29 CFR 1917 Marine Terminals

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
source of medical attention, police, fire
department, and emergency squad (if
any); and
(4) Locations of firefighting and
emergency equipment and fire exits.

Subpart G—Related Terminal
Operations and Equipment
§ 1917.151

Machine guarding.

(a) Definition. ‘‘Guarded’’ means
shielded, fenced, or enclosed by covers,
casings, shields, troughs, spillways or
railings, or guarded by position or location. Examples of guarding methods
are guarding by location (positioning
hazards so they are inaccessible to employees) and point of operation guarding (using barrier guards, two-hand
tripping devices, electronic safety devices, or other such devices).
(b) General. (1) Danger zones on machines and equipment used by employees shall be guarded.
(2) Where chips and dust produced by
machine operation may result in a hazard to the operator, the machinery
shall be equipped with an effective exhaust system at the point of origin, or
other equally effective means shall be
provided to protect the operator.
(3) Fixed machinery shall be secured
to prevent shifting.
(4) A power cut-off device for machinery and equipment shall be provided at
the operator’s working position.
(5) Machines driven by belts and
shafting shall be fitted with a beltlocking or equivalent protective device
if the belt can be shifted.
(6) In operations where injury to the
operator might result if motors were to
restart after power failures, provisions
shall be made to prevent machines
from automatically restarting upon
restoration of power.
(7) The power supply to machines
shall be turned off, locked out, and
tagged out during repair, adjustment,
or servicing.
(8) Machines shall be maintained in a
safe working condition.
(9) Only designated employees shall
maintain or repair machinery and
equipment.
(10) Machines with defects that affect
the safety of operation shall not be
used.

§ 1917.151

(c) Hand-fed circular ripsaws and
hand-fed circular crosscut table saws. Unless fixed or manually adjustable enclosures or guarding provides equivalent protection, hand-fed circular
ripsaws and hand-fed circular crosscut
table saws shall be guarded as follows
to keep employees clear of any danger
zones:
(1) They shall be equipped with hoods
completely enclosing those portions of
the saw above the table and the material being cut;
(2) They shall have spreaders to prevent material from squeezing the saw.
Spreaders shall be in true alignment
with the saw. Spreaders may be removed only during grooving, dadoing,
or rabbeting operations, and shall be
replaced at the completion of such operations; and
(3) They shall have non-kickback fingers or dogs to oppose the tendency of
the saw to pick up material or throw
material toward the operator.
(d) Swing cutoff saws. (1) Swing cutoff
saws shall have hoods completely enclosing the upper half of the saw, the
arbor end and the point of operation at
all saw positions to protect the operator from material thrown up by the
saw. The hood shall automatically
cover the lower portion of the blade, so
that when the saw returns to the back
of the table the hood rises on top of the
fence, and when the saw is moved forward the hood drops on top, remaining
in contact with the table or the material.
(2) Swing cutoff saws shall have a device to return the saw automatically to
the back of the table without rebound.
The device shall not be dependent upon
rope, cord or springs.
(3) Devices shall be provided to prevent saws from swinging beyond the
front or back edges of the table.
(4) Inverted swing cutoff saws shall
have hoods covering the part of the saw
protruding above the table top or the
material being cut. Hoods shall automatically adjust to the thickness of,
and remain in contact with, material
being cut.
(e) Radial saws. Unless fixed or manually adjustable enclosures or guards
provide equivalent protection, radial
saws shall be guarded as follows:

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§ 1917.151

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(1) The upper hood of radial saws
shall enclose the upper portion of the
blade up to and including the end of
the saw arbor and shall protect the operator from being struck by debris. The
sides of the lower exposed portion of
the blade shall be guarded to the blade
diameter by a device automatically adjusting to the thickness of the stock
and remaining in contact with the
stock. The lower guard may be removed only when the saw is used for
bevel cuts;
(2) Radial saws used for ripping shall
have non-kickback fingers or dogs on
both sides to oppose the thrust or tendency of the saw to pick up material or
throw material toward the operator;
(3) Adjustable stop shall be provided
to prevent travel of radial saw blades
beyond the table’s edge;
(4) Radial saws shall be installed so
that the cutting head returns to the
starting position without rebound
when released; and
(5) The employer shall direct that
employees perform ripping and ploughing against the saw turning direction.
Rotation direction and an indication of
the end of the saw to be used shall be
conspicuously marked on the hood.
(f) Band saws and band resaws. (1) Saw
blades and band saw wheels shall be enclosed or guarded, except for the working portion of the blade between the
bottom of the guide rolls and the table,
to protect employees from point-of-operation hazards and flying debris.
(2) Band saws shall be equipped with
brakes to stop the band saw wheel if
the blade breaks.
(3) Band saws shall be equipped with
a tension control device to keep the
blade taut.
(g) Abrasive wheels and machinery. (1)
Abrasive wheels shall be used only on
machines having enclosure guards to
restrain pieces of grinding wheels and
to protect employees if the wheel
breaks, except as provided in paragraphs (g)(2) and (g)(3) of this section.
Where the operator must stand in front
of the safety guard opening, the safety
guard shall be adjustable or have an
adjustable tongue or piece at the top of
the opening. The safety guard or the
tongue shall be adjusted so that they
are always close to the periphery of the
wheel. Guards shall be aligned with the

