29 CFR 1918 Longshoring

Pt. 1918

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
Every four years after initial
proof load test.

OSHA accredited agency or
designated person.

125% SWL

B. All Special Cargo Handling Gear in Use Prior to January 21, 1998
1. Any Safe
Working
Load.

Every four years starting on
January 21, 1998.

OSHA accredited agency or
designated person.

Up to 20 short
tons.

Prior to initial use or prior to
reuse after structural damage repair

OSHA accredited agency

From 20 to 50
short tons
Over 50 short
tons

2. Intermodal
container
spreaders
not part of
ship’s gear.

Every four years starting on
January 21, 1998

OSHA accredited agency or
designated person

Prior to initial use or prior to
reuse after structural damage repair

OSHA accredited agency

[65 FR 40943, June 30, 2000]

5 short tons in
excess of
SWL
110% SWL

125% SWL

Subpart E—Opening and Closing Hatches
1918.41
1918.42
1918.43

PART 1918—SAFETY AND HEALTH
REGULATIONS FOR LONGSHORING

Coaming clearances.
Hatch beam and pontoon bridles.
Handling hatch beams and covers.

Subpart A—General Provisions

Subpart F—Vessel’s Cargo Handling Gear

Sec.
1918.1 Scope and application.
1918.2 Definitions.
1918.3 Incorporation by reference
1918.4 OMB control numbers under the Paperwork Reduction Act.
1918.5 Compliance duties owed to each employee.

1918.51 General requirements (See also
§ 1918.11 and appendix III of this part).
1918.52 Specific requirements.
1918.53 Cargo winches.
1918.54 Rigging gear.
1918.55 Cranes (See also § 1918.11).

Subpart B—Gear Certification

1918.61 General (See also appendix IV of this
part).
1918.62 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.
1918.63 Chutes, gravity conveyors and rollers.
1918.64 Powered conveyors.
1918.65 Mechanically-powered vehicles used
aboard vessels.
1918.66 Cranes and derricks other than vessel’s gear.
1918.67 Notifying ship’s officers before using
certain equipment.
1918.68 Grounding.
1918.69 Tools.
1918.70–1918.80 [Reserved]

1918.11 Gear certification (See also §§ 1918.2,
definition of ‘‘Vessel’s cargo handling
gear’’ and 1918.51).

Subpart C—Gangways and Other Means
of Access
1918.21 General requirements.
1918.22 Gangways.
1918.23 Jacob’s ladders.
1918.24 Fixed and portable ladders.
1918.25 Bridge plates and ramps (See also
§ 1918.86).
1918.26 Access to barges and river towboats.

Subpart D—Working Surfaces
1918.31 Hatch coverings.
1918.32 Stowed cargo and temporary landing
surfaces.
1918.33 Deck loads.
1918.34 Other decks.
1918.35 Open hatches.
1918.36 Weather deck rails.
1918.37 Barges.

Subpart G—Cargo Handling Gear and
Equipment Other Than Ship’s Gear

Subpart H—Handling Cargo
1918.81 Slinging.
1918.82 Building drafts.
1918.83 Stowed cargo; tiering and breaking
down.
1918.84 Bulling cargo.
1918.85 Containerized cargo operations.
1918.86 Roll-on roll-off (Ro-Ro) operations
(see also § 1918.2, Ro-Ro operations, and
§ 1918.25).
1918.87 Ship’s cargo elevators.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
1918.88 Log operations.
1918.89 Handling hazardous cargo (See also
§ 1918.2 and § 1918.99).

Subpart I—General Working Conditions
1918.90 Hazard communication.
1918.91 Housekeeping.
1918.92 Illumination.
1918.93 Hazardous atmospheres and substances (See also § 1918.2).
1918.94 Ventilation and atmospheric conditions (See also § 1918.2, definitions of Hazardous cargo, materials, substance or atmosphere and Ro-Ro operations).
1918.95 Sanitation.
1918.96 Maintenance and repair work in the
vicinity of longshoring operations.
1918.97 First aid and lifesaving facilities.
(See appendix V of this part).
1918.98 Qualifications of machinery operators and supervisory training.
1918.99 Retention of DOT markings, placards and labels.
1918.100 Emergency action plans.

Subpart J—Personal Protective Equipment
1918.101 Eye and face protection.
1918.102 Respiratory protection.
1918.103 Head protection.
1918.104 Foot protection.
1918.105 Other protective measures.
1918.106 Payment for protective equipment.
APPENDIX I TO PART 1918—CARGO GEAR REGISTER AND CERTIFICATES (NON-MANDATORY)
APPENDIX II TO PART 1918—TABLES FOR SELECTED MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARY GEAR
(MANDATORY)
APPENDIX III TO PART 1918—THE MECHANICS
OF CONVENTIONAL CARGO GEAR (NON-MANDATORY)
APPENDIX IV TO PART 1918—SPECIAL CARGO
GEAR AND CONTAINER SPREADER TEST REQUIREMENTS (MANDATORY) [SEE § 1918.61
(f), (g), (h)]
APPENDIX V TO PART 1918—BASIC ELEMENTS
OF A FIRST AID TRAINING PROGRAM (NONMANDATORY)
AUTHORITY: Section 41, Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act (33 U.S.C.
941); Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653,
655, 657); Secretary of Labor’s Orders 12–71 (36
FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736),
1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6–96 (62 FR 111), 3–2000 (65
FR 50017), 5–2002 (67 FR 65008), or 5–2007 (72
FR 31160), as applicable; and 29 CFR part
1911.
EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: At 76 FR 33610, June
8, 2011, the authority citation was revised, effective July 8, 2011. For the convenience of
the user, the revised text is set forth as follows:

§ 1918.1

AUTHORITY: 33 U.S.C. 941; 29 U.S.C. 653, 655,
657; Secretary of Labor’s Order No. 12–71 (36
FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736),
1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6–96 (62 FR 111), 3–2000 (65
FR 50017), 5–2002 (67 FR 65008), 5–2007 (72 FR
31160), or 4–2010 (75 FR 55355), as applicable;
and 29 CFR 1911.
Section 1918.90 also issued under 5 U.S.C.
553.
Section 1918.100 also issued under 49 U.S.C.
1801–1819 and 5 U.S.C. 553.
SOURCE: 62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, unless
otherwise noted.

Subpart A—General Provisions
§ 1918.1 Scope and application.
(a) The regulations of this part apply
to longshoring operations and related
employments aboard vessels. All cargo
transfer accomplished with the use of
shore-based material handling devices
is covered by part 1917 of this chapter.
(b) Part 1910 of this chapter does not
apply to longshoring except for the following provisions:
(1) Access to employee exposure and
medical records. Subpart Z, § 1910.1020;
(2) Commercial diving operations. Subpart T;
(3) Electrical. Subpart S when shorebased electrical installations provide
power for use aboard vessels;
(4) Hazard communication. Subpart Z,
§ 1910.1200;
(5) Ionizing radiation. Subpart Z,
§ 1910.1096;
(6) Noise. Subpart G, § 1910.95;
(7) Nonionizing radiation. Subpart G,
§ 1910.97;
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (b)(7): Exposures to
nonionizing radiation emissions from commercial vessel radar transmitters are considered hazardous under the following situations: (a) Where the radar is transmitting,
the scanner is stationary, and the exposure
distance is 19 feet (5.79 m) or less; or (b)
where the radar is transmitting, the scanner
is rotating, and the exposure distance is 5
feet (1.52 m.) or less.

(8) Respiratory protection. Subpart I,
§ 1910.134;
(9) Toxic and hazardous substances.
Subpart Z applies to marine cargo handling activities except for the following:
(i) When a substance or cargo is contained within a sealed, intact means of
packaging or containment complying
with Department of Transportation or

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§ 1918.2

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

International Maritime Organization
requirements;1
(ii) Bloodborne pathogens, § 1910.1030;
(iii) Carbon monoxide, § 1910.1000 (See
§ 1918.94(a)); and
(iv) Hydrogen sulfide, § 1910.1000 (See
§ 1918.94(f)); and
(v) Hexavalent chromium § 1910.1026
(See § 1915.1026)
(10) Powered industrial truck operator training, Subpart N, § 1910.178(l).
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (b)(10): The Compliance dates of December 1, 1999 set forth in 29
CFR 1910.178(l)(7) are stayed until March 1,
2000 for Longshoring.

(c) Section 1915.1026 applies to any
occupational exposures to hexavalent
chromium in workplaces covered by
this part.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 63
FR 66274, Dec. 1, 1998; 64 FR 46847, Aug. 27,
1999; 65 FR 40943, June 30, 2000; 71 FR 10381,
Feb. 28, 2006]

§ 1918.2 Definitions.
Barge
means
an
unpowered,
flatbottomed, shallow draft vessel including river barges, scows, carfloats,
and lighters. It does not include ship
shaped or deep draft barges.
Bulling means the horizontal dragging of cargo across a surface with
none of the weight of the cargo supported by the fall.
Danger zone means any place in or
about a machine or piece of equipment
where an employee may be struck by
or caught between moving parts,
caught between moving and stationary
objects or parts of the machine, caught
between the material and a moving
part of the machine, burned by hot surfaces or exposed to electric shock. Examples of danger zones are nip and
shear points, shear lines, drive mechanisms, and areas underneath counterweights.
Designated person means a person who
possesses specialized abilities in a specific area and is assigned by the employer to do a specific task in that
area.
1 The International Maritime Organization
publishes the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code to aid compliance with
the international legal requirements of the
International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea, 1960.

Dockboards (car and bridge plates)
mean devices for spanning short distances between, for example, two
barges, that is not higher than four
feet (1.22m) above the water or next
lower level.
Employee means any longshore worker or other person engaged in
longshoring operations or related employments other than the master,
ship’s officers, crew of the vessel, or
any person engaged by the master to
load or unload any vessel of less than
18 net tons.
Employer means a person that employs employees in longshoring operations or related employments, as defined in this section.
Enclosed space means an interior
space in or on a vessel that may contain or accumulate a hazardous atmosphere due to inadequate natural ventilation. Examples of enclosed spaces
are holds, deep tanks and refrigerated
compartments.
Fall hazard means the following situations:
(1) Whenever employees are working
within three feet (.91 m) of the unprotected edge of a work surface that is 8
feet or more (2.44 m) above the adjoining surface and twelve inches (.3 m) or
more, horizontally, from the adjacent
surface; or
(2) Whenever weather conditions may
impair the vision or sound footing of
employees working on top of containers.
Fumigant is a substance or mixture of
substances, used to kill pests or prevent infestation, that is a gas or is rapidly or progressively transformed to
the gaseous state, although some nongaseous or particulate matter may remain and be dispersed in the treatment
space.
Gangway means any ramp-like or
stair-like means of access provided to
enable personnel to board or leave a
vessel, including accommodation ladders, gangplanks and brows.
Hatch beam or strongback mean a
portable transverse or longitudinal
beam placed across a hatchway that
acts as a bearer to support the hatch
covers.
Hazardous cargo, materials, substance
or atmosphere means:

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(1) Any substance listed in 29 CFR
part 1910, subpart Z;
(2) Any material in the Hazardous
Materials Table and Hazardous Materials Communications Regulations of
the Department of Transportation, 49
CFR part 172;
(3) Any article not properly described
by a name in the Hazardous Materials
Table and Hazardous Materials Communication Regulations of the Department of Transportation, 49 CFR part
172, but which is properly classified
under the definitions of those categories of dangerous articles given in
49 CFR part 173; or
(4) Any atmosphere with an oxygen
content of less than 19.5 percent or
greater than 23 percent.
Intermodal container means a reusable
cargo container of a rigid construction
and rectangular configuration; fitted
with devices permitting its ready handling, particularly its transfer from
one mode of transport to another; so
designed to be readily filled and
emptied; intended to contain one or
more articles of cargo or bulk commodities for transportation by water and
one or more other transport modes.
The term includes completely enclosed
units, open top units, fractional height
units, units incorporating liquid or gas
tanks and other variations fitting into
the container system. It does not include cylinders, drums, crates, cases,
cartons, packages, sacks, unitized
loads or any other form of packaging.
Longshoring operations means the
loading, unloading, moving or handling
of cargo, ship’s stores, gear, or any
other materials, into, in, on, or out of
any vessel.
Mississippi River System includes the
Mississippi River from the head of
navigation to its mouth, and navigable
tributaries including the Illinois Waterway, Missouri River, Ohio River,
Tennessee River, Allegheny River,
Cumberland
River,
Green
River,
Kanawha River, Monongahela River,
and such others to which barge operations extend.
Public vessel means a vessel owned
and operated by a government and not
regularly employed in merchant service.
Ramp means other flat surface devices for passage between levels and

§ 1918.2

across openings not covered under the
term dockboards.
Related employments means any employments performed incidental to or
in conjunction with longshoring operations, including, but not restricted to,
securing cargo, rigging, and employment as a porter, clerk, checker, or security officer.
River towboat means a shallow draft,
low freeboard, self-propelled vessel designed to tow river barges by pushing
ahead. It does not include other towing
vessels.
Ro-Ro operations are those cargo handling and related operations, such as
lashing, that occur on Ro-Ro vessels,
which are vessels whose cargo is driven
on or off the vessel by way of ramps
and moved within the vessel by way of
ramps and/or elevators.
Small trimming hatch means a small
hatch or opening, pierced in the between deck or other intermediate deck
of a vessel, and intended for the trimming of dry bulk cargoes. It does not
refer to the large hatchways through
which cargo is normally handled.
Vessel includes every description of
watercraft or other artificial contrivance used or capable of being used for
transportation on water, including special purpose floating structures not
primarily designed for or used for
transportation on water.
Vessel’s cargo handling gear includes
that gear that is a permanent part of
the vessel’s equipment and used for the
handling of cargo other than bulk liquids. The term covers all stationary or
mobile cargo handling appliances used
on board ship for suspending, raising or
lowering loads or moving them from
one position to another while suspended or supported. This includes, but
is not limited to, cargo elevators, forklifts, and other powered industrial
equipment. It does not include gear
used only for handling or holding
hoses, handling ship’s stores or handling the gangway, or boom conveyor
belt systems for the self-unloading of
bulk cargo vessels.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]
EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: At 76 FR 33610, June
8, 2011, § 1918.3 was amended by adding a definition for the term ‘‘Ship’s stores’’ in alphabetical order, effective July 8, 2011. For the

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§ 1918.3

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

convenience of the user, the added text is set
forth as follows:
§ 1918.2

*

Definitions.

