
TABLE C–3—SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR
SHACKLES
Material size
Pin diameter
Inches
(cm)
Inches
(cm)
Safe working load
in 2,000 lb tons
⁄ ..................
⁄ ..................
⁄ ..................
7⁄8 ..................
1 ....................
11⁄8 ................
11⁄4 ................
13⁄8 ................
11⁄2 ................
13⁄4 ................
2 ....................
(1.3)
(1.6)
(1.9)
(2.2)
(2.5)
(2.9)
(3.2)
(3.5)
(3.8)
(4.4)
(5.1)
⁄
⁄
⁄
1
11⁄8
11⁄4
13⁄8
11⁄2
15⁄8
2
21⁄4
(1.6)
(1.9)
(2.2)
(2.5)
(2.9)
(3.2)
(3.5)
(3.8)
(4.1)
(5.1)
(5.7)
1.4
2.2
3.2
4.3
5.6
6.7
8.2
10.0
11.9
16.2
21.2
12
58
34
58
34
78
(j) Hooks other than hand hooks. (1)
The manufacturers’ recommended safe
working loads for hooks shall not be
exceeded. Hooks other than hand hooks
shall be tested in accordance with
§ 1917.50(c)(6).
(2) Bent or sprung hooks shall be discarded.
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§ 1917.43
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
(3) Teeth of case hooks shall be maintained in safe condition.
(4) Jaws of patent clamp-type plate
hooks shall be maintained in condition
to grip plates securely.
(5) Loads shall be applied to the
throat of the hook only.
(k) Pallets. (1) Pallets shall be made
and maintained to safely support and
carry loads being handled. Fastenings
of reusable pallets used for hoisting
shall be bolts and nuts, drive screws
(helically threaded nails), annular
threaded nails or fastenings of equivalent holding strength.
(2) Damaged pallets shall be stored in
designated areas and identified.
(3) Reusable wing or lip-type pallets
shall be hoisted by bar bridles or other
suitable gear and shall have an overhanging wing or lip of at least three
inches (7.62cm). They shall not be
hoisted by wire slings alone.
(4) Loaded pallets that do not meet
the requirements of this paragraph
shall be hoisted only after being placed
on pallets meeting such requirements
or shall be handled by other means providing equivalent safety.
(5) Bridles for handling flush end or
box-type pallets shall be designed to
prevent disengagement from the pallet
under load.
(6) Pallets shall be stacked or placed
to prevent falling, collapsing or otherwise causing a hazard under standard
operating conditions.
(7) Disposable pallets intended only
for one use shall not be reused for
hoisting.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40198, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30,
2000]
§ 1917.43 Powered industrial trucks.
(a) Applicability. This section applies
to every type of powered industrial
truck used for material or equipment
handling within a marine terminal. It
does not apply to over-the-road vehicles.
(b) General. (1) After October 3, 1983,
modifications, such as adding counterweights, that might affect the vehicle’s
capacity or safety shall not be performed without either the manufacturer’s prior written approval or the written approval of a professional engineer
experienced with the equipment who
has consulted with the manufacturer,
if available. Capacity, operation and
maintenance instruction plates, tags or
decals shall be changed to conform to
the equipment as modified.
(2) Unauthorized personnel shall not
ride on powered industrial trucks. A
safe place to ride shall be provided
when riding is authorized.
(3) When a powered industrial truck
is
left
unattended,
load-engaging
means shall be fully lowered, controls
neutralized and brakes set. Unless the
truck is in view and within 25 feet (7.62
m) of the operator, power shall be shut
off. Wheels shall be blocked or curbed
if the truck is on an incline.
(4) Powered industrial trucks shall
not be operated inside highway vehicles or railcars having damage which
could affect operational safety.
(5) Powered industrial trucks shall be
marked with their rated capacities,
which shall be visible to the operator.
(6) Only stable and safely arranged
loads within the rated capacity of the
truck shall be handled.
(7) The employer shall direct drivers
to ascend and descend grades slowly.
(8) The employer shall direct drivers
to slow down and sound the horn at
crossaisles and other locations where
visibility is obstructed.
(9) If the load obstructs the forward
view, the employer shall direct drivers
to travel with the load trailing.
(10) Steering knobs shall not be used
unless the truck is equipped with
power steering.
(11) When powered industrial trucks
use cargo lifting devices that have a
means of engagement hidden from the
operator, a means shall be provided to
enable the operator to determine that
the cargo has been engaged.
(12) When cargo is being towed on
pipe trucks or similar equipment, a
safe means shall be provided to protect
the driver from sliding loads.
(c) Maintenace. (1) Only designated
persons shall perform maintenance and
repair.
(2) Batteries on all powered trucks
shall be disconnected during repairs to
the primary electrical system unless
power is necessary for testing and repair. On trucks equipped with systems
capable of storing residual energy, that
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
energy shall be safely discharged before work on the primary electrical
system begins.
(3) Replacement parts whose function
might affect operational safety shall be
equivalent in strength and performance
capability to the original parts which
they replace.
(4) Braking systems or other mechanisms used for braking shall be operable and in safe condition.
(5) Powered industrial trucks shall be
maintained in safe working order.
Safety devices shall not be removed or
made inoperative except as otherwise
provided in this section. Trucks with a
fuel system leak or any other safety
defect shall not be operated.
(6) Those repairs to the fuel and ignition systems of industrial trucks which
involve fire hazards shall be conducted
only in locations designated as safe for
such repairs.
(d) Approved trucks—(1) Approved
power-operated industrial truck means
one listed or approved for the intended
use by a nationally recognized testing
laboratory.
(2) Approved trucks acquired and
used after February 15, 1972, shall bear
a label or other identification indicating testing laboratory approval.
(3) When the atmosphere in an area is
hazardous and the provisions of United
States Coast Guard regulations at 33
CFR 126.15(e) do not apply, only poweroperated industrial trucks approved for
such locations shall be used.
(e) Fork lift trucks—(1) Overhead
guards. (i) When operators are exposed
to overhead falling hazards, fork lift
trucks shall be equipped with securely
attached overhead guards. Guards shall
be constructed to protect the operator
from falling boxes, cartons, packages,
or similar objects.
(ii) Overhead guards shall not obstruct the operator’s view, and openings in the top of the guard shall not
exceed six inches (15.24 cm) in one of
the two directions, width or length.
Larger openings are permitted if no
opening allows the smallest unit of
cargo being handled to fall through the
guard.
(iii) Overhead guards shall be built so
that failure of the vehicle’s mast tilting mechanism will not displace the
guard.