wheel and the strength of fastenings
shall be greater than the strength of
the guard.
(2) When the work provides equivalent protection, or when the machine is
designed as a portable saw, guards may
be constructed with the spindle end,
nut and outer flange exposed. When the
work entirely covers the side of the
wheel, the side covers of the guard may
be removed.
(3) Guarding is not required:
(i) For wheels used for internal work
while the wheel is contained within the
work being ground; or
(ii) For mounted wheels 2 inches (5
cm) and smaller in diameter used in
portable operations.
(4) Work rests shall be used on fixed
grinding machines. Work rests shall be
rigidly constructed and adjustable for
wheel wear. They shall be adjusted
closely to the wheel with a maximum
opening of 1⁄8-inch (3.18 mm) and shall
be securely clamped. Adjustment shall
not be made while the wheel is in motion.
(5) Grinding wheels shall fit freely on
the spindle. The spindle nut shall be
tightened only enough to hold the
wheel in place.
(6) Grinding machine wheels shall
turn at a speed that is compatible with
the rated speed of the wheel.
(7) Flanges and blotters shall be used
only with wheels designed for their use.
Flanges shall be of a type ensuring retention of pieces of the wheel in case of
breakage.
(8) Abrasive wheels with operational
defects shall not be used.
(h) Rotating parts, drives and connections. (1) Rotating parts, such as gears
and pulleys, that are located 7 feet (2.13
m) or less above working surfaces shall
be guarded to prevent employee contact with moving parts.
(2) Belt, rope and chain drives shall
be guarded to prevent employees from
coming into contact with moving
parts.
(3) Gears, sprockets and chains shall
be guarded to prevent employees from
coming into contact with moving
parts. This requirement does not apply
to manually operated sprockets.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65
FR 40942, June 30, 2000]

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
§ 1917.152 Welding, cutting and heating (hot work) 12 (See also § 1917.2,
definition of Hazardous cargo, materials, substance, or atmosphere).
(a) Definition. ‘‘Hot work’’ means riveting, welding, flame cutting or other
fire or spark-producing operation.
(b) Hot work in confined spaces. Hot
work shall not be performed in a confined space until a designated person
has tested the atmosphere and determined that it is not hazardous.
(c) Fire protection. (1) To the extent
possible, hot work shall be performed
in designated locations that are free of
fire hazards.
(2) When hot work must be performed
in a location that is not free of fire
hazards, all necessary precautions shall
be taken to confine heat, sparks, and
slag so that they cannot contact flammable or combustible material.
(3) Fire extinguishing equipment
suitable for the location shall be immediately available and shall be maintained in readiness for use at all times.
(4) When the hot work operation is
such that normal fire prevention precautions are not sufficient, additional
personnel shall be assigned to guard
against fire during hot work and for a
sufficient time after completion of the
work to ensure that no fire hazard remains. The employer shall instruct all
employees involved in hot work operations as to potential fire hazards and
the use of firefighting equipment.
(5) Drums and containers which contain or have contained flammable or
combustible liquids shall be kept
closed. Empty containers shall be removed from the hot work area.
(6) When openings or cracks in flooring cannot be closed, precautions shall
be taken to ensure that no employees
or flammable or combustible materials
on the floor below are exposed to
sparks dropping through the floor.
Similar precautions shall be taken regarding cracks or holes in walls, open
doorways and open or broken windows.
(7) Hot work shall not be performed:
12 The U.S. Coast Guard, at 33 CFR 126.15(c),
requires prior permission of the Captain of
the Port if welding or other hot work is to be
carried out at a facility where dangerous
cargoes as defined by 33 CFR 126.07 are located or being handled.