*

*

*

*

Ship’s stores means materials that are
aboard a vessel for the upkeep, maintenance,
safety, operation, or navigation of the vessel,
or for the safety or comfort of the vessel’s
passengers or crew.

*
§ 1918.3

*

*

*

*

Incorporation by reference.

(a) (1) The standards of agencies of
the U.S. Government, and organizations which are not agencies of the
U.S. Government which are incorporated by reference in this part, have
the same force and effect as other
standards in this part. Only the mandatory provisions (i.e. provisions containing the word ‘‘shall’’ or other mandatory language) of standards incorporated by reference are adopted as
standards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
(2) The standards listed in paragraph
(b) of this section are incorporated by
reference in the corresponding sections
noted as the sections exist on the date
of the approval, and a notice of any
change in these standards will be published in the FEDERAL REGISTER. The
Director of the Federal Register approved these incorporations by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C.
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.
(3) Any changes in the standards incorporated by reference in this part
and an official historic file of such
changes are available for inspection in
the Docket Office at the national office
of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, U.S. Department of
Labor, Washington, DC 20910; telephone: 202–693–2350 (TTY number: 877–
889–5627).
(4) Copies of standards listed in this
section and issued by private standards
organizations are available for purchase from the issuing organizations at
the addresses or through the other contact information listed below for these
private standards organizations. In addition, these standards are available
for inspection at the National Archives
and Records Administration (NARA).

For information on the availability of
this material at NARA, telephone: 202–
741–6030, or go to http:/www.archives.gov/
federallregister/
codeloflfederallregulations/
ibrllocations.html. Also, the standards
are available for inspection at any Regional Office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
or at the OSHA Docket Office, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution
Avenue, NW., Room N–2625, Washington, DC 20210; telephone: 202–693–2350
(TTY number: 877–889–5627).
(b) Except as noted, copies of the
standards listed below in this paragraph are available for purchase from
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, 4th
Floor, New York, NY 10036; telephone:
212–642–4900; fax: 212–398–0023; Web site:
(1) ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders; IBR
approved for § 1918.24(g)(1).
(2) ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders; IBR
approved for § 1918.24(g)(2).
(3) ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Requirements for Portable Reinforced Plastic
Ladders;
IBR
approved
for
§ 1918.24(g)(3).
(4) ANSI Z41–1999, American National
Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear; IBR approved for
§ 1918.104(b)(1)(ii). Copies of ANSI Z41–
1999 are available for purchase only
from the National Safety Council, P.O.
Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143–0558; telephone: 1–800–621–7619; fax: 708–285–0797;
Web site: http://www.nsc.org.
(5) ANSI Z41–1991, American National
Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear; IBR approved for
§ 1918.104(b)(1)(iii). Copies of ANSI Z41–
1991 are available for purchase only
from the National Safety Council, P.O.
Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143–0558; telephone: 1–800–621–7619; fax: 708–285–0797;
Web site: http://www.nsc.org.
(6) ANSI Z87.1–2003, American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection;
IBR
approved
for
§ 1918.101(a)(1)(i)(A). Copies of ANSI
Z87.1–2003 are available for purchase
only from the American Society of
Safety Engineers, 1800 East Oakton

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
Street, Des Plaines, IL 60018–2187; telephone: 847–699–2929; or from the International Safety Equipment Association
(ISEA), 1901 North Moore Street, Arlington, VA 22209–1762; telephone: 703–
525–1695; fax: 703–528–2148; Web site:
http://www.safetyequipment.org.
(7) ANSI Z87.1–1989 (R–1998), American National Standard Practice for
Occupational and Educational Eye and
Face Protection; IBR approved for
§ 1918.101(a)(1)(i)(B). Copies of ANSI
Z87.1–1989 (R1998) are available for purchase only from the American Society
of Safety Engineers, 1800 East Oakton
Street, Des Plaines, IL 60018–2187; telephone: 847–699–2929.
(8) ANSI Z87.1–1989, American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection;
IBR
approved
for
§ 1918.101(a)(1)(i)(C). Copies of ANSI
Z87.1–1989 are available for purchase
only from the American Society of
Safety Engineers, 1800 East Oakton
Street, Des Plaines, IL 60018–2187; telephone: 847–699–2929.
(9) ANSI Z89.1–2003, American National Standard for Industrial Head
Protection;
IBR
approved
for
§ 1918.103(b)(1)(i). Copies of ANSI Z89.1–
2003 are available for purchase only
from the International Safety Equipment Association, 1901 North Moore
Street, Arlington, VA 22209–1762; telephone: 703–525–1695; fax: 703–528–2148;
Web
site:
http://
www.safetyequipment.org.
(10) ANSI Z89.1–1997, American National Standard for Industrial Head
Protection;
IBR
approved
for
§ 1918.103(b)(1)(ii). Copies of ANSI Z89.1–
1997 are available for purchase only
from the International Safety Equipment Association, 1901 North Moore
Street, Arlington, VA 22209–1762; telephone: 703–525–1695; fax: 703–528–2148;
Web
site:
http://
www.safetyequipment.org.
(11) ANSI Z89.1–1986, American National Standard for Personnel Protection—Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers—Requirements; IBR approved for § 1918.103(b)(1)(iii).
(c) Copies of the following standards
are available for purchase from ASTM
International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
19428–2959; telephone: 610–832–9585; fax:

§ 1918.4

610–832–9555; e-mail: seviceastm.org; Web
site: http://www.astm.org.
(1) ASTM F–2412–2005, Standard Test
Methods for Foot Protection; IBR approved for § 1917.94(b)(1)(i).
(2) ASTM F–2413–2005, Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective Footwear; IBR
approved for § 1917.94(b)(1)(i).
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 69
FR 18803, Apr. 9, 2004; 74 FR 46360, Sept. 9,
2009]

§ 1918.4 OMB control numbers under
the Paperwork Reduction Act.
The following list identifies the 29
CFR citations for sections or paragraphs in this part that contain a collection of information requirement approved by the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB). The list also provides the control number assigned by
OMB to each approved requirement;
control number 1218–0196 expires on
May 31, 2002 and control number 1218–
0003 expires on July 31, 2001. The list
follows:
OMB control
No.

29 CFR citation
1918.22(g) .....................................................
1918.24(i)(1) ..................................................
1918.61(b)(2) .................................................
1918.61(c) ......................................................
1918.61(f)(1) ..................................................
1918.61(f)(2) ..................................................
1918.61(g) .....................................................
1918.61(h) .....................................................
1918.61(i) .......................................................
1918.62(b)(1) .................................................
1918.62(b)(5) .................................................
1918.62(c)(1) .................................................
1918.62(d)(1) .................................................
1918.62(g)(3) .................................................
1918.62(g)(4) .................................................
1918.62(h)(1) .................................................
1918.62(h)(3)(ii) .............................................
1918.62(h)(4) .................................................
1918.64(k)(1) .................................................
1918.64(k)(2) .................................................
1918.65(b)(1) .................................................
1918.66(a)(2) .................................................
1918.66(a)(8) .................................................
1918.66(a)(9) .................................................
1918.66(a)(11) ...............................................
1918.66(a)(15) ...............................................
1918.66(d)(2) .................................................
1918.66(d)(4) .................................................
1918.66(f)(1)(v) ..............................................
1918.85(a) .....................................................
1918.85(b)(4)(ii) .............................................
1918.85(k)(13) ...............................................
1918.86(b) .....................................................
1918.86(e) .....................................................
1918.86(g) .....................................................
1918.86(h) .....................................................
1918.93(b) .....................................................
1918.93(d)(4) .................................................

1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0003
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196

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§ 1918.5

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
OMB control
No.

29 CFR citation
1918.94(c) ......................................................
1918.96(e)(2) .................................................
1918.97(d)(7) .................................................
1918.100(a) ...................................................
1918.100(e)(3) ...............................................

1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196
1218–0196

[64 FR 61506, Nov. 12, 1999]

§ 1918.5 Compliance duties owed to
each employee.
(a) Personal protective equipment.
Standards in this part requiring the
employer to provide personal protective equipment (PPE), including respirators and other types of PPE, because of hazards to employees impose a
separate compliance duty with respect
to each employee covered by the requirement. The employer must provide
PPE to each employee required to use
the PPE, and each failure to provide
PPE to an employee may be considered
a separate violation.
(b) Training. Standards in this part
requiring training on hazards and related matters, such as standards requiring that employees receive training or that the employer train employees, provide training to employees, or
institute or implement a training program, impose a separate compliance
duty with respect to each employee
covered by the requirement. The employer must train each affected employee in the manner required by the
standard, and each failure to train an
employee may be considered a separate
violation.
[73 FR 75588, Dec. 12, 2008]

Subpart B—Gear Certification
§ 1918.11 Gear certification (See also
§§ 1918.2, definition of ‘‘Vessel’s
cargo handling gear’’ and 1918.51).
(a) The employer shall not use the
vessel’s cargo handling gear until it
has been ascertained that the vessel
has a current and valid cargo gear register and certificates that in form and
content are in accordance with the recommendations of the International
Labor Office, as set forth in appendix I
of this part, and as provided by International Labor Organization Convention No. 152, and that shows that the
cargo gear has been tested, examined

and heat treated by or under the supervision of persons or organizations defined as competent to make register
entries and issue certificates pursuant
to paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section.
(1) Annual thorough examinations
under ILO 152 are required after July
27, 1998.
(2) Testing under ILO 152 is required
after July 16, 2001.
(3) In the interim period(s), prior to
the effective dates noted in paragraph
(a) (1) and (2), vessels with cargo gear
and a cargo gear register according to
ILO 32 are deemed to meet the requirements of this paragraph (a).
(b) Public vessels and vessels holding
a valid Certificate of Inspection issued
by the U.S. Coast Guard pursuant to 46
CFR part 91 are deemed to meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) With respect to U.S. vessels not
holding a valid Certificate of Inspection issued by the U.S. Coast Guard,
entries in the registers and the
issuance of certificates required by
paragraph (a) of this section shall be
made only by competent persons currently accredited by the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) for full function
vessels or loose gear and wire rope testing, as appropriate, as provided in part
1919 of this chapter.
(d) With respect to vessels under foreign registries, persons or organizations competent to make entries in the
registers and issue the certificates required by paragraph (a) of this section
shall be:
(1) Those acceptable as such to any
foreign nation;
(2) Those acceptable to the Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard; or
(3) Those currently accredited by the
U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA), for
full function vessels or loose gear and
wire rope testing, as appropriate and as
provided in part 1919 of this chapter.

Subpart C—Gangways and Other
Means of Access
§ 1918.21

General requirements.

The employer shall not permit employees to board or leave any vessel,
except a barge or river towboat, until

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
all of the applicable requirements of
this subpart have been met.
(a) If possible, the vessel’s means of
access shall be located so that suspended loads do not pass over it. In any
event, suspended loads shall not be
passed over the means of access while
employees or others are on it.
(b) When the upper end of the means
of access rests on or is flush with the
top of the bulwark, substantial steps,
properly
secured,
trimmed
and
equipped with at least one substantial
handrail, 33 inches (.84 m) in height,
shall be provided between the top of
the bulwark and the deck.
(c) The means of access shall be illuminated for its full length in accordance with § 1918.92. 2
§ 1918.22

Gangways.

(a) Whenever practicable, a gangway
of not less than 20 inches (.51 m) in
width, of adequate strength, maintained in safe repair and safely secured
shall be used. If a gangway is not practicable, a straight ladder meeting the
requirements of § 1918.24 that extends
at least 36 inches (.91 m) above the
upper landing surface and is secured
against shifting or slipping shall be
provided. When conditions are such
that neither a gangway nor straight
ladder can be used, a Jacob’s ladder
meeting the requirements of § 1918.23
may be used.
(b) Each side of the gangway, and the
turntable, if used, shall have a hand
rail with a minimum height of 33
inches (.84 m) measured perpendicularly from rail to walking surfaces at
the stanchion, with a midrail. Rails
shall be of wood, pipe, chain, wire, rope
or materials of equivalent strength and
shall be kept taut always. Portable
stanchions supporting railings shall be
supported or secured to prevent accidental dislodgement.
(c) The gangway shall be kept properly trimmed.
(d) When a fixed flat tread accommodation ladder is used, and the angle is
low enough to require employees to
walk on the edge of the treads, cleated
2 § 1918.92 requires, along with other requirements, an average light intensity of
five foot-candles (54 lux).