§ 1917.43
(iv) An overhead guard, otherwise required by this paragraph, may be removed only when it would prevent a
truck from entering a work space and
if the operator is not exposed to low
overhead obstructions in the work
space.
(v) Overhead guards shall be large
enough to extend over the operator
during all truck operations, including
forward tilt.
(2) Load backrest extensions. Where
necessary to protect the operator, fork
lift trucks shall be fitted with a
vertical load backrest extension to prevent the load from hitting the mast
when the mast is positioned at maximum backward tilt. For this purpose,
a ‘‘load backrest extension’’ means a
device extending vertically from the
fork carriage frame to prevent raised
loads from falling backward.
(3) Forks. Forks, fork extensions and
other attachments shall be secured so
that they cannot be accidentally dislodged, and shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
(4) Counterweights. Counterweights
shall be so affixed that they cannot be
accidentally dislodged.
(5) Capacities and weights. (i) Fork lift
truck rated capacities, with and without removable counterweights, shall
not be exceeded. Rated capacities shall
be marked on the vehicle and shall be
visible to the operator. The vehicle
weight, with and without counterweight, shall be similarly marked.
(ii) If loads are lifted by two or more
trucks working in unison, the total
weight of the load shall not exceed the
combined rated lifting capacity of all
trucks involved.
(6) Lifting of employees. Employees
may be elevated by fork lift trucks
only when a platform is secured to the
lifting carriage or forks. The platform
shall meet the following requirements:
(i) The platform shall have a railing
complying with § 1917.112(c).
(ii)
The
platform
shall
have
toeboards complying with § 1917.112(d)
if tools or other objects could fall on
employees below.
(iii) An employee shall be at the
truck’s controls whenever employees
are elevated.
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§ 1917.44
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
(iv) Employees on the platform shall
be protected from exposure to moving
truck parts.
(v) The platform floor shall be skid
resistant.
(vi) When the truck has controls elevated with the lifting carriage, means
shall be provided for employees on the
platform to shut off power to the vehicle.
(vii) While employees are elevated,
the truck may be moved only to make
minor placement adjustments.
(f) Bulk cargo-moving vehicles. (1)
Where a seated operator may come into
contact with projecting overheads,
crawler-type bulk-cargo-moving vehicles that are rider operated shall be
equipped with operator’s guards.
(2) Guards and their attachment
points shall be so designed as to be able
to withstand, without excessive deflection, a load applied horizontally at the
operator’s shoulder level equal to the
drawbar pull of the machine.
(3) After July 26, 1999 bulk cargomoving vehicles shall be equipped with
rollover protection of such design and
construction as to prevent the possibility of the operator being crushed because of a rollover or upset.
(g) Straddle trucks—(1) Accessibility.
Straddle trucks shall have a permanent
means of access to the operator’s station, including any handholds necessary for safe ascent and descent.
(2) Guarding. (i) Main sprockets and
chains to the wheels shall be guarded
as follows:
(A) The upper sprocket shall be enclosed;
(B) The upper half of the lower
sprocket shall be enclosed; and
(C) The drive chain shall be enclosed
to a height of eight feet (2.44 m) except
for that portion at the lower half of the
lower sprocket.
(ii) Gears shall be enclosed and revolving parts which may be contacted
by the operator shall be guarded.
(iii) When straddle trucks are used in
the vicinity of employees, personneldeflecting guards shall be provided
around leading edges of front and rear
wheels.
(3) Visibility. Operator visibility shall
be provided in all directions of movement.
(h) Trailer-spotting tractors. (1) Trailer-spotting tractors (fifth wheels) shall
be fitted with any hand grabs and footing necessary for safe access to the
fifth wheel.
(2) Rear cab windows shall be of safety glass or of equivalent material.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40198, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40939, June 30,
2000]
§ 1917.44 General rules applicable to
vehicles. 4
(a) The requirements of this section
apply to general vehicle use within marine terminals. Exception: The provisions of paragraphs (c) and (l) of this
section do not apply when preempted
by applicable regulations of the Department of Transportation. 5
(b) Private vehicle parking in marine
terminals shall be allowed only in designated areas.
(c) Trailers shall not be disconnected
from tractors at loading docks until
the road wheels have been immobilized.
The road wheels shall be immobilized
from the time the brake system is disconnected until braking is again provided. Supplementary front end support shall be employed as necessary to
prevent tipping when a trailer is entered by a material handling vehicle.
Rear end support shall be employed if
rear wheels are so far forward as to
allow tipping when the trailer is entered.
(d) The employer shall direct motor
vehicle operators to comply with any
posted speed limits and other traffic
control signs or signals, and written
traffic instructions.
(e) Stop signs shall be posted at main
entrances and exits of structures where
visibility is impaired, and at blind
4 The United States Coast Guard at 33 CFR
126.15(d) and (e) has additional regulations
applicable to vehicles in terminals.
5 Department
of Transportation regulations in 49 CFR part 393, Subpart C—Brakes,
address the immobilization of trailer road
wheels prior to disconnection of the trailer
and until braking is again provided. Section
49 CFR 393.84 addresses the condition of
flooring. These DOT rules apply when the
motor carrier is engaged in interstate commerce or in the transport of certain hazardous items wholly within a municipality
or the commercial zone thereof.
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intersections, unless direct traffic control or warning mirror systems or
other systems of equivalent safety are
provided.
(f) Vehicular routes, traffic rules, and
parking areas shall be established,
identified, and used.
(g) The employer shall direct vehicle
drivers to warn employees in traffic
lanes of the vehicle’s approach.
(h) Signs indicating pedestrian traffic shall be clearly posted at vehicular
check-in and check-out lines and similar locations where employees may be
working.
(i) A distance of not less than 20 feet
(6.1 m) shall be maintained between the
first two vehicles in a check-in, checkout, roadability, or vessel loading/discharging line. This distance shall be
maintained between any subsequent
vehicles behind which employees are
required to work.
(j) No unattended vehicle shall be left
with its engine running unless secured
against movement (see § 1917.43(b)(3) for
powered industrial trucks).
(k) When the rear of a vehicle is elevated to facilitate loading or discharging, a ramp shall be provided and
secured. The vehicle shall be secured
against accidental movement during
loading or discharging.
(l) Only highway vehicle floors in
safe condition shall be used.
(m) When flatbed trucks, platform
containers or similar conveyances are
loaded or discharged and the cargo consists of pipe or other products which
could spread or roll to endanger employees, the cargo shall be contained to
prevent movement.
(n) Vehicles used to transport employees within a terminal shall be
maintained in safe working order and
safety devices shall not be removed or
made inoperative.