§ 1917.152

(i) In flammable or potentially flammable atmospheres:
(ii) On or in equipment or tanks that
have contained flammable gas or liquid
or combustible liquid or dust-producing material, until a designated
person has tested the atmosphere inside the equipment or tanks and determined that it is not hazardous; or
(iii) Near any area in which exposed
readily ignitable materials such as
bulk sulphur, baled paper or cotton are
stored. Bulk sulphur is excluded from
this prohibition if suitable precautions
are followed, the person in charge is
knowledgeable and the person performing the work has been instructed
in preventing and extinguishing sulphur fires.
(8)(i) Drums, containers or hollow
structures that have contained flammable or combustible substances shall
either be filled with water or cleaned,
and shall then be ventilated. A designated person shall test the atmosphere and determine that it is not hazardous before hot work is performed on
or in such structures.
(ii) Before heat is applied to a drum,
container or hollow structure, an opening to release built-up pressure during
heat application shall be provided.
(d) Gas welding and cutting. (1) Compressed gas cylinders:
(i) Shall have valve protection caps
in place except when in use, hooked up
or secured for movement. Oil shall not
be used to lubricate caps;
(ii) Shall be hoisted only while secured, as on a cradle or pallet, and
shall not be hoisted by magnet, choker
sling or cylinder caps;
(iii) Shall be moved only by tilting or
rolling on their bottom edges;
(iv) Shall be secured when moved by
vehicle;
(v) Shall be secured while in use;
(vi) Shall have valves closed when
cylinders are empty, being moved or
stored;
(vii) Shall be secured upright except
when hoisted or carried;
(viii) Shall not be freed when frozen
by prying the valves or caps with bars
or by hitting the valve with a tool;
(ix) Shall not be thawed by boiling
water;
(x) Shall not be exposed to sparks,
hot slag, or flame;

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§ 1917.152

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(xi) Shall not be permitted to become
part of electrical circuits or have electrodes struck against them to strike
arcs;
(xii) Shall not be used as rollers or
supports;
(xiii) Shall not have contents used
for purposes not authorized by the supplier;
(xiv) Shall not be used if damaged or
defective;
(xv) Shall not have gases mixed within, except by gas suppliers;
(xvi) Shall be stored so that oxygen
cylinders are separated from fuel gas
cylinders and combustible materials by
either a minimum distance of 20 feet
(6.1 m) or a barrier having a fire-resistance rating of 30 minutes; and
(xvii) Shall not have objects that
might either damage the safety device
or obstruct the valve placed on top of
the cylinder when in use.
(2) Use of fuel gas. Fuel gas shall be
used only as follows:
(i) Before regulators are connected to
cylinder valves, the valves shall be
opened slightly (cracked) and closed
immediately to clear away dust or dirt.
Valves shall not be cracked if gas could
reach possible sources of ignition;
(ii) Cylinder valves shall be opened
slowly to prevent regulator damage
and shall not be opened more than 11⁄2
turns. Any special wrench required for
emergency closing shall be positioned
on the valve stem during cylinder use.
For manifolded or coupled cylinders, at
least one wrench shall be immediately
available. Nothing shall be placed on
top of a cylinder or associated parts
when the cylinder is in use.
(iii) Pressure-reducing regulators
shall be attached to cylinder valves
when cylinders are supplying torches
or devices equipped with shut-off
valves;
(iv) Cylinder valves shall be closed
and gas released from the regulator or
manifold before regulators are removed;
(v) Leaking fuel gas cylinder valves
shall be closed and the gland nut tightened. If the leak continues, the cylinder shall be tagged, removed from
service, and moved to a location where
the leak will not be hazardous. If a regulator attached to a valve stops a leak,
the cylinder need not be removed from