§ 1918.23

duckboards shall be laid over and secured to the ladder.
(e) When the gangway overhangs the
water so that there is danger of employees falling between the ship and
the dock, a net or suitable protection
shall be provided to prevent employees
from receiving serious injury from falls
to a lower level.
(f) If the foot of a gangway is more
than one foot (.30 m) away from the
edge of the apron, the space between
them shall be bridged by a firm walkway equipped with a hand rail with a
minimum height of approximately 33
inches (.84 m) with midrails on both
sides.
(g) Gangways shall be kept clear of
supporting bridles and other obstructions, to provide unobstructed passage.
If, because of design, the gangway bridle cannot be moved to provide unobstructed passage, then the hazard shall
be properly marked to alert employees
of the danger.
(h) Obstructions shall not be laid on
or across the gangway.
(i) Handrails and walking surfaces of
gangways shall be maintained in a safe
condition to prevent employees from
slipping or falling.
(j) Gangways on vessels inspected and
certificated by the U.S. Coast Guard
are deemed to meet the requirements
of this section.
§ 1918.23 Jacob’s ladders.
(a) Jacob’s ladders shall be of the
double rung or flat tread type. They
shall be well maintained and properly
secured.
(b) A Jacob’s ladder shall either hang
without slack from its lashings or be
pulled up entirely.
(c) When a Jacob’s ladder is used as
the means of access to a barge being
worked, spacers (bumpers) shall be
hung between the vessel, barge, or
other structure to which the barge is
tied alongside, or other equally effective means shall be provided to prevent
damage to the bottom rungs of the ladder.
(d) When a Jacob’s ladder is being
used so that there is a danger of an employee falling or being crushed between
the vessel, barge, or other structure
(pier), suitable protection shall be provided.

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§ 1918.24

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

§ 1918.24 Fixed and portable ladders.
(a) There shall be at least one safe
and accessible ladder for each gang
working in a single hatch. An effective
means of gaining a handhold shall be
provided at or near the head of each
vertical fixed ladder. No more than two
ladders are required in any hatch regardless of the number of gangs
present.
(b) When any fixed ladder is visibly
unsafe (or known to be unsafe), the employer shall identify such ladder and
prohibit its use by employees.
(c) Where portable straight ladders
are used, they shall be of sufficient
length to extend three feet (.91 m)
above the upper landing surface, and be
positively secured or held against shifting or slipping. When conditions are
such that a straight ladder cannot be
used, Jacob’s ladders meeting the requirements of § 1918.23 may be used.
(d) For vessels built after July 16,
2001, when six inches (15.24 cm) or more
clearance does not exist behind the
rungs of a fixed ladder, the ladder shall
be deemed ‘‘unsafe’’ for the purposes of
this section. Alternate means of access
(for example, a portable ladder) must
be used.
(e)(1) Where access to or from a
stowed deckload or other cargo is needed and no other safe means is available,
ladders or steps of adequate strength
shall be furnished and positively secured or held against shifting or slipping while in use. Steps formed by the
cargo itself are acceptable when the
employer demonstrates that the nature
of the cargo and the type of stowage
provides equivalent safe access.
(2) Where portable straight ladders
are used they shall be of sufficient
length to extend at least three feet (.91
m) above the upper landing surface.
(f) The following standards for existing manufactured portable ladders
must be met:
(1) Rungs of manufactured portable
ladders obtained before January 21,
1998 shall be capable of supporting a
200-pound (890 N) load without deformation.
(2) Rungs shall be evenly spaced from
nine to sixteen and one-half inches (22.9
to 41.9 cm), center to center.
(3) Rungs shall be continuous members between rails. Each rung of a dou-

ble-rung ladder (two side rails and a
center rail) shall extend the full width
of the ladder.
(4) Width between side rails at the
base of the ladder shall be at least 12
inches (30.48 cm) for ladders 10 feet (3.05
m) or less in overall length, and shall
increase at least one-fourth inch (0.64
cm) for each additional two feet (0.61
m) of ladder length.
(g) Portable manufactured ladders
obtained after January 21, 1998 shall
bear identification showing that they
meet the appropriate ladder construction requirements of the following
standards:
(1) ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders;
(2) ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders;
(3) ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Requirements for Portable Reinforced Plastic
Ladders.
(h) Job-made ladders shall:
(1) Have a uniform distance between
rungs of at least 12 inches (30.48cm)
center to center;
(2) Be capable of supporting a 250pound (1,112 N) load without deformation; and
(3) Have a minimum width between
side rails of 12 inches (30.48 cm) for ladders 10 feet (3.05 m) or less in height.
Width between rails shall increase at
least one-fourth inch (0.64 cm) for each
additional two feet (0.61 m) of ladder
length.
(i) The employer shall:
(1) Maintain portable ladders in safe
condition. Ladders with the following
defects shall not be used, and shall either be tagged as unusable if kept on
board, or shall be removed from the
vessel:
(i) Broken, split or missing rungs,
cleats or steps;
(ii) Broken or split side rails;
(iii) Missing or loose bolts, rivets or
fastenings;
(iv) Defective ropes; or
(v) Any other structural defect.
(2) Ladders shall be inspected for defects before each day’s use, and after
any occurrence, such as a fall, which
could damage the ladder.
(j) Ladders shall be used in the following manner:
(1) Ladders shall be securely positioned on a level and firm base.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(2) Ladders shall be fitted with slipresistant bases and/or be positively secured or held in place to prevent slipping or shifting while in use.
(3) Except for combination ladders,
self-supporting ladders shall not be
used as single straight ladders.
(4) Unless intended for cantilever operation, non-self-supporting ladders
shall not be used to climb above the
top support point.
(5) Ladders shall not be used:
(i) As guys, braces or skids; or
(ii) As platforms, runways or scaffolds.
(6) Metal and wire-reinforced ladders
(even with wooden side rails) shall not
be used when employees on the ladder
might contact energized electrical conductors.
(7) Individual sections from different
multi-sectional ladders or two or more
single straight ladders shall not be tied
or fastened together to achieve additional length.
(8) Single rail ladders (i.e. made by
fastening rungs or devices across a single rail) shall not be used.

§ 1918.26

the slope is more than 20 degrees to the
horizontal or if employees could fall
more than four feet (1.22 m);
(3) Be equipped with a slip resistant
surface;
(4) Be properly secured; and
(5) Be designed, constructed, and
maintained to prevent vehicles from
running off the edge. 4
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.26 Access to barges and river
towboats.

§ 1918.25 Bridge plates and ramps (See
also § 1918.86).
(a) Bridge and car plates (dockboards).
Bridge and car plates used afloat shall
be well maintained and shall:
(1) Be strong enough to support the
loads imposed on them;
(2) Be secured or equipped with devices to prevent their dislodgement;
(3) Be equipped with hand holds or
other effective means to permit safe
handling; and
(4) Be designed, constructed, and
maintained to prevent vehicles from
running off the edge. 3
(b) Portable ramps. Portable ramps
used afloat shall be well maintained
and shall:
(1) Be strong enough to support the
loads imposed on them;
(2) Be equipped with a railing meeting the requirements of § 1918.21(b), if

(a)
With
the
exception
of
§ 1918.25(b)(2), ramps used solely for vehicle access to or between barges shall
meet the requirements of § 1918.25.
(b) When employees cannot step safely to or from the wharf and a float,
barge, or river towboat, either a ramp
meeting the requirements of paragraph
(a) of this section or a safe walkway
meeting the requirements of § 1918.22(f)
shall be provided. When a ramp or
walkway cannot be used, a straight
ladder meeting the requirements of
§ 1918.24 and extending at least three
feet (.91 m) above the upper landing
surface and adequately secured or held
against shifting or slipping shall be
provided. When neither a walkway nor
a straight ladder can be used, a Jacob’s
ladder meeting the requirements of
§ 1918.23 shall be provided. Exception:
For barges operating on the Mississippi
River System, where the employer
shows that these requirements cannot
reasonably be met due to local conditions, other safe means of access shall
be provided.
(c) When a barge or raft is being
worked alongside a larger vessel, a Jacob’s ladder meeting the requirements
of § 1918.23 shall be provided for each
gang working alongside unless other
safe means of access is provided. However, no more than two Jacob’s ladders
are required for any single barge or
raft being worked.
(d) When longshoring operations are
in progress on barges, the barges shall

3 When the gap to be bridged is greater
than 36 inches (.91m), an acceptalbe means of
preventing vehicles from running off the
edge is a minimum side board height of two
and three-quarter inches.

4 When the gap to be bridged is greater
than 36 inches (.91m), an acceptable means of
preventing vehicles from running off the
edge is a minimum side board height of two
and three-quarter inches.

[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]

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§ 1918.31

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

be securely made fast to the vessel,
wharf, or dolphins.

Subpart D—Working Surfaces
§ 1918.31 Hatch coverings.
(a) No cargo, dunnage, or other material shall be loaded or unloaded by
means requiring the services of employees at any partially opened intermediate deck unless either the hatch
at that deck is sufficiently covered or
an adequate landing area suitable for
the prevailing conditions exists. In no
event shall such work be done unless
the working area available for such
employees extends for a distance of 10
feet (3.05 m) or more fore and aft and
athwartships.
(b) Cargo shall not be landed on or
handled over a covered hatch or
’tween-decks unless all hatch beams
are in place under the hatch covers.
(c) Missing, broken, or poorly fitting
hatch covers that would not protect
employees shall be reported at once to
the officer in charge of the vessel.
Pending replacement or repairs by the
vessel, work shall not be performed in
the section containing the unsafe covers or in adjacent sections unless the
flooring is made safe.
(d) Hatch covers and hatch beams not
of uniform size shall be placed only in
the hatch, deck, and section in which
they fit properly.
(e) Small trimming hatches in intermediate decks shall be securely covered or guarded while work is going on
in the hatch in which they are found,
unless they are actually in use.
§ 1918.32 Stowed cargo and temporary
landing surfaces.
(a) Temporary surfaces on which
loads are to be landed shall be of sufficient size and strength to permit employees to work safely.
(b) When the edge of a hatch section
or of stowed cargo may constitute a
fall hazard to an employee, the edge
shall be guarded by a vertical safety
net, or other means providing equal
protection, to prevent an employee
from falling. When the employer can
demonstrate that vertical nets or other
equally effective means of guarding
cannot be used due to the type of
cargo, cargo stowage, or other cir-

cumstances, a trapeze net shall be
rigged at the top edge of the elevation
or other means shall be taken to prevent injury if an employee falls. Safety
nets shall be maintained in good condition and be of adequate strength for
the purpose intended.
(c) When two gangs are working in
the same hatch on different levels, a
vertical safety net shall be rigged and
securely fastened to prevent employees
or cargo from falling. Safety nets shall
be maintained in good condition and be
of adequate strength for the purpose
intended.
§ 1918.33

Deck loads.

(a) Employees shall not be permitted
to pass over or around deck loads unless there is a safe route of passage.
(b) Employees giving signals to crane
operators shall not be permitted to
walk over deck loads from rail to coaming unless there is a safe route of passage. If it is necessary to stand or walk
at the outboard or inboard edge of the
deck load having less than 24 inches
(.61 m) of bulwark, rail, coaming, or
other protection, those employees shall
be provided with protection against
falling from the deck load.
§ 1918.34

Other decks.

(a) Cargo shall not be worked on
decks that were not designed to support the load being worked.
(b) Grated decks shall be properly
placed, supported, maintained and designed to support employees.
§ 1918.35

Open hatches.

Open weather deck hatches around
which employees must work that are
not protected to a height of 24 inches
(.61 m) by coamings shall be guarded by
taut lines or barricades at a height of
36 to 42 inches (.91 to 1.07 m) above the
deck, except on the side on which cargo
is being worked. Any portable stanchions or uprights used shall be supported or secured to prevent accidental
dislodgement.
§ 1918.36

Weather deck rails.

Removable weather deck rails shall
be kept in place except when cargo operations require them to be removed,
in which case they shall be replaced as

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
soon as such cargo operations are completed.
§ 1918.37

Barges.

(a) Walking shall be prohibited along
the sides of covered lighters or barges
with coamings or cargo more than five
feet (1.52 m) high unless a three-foot
(.91 m) clear walkway or a grab rail or
taut handline is provided.
(b) Walking or working shall be prohibited on the decks of barges to be
loaded unless the walking or working
surfaces have been determined by visual inspection to be structurally sound
and maintained properly. If, while discharging a barge, an unsound deck surface is discovered, work shall be discontinued and shall not be resumed
until means have been taken to ensure
a safe work surface.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]

Subpart E—Opening and Closing
Hatches
§ 1918.41

(2) For purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, fitted gratings that are in
good condition shall be considered a
part of the decking when properly
placed within the three-foot (.91 m)
area.
(c) Grab rails or taut handlines shall
be provided for the protection of employees handling hatch beams and
hatch covers, when bulkheads, lockers,
reefer compartments or large spare
parts are within three feet (.91 m) of
the coaming.
(d) The clearances in this section do
not apply to hatches opened or closed
solely by hydraulic or other mechanical means; except that, in all cases in
which the three-foot (.91 m) clearance
does not exist, cargo that is stowed
within three feet (.91 m) of the edge of
the hatch shall be adequately secured
to prevent cargo from falling into the
hold.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.42
dles.

Coaming clearances.

(a) Weather decks. If a deck load (such
as lumber or other smooth sided deck
cargo) more than five feet (1.52 m) high
is stowed within three feet (.91 m) of
the hatch coaming and employees handling hatch beams and hatch covers are
not protected by a coaming at least 24inch (.61 m) high, a taut handline shall
be provided along the side of the
deckload. The requirements of § 1918.35
are not intended to apply in this situation.
(b) Intermediate decks. (1) There shall
be a three-foot (.91 m) working space
between the stowed cargo and the coaming at both sides and at one end of
the hatches with athwartship hatch
beams, and at both ends of those hatches with fore and aft hatch beams, before intermediate deck hatch covers
and hatch beams are removed or replaced. Exception: The three-foot (.91
m) clearance is not required on the
covered portion of a partially open
hatch, nor is it required when lower
decks have been filled to hatch beam
height with cargo of such a nature as
to provide a safe surface upon which
employees may work.