(o) Servicing multi-piece and single
piece rim wheels. Servicing of multipiece and single piece rim wheels is
covered by § 1910.177 of this chapter.
(See § 1917.1(a)(2)(xii)).
(1) Scope. This paragraph applies to
the servicing of vehicle wheels containing tube-type tires mounted on
multi-piece rims.
(2) Definition. ‘‘Multi-piece rim’’
means a vehicle wheel rim consisting
of two or more parts, one of which is a
§ 1917.44
(side) locking ring designed to hold the
tire on the rim by tension on interlocking components when the tire is
inflated, regardless of the relative sizes
of the component parts.
(3) Employee training. (i) Only employees trained in the procedures required
in paragraph (o)(4) of this section and
who have demonstrated their ability to
service multi-piece rim wheels shall be
assigned such duties.
(ii) Employees assigned such duties
shall have demonstrated their ability
by the safe performance of the following tasks:
(A) Tire demounting (including deflation);
(B) Inspection of wheel components;
(C) Mounting of tires;
(D) Inflation of tires, including use of
a restraining device;
(E) Handling of wheels;
(F) Inflation of tires when a wheel is
mounted on the vehicle; and
(G) Installation and removal of
wheels.
(4) Servicing procedures. The following
procedures shall be followed:
(i) Tires shall be completely deflated
before demounting by removal of the
valve core;
(ii) The valve core shall be removed
before the wheel is removed from the
axle when:
(A) The tire has been operated underinflated at 80% or less of its recommended pressure, or
(B) There is discernible or suspected
damage to the tire or wheel components;
(iii) Mating surfaces shall be free of
dirt, surface rust, scale and rubber
buildup before mounting;
(iv) Rubber lubricant shall be applied
to bead and rim mating surfaces upon
wheel assembly and inflation of the
tire;
(v) Air pressure shall not exceed 3
psig (0.21 kg/cm2) when seating the
locking ring or rounding out the tube
when a tire is being partially inflated
without a restraining device;
(vi) While the tire is pressurized,
components shall not be struck or
forced to correct the seating of side or
lock rings;
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§ 1917.45
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
(vii) There shall not be any contact
between an employee or unit of equipment and a restraining device during
tire inflation;
(viii) After inflation, tires, rims and
rings shall be inspected while within
the restraining device to ensure seating and locking. If adjustment is necessary the tire shall first be deflated by
valve core removal; and
(ix) Before assembly, wheel components shall be inspected, and damaged
rim components shall not be reused.
(5) Charts and manuals. (i) The employer shall provide a chart containing
as a minimum the instructions and information provided in the United
States Department of Transportation,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA)
publication
‘‘Safety Precautions for Mounting and
Demounting
Tube-Type
Truck/Bus
Tires’’ and ‘‘Multi-Piece Rim Wheel
Matching Chart,’’ and pertinent to the
type(s) of multi-piece rim wheels being
serviced. The chart shall be available
in the terminal’s service area. 6
(ii) A current rim manual containing
the manufacturer’s instructions for
mounting, demounting, maintenance
and safety precautions relating to the
multi-piece rim wheels being serviced
shall be available in the terminal’s
service area.
(6) Restraining devices. (i) Except as
otherwise noted, inflation shall be done
within a restraining device such as a
cage, rack or other device capable of
withstanding the maximum force that
would be transferred to it during an explosive wheel separation occurring at
150% of maximum tire specification
pressure for the wheels being serviced.
The restraining device shall be capable
of preventing rim components from
being thrown outside the frame of the
device for any wheel position within
the device. When the wheel assembly is
mounted on a vehicle, tires may be inflated without a restraining device
only if they have more than 80% of the
recommended pressure and if remote
6 NHTSA charts are available from General
Services Division, National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, Attention: N48–51,
400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, D.C.
20590. Industry charts are available upon request from the manufacturer.
control inflation equipment is used and
employees are clear of the danger area.
(ii) Restraining devices shall be kept
in good repair and be capable of preventing rim components from being
thrown outside the device.
(7) Inflation hoses. Inflation hoses
shall have a manual clip-on chuck with
sufficient hose to permit an employee
to be clear of the danger zone. An inline, manually operated valve with
gauge or a preset pressure regulator
shall be used to inflate tires.
(8) Other equipment. (i) Only tools recommended in the rim manual for the
type of wheel being serviced shall be
used to service multi-piece rim wheels.
(ii) Wheel components shall not be
interchanged except as provided in the
applicable chart or manual.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52
FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 62 FR 40199, July 25,
1997; 65 FR 40939, June 30, 2000]
§ 1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also
§ 1917.50).
(a) Coverage. (1) This section applies
to every kind of crane and derrick and
to any other type of equipment performing the functions of a crane or derrick except as noted in paragraph (a)(2)
of this section.
(2) This section does not apply to
small industrial truck-type cranes,
container handling top-loaders and
sideloaders, chain hoists, and mobile
straddle-type cranes incapable of straddling two or more intermodal containers (16 feet (4.88 m) in width).
(b) Ratings. (1) Except for bridge
cranes covered by paragraph (g) of this
section, cranes and derricks having
ratings that vary with boom length, radius (outreach) or other variables shall
have a durable rating chart visible to
the operator, covering the complete
range of the manufacturer’s (or design)
capacity ratings. The rating chart
shall include all operating radii (outreach) for all permissible boom lengths
and jib lengths as applicable, with and
without outriggers, and alternate ratings for optional equipment affecting
such ratings. Precautions or warnings
specified by the owner or manufacturer
shall be included along with the chart.
(2) The manufacturer’s (or design)
rated loads for the conditions of use
shall not be exceeded.
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(3) Designated working loads shall
not be increased beyond the manufacturer’s ratings or original design limitations unless such increase receives
the manufacturer’s approval. When the
manufacturer’s services are not available or where the equipment is of foreign manufacture, engineering design
analysis shall be performed or approved
by a person accredited for certificating
the equipment under part 1919 of this
chapter. Engineering design analysis
shall be performed by a registered professional engineer competent in the
field of cranes and derricks. Any structural changes necessitated by the
change in rating shall be carried out.
(c) Radius indicator. When the rated
load varies with the boom radius, the
crane or derrick shall be fitted with a
boom angle or radius indicator visible
to the operator.
(d) Prohibited usage. (1) Equipment
shall not be used in a manner that exerts sideloading stresses upon the
crane or derrick boom.
(2) No crane or derrick having a visible or known defect that affects safe
operation shall be used.
(e) Protective devices. (1) When exposed moving parts such as gears,
chains and chain sprockets present a
hazard to employees during crane and
derrick operations, those parts shall be
securely guarded.