the workplace but shall be tagged and
may not be used again before it is repaired; and
(vi) If a plug or safety device leaks,
the cylinder shall be tagged, removed
from service, and moved to a location
where the leak will not be hazardous.
(3) Hose. (i) Fuel gas and oxygen
hoses shall be easily distinguishable
from each other by color or sense of
touch. Oxygen and fuel hoses shall not
be interchangeable. Hoses having more
than one gas passage shall not be used.
(ii) When oxygen and fuel gas hoses
are taped together, not more than four
(4) of each 12 inches (10.16 cm of each
30.48 cm) shall be taped.
(iii) Hose shall be inspected before
use. Hose subjected to flashback or
showing evidence of severe wear or
damage shall be tested to twice the
normal working pressure but not less
than 200 p.s.i. (1378.96 kPa) before
reuse. Defective hose shall not be used.
(iv) Hose couplings shall not unlock
or disconnect without rotary motion.
(v)
Hose
connections
shall
be
clamped or securely fastened to withstand twice the normal working pressure but not less than 300 p.s.i. (2068.44
kPa) without leaking.
(vi) Gas hose storage boxes shall be
ventilated.
(4) Torches. (i) Torch tip openings
shall only be cleaned with devices designed for that purpose.
(ii) Torches shall be inspected before
each use for leaking shut-off valves,
hose couplings and tip connections.
Torches with such defects shall not be
used.
(iii) Torches shall not be lighted from
matches, cigarette lighters, other
flames or hot work.
(5) Pressure regulators. Pressure regulators, including associated gauges,
shall be maintained in safe working
order.
(6) Operational precaution. Gas welding equipment shall be maintained free
of oil and grease.
(e) Arc welding and cutting. (1) Manual
electrode holders. (i) The employer
shall ensure that only manual electrode holders intended for arc welding
and cutting and capable of handling
the maximum current required for such
welding or cutting shall be used.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(ii) Current-carrying parts passing
through those portions of the holder
gripped by the user and through the
outer surfaces of the jaws of the holder
shall be insulated against the maximum voltage to ground.
(2) Welding cables and connectors. (i)
Arc welding and cutting cables shall be
insulated, flexible and capable of handling the maximum current required
by the operations, taking into account
the duty cycles.
(ii) Only cable free from repair or
splice for 10 feet (3 m) from the electrode holder shall be used unless insulated connectors or splices with insulating quality equal to that of the
cable are provided.
(iii) When a cable other than the lead
mentioned in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this
section wears and exposes bare conductors, the portion exposed shall not be
used until it is protected by insulation
equivalent in performance capacity to
the original.
(iv) Insulated connectors of equivalent capacity shall be used for connecting or splicing cable. Cable lugs,
where used as connectors, shall provide
electrical contact. Exposed metal parts
shall be insulated.
(3) Ground returns and machine
grounding. (i) Ground return cables
shall have current-carrying capacity
equal to or exceeding the total maximum output capacities of the welding
or cutting units served.
(ii) Structures or pipelines, other
than those containing gases or flammable liquids or conduits containing
electrical circuits, may be used in the
ground return circuit if their currentcarrying capacity equals or exceeds the
total maximum output capacities of
the welding or cutting units served.
(iii) Structures or pipelines forming a
temporary ground return circuit shall
have electrical contact at all joints.
Arcs, sparks or heat at any point in the
circuit shall cause rejection as a
ground circuit.
(iv) Structures or pipelines acting
continuously as ground return circuits
shall have joints bonded and maintained to ensure that no electrolysis or
fire hazard exists.
(v) Arc welding and cutting machine
frames shall be grounded, either
through a third wire in the cable con-

§ 1917.152

taining the circuit conductor or
through a separate wire at the source
of the current. Grounding circuits shall
have resistance low enough to permit
sufficient current to flow to cause the
fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the
current.
(vi) Ground connections shall be mechanically and electrically adequate to
carry the current.
(4) When electrode holders are left
unattended, electrodes shall be removed and holders placed to prevent
employee injury.
(5) Hot electrode holders shall not be
dipped in water.
(6) The employer shall ensure that
when arc welders or cutters leave or
stop work or when machines are
moved, the power supply switch shall
be kept in the off position.
(7) Arc welding or cutting equipment
having a functional defect shall not be
used.
(8)(i) Arc welding and cutting operations shall be separated from other
operations by shields, screens, or curtains to protect employees in the vicinity from the direct rays and sparks of
the arc.
(ii) Employees in areas not protected
from the arc by screening shall be protected by appropriate filter lenses in
accordance with paragraph (h) of this
section. When welders are exposed to
their own arc or to each other’s arc,
they shall wear filter lenses complying
with the requirements of paragraph (h)
of this section.
(9) The control apparatus of arc welding machines shall be enclosed, except
for operating wheels, levers, and handles.
(10) Input power terminals, top
change devices and live metal parts
connected to imput circuits shall be
enclosed and accessible only by means
of insulated tools.
(11) When arc welding is performed in
wet or high-humidity conditions, employees shall use additional protection,
such as rubber pads or boots, against
electric shock.
(f) Ventilation and employee protection
in welding, cutting and heating—(1) Mechanical ventilation requirements. The
employer shall ensure that general mechanical ventilation or local exhaust

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§ 1917.152

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

systems shall meet the following requirements:
(i) General mechanical ventilation
shall maintain vapors, fumes and
smoke below a hazardous level.
(ii) Local exhaust ventilation shall
consist of movable hoods positioned
close to the work and shall be of such
capacity and arrangement as to keep
breathing zone concentrations below
hazardous levels.
(iii) Exhausts from working spaces
shall be discharged into the open air,
clear of intake air sources;
(iv) Replacement air shall be clean
and respirable; and
(v) Oxygen shall not be used for ventilation, cooling or cleaning clothing
or work areas.
(2) Hot work in confined spaces. Except
as specified in paragraphs (f)(3)(ii) and
(f)(3)(iii) of this section, when hot work
is performed in a confined space the
employer shall ensure that:
(i) General mechanical or local exhaust ventilations shall be provided; or
(ii) Employees in the space shall
wear supplied air respirators in accordance with § 1910.134 and a standby on
the outside shall maintain communication with employees inside the space
and shall be equipped and prepared to
provide emergency aid.
(3) Welding, cutting or heating of toxic
metals. (i) In confined or enclosed
spaces, hot work involving the following metals shall only be performed
with general mechanical or local exhaust ventilation that ensures that
employees are not exposed to hazardous levels of fumes:
(A) Lead base metals;
(B) Cadmium-bearing filler materials; and
(C) Chromium-bearing metals or metals coated with chromium-bearing materials.
(ii) In confined or enclosed spaces,
hot work involving the following metals shall only be performed with local
exhaust ventilation meeting the requirements of paragraph (f)(1) of this
section or by employees wearing supplied air respirators in accordance with
§ 1910.134;
(A) Zinc-bearing base or filler metals
or metals coated with zinc-bearing materials;