§ 1918.42

Hatch beam and pontoon bri-

(a) Hatch beam and pontoon bridles
shall be:
(1) Long enough to reach the holes,
rings, or other lifting attachments on
the hatch beams and pontoons easily;
(2) Of adequate strength to lift the
load safely; and
(3) Properly maintained, including
covering or blunting of protruding ends
in wire rope splices.
(b) Bridles for lifting hatch beams
shall be equipped with toggles, shackles, or hooks, or other devices of such
design that they cannot become accidentally dislodged from the hatch
beams with which they are used. Hooks
other than those described in this section may be used only when they are
hooked into the standing part of the
bridle. Toggles, when used, shall be at
least one inch (2.54 cm) longer than
twice the largest diameter of the holes
into which they are placed.
(c) Bridles used for lifting pontoons
and plugs shall have the number of legs
required by the design of the pontoon
or plug, and all of which shall be used.
Where any use of a bridle requires
fewer than the number of legs provided,
idle legs shall be hung on the hook or

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§ 1918.43

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

ring, or otherwise prevented from
swinging free.
(d) At least two legs of all strongback
and pontoon bridles shall be equipped
with a lanyard at least eight feet (2.44
m) long and in good condition. The bridle end of the lanyard shall be of chain
or wire.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.43 Handling hatch beams and
covers.
Paragraphs (f)(2), (g), and (h) of this
section apply only to folding, sliding,
or hinged metal hatch covers or to
those hatch covers handled by cranes.
(a) (1) When hatch covers or pontoons
are stowed on the weather deck abreast
of hatches, they shall be arranged in
stable piles not closer to the hatch coaming than three feet (.91 m). Exception: On the working side of the hatch,
hatch covers or pontoons may be
spread one high between the coaming
and bulwark with no space between
them, provided the height of the hatch
coaming is no less than 24 inches (.61
m). Under no circumstances shall
hatch covers or pontoons be stacked
higher than the hatch coaming or bulwark on the working side of the hatch.
(2) On seagoing vessels, hatch boards
or similar covers removed from the
hatch beams in a section of partially
opened hatch during cargo handling,
cleaning or other operations shall not
be stowed on the boards or covers left
in place within that section.
(b) Hatch beams shall be laid on their
sides, or stood on an edge close together and lashed. Exception: This
paragraph (b) shall not apply in cases
where hatch beams are of such design
that:
(1) The width of the flange is 50 percent or more of the height of the web;
and
(2) The flange rests flat on the deck
when the hatch beam is stood upright.
(c) Strongbacks, hatch covers, and
pontoons removed from hatch openings
and placed on the weather deck shall
not obstruct clear fore-and-aft or coaming-to-bulwark
passageways
and
shall be lashed or otherwise secured to
prevent
accidental
dislodgement.
Dunnage or other suitable material
shall be used under and between tiers

of strongbacks and pontoons to prevent
them from sliding when stowed on steel
decks.
(d) Hatch covers unshipped in an intermediate deck shall be placed at
least three feet (.91 m) from the coaming or they shall be removed to another deck. Strongbacks unshipped in
an intermediate deck shall not be
placed closer than six inches (15.24 cm)
from the coaming and, if placed closer
than three feet (.91 m), shall be secured
so that they cannot be tipped or
dragged into a lower compartment. If
such placement or securement is not
possible, strongbacks shall be removed
to another deck.
(e) Any hatch beam or pontoon left in
place next to an open hatch section
being worked shall be locked or otherwise secured, so that it cannot be accidentally displaced. All portable, manually handled hatch covers, including
those bound together to make a larger
cover, shall be removed from any working section, and adjacent sections, unless securely lashed.
(f)(1) The roller hatch beam at the
edge of the open section of the hatch
shall be lashed or pinned back so that
it cannot be moved toward the open
section.
(2) Rolling, sectional or telescopic
hatch covers of barges that open in a
fore and aft direction shall be secured
against unintentional movement while
in the open position.
(g) Hinged or folding hatch covers
normally stowed in an approximately
vertical position shall be positively secured when in the upright position, unless the design of the system otherwise
prevents unintentional movement.
(h) Hatches shall not be opened or
closed while employees are in the
square of the hatch below.
(i) All materials such as dunnage,
lashings, twist locks, or stacking cones
shall be removed from the hatch cover
or be secured to prevent them from
falling off the cover before the hatch
cover is moved.
(j) When a hatch is to be covered,
hatch covers or night tents shall be
used. Any covering that only partially
covers the hatch, such as alternate
hatch covers or strips of dunnage, shall
not be covered by a tarpaulin. Exception: A tarpaulin may be used to cover

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
an open or partially open hatch to reduce dust emissions during bulk cargo
loading operations, if positive means
are taken to prevent employees from
walking on the tarpaulin.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]

Subpart F—Vessel’s Cargo
Handling Gear
§ 1918.51 General requirements (See
also § 1918.11 and appendix III of
this part).
(a) The safe working load specified in
the cargo gear certification papers or
marked on the booms shall not be exceeded. Any limitations imposed by the
certificating authority shall be followed.
(b) All components of cargo handling
gear, including tent gantlines and associated rigging, shall be inspected by
the employer or a designated person
before each use and at appropriate intervals during use. Any gear that is
found unsafe shall not be used until it
is made safe.
(c) The employer shall determine the
load ratings shown on the vessel’s wire
rope certificates for all wire rope and
wire rope slings comprising part of
ship’s gear and shall observe these load
ratings.
(d) The following limitations shall
apply to the use of wire rope as a part
of the ship’s cargo handling gear:
(1) Eye splices in wire ropes shall
have at least three tucks with a whole
strand of the rope and two tucks with
one-half of the wire cut from each
strand. Other forms of splices or connections that the employer demonstrates will provide the same level of
safety may be used;
(2) Except for eye splices in the ends
of wires, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, in guying derricks, or
as a topping lift, preventer, segment of
a multi-part preventer, or pendant,
shall consist of one continuous piece
without knot or splice; and
(3) Wire rope and wire rope slings exhibiting any of the defects or conditions
specified
in
§ 1918.62(b)(3)(i)
through (vi) shall not be used.
(e) Natural and synthetic fiber rope
slings exhibiting any of the defects or

§ 1918.52

conditions specified in § 1918.62(e) (1)
through (7) shall not be used.
(f) Synthetic web slings exhibiting
any of the defects or conditions specified in § 1918.62(g)(2)(i) through (vi)
shall not be used.
(g) Chains, including slings, exhibiting any of the defects or conditions
specified in § 1918.62 (h)(3) (iii), (iv), or
(h)(6) shall not be used.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.52 Specific requirements.
(a) Preventers. (1) When preventers
are used they shall be of sufficient
strength for the intended purpose.
They shall be secured to the head of
the boom independent of working guys
unless, for cast fittings, the strength of
the fitting exceeds the total strength
of all lines secured to it. Any tails, fittings, or other means of making the
preventers fast on the deck shall provide strength equal to that of the preventer itself.
(2) Wire rope clips or knots shall not
be used to form eyes in, nor to join sections of, preventer guys.
(b) Stoppers. (1) Chain topping lift
stoppers shall be in good condition,
equipped with fiber tails, and long
enough to allow not fewer than three
half-hitches in the chain.
(2) Chain stoppers shall be shackled
or otherwise secured so that their links
are not bent by being passed around
fittings. The point of attachment shall
be of sufficient strength and so placed
that the stoppers are in line with the
normal topping lift lead at the time
the stopper is applied.
(3) Patent stoppers of the clamp type
shall be appropriate for the size of the
rope used. Clamps shall be in good condition and free of any substance that
would prevent their being drawn tight.
(c) Falls. (1) The end of the winch fall
shall be secured to the drum by clamps,
U-bolts, shackles, or other equally
strong methods. Fiber rope fastenings
shall not be used.
(2) Winch falls shall not be used with
fewer than three turns on the winch
drum.
(3) Eyes in the ends of wire rope
cargo falls shall not be formed by
knots and, in single part falls, shall not
be formed by wire rope clips.

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§ 1918.53

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(4) When the design of the winch permits, the fall shall be wound on the
drum so that the cargo hook rises when
the winch control lever is pulled back
and lowers when the lever is pushed
forward.
(d) Heel blocks. (1) When an employee
works in the bight formed by the heel
block, a preventer at least three-quarters of an inch (1.91 cm) in diameter
wire rope shall be securely rigged, or
equally effective means shall be taken,
to hold the block and fall if the heel
block attachments fail. Where physical
limitations prohibit the fitting of a
wire rope preventer of the required
size, two turns of a one-half inch (1.27
cm) diameter wire rope shall be sufficient.
(2) If the heel block is not so rigged
as to prevent its falling when not under
strain, it shall be secured to prevent alternate raising and dropping of the
block. This requirement shall not
apply when the heel block is at least 10
feet (3.05 m) above the deck when at its
lowest point.
(e) Coaming rollers. Portable coaming
rollers shall be secured by wire preventers in addition to the regular coaming clamps.
(f) Cargo hooks. Cargo hooks shall be
as close to the junction of the falls as
the assembly permits, but never farther than two feet (.61 m) from it. Exception: This provision shall not apply
when the construction of the vessel and
the operation in progress are such that
fall angles are less than 120 degrees.
Overhaul chains shall not be shortened
by bolting or knotting.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40944, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.53

Cargo winches.

(a) Moving parts of winches and other
deck machinery shall be guarded.
(b) Winches shall not be used if control levers operate with excessive friction or excessive play.
(c) Double gear winches or other
winches equipped with a clutch shall
not be used unless a positive means of
locking the gear shift is provided.
(d) There shall be no load other than
the fall and cargo hook assembly on
the winch when changing gears on a
two-gear winch.

(e) Any defect or malfunction of
winches that could endanger employees
shall be reported immediately to the
officer in charge of the vessel, and the
winch shall not be used until the defect
or malfunction is corrected.
(f) Temporary seats and shelters for
winch drivers that create a hazard to
the winch operator or other employees
shall not be used.
(g) Except for short handles on wheel
type controls, winch drivers shall not
be permitted to use winch control extension levers unless they are provided
by either the ship or the employer.
Such levers shall be of adequate
strength and securely fastened with
metal connections at the fulcrum and
at the permanent control lever.
(h) Extension control levers that
tend to fall due to their own weight
shall be counterbalanced.
(i) Winch brakes shall be monitored
during use. If winch brakes are unable
to hold the load, the winch shall be removed from service.
(j) Winches shall not be used when
one or more control points, either
hoisting or lowering, are not operating
properly. Only authorized personnel
shall adjust control systems.
(k) When winches are left unattended, control levers shall be placed
in the neutral position and the power
shall be shut off or control levers shall
be locked at the winch or the operating
controls.
§ 1918.54 Rigging gear.
(a) Guy and preventer placement. Each
guy or preventer shall be placed to prevent it from making contact with any
other guy, preventer, or stay.
(b) Guys. When alternate positions
for securing guys are provided, the
guys shall be so placed as to produce a
minimum stress and not permit the
boom to jackknife.
(c) Boom placement. The head of the
midship boom shall be spotted no farther outboard of the coaming than is
necessary for control of the load.
(d) Preventers. (1) Preventers shall be
properly secured to suitable fittings
other than those to which the guys are
secured, and shall be as nearly parallel
to the guys as the fittings will permit.
(2) Unless the cleat is also a chock
and the hauling part is led through the

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
chock opening, the leads of preventers
to cleats shall be such that the direction of the line pull of the preventer is
as parallel as possible to the plane of
the surface on which the cleat is
mounted.
(3) Guys and associated preventers
shall be adjusted to share the load as
equally as possible where cargo operations
are
being
conducted
by
burtoning. Exception: Where guys are
designed and intended for trimming
purposes only, and the preventer is intended to do the function of the guy,
the guy may be left slack.
(e) Cargo falls. Cargo falls under load
shall not be permitted to chafe on any
standing or other running rigging. Exception: Rigging shall not be construed
to mean hatch coamings or other similar structural parts of the vessel.
(f) Bull wire. (1) Where a bull wire is
taken to a winch head for lowering or
topping a boom, the bull wire shall be
secured to the winch head by shackle
or other equally strong method. Securing by fiber rope fastening does not
meet this requirement.
(2) When, in lowering or topping a
boom, it is not possible to secure the
bull wire to the winch head, or when
the topping lift itself is taken to the
winch head, at least five turns of wire
shall be used.
(g) Trimming and deckloads. When
deck loads extend above the rail and
there is less than 12 inches (30.48 cm)
horizontal clearance between the edge
of the deck load and the inside of the
bulwark or rail, a pendant or other alternate device shall be provided to
allow trimming of the gear and to prevent employees from going over the
side.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40945, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.55

Cranes (See also § 1918.11).