(2) Crane hooks shall be latched or
otherwise secured to prevent accidental load disengagement.
(f) General—(1) Operating controls. (i)
Crane and derrick operating controls
shall be clearly marked, or a chart indicating their function shall be posted
at the operator’s position.
(ii) After October 3, 1984, overhead
bridge and container gantry crane operating control levers shall be self-centering so that they will automatically
move to the ‘‘off’’ position when the
operator releases the control.
(2) Booms. Cranes with elevatable
booms and without operable automatic
limiting devices shall be provided with
boom stops if boom elevation can exceed maximum design angles from the
horizontal.
(3) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shall have
a non-skid surface.
(4) Access. Ladders, stairways, stanchions, grab irons, foot steps or equiva-
§ 1917.45
lent means shall be provided as necessary to ensure safe access to
footwalks, cab platforms, the cab and
any portion of the superstructure
which employees must reach.
(i) Footwalks shall be of rigid construction, and shall be capable of supporting a load of 100 pounds (4.79 kPa)
per square foot.
(ii) If more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in
height, vertical ladders shall comply
with § 1917.118 (d), (e)(1), (e)(2)(iii), and
(e)(2)(iv).
(iii) Stairways on cranes shall be
equipped with rigid handrails meeting
the requirements of § 1917.112(e).
(iv) If the top of a ladder or stairway
or any position thereof is located
where a moving part of a crane, such as
a revolving house, could strike an employee ascending or descending the ladder or stairway, a prominent warning
sign shall be posted at the foot of the
ladder or stairway. A system of communication (such as a buzzer or bell)
shall be established and maintained between the foot of the ladder or stairway and the operator’s cab.
(5) Operator’s station. (i) The cab, controls and mechanism of the equipment
shall be so arranged that the operator
has a clear view of the load or signalman, when one is used. Cab glass, when
used, shall be safety plate glass or
equivalent. Cranes with missing, broken, cracked, scratched, or dirty glass
(or equivalent) that impairs operator
visibility shall not be used. Clothing,
tools and equipment shall be stored so
as not to interfere with access, operation, and the operator’s view.
(ii) A seat (lap) belt, meeting the requirements of 49 CFR 571.208–210 for a
Type 1 seat belt assembly, shall be installed on the operator’s seat of high
speed container gantry cranes where
the seat trolleys.
(6) Counterweights or ballast. Cranes
shall be operated only with the specified type and amount of ballast or
counterweights. Ballast or counterweight shall be located and secured
only as provided in the manufacturer’s
or design specifications, which shall be
available.
(7) Outriggers. Outriggers shall be
used according to the manufacturers’
specifications or design data, which
shall be available. Floats, when used,
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§ 1917.45
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
shall be securely attached to the outriggers. Wood blocks or other support
shall be of sufficient size to support the
outrigger, free of defects that may affect safety and of sufficient width and
length to prevent the crane from shifting or toppling under load.
(8) Exhaust gases. Engine exhaust
gases shall be discharged away from
the normal position of crane operating
personnel.
(9) Electrical equipment shall be so
located or enclosed that live parts will
not be exposed to accidental contact.
Designated persons may work on energized equipment only if necessary during inspection, maintenance, or repair.
(10) Fire extinguisher. (i) At least one
portable fire extinguisher of at least 5–
BC rating or equivalent shall be accessible in the cab of the crane or derrick.
(ii) No portable fire extinguisher
using
carbon
tetrachloride
or
chlorobromomethane
extinguishing
agents shall be used.
(11) Rope on drums. At least three full
turns of rope shall remain on
ungrooved drums, and two turns on
grooved drums, under all operating
conditions. Wire rope shall be secured
to drums by clamps, U-bolts, shackles
or equivalent means. Fiber rope fastenings are prohibited.
(12) Assembly or disassembly of boom
sections. Mobile crane booms being assembled or disassembled on the ground
with or without the support of the
boom harness shall be blocked to prevent dropping of the boom or boom sections.
(13) Brakes. (i) Each independent
hoisting unit of a crane shall be
equipped with at least one holding
brake, applied directly to the motor
shaft or gear train.
(ii) Each independent hoisting unit of
a crane, except worm geared hoists, the
angle of whose worm is such as to prevent the load from accelerating in the
lowering direction, shall, in addition to
a holding brake, be equipped with a
controlled braking means to control
lowering speeds.
(iii) Holding brakes for hoist units
shall have not less than the following
percentage of the rated load hoisting
torque at the point where the brake is
applied:
(A) 125 percent when used with an
other than mechanically controlled
braking means; or
(B) 100 percent when used with a mechanically-controlled braking means.
(C) 100 percent when two holding
brakes are provided.
(iv) All power control braking means
shall be capable of maintaining safe
lowering speeds of rated loads.
(g) Rail-mounted cranes (excluding locomotive types). (1) For the purposes of
this section, rail-mounted cranes include bridge cranes and portal cranes.
(2) Rated load marking. The rated
loads of bridge cranes shall be plainly
marked on each side of the crane and
in the cab. If there is more than one
hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its
rated load marked on it or on its load
block. Marking shall be legible from
the ground level.
(3) Wind-indicating devices. (i) After
October 3, 1983, each rail-mounted
bridge and portal crane located outside
of an enclosed structure shall be fitted
with an operable wind-indicating device.
(ii) The wind indicating device shall
provide a visible or audible warning to
alert the operator of high wind conditions. That warning shall be transmitted whenever the following circumstances are present:
(A) When wind velocity reaches the
warning speed, not exceeding the crane
manufacturer’s recommendations; and
(B) When wind velocity reaches the
shutdown speed, not exceeding the
crane manufacturer’s recommendations, at which work is to be stopped
and the crane secured.
(iii) Instructions. The employer shall
post operating instructions for high
wind conditions in the operator’s cab of
each crane. Operators shall be directed
to comply with these instructions. The
instructions shall include procedures
for responding to high wind alerts and
for any coordination necessary with
other cranes.
(4) Securing of cranes in high winds. (i)
When the wind reaches the crane’s
warning speed:
(A) Gantry travel shall be stopped;
and
(B) The crane shall be readied for
shutdown.
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(ii) When the wind reaches the
crane’s shutdown speed:
(A) Any portion of the crane spanning or partially spanning a vessel
shall be moved clear of the vessel if
safe to do so; and
(B) The crane shall be secured
against travel, using all available
means of securing.
(5) The employer shall monitor local
weather conditions by subscribing to a
weather service or using equally effective means.
(6) Stops and bumpers. (i) The ends of
all tracks shall be equipped with stops
or bumpers. If a stop engages the tread
of the wheel, it shall be of a height not
less than the radius of the wheel.