(B) Metals containing lead other than
as an impurity, or coated with leadbearing materials;
(C) Cadmium-bearing or cadmiumcoated base metals; and
(D) Metals coated with mercury-bearing materials.
(iii) Employees performing hot work
in confined or enclosed spaces involving beryllium-containing base or filler
metals shall be protected by local exhaust ventilation and wear supplied air
respirators or self-contained breathing
apparatus, in accordance with the requirements of § 1910.134.
(iv) The employer shall ensure that
employees performing hot work in the
open air that involves any of the metals listed in paragraphs (f)(3)(i) and
(f)(3)(ii) of this section shall be protected by respirators in accordance
with the requirements of § 1910.134, and
those working on beryllium-containing
base or filler metals shall be protected
by supplied air respirators, in accordance
with
the
requirements
of
§ 1910.134.
(v) Any employee exposed to the
same atmosphere as the welder or
burner shall be protected by the same
type of respiratory and other protective equipment as that worn by the
welder or burner.
(4) Inert-gas metal-arc welding. Employees shall not engage in and shall
not be exposed to the inert-gas metalarc welding process unless the following precautions are taken:
(i) Chlorinated solvents shall not be
used within 200 feet (61 m) of the exposed arc. Surfaces prepared with
chlorinated solvents shall be thoroughly dry before welding is performed
on them.
(ii) Employees in areas not protected
from the arc by screening shall be protected by appropriate filter lenses in
accordance with the requirements of
paragraph (h) of this section. When
welders are exposed to their own arc or
to each other’s arc, filter lenses complying with the requirements of paragraph (h) of this section shall be worn
to protect against flashes and radiant
energy.
(iii) Employees exposed to radiation
shall have their skin covered completely to prevent ultraviolet burns
and damage. Helmets and hand shields

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
shall not have leaks, openings or highly reflective surfaces.
(iv) Inert-gas metal-arc welding on
stainless steel shall not be performed
unless exposed employees are protected
either by local exhaust ventilation or
by wearing supplied air respirators.
(g) Welding, cutting and heating on
preservative coatings. (1) Before hot
work is commenced on surfaces covered by a preservative coating of unknown flammability, a test shall be
made by a designated person to determine the coating’s flammability. Preservative coatings shall be considered
highly flammable when scrapings burn
with extreme rapidity.
(2) Appropriate precaution shall be
taken to prevent ignition of highly
flammable hardened preservative coatings. Highly flammable coatings shall
be stripped from the area to be heated.
An uncoiled fire hose with fog nozzle,
under pressure, shall be immediately
available in the hot work area.
(3) Surfaces covered with preservative coatings shall be stripped for at
least 4 inches (10.16 cm) from the area
of heat application or employees shall
be protected by supplied air respirators
in accordance with the requirements of
§ 1910.134 of this chapter.
(h) Protection against radiant energy.
(1) Employees shall be protected from
radiant energy eye hazards by spectacles, cup goggles, helmets, hand
shields or face shields with filter lenses
complying with the requirements of
this paragraph.
(2) Filter lenses shall have an appropriate shade number, as indicated in
Table G–1, for the work performed.
Variations of one or two shade numbers are permissible to suit individual
preferences.
(3) If filter lenses are used in goggles
worn under the helmet, the shade numbers of both lenses equals the value
shown in Table G–1 for the operation.
TABLE G–1—FILTER LENSES FOR PROTECTION
AGAINST RADIANT ENERGY
Operation

Shade No.

Soldering .....................................
Torch Brazing .............................
Light cutting, up to 1 inch ...........
Medium cutting, 1–6 inches ........
Heavy cutting, over 6 inches ......
Light gas welding, up to 1⁄8 inch
Medium gas welding, 1⁄8–1⁄2 inch

2.
3 or
3 or
4 or
5 or
4 or
5 or

4.
4.
5.
6.
5.
6.

§ 1917.153

TABLE G–1—FILTER LENSES FOR PROTECTION
AGAINST RADIANT ENERGY—Continued
Operation

Shade No.