The following requirements shall
apply to the use of cranes forming part
of a vessel’s permanent equipment.
(a) Defects. Cranes with a visible or
known defect that affects safe operation shall not be used. Defects shall be
reported immediately to the officer in
charge of the vessel.
(b) Operator’s station. (1) Cranes with
missing, broken, cracked, scratched, or

§ 1918.55

dirty glass (or equivalent) that impairs
operator visibility shall not be used.
(2) Clothing, tools and equipment
shall be stored so as not to interfere
with access, operation or the operator’s
view.
(c) Cargo operations. (1) Accessible
areas within the swing radius of the
body of a revolving crane or within the
travel of a shipboard gantry crane shall
be physically guarded or other equally
effective means shall be taken during
operations to prevent an employee
from being caught between the body of
the crane and any fixed structure, or
between parts of the crane. Verbal
warnings to employees to avoid the
dangerous area do not meet this requirement.
(2) Limit switch bypass systems shall
be secured during all cargo operations.
Such bypass systems shall not be used
except in an emergency or during noncargo handling operations such as
stowing cranes or derricks or performing repairs. Any time a bypass
system is used, it shall be done only
under the direction of an officer of the
vessel.
(3) Under all operating conditions, at
least three full turns of rope shall remain on ungrooved drums, and two full
turns on grooved drums.
(4) Crane brakes shall be monitored
during use. If crane brakes are unable
to hold the load, the crane shall not be
used.
(5) Cranes shall not be used if control
levers operate with excessive friction
or excessive play.
(6) When cranes are equipped with
power down capability, there shall be
no free fall of the gear when a load is
attached.
(7) When two or more cranes hoist a
load in unison, a designated person
shall direct the operation and instruct
personnel in positioning, rigging of the
gear and movements to be made.
(d) Unattended cranes. When cranes
are left unattended between work periods, § 1918.66(b) (4)(i) through (v) shall
apply.

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§ 1918.61

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

Subpart G—Cargo Handling Gear
and Equipment Other Than
Ship’s Gear
§ 1918.61 General (See also appendix
IV of this part).
(a) Employer provided gear inspection.
All gear and equipment provided by the
employer shall be inspected by the employer or designated person before each
use and, when appropriate, at intervals
during its use, to ensure that it is safe.
Any gear that is found upon such inspection to be unsafe shall not be used
until it is made safe.
(b) Safe working load. (1) The safe
working load of gear as specified in
§§ 1918.61 through 1918.66 shall not be
exceeded.
(2) All cargo handling gear provided
by the employer with a safe working
load greater than five short tons (10,000
lbs. or 4.54 metric tons) shall have its
safe working load plainly marked on it.
(c) Gear weight markings. The weight
shall be plainly marked on any article
of stevedoring gear hoisted by ship’s
gear and weighing more than 2,000 lbs.
(.91 metric tons).
(d) Certification. The employer shall
not use any material handling device
listed in paragraphs (f) and (g) of this
section until the device has been certificated, as evidenced by current and
valid documents attesting to compliance with the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section.
(e) Certification procedures. Each certification required by this section shall
be performed in accordance with part
1919 of this chapter, by a person then
currently accredited by OSHA as provided in that part.
(f) Special gear. (1) Special stevedoring gear provided by the employer,
the strength of which depends upon
components other than commonly used
stock items such as shackles, ropes, or
chains, and that has a Safe Working
Load (SWL) greater than five short
tons (10,000 lbs or 4.54 metric tons)
shall be inspected and tested as a unit
before initial use (see Table A in paragraph (f)(2) of this section). In addition,
any special stevedoring gear that suffers damage necessitating structural
repair shall be inspected and retested
after repair and before being returned
to service.

(2) Special stevedoring gear provided
by the employer that has a SWL of five
short tons (10,000 lbs. or 4.54 metric
tons) or less shall be inspected and
tested as a unit before initial use according to paragraphs (d) and (e) of this
section or by a designated person (see
Table A in this paragraph (f)(2)).
TABLE A
Safe working load

Proof load

Up to 20 short tons (18.1 metric tons) ..
From 20 through 50 short tons (18.1 to
45.4 metric tons).
Over 50 short tons (45.4 metric tons) ...

25 percent in excess.
5 short tons in excess
10 percent in excess

(g) Every spreader that is not a part
of ship’s gear and is used for handling
intermodal containers shall be inspected and tested before initial use to
a proof load equal to 25 percent greater
than its rated capacity. In addition,
any spreader that suffers damage necessitating structural repair shall be
inspected and retested after repair and
before being returned to service.
(h) All cargo handling gear covered
by this section with a SWL greater
than five short tons (10,000 lbs. or 4.54
metric tons) shall be proof load tested
according to Table A in paragraph (f)
or paragraph (g), as applicable, of this
section every four years and in accordance with paragraphs (d) and (e) of this
section or by a designated person.
(i) Certificates and inspection and
test records attesting to the tests required by this section shall be available for inspection.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40945, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.62

Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.

(a) Routine inspection. (1) At the completion of each use, loose gear such as
slings, chains, bridles, blocks and
hooks shall be so placed as to avoid
damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be
inspected and any defects corrected before reuse.
(2) Defective gear, as defined by the
manufacturers’ specifications (when
available), shall not be used. Distorted
hooks, shackles or similar gear shall be
discarded.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a): When manufacturers’ specifications are not available to determine whether gear is defective, the employer
shall use the appropriate paragraphs of this
section to make these determinations.

(b) Wire rope and wire rope slings. (1)
The employer shall follow the manufacturers’ recommended ratings for
wire rope and wire rope slings provided
for use aboard ship, and shall have such
ratings available for inspection. When
the manufacturer is unable to supply
such ratings, the employer shall use
the tables for wire rope and wire rope
slings found in appendix II to this part.
A design safety factor of at least five
shall be maintained for the common
sizes of running wire used as falls in
purchases, or in such uses as light load
slings.
(2) Wire rope with a safety factor of
less than five may be used only as follows:
(i) In specialized equipment, such as
cranes, designed to be used with lesser
wire rope safety factors;
(ii) According to design factors in
standing rigging applications; or
(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes
for which a safety factor of five is not
feasible and for which the employer
can show that equivalent safety is ensured.
(3) Wire rope or wire rope slings provided by the employer and having any
of the following conditions shall not be
used:
(i) Ten randomly distributed broken
wires in one rope lay or three or more
broken wires in one strand in one rope
lay;
(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or
other damage resulting in distortion of
the wire rope structure;
(iii) Evidence of heat damage;
(iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, deformation or other defect in the wire or
attachments, including cracks in attachments;
(v) Any indication of strand or wire
slippage in end attachments; or
(vi) More than one broken wire close
to a socket or swaged fitting.
(4) Protruding ends of strands in
splices on slings and bridles shall be
covered or blunted. Coverings shall be
removable so that splices can be examined. Means used to cover or blunt ends
shall not damage the wire.

§ 1918.62

(5) Where wire rope clips are used to
form eyes, the employer shall follow
the manufacturers’ recommendations,
which shall be available for inspection.
If ‘‘U’’ bolt clips are used and the manufacturers’ recommendations are not
available, table 1 of appendix II to this
part shall be used to determine the
number and spacing of clips. ‘‘U’’ bolts
shall be applied with the ‘‘U’’ section
in contact with the dead end of the
rope.
(6) Wire rope shall not be secured by
knotting.
(7) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings,
bull wires, or in single parts used for
hoisting shall not be formed by wire
rope clips or knots.
(8) Eye splices in wire ropes shall
have at least three tucks with a whole
strand of the rope, and two tucks with
one-half of the wire cut from each
strand. Other forms of splices or connections that the employer demonstrates to be equivalently safe may
be used.
(9) Except for eye splices in the ends
of wires and endless rope slings, each
wire rope used in hoisting or lowering,
or bulling cargo, shall consist of one
continuous piece without knot or
splice.
(c) Natural fiber rope. (1) The employer shall follow the manufacturers’
recommended ratings for natural fiber
rope and natural fiber rope slings provided for use aboard ship, and shall
have such ratings available for inspection.
(2)
If
the
manufacturers’
recommended ratings and use recommendations are unavailable, the employer shall use table 2 of appendix II
to this part to determine safe working
loads of natural fiber rope slings comprising part of pre-slung drafts.
(3) Eye splices shall consist of at
least three full tucks. Short splices
shall consist of at least six tucks, three
on each side of the centerline.
(d) Synthetic rope. (1) The employer
shall follow the manufacturers’ ratings
and use recommendations for the specific synthetic fiber rope and synthetic
fiber rope slings provided for use
aboard ship, and shall have such ratings available for inspection.

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§ 1918.62

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(2)
If
the
manufacturers’
recommended ratings and use recommendations are unavailable, tables
3A and B of appendix II to this part
shall be used to determine the safe
working load of synthetic fiber rope
and of synthetic rope slings that comprise this part of pre-slung drafts.
(3)(i) Unless otherwise recommended
by the manufacturer, when synthetic
fiber ropes are substituted for fiber
ropes of less than three inches (7.62 cm)
in circumference, the substitute shall
be of equal size. Where substituted for
fiber rope of three inches or more in
circumference, the size of the synthetic
rope shall be determined from the formula:

C = ± 0.6C s 2 + 0.4C m 2
Where C = the required circumference of the
synthetic rope in inches, Cs= the circumference to the nearest one-quarter inch of
a synthetic rope having a breaking
strength not less than that of the size fiber
rope that is required by paragraph (c) of
this section and Cm=the circumference of
the fiber rope in inches that is required by
paragraph (c) of this section.

(ii) In making such substitution, it
shall be ascertained that the inherent
characteristics of the synthetic fiber
are suitable for hoisting.
(e) Removal of natural and synthetic
rope from service. Natural and synthetic
rope having any of the following defects shall be removed from service:
(1) Abnormal or excessive wear including heat and chemical damage;
(2) Powdered fiber between strands;
(3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to
affect the capability of the rope;
(4) Variations in the size or roundness of strands;
(5) Discolorations other than stains
not associated with rope damage;
(6) Rotting; or
(7) Distortion or other damage to attached hardware.
(f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles
shall be used when any rope is secured
permanently to a ring, shackle or attachment, where practicable.
(g) Synthetic web slings. (1) Slings and
nets or other combinations of more
than one piece of synthetic webbing assembled and used as a single unit (synthetic web slings) shall not be used to

hoist loads greater than the sling’s
rated capacity.
(2) Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if they exhibit any
of the following defects:
(i) Acid or caustic burns;
(ii) Melting or charring of any part of
the sling surface;
(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;
(iv) Broken or worn stitches;
(v) Distortion or damage to fittings;
or
(vi) Display of visible warning
threads or markers designed to indicate excessive wear or damage.
(3) Defective synthetic web slings removed from service shall not be returned to service unless repaired by a
sling manufacturer or an entity of
similar competence. Each repaired
sling shall be proof tested by the repairer to twice the sling’s rated capacity before its return to service. The
employer shall retain a certificate of
the proof test and make it available for
inspection.
(4) Synthetic web slings provided by
the employer shall only be used according to the manufacturers’ use recommendations, which shall be available.
(5) Fittings shall have a breaking
strength at least equal to that of the
sling to which they are attached and
shall be free of sharp edges.
(h) Chains and chain slings used for
hoisting. (1) The employer shall follow
the manufacturers’ recommended ratings for safe working loads for the size
of wrought iron and alloy steel chains
and chain slings and shall have such
ratings available for inspection. When
the manufacturer does not provide
such ratings, the employer shall use
table 4A of appendix II to this part to
determine safe working loads for alloy
steel chains and chain slings only.
(2) Proof coil steel chain, also known
as common or hardware chain, and
other chain not recommended by the
manufacturer for slinging or hoisting
shall not be used for slinging or hoisting.
(3)(i) Sling chains, including end fastenings, shall be inspected for visible
defects before each day’s use and as
often as necessary during use to ensure
integrity of the sling.

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296

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(ii) Thorough inspections of chains in
use shall be made quarterly to detect
wear, defective welds, deformation or
increase in length or stretch. The
month of inspection shall be shown on
each chain by color of paint on a link
or by other equally effective means.
(iii) Chains shall be removed from
service when maximum allowable wear,
as indicated in table 4B of appendix II
to this part, is reached at any point of
a link.
(iv) Chain slings shall be removed
from service when stretch has increased the length of a measured section by more than 5 percent; when a
link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged; or when a link has a raised scarf
or defective weld.
(v) Only designated persons shall inspect chains used for slinging and
hoisting.
(4) Chains shall only be repaired by a
designated person. Links or portions of
a chain defective under any of the criteria of paragraph (h)(3)(iv) of this section shall be replaced with properly dimensioned links or connections of material similar to that of the original
chain. Before repaired chains are returned to service, they shall be tested
to the proof test load recommended by
the manufacturer for the original
chain. Tests shall be done by the manufacturer or shall be certified by an
agency accredited for the purpose
under part 1919 of this chapter. Test
certificates shall be available for inspection.
(5)(i) Wrought iron chains in constant
use shall be annealed or normalized at
intervals not exceeding six months.
Heat treatment certificates shall be
available for inspection. Alloy chains
shall not be annealed.
(ii) Any part of a lifting appliance or
item of loose gear installed after January 21, 1998 shall not be manufactured
of wrought iron.
(6) Kinked or knotted chains shall
not be used for lifting. Chains shall not
be shortened by bolting, wiring or
knotting. Makeshift links or fasteners
such as wire, bolts or rods shall not be
used.
(7) Hooks, rings, links and attachments affixed to sling chains shall have
rated capacities at least equal to those

§ 1918.62

of the chains to which they are attached.
(8) Chain slings shall bear identification of size, grade and rated capacity.
(i) Shackles. (1) If the manufacturers’
recommended safe working loads for
shackles are available, they shall not
be exceeded. If the manufacturers’ recommendations are not available, table
5 of appendix II to this part shall apply.
(2) Screw pin shackles provided by
the employer and used aloft, except in
cargo hook assemblies, shall have their
pins positively secured.
(j) Hooks other than hand hooks. (1)
The manufacturer’s recommended safe
working loads for hooks shall not be
exceeded. Hooks other than hand hooks
shall be tested before initial use in accordance with the provisions of § 1919.31
(a), (c), and (d) of this chapter. Exception: Manufacturers’ test certificates
indicating performance to the criteria
in § 1919.31 (a), (c) and (d) of this chapter shall be acceptable.
(2) Bent or sprung hooks shall be discarded.
(3) Teeth of case hooks shall be maintained in safe condition.
(4) Jaws of patent clamp-type plate
hooks shall be maintained in condition
to grip plates securely.
(5) Loads shall be applied to the
throat of the hook only.
(k) Pallets. (1) Pallets shall be made
and maintained to support and carry
loads being handled safely. Fastenings
of reusable pallets used for hoisting
shall be bolts and nuts, drive screws
(helically threaded nails), annular
threaded nails or fastenings of equivalent holding strength.
(2) Reusable wing or lip-type pallets
shall be hoisted by bar bridles or other
suitable gear and shall have an overhanging wing or lip of at least three
inches (7.6 cm). They shall not be hoisted by wire slings alone.
(3) Loaded pallets that do not meet
the requirements of this paragraph
shall be hoisted only after being placed
on pallets meeting such requirements,
or shall be handled by other means providing equivalent safety.
(4) Bridles for handling flush end or
box-type pallets shall be designed to
prevent disengagement from the pallet
under load.