(ii) When more than one crane operates on the same runway or more than
one trolley on the same bridge, each
crane or trolley shall be equipped with
bumpers or equivalent devices at adjacent ends subject to impact.
(7) Employee exposure to crane movement. When employees may be in the
vicinity of the tracks, crane trucks
shall be equipped with personnel-deflecting guards.
(8) Pedestrian clearance. If the track
area is used for employee passage or for
work, a minimum clearance of three
feet (.91 m) shall be provided between
trucks or the structures of rail-mounted cranes and any other structure or
obstruction. When the required clearance is not available on at least one
side of the crane’s trucks, the area
shall not be used and shall be marked
and identified.
(9) Warning devices. Rail-mounted
cranes shall be equipped with an effective travel warning device which shall
be used to warn employees who may be
in the path of the moving crane.
(10) Communications. Means of communication shall be provided between
the operator’s cab and the base of the
gantry of all rail-mounted cranes. This
requirement may be met by telephone,
radio, sound-signalling system or other
effective methods, but not solely by
hand-signalling.
(11) Limit switch bypass systems
shall be secured during all cargo operations. Such bypass systems shall not
be used except in an emergency or during non-cargo handling operations such
as stowing cranes or derricks or per-
§ 1917.45
forming repairs. When a situation requiring the use of a bypass system or
the readjustment of a limit switch
arises, it shall be done only under the
direction of a crane mechanic.
(h) Stabilizing of locomotive cranes.
Loads may be hoisted by locomotive
cranes only if outriggers are in place,
unless means are taken to prevent the
load being carried by the truck springs
of the crane.
(i) Operations. (1) Use of cranes together. When two or more cranes hoist
a load in unison, a designated person
shall direct the operation and instruct
personnel in positioning, rigging of the
load and movements to be made.
(2) Guarding of swing radius. Accessible areas within the swing radius of
the body of a revolving crane shall be
physically guarded during operations
to prevent an employee from being
caught between the body of the crane
and any fixed structure or between
parts of the crane.
(3) Securing mobile crane components in
transit. The crane’s superstructure and
boom shall be secured against rotation
and carried in line with the direction of
travel except when negotiating turns
with an operator in the cab or when the
boom is supported on a dolly. The
empty hook or other attachment shall
be secured.
(4) Unattended cranes. The following
steps shall be taken before leaving a
crane unattended between work periods:
(i) Suspended loads, such as those
hoisted by lifting magnets or clamshell
buckets, shall be landed unless the
storage position or maximum hoisting
of the suspended device will provide
equivalent safety;
(ii) Clutches shall be disengaged;
(iii) The power supply shall be shut
off;
(iv) The crane shall be secured
against accidental travel; and
(v) The boom shall be lowered or secured against movement.
(5) Operating near electric power lines.
(i) Clearance. Unless electrical distribution and transmission lines are de-energized and visibly grounded at the
point of work, or unless insulating barriers not a part of or attached to the
crane have been erected to prevent
physical contact with lines, cranes
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§ 1917.45
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
may be operated near power lines only
in accordance with the following:
(A) For lines rated 50 kV or below,
minimum clearance between the lines
and any part of the crane or load shall
be 10 feet (3.05 m);
(B) For lines rated over 50 kV, minimum clearance between the lines and
any part of the crane or load shall be
either 10 feet (3.05 m) plus 0.4 inch
(10.16 mm) for each 1 kV over 50 kV, or
twice the length of the line insulator,
but never less than 10 feet; and
(C) In transit with no load and boom
lowered, the clearance shall be a minimum of 4 feet (1.22 m).
(ii) Boom guards. Cage-type boom
guards, insulating links or proximity
warning devices may be used on cranes,
but they shall not be used in place of
the clearances required by paragraph
(i)(5)(i) of this section.
(iii) Determination of energized lines.
Any overhead line shall be presumed to
be energized until the owner of the line
indicates that it is not energized.
(j) Protection for employees being hoisted. (1) No employee shall be hoisted by
the load hoisting apparatus of a crane
or derrick except:
(i) On intermodal container spreaders, equipped in accordance with paragraph (j)(8) of this section; or
(ii) In a boatswain’s chair or other
device rigged to prevent it from accidental disengagement from the hook or
supporting member; or
(iii) On a platform meeting the following requirements:
(A) Enclosed by a railing or other
means providing protection equivalent
to that described in § 1917.112(c). If
equipped with open railings, the platform shall be fitted with toe boards;
(B) Having a safety factor of four
based on ultimate strength;
(C) Bearing a plate or permanent
marking indicating maximum load rating, which shall not be exceeded, and
the weight of the platform itself;
(D) Equipped with a device to prevent
access doors, when used, from opening
accidentally;
(E) Equipped with overhead protection for employees on the platform if
they are exposed to falling objects or
overhead hazards;
(F) Secured to the load line by means
other than wedge and socket attach-
ments, unless the free (bitter) end of
the line is secured back to itself by a
clamp placed as close above the wedge
as possible.
(2) Except in an emergency, the
hoisting mechanism of all cranes or
derricks used to hoist personnel shall
operate only in power up and power
down, with automatic brake application when not hoisting or lowering.
(3) Variable radius booms of a crane
or derrick used to hoist personnel shall
be so constructed or secured as to prevent accidental boom movement.
(4) Platforms or devices used to hoist
employees shall be inspected for defects before each day’s use and shall be
removed from service if defective.
(5) Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight of and communication with the operator or signalman.
(6) Operators shall remain at the controls when employees are hoisted.
(7) Cranes shall not travel while employees are hoisted, except in emergency or in normal tier to tier transfer
of employees during container operations.
(8)
When
intermodal
container
spreaders are used to transfer employees to or from the tops of containers,
the spreaders shall be equipped with a
personnel platform equipped with fixed
railings, provided that the railings
have one or more openings for access.
The openings shall be fitted with a
means of closure, such as chains with
hooks. Existing railings shall be at
least 36 inches (0.91 m) in height. New
railings installed after October 3, 1983
shall be 42 inches (1.07 m), plus or
minus 3 inches (7.62 cm), in height. The
provisions of paragraphs (j)(1)(iii)(C),
(j)(1)(iii)(D), and (j)(1)(iii)(F) of this
section also apply to personnel platforms when such container spreaders
are used.
(9) Employees shall not be hoisted on
intermodal container spreaders while a
load is engaged.
(10) All cranes and derricks used to
hoist personnel shall be equipped with
an anti-two-blocking device.
(k) Routine inspection. (1) Designated
persons shall visually inspect each
crane and derrick on each day of use
for defects in functional operating
components and shall report any defect
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
found to the employer. The employer
shall inform the operator of the findings.