Heavy gas welding, over ⁄ inch
Shielded Metal-Arc Welding 1/16
to 5/32-inch electrodes.
Inert-gas Metal-Arc Welding
(Non-ferrous) 1/16- to 5/32inch electrodes.
Shielded Metal-Arc Welding:
3/16- to 1⁄4-inch electrodes ..
5/16- and 3⁄8-inch electrodes
12

6 or 8.
10
11.

12.
14.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40202, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40942, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.153 Spray painting (See also
§ 1917.2, definition of Hazardous
cargo, materials, substance, or atmosphere).
(a) Scope. This section covers painting operations connected with maintenance of structures, equipment and
gear at the marine terminal and of
transient equipment serviced at the
terminal. It does not apply to overall
painting of terminal structures under
construction, major repair or rebuilding of terminal structures, or portable
spraying apparatus not used regularly
in the same location.
(b) Definitions. (1) Spraying area
means any area where flammable vapors, mists or combustible residues,
dusts or deposits may be present due to
paint spraying operations.
(2) Spray booth means an enclosure
containing a flammable or combustible
spraying operation and confining and
limiting the escape of paint, vapor and
residue by means of a powered exhaust
system.
(3) Approved means, for the purpose of
this section, that the equipment has
been approved for the specified use by a
nationally recognized testing laboratory.
(c) Spray painting requirements for indoor and outdoor spraying areas and
booths. (1) Shut-off valves, containers
or piping with attached hoses or flexible connections shall have shut-off
valves closed at the connection when
not in use.
(2) Pumps used to transfer paint supplies shall have automatic pressure-relieving devices.

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§ 1917.153

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(3) Hoses and couplings shall be inspected before use. Hoses showing deterioration, leakage or weakness in the
carcass or at the couplings shall be removed from service.
(4)(i) No open flame or spark-producing equipment shall be within 20
feet (6.1 m) of a spraying area unless it
is separated from the spraying area by
a fire-retardant partition.
(ii) Hot surfaces shall not be located
in spraying areas.
(iii) Whenever combustible residues
may accumulate on electrical installations, wiring shall be in rigid conduit
or in boxes containing no taps, splices
or connections.
(iv) Portable electric lights shall not
be used during spraying operations.
Lights used during cleaning or repairing operations shall be approved for the
location in which they are used.
(5) When flammable or combustible
liquids are being transferred between
containers, both containers shall be
bonded and grounded.
(6)(i) Spraying shall be performed
only in designated spray booths or
spraying areas.
(ii) Spraying areas shall be kept as
free from combustible residue accumulations as practicable.
(iii) Residue scrapings, debris, rags,
and waste shall be removed from the
spraying area as they accumulate.
(7) Spraying with organic peroxides
and other dual-component coatings
shall only be conducted in sprinklerequipped spray booths.
(8) Only the quantity of flammable or
combustible liquids required for the operation shall be allowed in the spraying
area, and in no case shall the amount
exceed a one-day supply.
(9) Smoking shall be prohibited and
‘‘No Smoking’’ signs shall be posted in
spraying and paint storage areas.
(d) Additional requirements for spraying
areas and spray booths. (1) Distribution
or baffle plates shall be of noncombustible material and shall be removable
or accessible for cleaning. They shall
not be located in exhaust ducts.
(2) Any discarded filter shall be removed from the work area or placed in
water.
(3) Filters shall not be used when the
material being sprayed is highly sus-