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§ 1918.63

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(5) Pallets shall be stacked or placed
to prevent falling, collapsing or otherwise causing a hazard under standard
operating conditions.
(6) Disposable pallets intended only
for one use shall not be reused for
hoisting.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40945, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.63 Chutes,
and rollers.

gravity

conveyors

(a) Chutes shall be of adequate length
and strength to support the conditions
of use, and shall be free of splinters and
sharp edges.
(b) When necessary for the safety of
employees, chutes shall be equipped
with sideboards to afford protection
from falling objects.
(c) When necessary for the safety of
employees, provisions shall be made for
stopping objects other than bulk commodities at the delivery end of the
chute.
(d) Chutes and gravity conveyor roller sections shall be firmly placed and
secured to prevent displacement, shifting, or falling.
(e) Gravity conveyors shall be of sufficient strength to support the weight
of materials placed upon them safely.
Conveyor rollers shall be installed in a
way that prevents them from falling or
jumping out of the frame.
(f) Frames shall be kept free of burrs
and sharp edges.
§ 1918.64

Powered conveyors.

(a) Emergency stop. Readily accessible
stop controls shall be provided for use
in an emergency. Whenever the operation of any power conveyor requires
personnel to work close to the conveyor, the conveyor controls shall not
be left unattended while the conveyor
is in operation.
(b) Guarding. All conveyor and trimmer drives that create a hazard shall
be adequately guarded.
(c) Approved for location. Electric motors and controls on conveyors and
trimmers used to handle grain and exposed to grain dust shall be of a type
approved by a nationally recognized
testing laboratory for use in Class II,
Division I locations. (See § 1910.7 of this
chapter.)

(d) Grain trimmer control box. Each
grain trimmer shall have a control box
on the weather deck close to the spout
feeding the trimmer.
(e) Grain trimmer power cable. Power
cables between the deck control box
and the grain trimmer shall be used
only in continuous lengths without
splice or tap between connections.
(f) Portable conveyors. Portable conveyors shall be stable within their operating ranges. When used at variable
fixed levels, the unit shall be secured
at the operating level.
(g) Delivery and braking. When necessary for the safety of employees, provisions shall be made for braking objects at the delivery end of the conveyor.
(h) Electric brakes. Conveyors using
electrically released brakes shall be
constructed so that the brakes cannot
be released until power is applied and
the brakes are automatically engaged
if the power fails or the operating control is returned to the ‘‘stop’’ position.
(i) Starting powered conveyors. Powered conveyors shall not be started
until all employees are clear of the
conveyor or have been warned that the
conveyor is about to start up.
(j) Loading and unloading. The area
around conveyor loading and unloading
points shall be kept clear of obstructions during conveyor operations.
(k) Lockout/tagout. (1) Conveyors
shall be stopped and their power
sources locked out and tagged out during maintenance, repair, and servicing.
If power is necessary for testing or for
making minor adjustments, power
shall only be supplied to the servicing
operation.
(2) The starting device shall be
locked out and tagged out in the stop
position before an attempt is made to
remove the cause of a jam or overload
of the conveying medium.
(l) Safe practices. (1) Only designated
persons shall operate, repair or service
powered conveyors.
(2) The employer shall ensure that
each employee stays off operating conveyors.
(3) Conveyors shall be operated only
with all overload devices, guards and
safety devices in place and operable.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
§ 1918.65 Mechanically powered vehicles used aboard vessels.
(a) Applicability. This section applies
to every type of mechanically powered
vehicle used for material or equipment
handling aboard a vessel.
(b) General. (1) Modifications, such as
adding counterweights that might affect the vehicle’s capacity or safety,
shall not be done without either the
manufacturers’ prior written approval
or the written approval of a registered
professional engineer experienced with
the equipment, who has consulted with
the manufacturer, if available. Capacity, operation and maintenance instruction plates, tags or decals shall be
changed to conform to the equipment
as modified.
(2) Rated capacities, with and without removable counterweights, shall
not be exceeded. Rated capacities shall
be marked on the vehicle and shall be
visible to the operator. The vehicle
weight, with and without a counterweight, shall be similarly marked.
(3) If loads are lifted by two or more
trucks working in unison, the total
weight shall not exceed the combined
safe lifting capacity of all trucks.
(c) Guards for fork lift trucks. (1) Except as noted in paragraph (c)(5) of this
section, fork lift trucks shall be
equipped with overhead guards securely attached to the machines. The
guard shall be of such design and construction as to protect the operator
from boxes, cartons, packages, bagged
material, and other similar items of
cargo that might fall from the load
being handled or from stowage.
(2) Overhead guards shall not obstruct the operator’s view, and openings in the top of the guard shall not
exceed six inches (15.24 cm) in one of
the two directions, width or length.
Larger openings are permitted if no
opening allows the smallest unit of
cargo being handled through the guard.
(3) Overhead guards shall be built so
that failure of the vehicle’s mast tilting mechanism will not displace the
guard.
(4) Overhead guards shall be large
enough to extend over the operator
during all truck operations, including
forward tilt.
(5) An overhead guard may be removed only when it would prevent a

§ 1918.65

truck from entering a work space and
only if the operator is not exposed to
low overhead obstructions in the work
space.
(6) Where necessary to protect the
operator, fork lift trucks shall be fitted
with a vertical load backrest extension
to prevent the load from hitting the
mast when the mast is positioned at
maximum backward tilt. For this purpose, a ‘‘load backrest extension’’
means a device extending vertically
from the fork carriage frame to prevent raised loads from falling backward.
(d) Guards for bulk cargo-moving vehicles. (1) Every crawler type, rider operated, bulk cargo-moving vehicle shall
be equipped with an operator’s guard of
such design and construction as to protect the operator, when seated, against
injury from contact with a projecting
overhead hazard.
(2) Overhead guards and their attachment points shall be so designed as to
be able to withstand, without excessive
deflection, a load applied horizontally
at the operator’s shoulder level equal
to the drawbar pull of the machine.
(3) Overhead guards are not required
when the vehicle is used in situations
in which the seated operator cannot
contact projecting overhead hazards.
(4) After July 26, 1999, bulk cargomoving vehicles shall be equipped with
rollover protection of such design and
construction as to prevent the possibility of the operator being crushed because of a rollover or upset.
(e) Approved trucks. (1) ‘‘Approved
power-operated
industrial
truck’’
means one listed as approved for the
intended use or location by a nationally recognized testing laboratory (see
§ 1910.7 of this chapter).
(2) Approved power-operated industrial trucks shall bear a label or other
identification indicating testing laboratory approval.
(3) When the atmosphere in an area is
hazardous (see § 1918.2 and § 1918.93),
only approved power-operated industrial trucks shall be used.
(f) Maintenance. (1) Mechanically
powered vehicles shall be maintained
in safe working order. Safety devices
shall not be removed or made inoperative except where permitted in this
section. Vehicles with a fuel system

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§ 1918.66

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

leak or any other safety defect shall
not be operated.
(2) Braking systems or other mechanisms used for braking shall be operable and in safe condition.
(3) Replacement parts whose function
might affect operational safety shall be
equivalent in strength and performance
capability to the original parts that
they replace.
(4) Repairs to the fuel and ignition
systems of mechanically powered vehicles that involve fire hazards shall be
conducted only in locations designated
as safe for such repairs.
(5) Batteries on all mechanically
powered vehicles shall be disconnected
during repairs to the primary electrical
system except when power is necessary
for testing and repair. On vehicles
equipped with systems capable of storing residual energy, that energy shall
be safely discharged before work on the
primary electrical system begins.
(6) Only designated persons shall do
maintenance and repair.
(g) Parking brakes. All mechanically
powered vehicles purchased after January 21, 1998, shall be equipped with
parking brakes.
(h) Operation. (1) Only stable and
safely arranged loads within the rated
capacity of the mechanically powered
vehicle shall be handled.
(2) The employer shall require drivers
to ascend and descend grades slowly.
(3) If the load obstructs the forward
view, the employer shall require drivers to travel with the load trailing.
(4) Steering knobs shall not be used
unless the vehicle is equipped with
power steering.
(5) When mechanically powered vehicles use cargo lifting devices that have
a means of engagement hidden from
the operator, a means shall be provided
to enable the operator to determine
that the cargo has been engaged.
(6) No load on a mechanically powered vehicle shall be suspended or
swung over any employee.
(7) When mechanically powered vehicles are used, provisions shall be made
to ensure that the working surface can
support the vehicle and load, and that
hatch covers, truck plates, or other
temporary surfaces cannot be dislodged
by movement of the vehicle.

(8) When mechanically powered vehicles are left unattended, load-engaging
means shall be fully lowered, controls
neutralized, brakes set and power shut
off. Wheels shall be blocked or curbed
if the vehicle is on an incline.
(9) When lift trucks or other mechanically powered vehicles are being
operated on open deck-type barges, the
edges of the barges shall be guarded by
railings, sideboards, timbers, or other
means sufficient to prevent vehicles
from rolling overboard. When such vehicles are operated on covered lighters
where door openings other than those
being used are left open, means shall be
provided to prevent vehicles from rolling overboard through such openings.
(10) Unauthorized personnel shall not
ride on mechanically powered vehicles.
A safe place to ride shall be provided
when riding is authorized.
(11) An employee may be elevated by
fork lift trucks only when a platform is
secured to the lifting carriage or forks.
The platform shall meet the following
requirements:
(i) The platform shall have a railing
complying with § 1917.112(c) of this
chapter.
(ii)
The
platform
shall
have
toeboards complying with § 1917.112(d)
of this chapter, if tools or other objects
could fall on employees below.
(iii) When the truck has controls elevated with the lifting carriage, means
shall be provided for employees on the
platform to shut off power to the vehicle.
(iv) Employees on the platform shall
be protected from exposure to moving
truck parts.
(v) The platform floor shall be skid
resistant.
(vi) An employee shall be at the
truck’s controls whenever employees
are elevated.
(vii) While an employee is elevated,
the truck may be moved only to make
minor adjustments in placement.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40945, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.66 Cranes and derricks other
than vessel’s gear.
(a) General. The following requirements shall apply to the use of cranes
and derricks brought aboard vessels for
conducting longshoring operations.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
They shall not apply to cranes and derricks forming part of a vessel’s permanent equipment.
(1) Certification. Cranes and derricks
shall be certificated in accordance with
part 1919 of this chapter.
(2) Posted weight. The crane weight
shall be posted on all cranes hoisted
aboard vessels for temporary use.
(3) Rating chart. All cranes and derricks having ratings that vary with
boom length, radius (outreach) or other
variables shall have a durable rating
chart visible to the operator, covering
the complete range of the manufacturers’ (or design) capacity ratings. The
rating chart shall include all operating
radii (outreach) for all permissible
boom lengths and jib lengths, as applicable, with and without outriggers, and
alternate ratings for optional equipment affecting such ratings. Precautions or warnings specified by the
owner or manufacturer shall be included along with the chart.
(4) Rated loads. The manufacturers’
(or design) rated loads for the conditions of use shall not be exceeded.
(5) Change of rated loads. Designated
working loads shall not be increased
beyond the manufacturers’ ratings or
original design limitations unless such
increase receives the manufacturers’
approval. When the manufacturers’
services are not available or where the
equipment is of foreign manufacture,
engineering design analysis shall be
done or approved by a person accredited for certificating the equipment
under part 1919 of this chapter. Engineering design analysis shall be done
by a registered professional engineer
competent in the field of cranes and
derricks. Any structural changes required by the change in rating shall be
carried out.
(6) Radius indicator. When the rated
load varies with the boom radius, the
crane or derrick shall be fitted with a
boom angle or radius indicator visible
to the operator.
(7) Operator’s station. The cab, controls and mechanism of the equipment
shall be so arranged that the operator
has a clear view of the load or signalman, when one is used. Cab glass, when
used, shall be safety plate glass or
equivalent. Cranes with missing, broken, cracked, scratched, or dirty glass

§ 1918.66

(or equivalent), that impairs operator
vision shall not be used. Clothing,
tools, and equipment shall be stored so
as not to interfere with access, operation, and the operator’s view.
(8) Counterweights or ballast. Cranes
shall be operated only with the specified type and amount of ballast or
counterweights. Ballast or counterweights shall be located and secured
only as provided in the manufacturers’
or design specifications, which shall be
available for inspection.
(9) Outriggers. Outriggers shall be
used according to the manufacturers’
specifications or design data, which
shall be available for inspection.
Floats, when used, shall be securely attached to the outriggers. Wood blocks
or other support shall be of sufficient
size to support the outrigger, free of
defects that may affect safety, and of
sufficient width and length to prevent
the crane from shifting or toppling
under load.
(10) Exhaust gases. Engine exhaust
gases shall be discharged away from
crane operating personnel.
(11) Electrical/Guarding. Electrical
equipment shall be so placed or enclosed that live parts will not be exposed to accidental contact. Designated persons may work on energized
equipment only if necessary during inspection, maintenance, or repair; otherwise the equipment shall be stopped
and its power source locked out and
tagged out.
(12) Fire extinguisher. (i) At least one
portable approved or listed fire extinguisher of at least a 5-B:C rating or
equivalent shall be accessible in the
cab of the crane or derrick.
(ii) No portable fire extinguisher
using
carbon
tetrachloride
or
chlorobromomethane
extinguishing
agents shall be used.
(13) Rope on drums. At least three full
turns of rope shall remain on
ungrooved drums, and two turns on
grooved drums, under all operating
conditions. Wire rope shall be secured
to drums by clamps, U-bolts, shackles
or equivalent means. Fiber rope fastenings are prohibited.
(14) Brakes. (i) Each independent
hoisting unit of a crane shall be
equipped with at least one holding