(2) A designated person shall thoroughly inspect all functional components and accessible structural features of each crane or device at monthly intervals.
(3) Any defects found during such inspections which may create a safety
hazard shall be corrected before further
equipment use. Repairs shall be performed only by designated persons.
(4) A record of monthly inspections
shall be maintained for six months in
or on the crane or derrick or at the terminal.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40199, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40940, June 30,
2000]
§ 1917.46
Load indicating devices.
(a)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(1)(viii) of this section, every
crane after October 3, 1984 shall be
fitted with a load indicating device or
alternative device in proper working
condition which shall meet the following criteria:
(i) The type or model or any load indicating or alternate device which is
used shall provide:
(A) A direct indication in the cab of
actual weight hoisted or a means of determining this by referencing a weight
indication to crane ratings posted and
visible to the operator, except that the
use of a dynamometer or simple scale
alone will not meet this requirement;
or
(B) Indications in the cab according
to the radius and load at the moment;
or
(C) A direct means to prevent an
overload from occurring.
(ii) The accuracy of the load indicating device, weight-moment device,
or overload protection device shall be
such that any indicated load (or limit),
including the sum of actual weight
hoisted and additional equipment or
‘‘add ons’’ such as slings, sensors,
blocks, etc., is within the range between 95 percent (5 percent underload)
and 110 percent (10 percent overload) of
the actual true total load. Such accuracy shall be required over the range of
daily operating variables reasonably
§ 1917.46
anticipated under the conditions of
use.
(iii) The device shall permit the operator to determine, before making any
lift, that the indicating or substitute
system is operative. In the alternative,
if a device is so mounted or attached to
preclude such a determination, it may
not be used unless it has been certified
by the manufacturer to remain operable within the limits stated in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section for a specific period of use. Checks for accuracy, using known values of load, shall
be performed at the time of every certification survey (see § 1917.50) and at
such additional times as may be recommended by the manufacturer.
(iv) When a load indicating device or
alternative system is so arranged in
the supporting system (crane structure) that its failure could cause the
load to be dropped, its strength shall
not be the limiting factor of the supporting system (crane structure).
(v) Marking shall be conspicuously
placed giving: units of measure in
pounds or both pounds and kilograms,
capacity of the indicating system, accuracy of the indicating system, and
operating instructions and precautions.
In the case of systems utilizing indications other than actual weights, the
marking shall include data on: the
means of measurement, capacity of the
system, accuracy of the system, and
operating instructions and precautions.
If the system used provides no readout,
but is such as to automatically cease
crane operation when the rated load
limit under any specific condition of
use is reached, marking shall be provided giving the make and model of the
device installed, a description of what
it does, how it is operated, and any
necessary precautions regarding the
system. All weight indications, other
types of loading indications, and other
data required shall be readily visible to
the operator.
(vi) All load indicating devices shall
be operative over the full operating radius. Overall accuracy shall be based
on actual applied load and not on full
scale (full capacity) load.
EXPLANATORY NOTE: For example, if accuracy of the load indicating device is based on
full scale load and the device is arbitrarily
set at plus/minus 10 percent, it would accept
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§ 1917.47
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
a reading between 90,000 and 110,000 lbs., at
full capacity of a machine with 100,000 lbs.,
maximum rating, but would also allow a
reading between zero and 20,000 lbs., at that
outreach (radius) at which the rating would
be 10,000 lbs., capacity—an unacceptable figure. If, however, accuracy is based on actual
applied load under the same conditions, the
acceptable range would remain the same
with the 100,000-lb. load but becomes a figure
between 9,000 and 11,000 lbs., a much different
and acceptable condition, at the 10,000-lb.
load.
(vii) When the device uses the radius
as a factor in its use or in its operating
indications,
the
indicated
radius
(which may be in feet and/or meters, or
degrees of boom angle, depending on
the system used) shall be a figure
which is within the range of a figure no
greater than 110 percent of the actual
radius to a figure which is no less than
97 percent of the actual (true) radius. A
conversion chart shall be provided
whenever it is necessary to convert between degrees of radius and feet or meters.
(viii) The load indicating device requirements of this subparagraph do not
apply to a crane:
(A) Of trolley equipped bridge type or
overhead type while handling intermodal containers known to be identified as empty, or loaded, and in either
case in compliance with the provisions
of § 1917.71, or while hoisting other lifts
by means of a lifting beam supplied by
the crane manufacturer for the purpose, and in all cases within the crane
rating;
(B) While handling bulk commodities
or cargoes by means of clamshell bucket or magnet;
(C) While used to handle or hold
hoses in connection with transfer of
bulk liquids or other hose handled
products; or
(D) While the crane is used exclusively to handle cargo or equipment
the total actual gross weight of which
is known by means of marking of the
unit or units hoisted, when such total
actual gross weight never exceeds
11,200 lbs., and when 11,200 lbs., is less
than the rated capacity of the crane at
the maximum outreach that is possible
under the conditions of use at the time.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40199, July 25, 1997]
§ 1917.47
Winches.
(a) Moving winch parts which present
caught-in hazards to employees shall
be guarded.
(b) Winches shall have clearly identifiable and readily accessible stop controls.
(c) Portable winches shall be secured
against accidental shifting while in
use.
(d) Portable winches shall be fitted
with limit switches if employees have
access to areas from which it is possible to be drawn into the winch.
(e) The provisions of § 1917.45(f)(11)
shall apply to winches.
§ 1917.48
Conveyors.
(a) Guards. (1) Danger zones at or adjacent to conveyors shall be guarded to
protect employees.
(2) An elevated walkway with guardrail or equivalent means of protection
shall be provided where employees
cross over moving conveyors, and suitable guarding shall be provided when
employees pass under moving conveyors.
(b) Moving parts. Conveyor rollers and
wheels shall be secured in position.
(c) Positioning. Gravity conveyor sections shall be firmly placed and secured to prevent them from falling.
(d) Braking. (1) When necessary for
safe operation, provisions shall be
made for braking objects at the delivery end of the conveyor.
(2) Conveyors using electrically released brakes shall be constructed so
that the brakes cannot be released
until power is applied, and so that the
brakes are automatically engaged if
the power fails or the operating control
is returned to the ‘‘stop’’ position.
(e) Stability. Portable conveyors shall
be stable within their operating ranges.
When used at variable fixed levels, the
unit shall be secured at the operating
level.
(f) Emergency stop devices. Readily accessible stop controls shall be provided
for use in an emergency. Whenever the
operation of any power conveyor requires personnel to work in the immediate vicinity of the conveyor, the Conveyor or controls shall not be left unattended while the conveyor is in operation.