ceptible to spontaneous heating and ignition.
(4) Filters shall be noncombustible or
of an approved type. The same filter
shall not be used when spraying with
different coating materials if the combination of materials may spontaneously ignite.
(5) Spraying areas shall be mechanically ventilated for removal of flammable and combustible vapor and mist.
(6) Mechanical ventilation shall be in
operation during spraying operations
and long enough thereafter to exhaust
hazardous vapor concentrations.
(7) Rotating fan elements shall be
nonsparking or the casing shall consist
of or be lined with nonsparking material.
(8) Piping systems conveying flammable or combustible liquids to the
spraying booth or area shall be made of
metal and be both bonded and grounded.
(9) Air exhausted from spray operations shall not contaminate makeup
air or other ventilation intakes. Exhausted air shall not be recirculated
unless it is first cleaned of any hazardous contaminants.
(10) Original closed containers, approved portable tanks, approved safety
cans or a piping system shall be used to
bring flammable or combustible liquids
into spraying areas.
(11) If flammable or combustible liquids are supplied to spray nozzles by
positive displacement pumps, the pump
discharge line shall have a relief valve
discharging either to a pump section or
detached location, or the line shall be
equipped with a device to stop the
prime mover when discharge pressure
exceeds the system’s safe operating
pressure.
(12) Wiring, motors and equipment in
a spray booth shall be of approved explosion-proof type for Class I, Group D
locations and conform to subpart S of
Part 1910 of this chapter for Class I, Division 1, Hazardous Locations. Wiring,
motors and equipment within 20 feet
(6.1m) of any interior spraying area and
not separated by vapor-tight partitions
shall not produce sparks during operation and shall conform to the requirements of subpart S of Part 1910 of this
chapter for Class I, Division 2, Hazardous Locations.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(13) Outside electrical lights within
10 feet (3.05m) of spraying areas and
not separated from the areas by partitions shall be enclosed and protected
from damage.
(e) Additional requirements for spray
booths. (1) Spray booths shall be substantially constructed of noncombustible material and have smooth interior surfaces. Spray booth floors shall
be covered with noncombustible material. As an aid to cleaning, paper may
be used to cover the floor during painting operations if it is removed after the
painting is completed.
(2) Spray booths shall be separated
from other operations by at least 3 feet
(0.91m) or by fire-retardant partitions
or walls.
(3) A space of at least 3 feet (0.91m)
on all sides of the spray booth shall be
maintained free of storage or combustible materials.
(4) Metal parts of spray booths, exhaust ducts, piping and airless highpressure spray guns and conductive objects being sprayed shall be grounded.
(5) Electric motors driving exhaust
fans shall not be located inside booths
or ducts.
(6) Belts shall not enter ducts or
booths unless the belts are completely
enclosed.
(7) Exhaust ducts shall be made of
steel, shall have sufficient access doors
to permit cleaning, and shall have a
minimum clearance of 18 inches (0.46m)
from combustible materials. Any installed dampers shall be fully opened
when the ventilating system is operating.
(8) Spray booths shall not be alternately used to spray different types of
coating materials if the combination of
the materials may spontaneously ignite unless deposits of the first material are removed from the booth and
from exhaust ducts before spraying of
the second material begins.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65
FR 40942, June 30, 2000]

§ 1917.154 Compressed air.
Employees shall be protected by chip
guarding
and
personal
protective
equipment complying with the provisions of subpart E of this part during
cleaning with compressed air. Compressed air used for cleaning shall not

§ 1917.156

exceed a pressure of 30 psi. Compressed
air shall not be used to clean employees.
§ 1917.155

Air receivers.

(a) Application. This section applies
to compressed air receivers and equipment used for operations such as cleaning, drilling, hoisting and chipping. It
does not apply to equipment used to
convey materials or in such transportation applications as railways, vehicles or cranes.
(b) Gauges and valves. (1) Air receivers
shall be equipped with indicating pressure gauges and spring-loaded safety
valves. Safety valves shall prevent receiver pressure from exceeding 110 percent of the maximum allowable working pressure.
(2) No other valves shall be placed between air receivers and their safety
valves.
§ 1917.156

Fuel handling and storage.

(a) Liquid fuel. (1) Only designated
persons shall conduct fueling operations.
(2) In case of spillage, filler caps shall
be replaced and spillage disposed of before engines are started.
(3) Engines shall be stopped and operators shall not be on the equipment
during refueling operations.
(4) Smoking and open flames shall be
prohibited in areas used for fueling,
fuel storage or enclosed storage of
equipment containing fuel.
(5) Equipment shall be refueled only
at designated locations.
(6) Liquid fuels not handled by pump
shall be handled and transported only
in portable containers or equivalent
means designed for that purpose. Portable containers shall be metal, have
tight closures with screw or spring covers and shall be equipped with spouts
or other means to allow pouring without spilling. Leaking containers shall
not be used.
(7) Flammable liquids may be dispensed in the open from a tank or from
other vehicles equipped for delivering
fuel to another vehicle only if:
(i) Dispensing hoses do not exceed 50
feet (15.24 m) in length; and
(ii) Any powered dispensing nozzles
used are of the automatic-closing type.

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§ 1917.157

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(8) Liquid fuel dispensing devices
shall be provided with an easily accessible and clearly identified shut-off device, such as a switch or circuit breaker, to shut off the power in an emergency.
(9) Liquid fuel dispensing devices,
such as pumps, shall be mounted either
on a concrete island or be otherwise
protected against collision damage.
(b) Liquefied gas fuels—(1) Fueling locations. (i) Liquefied gas powered equipment shall be fueled only at designated
locations.
(ii) Equipment with permanently
mounted fuel containers shall be
charged outdoors.
(iii) Equipment shall not be fueled or
stored near underground entrances, elevator shafts or other places where gas
or fumes might accumulate.
(2) Fuel containers. (i) When removable fuel containers are used, the escape of fuel when containers are exchanged shall be minimized by:
(A) Automatic quick-closing couplings (closing in both directions when
uncoupled) in fuel lines; or
(B) Closing fuel container valves and
allowing engines to run until residual
fuel is exhausted.
(ii) Pressure-relief valve openings
shall be in continuous contact with the
vapor space (top) of the cylinder.
(iii) Fuel containers shall be secured
to prevent their being jarred loose,
slipping or rotating.
(iv) Containers shall be located to
prevent damage to the container. If located within a compartment, that compartment shall be vented. Containers
near the engine or exhaust system
shall be shielded against direct heat radiation.
(v) Container installation shall provide the container with at least the vehicle’s road clearance under maximum
spring deflection, which shall be to the
bottom of the container or to the lowest fitting on the container or housing,
whichever is lower.
(vi) Valves and connections shall be
protected from contact damage. Permanent protection shall be provided for
fittings on removable containers.
(vii) Defective containers shall be removed from service.
(3) Fueling operations. (i) To the extent applicable, fueling operations for