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§ 1918.66

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

brake, applied directly to the motor
shaft or gear train.
(ii) Each independent hoisting unit of
a crane shall, in addition to the holding brake, be equipped with a controlled braking means to control lowering speeds.
(iii) Holding brakes for hoist units
shall have not less than the following
percentage of the rated load hoisting
torque at the point where the brake is
applied:
(A) 125 percent when used with an
other than mechanically controlled
braking means;
(B) 100 percent when used with a mechanically controlled braking means;
or
(C) 100 percent when two holding
brakes are provided.
(iv) All power control braking means
shall be capable of maintaining safe
lowering speeds of rated loads.
(15) Operating controls. Crane and derrick operating controls shall be clearly
marked, or a chart showing their function shall be posted at the operator’s
position.
(16) Booms. Cranes with elevatable
booms and without operable automatic
limiting devices shall be provided with
boom stops if boom elevation can exceed maximum design angles from the
horizontal.
(17) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shall
have a non-skid surface.
(18) Access. Ladders, stairways, stanchions, grab irons, foot steps or equivalent means shall be provided as necessary to ensure safe access to
footwalks, cab platforms, the cab and
any portion of the superstructure that
employees must reach.
(b) Operations—(1) Use of cranes together. When two or more cranes hoist
a load in unison, a designated person
shall direct the operation and instruct
personnel in positioning, rigging of the
load and movements to be made.
(2) Guarding of swing radius. Accessible areas within the swing radius of
the body of a revolving crane shall be
physically guarded during operations
to prevent an employee from being
caught between the body of the crane
and any fixed structure or between
parts of the crane.
(3) Prohibited usage. (i) Equipment
shall not be used in a way that exerts

side loading stresses upon the crane or
derrick boom.
(ii) No crane or derrick having a visible or known defect that may affect
safe operation shall be used.
(4) Unattended cranes. The following
steps shall be taken before leaving a
crane unattended between work periods:
(i) Suspended loads, such as those
hoisted by lifting magnets or clamshell
buckets, shall be landed unless the
storage position or maximum hoisting
of the suspended device will provide
equivalent safety;
(ii) Clutches shall be disengaged;
(iii) The power supply shall be shut
off;
(iv) The crane shall be secured
against accidental travel; and
(v) The boom shall be lowered or secured against movement.
(c) Protection for employees being hoisted. (1) No employee shall be hoisted by
the load hoisting apparatus of a crane
or derrick except on a platform meeting the following requirements:
(i) Enclosed by a railing or other
means providing protection equivalent
to that described in § 1917.112(c) of this
chapter;
(ii) Fitted with toe boards if the platform has open railings;
(iii) A safety factor of four based on
ultimate strength;
(iv) Bearing a plate or permanent
marking indicating maximum load rating, which shall not be exceeded, and
the weight of the platform itself;
(v) Equipped with a device to prevent
access doors, when used, from opening
accidentally;
(vi) Equipped with overhead protection for employees on the platform if
they are exposed to falling objects or
overhead hazards; and
(vii) Secured to the load line by
means other than wedge and socket attachments, unless the free (bitter) end
of the line is secured back to itself by
a clamp placed as close above the
wedge as possible.
(2) Except in an emergency, the
hoisting mechanism of all cranes or
derricks used to hoist personnel shall
operate only in power up and power
down, with automatic brake application when not hoisting or lowering.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(3) All cranes and derricks used to
hoist personnel shall be equipped with
an anti-two-blocking device.
(4) Variable radius booms of a crane
or derrick used to hoist personnel shall
be so constructed or secured as to prevent accidental boom movement.
(5) Platforms or devices used to hoist
employees shall be inspected for defects before each day’s use and shall be
removed from service if defective.
(6) Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight of and communication with the operator or signalman.
(7) Operators shall remain at the controls when employees are hoisted.
(8) Cranes shall not travel while employees are hoisted, except in emergencies or in normal tier-to-tier transfer of employees during container operations.
(d) Routine inspection. (1) Designated
persons shall visually inspect each
crane and derrick on each day of use
for defects in functional operating
components and shall report any defect
found to the employer. The employer
shall inform the operator of the result
of the inspection.
(2) A designated person shall thoroughly inspect all functional components and accessible structural features of each crane or device at monthly intervals.
(3) Any defects found during such inspections that may create a safety hazard shall be corrected before further
equipment use. Repairs shall be done
only by designated persons.
(4) A record of each monthly inspection shall be maintained for six months
in or on the crane or derrick or at the
terminal.
(e) Protective devices. (1) When exposed moving parts such as gears,
chains and chain sprockets present a
hazard to employees during crane and
derrick operations, those parts shall be
securely guarded.
(2) Crane hooks shall be latched or
otherwise secured to prevent accidental load disengagement.
(f) Load-indicating devices. (1) Unless
exempted by the provisions of paragraph (f)(1)(viii) of this section, every
crane used to load or discharge cargo
into or out of a vessel shall be fitted
with a load-indicating device or alter-

§ 1918.66

native device in proper working condition that shall meet the following criteria:
(i) The type or model of any load-indicating device used shall be such as to
provide:
(A) A direct indication in the cab of
actual weight hoisted or a means of determining this by reference to crane
ratings posted and visible to the operator, except that the use of a dynamometer or simple scale alone will not
meet this requirement; or
(B) An automatic weight-moment device (e.g., a computer) providing indications in the cab according to the radius and load at the moment; or
(C) A device that will prevent an
overloaded condition.
(ii) The accuracy of the load-indicating device, weight-moment device,
or overload protection device shall be
such that any indicated load (or limit),
including the sum of actual weight
hoisted and additional equipment or
‘‘add ons’’ such as slings, sensors,
blocks, etc., is within the range between 95 percent (5 percent underload)
and 110 percent (10 percent overload) of
the actual true total load. Such accuracy shall be required over the range of
daily operating variables reasonably
anticipated under the conditions of
use.
(iii) The device shall enable the operator to decide before making any lift
that the load indicating device or alternative device is operative. In the alternative, if the device is not so
mounted or attached and does not include such means of checking, it shall
be certified by the manufacturer to remain operative for a specific time. The
device shall be checked for accuracy,
using known values of the load, at the
time of every certification survey (see
§ 1918.11) and at such additional times
as may be recommended by the manufacturer.
(iv) When the load indicating device
or alternative device is so arranged in
the supporting system (crane structure) that its failure could cause the
load to be dropped, its strength shall
not be the limiting factor of the supporting system (crane structure).
(v) Units of measure in pounds or
both pounds and kilograms (or other

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§ 1918.67

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

indicators of measurement, such as colored indicator lights), capacity of the
indicating system, accuracy of the indicating system, and operating instructions and precautions shall be conspicuously marked. If the system used
provides no readout but automatically
ceases crane operation when the rated
load limit is reached under any specific
condition of use, the marking shall
provide the make and model of the device installed, a description of what it
does, how it is operated, and any necessary precautions regarding the system. All of these markings shall be
readily visible to the operator.
(vi) All load indicating devices shall
operate over the full operating radius.
Overall accuracy shall be based on actual applied loads and not on full scale
(full capacity) load.

manufacturer for the purpose and in all
cases within the crane rating;
(B) While handling bulk commodities
or cargoes by means of clamshell bucket or magnet;
(C) While used to handle or hold
hoses in connection with transfer of
bulk liquids, or other hose-handled
products; or
(D) While the crane is used exclusively to handle cargo or equipment
whose total actual gross weight is
marked on the unit or units hoisted,
and the total actual gross weight never
exceeds 11,200 lbs., and the load is less
than the rated capacity of the crane at
the maximum outreach possible at the
time.
(2) [Reserved]

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (f)(1)(vi): If the accuracy of the load indicating device is based on
full scale loads and the device is arbitrarily
set at plus or minus 10 percent, it would accept a reading between 90,000 and 110,000 lbs.
at full capacity for a machine with a maximum rating of 100,000 lbs. but would also
show a reading of between zero and 20,000 lbs.
at that outreach (radius) at which the load
would be 10,000 lbs.; this is clearly unacceptable. If, however, the accuracy of the device
is based on actual applied loads under the
same conditions, the acceptable range would
remain the same with the 100,000-lb. load but
would show a figure between 9,000 and 11,000
lbs. at the 10,000-lb. load; this is an acceptable reading.

§ 1918.67 Notifying the ship’s officers
before using certain equipment.
(a) The employer shall notify the officer in charge of the vessel before
bringing aboard ship internal combustion or electric powered tools, equipment or vehicles.
(b) The employer shall also notify the
officer in charge of the vessel before
using the ship’s electric power for the
operation of any electric tools or
equipment.

(vii) When a load-indicating device
uses the radius as a factor in its use or
in its operating indications, the indicated radius (which may be in feet and/
or meters, or degrees of boom angle,
depending on the system used) shall be
within the range between 97 percent
and 110 percent of the actual (true) radius. When radius is presented in degrees, and feet or meters are required
for necessary determinations, a conversion chart shall be provided.
(viii) The load indicating device requirements of this paragraph do not
apply to a crane:
(A) Of the trolley equipped bridge
type while handling containers known
to be and identified as empty, or loaded, and in either case according to the
provisions of § 1918.85(b) of this part, or
while hoisting other lifts by means of a
lifting beam supplied by the crane

[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40945, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.68 Grounding.
The frames of portable electrical
equipment and tools, other than double
insulated tools and battery operated
tools, shall be grounded through a separate equipment conductor run with or
enclosing the circuit conductors.
§ 1918.69 Tools.
(a) General. Employers shall not issue
or permit the use of visibly unsafe
tools.
(b) Portable electric tools. (1) Portable
hand-held electric tools shall be
equipped with switches of a type that
must be manually held in a closed position in order to operate the tool.
(2) All portable, power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with
guards above and below the base plate
or shoe. The upper guard shall cover
the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to
permit the base to be tilted for bevel

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
cuts. The lower guard shall cover the
saw to the depth of the teeth, except
for the minimum arc required to allow
proper retraction and contact with the
work. When the tool is withdrawn from
the work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the
covering position.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40946, June 30, 2000]

§§ 1918.70–1918.80

[Reserved]

Subpart H—Handling Cargo
§ 1918.81 Slinging.
(a) Drafts shall be safely slung before
being hoisted. Loose dunnage or debris
hanging or protruding from loads shall
be removed.
(b) Cargo handling bridles, such as
pallet bridles, which are to remain attached to the hoisting gear while hoisting successive drafts, shall be attached
by shackles, or other positive means
shall be taken to prevent them from
being accidentally disengaged from the
cargo hook.
(c) Drafts of lumber, pipe, dunnage
and other pieces, the top layer of which
is not bound by the sling, shall be
slung in a way that prevents sliders.
Double slings shall be used on
unstrapped dunnage, unless, due to the
size of hatch or deep tank openings,
using them is impracticable.
(d) Case hooks shall be used only
with cases designed to be hoisted by
these hooks.
(e) Bales of cotton, wool, cork, wood
pulp, gunny bags or similar articles
shall not be hoisted by straps unless
the straps are strong enough to support
the weight of the bale. At least two
hooks, each in a separate strap, shall
be used.
(f) Unitized loads bound by bands or
straps may be hoisted by the banding
or strapping only if the banding or
strapping is suitable for hoisting and is
strong enough to support the weight of
the load.
(g) Additional means to maintain the
unitized loads during hoisting shall be
employed to ensure safe lifting of such
loads having damaged banding or
strapping.
(h) Loads requiring continuous manual guidance during handling shall be

§ 1918.84

guided by guide ropes (tag lines) that
are long enough to control the load.
(i) No draft shall be hoisted unless
the winch or crane operator(s) can
clearly see the draft itself or see the
signals of a signalman who is observing
the draft’s movement.
(j) Intermodal containers shall be
handled in accordance with § 1918.85.
(k) The employer shall require that
employees stay clear of the area beneath overhead drafts or descending
lifting gear.
(l) The employer shall not permit
employees to ride the hook or the load,
except as provided for in § 1918.85(g).
§ 1918.82

Building drafts.

(a) Drafts shall be built or means
shall be taken to prevent cargo from
falling from them.
(b) Buckets and tubs used in handling
bulk or frozen cargo shall not be loaded
above their rims.
§ 1918.83 Stowed cargo;
breaking down.

tiering

(a) When necessary to protect personnel working in a hold, the employer
shall secure or block stowed cargo that
is likely to shift or roll.
(b) In breaking down stowed cargo,
precautions shall be taken to prevent
remaining cargo from falling.
(c) Employees trimming bulk cargo
shall be checked in and out by the job
boss. Before securing any reefer compartment, a check shall be made to ensure that no employee remains inside.
Frequent checks shall be made to ensure the safety of any employee working alone in a tank or cargo compartment.
§ 1918.84

Bulling cargo.