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(g) Starting powered conveyors. Powered conveyors shall not be started
until all employees are clear of the
conveyor or have been warned that the
conveyor is about to start.
(h) Loading and unloading. The area
around conveyor loading and unloading
points shall be kept clear of obstructions during conveyor operations.
(i) Lockout/Tagout. (1) Conveyors
shall be stopped and their power
sources locked out and tagged out during maintenance, repair, and servicing,
unless power is necessary for testing.
(2) The starting device shall be
locked out and tagged out in the stop
position before an attempt is made to
remove the cause of a jam or overload
of the conveying medium, unless it is
necessary to have the power on to remove the jam.
(j) Safe practices. (1) Only designated
persons shall operate, repair or service
powered conveyors.
(2) The employer shall direct employees to stay off operating conveyors.
(3) Conveyors shall be operated only
with all overload devices, guards and
safety devices in place and operable.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40200, July 25, 1997]
§ 1917.49 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins,
and associated equipment.
(a) Standing and running rigging and
associated gear used as a permanent
part of spouts, chutes or similar devices shall be inspected before each use
and shall not be used if it has any functional defects. (See also § 1917.50(c)(2)
for certification requirements.)
(b) Direct communication shall be
provided between the discharge or shipboard control end of loading spouts and
chutes and the point in the terminal
from which the flow of cargo is controlled.
(c) Chute and hopper openings which
present a hazard shall be guarded to
prevent
employees
from
falling
through them.
(d) When employees are working on
hoppers, the hopper shall be equipped
with a safe walkway and means of access.
(e) When necessary for the safety of
employees, chutes shall be equipped
with sideboards to afford protection
from falling objects.
§ 1917.50
(f) Chutes shall be firmly placed and
secured to prevent them from falling.
(g) When necessary for the safety of
employees, provisions shall be made for
braking objects other than bulk commodities at the delivery end of the
chute.
(h) Before an employee enters an
empty bin:
(1) Personnel controlling the flow of
cargo into the bin shall have been notified of the entry; and
(2) The power supply to the equipment carrying the cargo to the bin
shall be turned off, locked out and
tagged.
(i) Before an employee enters a bin
containing a bulk commodity such as
coal or sugar, the employer shall ensure that:
(1) Personnel controlling the flow of
cargo into the bin have been notified of
the entry;
(2) The power supply to the equipment carrying the cargo to the bin is
turned off, locked out and tagged.
(3) The employee entering the bin
wears a lifeline and safety harness; and
(4) A standby attendant equipped to
perform a rescue is continuously stationed outside the bin until the employee has left the bin.
(j) Bin top openings that present a
hazard to employees shall be covered to
prevent employees from falling into
bins.
(k) Chutes and hoppers shall be repaired only by designated persons.
(l)(1) Before power shoveling operations begin, a designated person shall
inspect the equipment to be used. The
inspection shall include at least the
eye bolts, wires, and sheaves.
(2) Power shovels and associated
equipment with defects affecting safe
operation shall not be used.
(3) Before adjustments are made to a
power shovel, wire, or associated equipment, the power supply to the shovel
shall be turned off, locked out, and
tagged, the belt stopped, and the hopper closed.
§ 1917.50 Certification of marine terminal material handling devices
(See also mandatory appendix I, of
this part).
(a) The employer shall not use any
material handling device listed in paragraph (c) of this section until he has
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§ 1917.50
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
ascertained that the device has been
certificated, as evidenced by current
and valid documents attesting to compliance with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section.
(1) Certification surveys are to be
completed for the conditions of use
found at the time such surveys are
completed, with the understanding
that
equipment
owners/users
can
change the configurations of the equipment according to the manufacturer’s
specifications without affecting the established certification status for the
equipment.
(2) In cases of foreign manufactured
cranes, there shall be an owner’s warranty that the design is adequate for
the intended use. The warranty shall
be based on a thorough examination of
the design specifications by a registered professional engineer familiar
with the equipment.
(b) The certifications required by this
section shall be performed:
(1) In accordance with part 1919 of
this chapter, by persons then currently
accredited by the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration as provided
in that part; or
(2) In accordance with standards established and enforced by the state in
which the device is located or by a political subdivision thereof, which have
been found by the Secretary to be compatible with part 1919 of this chapter,
by persons designated as competent to
perform such certification by competent state authority and recognized
as such by the Secretary.
(c) The marine terminal material
handling devices listed below shall be
certificated in the following manner:
(1) Each crane and derrick shall be
tested as a unit quadrennially, and
shall be examined annually. Certificates of tests and examinations shall
be made readily available for inspection.
(2) Bulk cargo spouts and suckers, together with any portable extensions
and rigging or outriggers supporting
them vertically, shall be examined annually. Certificates attesting to the required examination shall be made readily available for inspection.
(3) Vertical pocket or bucket conveyors such as banana, sugar, and grain
marine legs (other than those within a
grain elevator structure) used within a
marine terminal facility shall be examined annually. The annual examination
shall include all supporting structures,
rigging and mechanical components
and observation of all steps of operations. Certificates attesting to the required examinations shall be readily
available for inspection.
(4)(i) House fall cargo-handling gear
in use shall be proof load tested as a
unit upon initial certification and
every fourth year thereafter. An examination shall be carried out in conjunction with each unit proof load test and
annually thereafter. The unit test shall
consist of a proof load of 25 percent in
excess of the rated safe working load.
Examinations shall include all supporting structures and components.
Certificates attesting to the required
tests and examinations shall be readily
available for inspection.
(ii) House fall span beams or other
house fall block supports shall be
marked with the safe working load,
which shall not be exceeded.
(5) Special gear. (i) Special stevedoring gear provided by the employer,
the strength of which depends upon
components other than commonly used
stock items such as shackles, ropes, or
chains, and that has a Safe Working
Load (SWL) greater than five short
tons (10,000 lbs or 4.54 metric tons)
shall be inspected and tested as a unit
before initial use (see Table A in paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of this section). In addition, any special stevedoring gear that
suffers damage necessitating structural
repair shall be inspected and retested
after repair and before being returned
to service.
(ii) Special stevedoring gear provided
by the employer that has a SWL of five
short tons (10,000 lbs or 4.54 metric
tons) or less shall be inspected and
tested as a unit before initial use according to paragraphs (d) and (e) of this
section or by a designated person (see
Table A in this paragraph (c)(5)(ii)).
TABLE A
Safe working load
Up to 20 short tons
(18.1metric tons).
From 20 through 50 short
tons (18.1 to 45.4 metric
tons.