liquefied gas fuels shall also comply
with paragraph (a) of this section.
(ii) Using matches or flames to check
for leaks is prohibited.
(iii) Containers shall be examined before recharging and again before reuse
for the following:
(A) Dents, scrapes and gouges of pressure vessels;
(B) Damage to valves and liquid level
gauges;
(C) Debris in relief valves;
(D) Leakage at valves or connections;
and
(E) Deterioration or loss of flexible
seals in filling or servicing connections.
(4) Fuel storage. (i) Stored fuel containers shall be located to minimize exposure to excessive temperatures and
physical damage.
(ii) Containers shall not be stored
near exits, stairways or areas normally
used or intended for egress.
(iii) Outlet valves of containers in
storage or transport shall be closed.
Relief valves shall connect with vapor
spaces.
(5) Vehicle storage and servicing. (i)
Liquefied gas fueled vehicles may be
stored or serviced inside garages or
shops only if there are no fuel system
leaks.
(ii) Liquefied gas fueled vehicles
under repair shall have container shutoff valves closed unless engine operation is necessary for repairs.
(iii) Liquefied gas fueled vehicles
shall not be parked near open flames,
sources of ignition or unventilated
open pits.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40202, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40943, June 30,
2000]

§ 1917.157
ing.

Battery charging and chang-

(a) Only designated persons shall
change or charge batteries.
(b) Battery charging and changing
shall be performed only in areas designated by the employer.
(c) Smoking and other ignition
sources are prohibited in charging
areas.
(d) Filler caps shall be in place when
batteries are being moved.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(e) Parking brakes shall be applied
before
batteries
are
charged
or
changed.
(f) When a jumper battery is connected to a battery in a vehicle, the
ground lead shall connect to ground
away from the vehicle’s battery. Ignition, lights and accessories on the vehicle shall be turned off before connections are made.
(g) Batteries shall be free of corrosion buildup and cap vent holes shall be
open.
(h) Adequate ventilation shall be provided during charging.
(i) Facilities for flushing the eyes,
body and work area with water shall be
provided wherever electrolyte is handled, except that this requirement does
not apply when employees are only
checking battery electrolyte levels or
adding water.
(j) Carboy tilters or siphons shall be
used to handle electrolyte in large containers.
(k) Battery handling equipment
which could contact battery terminals

Pt. 1917, App. I

or cell connectors shall be insulated or
otherwise protected.
(l) Metallic objects shall not be
placed on uncovered batteries.
(m)
When
batteries
are
being
charged, the vent caps shall be in
place.
(n) Chargers shall be turned off when
leads are being connected or disconnected.
(o) Installed batteries shall be secured to avoid physical or electrical
contact with compartment walls or
components.
[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62
FR 40202, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.158 Prohibited operations.
(a) Spray painting and abrasive blasting operations shall not be conducted
in the vicinity of cargo handling operations.
(b) Welding and burning operations
shall not be conducted in the vicinity
of cargo handling operations unless
such hot work is part of the cargo operation.

APPENDIX I TO PART 1917—SPECIAL CARGO GEAR AND CONTAINER SPREADER TEST
REQUIREMENTS (MANDATORY) [SEE § 1917.50(c)(5)]
Type gear

Test requirement

Tested by

Proof test

A. All Special Cargo Handling Gear Purchased or Manufactured on or After January 21, 1998
1. Safe Working Load—
greater than
5 short tons
(10,000 lbs./
4.5 metric
tons).

Prior to initial use .................

OSHA accredited agency
only.

Prior to reuse after structural
damage repair
Every four years after initial
proof load test

OSHA accredited agency or
designated person (40)(1)
125% SWL

2. Safe Working Load—5
short tons
or less.

Prior to initial use
Prior to reuse after structural
damage repair

OSHA accredited agency or
designated person

3. Intermodal
container
spreaders
not part of
vessel’s
cargo handling gear.

Prior to initial use

Prior to reuse after structural
damage repair

Up to 20 short
tons.

125% SWL

From 20 to 50
short tons

5 short tons in
excess of
SWL
110% SWL

Over 50 short
tons

125% SWL

OSHA accredited agency
only

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