Proof load
25 percent in excess.
5 short tons in excess.
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
TABLE A—Continued
Safe working load
Proof load
Over 50 short tons (45.4 metric tons).
10 percent in excess.
(iii) Every spreader that is not a part
of ship’s gear and is used for handling
intermodal containers shall be inspected and tested before initial use to
a proof load equal to 25 percent greater
than its rated capacity. In addition,
any spreader that suffers damage necessitating structural repair shall be
inspected and retested after repair and
before being returned to service.
(iv) All cargo handling gear covered
by this section with a SWL greater
than five short tons (10,000 lbs. or 4.54
metric tons) shall be proof load tested
according to Table A of this section
every 4 years in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section or by a designated person.
(v) Certificates and inspection and
test records attesting to the tests required by this section shall be available for inspection.
(6) Wire rope and loose gear obtained
after October 3, 1983, and used for material handling shall have been tested
and certificated before being placed
into use in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (a), (c), and (d) of
§§ 1919.31 and 1919.32 through 1919.34 of
this chapter as applicable. Certificates
attesting to the required tests, inspections and examinations shall be available.
(d) Disassembly and reassembly of
equipment does not require recertification of the equipment provided that
the equipment is reassembled and used
in a manner consistent with its certification.
(e) For equipment certificated in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this
section and transferred to a job site in
another state, the current certification
shall remain valid until the next inspection or examination becomes due.
(f) Certification procedures shall not
be construed as a substitute for, or
cause for elimination of, normal operational inspection and maintenance
routine throughout the year.
(g)(1) Every unit of equipment requiring quadrennial certification shall
have had such quadrennial certifi-
§ 1917.51
cation within the previous 48 months.
Equipment requiring annual certification shall have had such annual certification within the previous 12
months, except that no annual certification is required within 12 months
after any required quadrennial certification. Annual examinations for certification may be accomplished up to
one month early without effect on subsequent due dates.
(2) When certificated equipment is
out of service for 6 months or more beyond the due date of a certification inspection, an examination equivalent to
an initial certification, including unit
proof load test, shall be performed before the equipment re-enters service.
(h) Loose gear obtained after October
3, 1983 shall bear a legible mark indicating that it has been tested (see
paragraph (c)(6) of this section). Single
sheave blocks shall be marked with
safe working loads and proof test loads.
Marks relating to testing shall be identifiable on the related certificates,
which shall be available.
(i) Safe working load. (1) The safe
working load of gear as specified in
this section shall not be exceeded.
(2) All cargo handling gear provided
by the employer with a safe working
load greater than five short tons (10,000
lbs. or 4.54 metric tons) shall have its
safe working load plainly marked on it.
(j) Exceptions: The certification requirements of this section do not apply
to the following equipment:
(1) Small industrial crane trucks as
described on page 8 and illustrated on
page 13 of ASME B56.1, 1959, ‘‘Safety
Code for Powered Industrial Trucks’’,
and powered industrial trucks;
(2) Any straddle truck not capable of
straddling two or more intermodal containers 16 feet (4.88 m) in width; and
(3) Gear used only for handling or
holding hoses, handling ship’s stores or
handling the gangway.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49
FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,
1996; 62 FR 40200, July 25, 1997; 64 FR 61506,
Nov. 12, 1999; 65 FR 40940, June 30, 2000]
§ 1917.51
Hand tools.
(a) Hand tools used by employees
shall be maintained in safe operating
condition.
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§ 1917.70
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
(b)(1) Hand-held portable electric
tools shall be equipped with switches
that must be manually held in a closed
position to operate the tool.
(2) Portable power-driven circular
saws shall be equipped with guards
above and below the base plate or shoe.
The upper guard shall cover the saw to
the depth of the teeth, except for the
minimum arc needed to permit the
base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The
lower guard shall cover the saw to the
depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc needed to allow proper retraction and contact with the work.
When the tool is withdrawn from the
work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the covering position.
(c) Only cutting tools shall be used to
cut metal strapping or banding used to
secure cargo.
Subpart D—Specialized Terminals
§ 1917.70
General.
The provisions of this subpart D shall
apply to specialized terminals in addition to any other applicable requirements of this part.
§ 1917.71 Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off
operations.
(a) Every intermodal container shall
be legibly and permanently marked
with:
(1) The weight of the container when
empty, in pounds;
(2) The maximum cargo weight the
container is designed to carry, in
pounds; and
(3) The sum of the weight of the container and the cargo, in pounds.
(b) No container shall be hoisted by
any crane or derrick unless the following conditions have been met:
(1) The employer shall ascertain from
the carrier whether a container to be
hoisted is loaded or empty. Empty containers shall be identified before loading or discharge in such a manner as
will inform every supervisor and foreman on the site and in charge of loading or discharging, or every crane or
other hoisting equipment operator and
signalman, if any, that such container
is empty. Methods of identification
may include cargo plans, manifests or
markings on the container.
(2) In the case of a loaded container:
(i) The actual gross weight shall be
plainly marked so as to be visible to
the crane or other hoisting equipment
operator or signalman, or to every supervisor and foreman on the site and in
charge of the operation; or
(ii) The cargo stowage plan or equivalent permanently recorded display
serving the same purpose, containing
the actual gross weight and the serial
number or other positive identification
of that specific container, shall be provided to the crane or other hoisting
equipment operator and signalman, if
any, and to every supervisor and foreman on the site and in charge of the
operation.
(3) Every outbound loaded container
which is received at a marine terminal
ready to load aboard a vessel without
further consolidation or loading shall
be weighed to obtain the actual gross
weight, either at the terminal or elsewhere, before being hoisted.
(4)(i) When container weighing scales
are located at a marine terminal, any
outbound container with a load consolidated at that terminal shall be
weighed to obtain an actual weight before being hoisted.
(ii) If the terminal has no scales, the
actual gross weight may be calculated
on the basis of the container’s contents
and the container’s empty weight. The
weights used in the calculation shall be
posted conspicuously on the container,
with the name of the person making
the calculation and the date.
(5) Open type vehicle carrying containers and those built specifically and
used solely for the carriage of compressed gases are excepted from paragraphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of this section.
(6) Closed dry van containers carrying vehicles are exempted from paragraph (b)(4) of this section provided
that:
(i) The container carries only completely assembled vehicles and no
other cargo;
(ii) The container is marked on the
outside in such a manner that an employee can readily discern that the
container is carrying vehicles; and
(iii) The vehicles were loaded into
the container at the marine terminal.
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| File Type | application/pdf |
| File Modified | 2012-04-25 |
| File Created | 2011-09-29 |