(a) Bulling cargo shall be done with
the bull line led directly from the heel
block. However, bulling may be done
from the head of the boom when the
nature of the cargo and the surface
over which it is dragged are such that
the load cannot be stalled, or when the
winch actually does not have sufficient
strength, with the purchase used, to
overload the boom.
(b) Snatch blocks shall be used to
provide a fair lead for the bull line to
avoid unnecessary dragging of the bull

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§ 1918.85

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

line against coamings and obstructions.
(c) Snatch blocks shall not be used
with the point of the hook resting on
the flange of a beam, but shall be hung
from padeyes, straps, or beam clamps.
Snatch blocks or straps shall not be
made fast to batten cleats or other insecure fittings.
(d) Beam frame clamps shall be so secured as to prevent their slipping, falling, or being pulled from their stationary attachment.
(e) Falls led from cargo booms of vessels shall not be used to move scows,
lighters or railcars.
§ 1918.85 Containerized cargo operations.
(a) Container markings. Every intermodal container shall be legibly and
permanently marked with:
(1) The weight of the container when
empty, in pounds;
(2) The maximum cargo weight the
container is designed to carry, in
pounds; and
(3) The sum of the weight of the container and the maximum cargo weight,
in pounds.
(b) Container weight. No container
shall be hoisted by any lifting appliance unless the following conditions
have been met:
(1) The employer shall determine
from the carrier whether a container to
be hoisted is loaded or empty. Before
loading or discharging, empty containers shall be identified in a manner
that will inform every supervisor and
job boss on the site and in charge of
loading or discharging, or every crane
or other hoisting equipment operator
and signalman, that such container is
empty. Methods of identification may
include cargo plans, manifests, or
markings on the container.
(2) For a loaded container:
(i) The actual gross weight shall be
plainly marked and visible to the crane
or other hoisting equipment operator
or signalman, or to every supervisor or
job boss on site and in charge of the operation; or
(ii) The cargo stowage plan or equivalent permanently recorded display
serving the same purpose, containing
the actual gross weight and the serial
number or other positive identification

of that specific container, shall be provided to the crane or other hoisting
equipment operator and signalman,
and to every supervisor and job boss on
site and in charge of the operation.
(3) Every outbound container received at a marine terminal ready to
load aboard a vessel without further
consolidation or loading shall be
weighed to obtain the actual gross
weight, either at the terminal or elsewhere, before being hoisted.
(4)(i) When container weighing scales
are found at a marine terminal, any
outbound container with a load consolidated at that terminal shall be
weighed to obtain the actual weight before being hoisted.
(ii) If the terminal has no scales, the
actual gross weight may be calculated
from the container’s contents and the
container’s empty weight. The weights
used in the calculation shall be posted
conspicuously on the container, with
the name of the person making the calculation, and the date.
(5) Open top vehicle-carrying containers, and those built specifically and
used solely for the carriage of compressed gases, are excepted from paragraphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of this section.
(6) Closed dry van containers carrying vehicles are exempted from paragraph (b)(4) of this section if:
(i) The container carries only completely assembled vehicles and no
other cargo;
(ii) The container is marked on the
outside so that an employee can readily discern that the container is carrying vehicles; and
(iii) The vehicles were loaded into
the container at the marine terminal.
(7) The weight of loaded inbound containers from foreign ports shall be determined by weighing, by the method
of calculation described in paragraph
(b)(4)(ii) of this section or by shipping
documents.
(8) Any scale used within the United
States to weigh containers for the requirements of this section shall meet
the accuracy standards of the state or
local public authority in which the
scale is found.
(c) Overloaded containers. No container shall be hoisted if its actual
gross weight exceeds the weight
marked as required in paragraph (a)(3)

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
of this section, or it exceeds the capacity of the lifting appliance.
(d) Container inspection. (1) Prior to
hoisting, each container shall be inspected for any visible defects in structural members and fittings that would
make the handling of such container
unsafe.
(2) Any container found to have such
a defect shall either be handled by a
special means to ensure safe handling
or shall be emptied before handling.
(e) Suspended containers. The employer shall prohibit employees from
working beneath a suspended container.
(f) Lifting fittings. Containers shall be
handled using lifting fittings or other
arrangements suitable and intended for
the purpose as set forth in paragraphs
(f)(1) and (f)(2) of this section, unless
damage to an intermodal container
makes special means of handling necessary.
(1) Loaded intermodal containers.
Loaded intermodal containers of 20 feet
(6.1 m) or more shall be hoisted as follows:
(i) When hoisting containers by the
top fittings, the lifting forces shall be
applied vertically from at least four
such fittings. A less than vertical lift is
permitted only under the following
conditions:
(A) The container being lifted is an
ISO ‘‘closed box container’’;
(B) The condition of the box is sound;
(C) The speed of hoisting and lowering is moderated when heavily
ladened containers 5 are encountered;
(D) The lift angle is at 80 to 90 degrees;
(E) The distance between the lifting
beam and the load is at least 8 feet, 2.4
inches (2.5 m); and
(F) The length of the spreader beam
is at least 16.3 feet (5 m) for a 20-foot
container, and at least 36.4 feet (11.1 m)
for a 40-foot container.
(ii) When hoisting containers from
bottom fittings, the hoisting connections shall bear on the fittings only,
making no other contact with the container. The angles of the four bridle
legs shall not be less than 30 degrees to
5 A heavily laden container is one that is
loaded to within 20 percent of its rated capacity.

§ 1918.85

the horizontal for 40-foot (12.19 m) containers; 37 degrees for 30-foot (9.14 m)
containers; and 45 degrees for 20-foot
(6.1 m) containers.
(iii) Lifting containers by fork lift
trucks or grappling arms from above or
from one side may be done only if the
container is designed for this type of
handling.
(iv) Other means of hoisting may be
used only if the containers and hoisting means are designed for such use.
(2) Intermodal container spreaders. (i)
When using intermodal container
spreaders that employ lanyards for activation and load disengagement, all
possible precautions shall be taken to
prevent accidental release of the load.
(ii) Intermodal container spreaders
that utilize automatic twist lock systems shall be designed and used so that
a suspended load cannot accidentally
be released.
(g) Safe container top access. A safe
means of access shall be provided for
each employee required to work on the
top of an intermodal container. Unless
ladders are used for access, such means
shall comply with the requirements of
§ 1917.45(j) of this chapter.
(h) Employee hoisting prohibition. Employees shall not be hoisted on intermodal container spreaders while a load
is engaged.
(i) Portable ladder access. When other
safer means are available, portable ladders shall not be used in gaining access
to container stacks more than two containers high.
(j) Fall protection—(1) Containers being
handled by container gantry cranes. (i)
After July 26, 1999, where a container
gantry crane is being used to handle
containers, the employer shall ensure
that no employee is on top of a container. Exception: An employee may be
on top of a container only to perform a
necessary function that cannot be
eliminated by the use of positive container securing devices. 6
6 Examples of work that may not be eliminated by positive container securing devices
and that may require employees to work on
top of containers include, but are not limited
to: installing or removing bridge clamps;
hooking up or detaching over-height containers; or freeing a jammed semi-automatic
twist lock.

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§ 1918.85

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(ii) After July 26, 1999, the employer
shall ensure that positive container securing devices, such as semi-automatic
twist locks and above deck cell guides,
are used wherever container gantry
cranes are used to hoist containers.
(iii) The employer shall ensure that
each employee on top of a container is
protected from fall hazards by a fall
protection system meeting the requirements of paragraph (k) of this section.
(2) Containers being handled by other
hoisting devices. Where containers are
being handled by hoisting devices other
than container gantry cranes, the employer shall ensure that each employee
on top of a container is protected by a
fall protection system meeting the requirements of paragraph (k) of this section.
(3) Other exposure to fall hazards. The
employer shall ensure that each employee exposed to a fall hazard is protected by a fall protection system
meeting the requirements of paragraph
(k) of this section. Exception: Where
the employer can demonstrate that fall
protection for an employee would be
infeasible or create a greater hazard
due to vessel design, container design,
container storage, other cargo stowage,
container handling equipment, lifting
gear, or port conditions, the employer
shall alert the affected employee about
the fall hazard and instruct the employee in ways to minimize exposure to
that hazard.
(k) Fall protection systems. When fall
protection systems required by paragraph (j) of this section are employed,
the following shall apply:
(1) Each fall protection system component, except anchorages, shall have
fall arrest/restraint as its only use.
(2) Each fall protection system subjected to impact loading shall be immediately withdrawn from service and
not be used again until inspected and
determined by a designated person to
be undamaged and suitable for use.
(3) Each fall protection system shall
be rigged so that a falling employee
cannot contact any lower level stowage
or vessel structure.
(4) Each fall protection system adopted for use shall have an energy absorbing mechanism that will produce an arresting force on an employee of not
greater than 1800 pounds (8 kN).

(5) Each component of a fall protection system shall be designed and used
to prevent accidental disengagement.
(6) Each fall protection system’s
fixed anchorages shall be capable of
sustaining a force of 5,000 pounds (22.2
kN) or be certified as capable of sustaining at least twice the potential impact load of an employee’s fall. Such
certification must be made by a qualified person. 7 When more than one employee is attached to an anchorage,
these limits shall be multiplied by the
number of employees attached.
(7) When ‘‘live’’ (activated) container
gantry crane lifting beams or attached
devices are used as anchorage points,
the following requirements apply:
(i) The crane shall be placed into a
‘‘slow’’ speed mode;
(ii) The crane shall be equipped with
a remote shut-off switch that can stop
trolley, gantry, and hoist functions and
that is in the control of the employee(s) attached to the beam; and
(iii) A visible or audible indicator
shall be present to alert the exposed
employee(s) when the remote shut-off
is operational.
(8) Fall protection system components, other than the anchorages, shall
be certified as a unit of being capable
of sustaining at least twice the potential impact load of an employee’s fall.
Such certification shall be made by a
qualified person. 8
(9) Each fall protection system shall
incorporate the use of a full body harness.
(10) Each device, such as a safety
cage, used to transport an employee(s)
by being attached to a container gantry crane spreader, shall have a secondary means to prevent accidental
disengagement and the secondary
means shall be engaged.
7 For the purposes of this paragraph, qualified person means one with a recognized degree or professional certificate and extensive
knowledge and experience in the subject
field who is capable of design, analysis, evaluation and specifications in the subject
work, project, or product.
8 For the purposes of this paragraph, qualified person means one with a recognized degree or professional certificate and extensive
knowledge and experience in the subject
field who is capable of design, analysis, evaluation and specifications in the subject
work, project, or product.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(11) Each fall protection system shall
be inspected before each day’s use by a
designated person. Any defective components shall be removed from service.
(12) Before using any fall protection
system, the employee shall be trained
in the use and application limits of the
equipment, proper hookup, anchoring
and tie-off techniques, methods of use,
and proper methods of equipment inspection and storage.
(13) The employer shall establish and
implement a procedure to retrieve personnel safely in case of a fall.
(l) Working along unguarded edges.
The employer shall provide, and ensure
that the employee use, fall protection
meeting the requirements of paragraph
(k) of this section whenever the employee works along an unguarded edge
where a fall hazard exists (see § 1918.2 ).
(m) Vertical tandem lifts. Operations
involving the lifting of two or more
intermodal containers by the top container shall be performed following
§ 1917.71(i) and (k)(1) of this chapter.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40946, June 30, 2000; 73 FR 75290, Dec. 10,
2008]

§ 1918.86 Roll-on roll-off (Ro-Ro) operations (see also § 1918.2, Ro-Ro operations, and § 1918.25).
(a) Traffic control system. An organized system of vehicular and pedestrian traffic control shall be established and maintained at each entrance/exit ramp and on ramps within
the vessel as traffic flow warrants.
(b) Ramp load limit. Each ramp shall
be plainly marked with its load capacity. The marked capacity shall not be
exceeded.
(c) Pedestrian traffic. Bow, stern, and
side port ramps also used for pedestrian access shall meet the requirements of § 1918.25. Such ramps shall
provide a physical separation between
pedestrian and vehicular routes. When
the design of the ramp prevents physical separation, a positive means shall
be established to prevent simultaneous
use of the ramp by vehicles and pedestrians.
(d) Ramp maintenance. Ramps shall be
properly maintained and secured.
9 [Reserved]

§ 1918.86

(e) Hazardous routes. Before the start
of Ro-Ro operations, the employer
shall identify any hazardous routes or
areas that could be mistaken for normal drive-on/drive-off routes. Such hazardous routes shall be clearly marked
and barricaded.
(f) Air brake connections. Each tractor
shall have all air lines connected when
pulling trailers equipped with air
brakes and shall have the brakes tested
before commencing operations.
(g) Trailer load limits. After July 27,
1998, flat bed and low boy trailers shall
be marked with their cargo capacities
and shall not be overloaded.
(h) Cargo weights. Cargo to be handled
via a Ro-Ro ramp shall be plainly
marked with its weight in pounds
(kilograms). Alternatively, the cargo
stow plan or equivalent record containing the actual gross weight of the
load may be used to determine the
weight of the cargo.
(i) Tractors. Tractors used in Ro-Ro
operations shall have:
(1) Sufficient power to ascend ramp
inclines safely; and
(2) Sufficient braking capacity to descend ramp inclines safely.
(j) Safe speeds. Power driven vehicles
used in Ro-Ro operations shall be operated at speeds that are safe for prevailing conditions.
(k) Ventilation. Internal combustion
engine-driven vehicles shall be operated only where adequate ventilation
exists or is provided. (Air contaminant
requirements are found in § 1918.94 and
part 1910, subpart Z, of this chapter.)
(l) Securing cargo. Cargo loaded or discharged during Ro-Ro operations shall
be secured to prevent sliding loads.
(m) Authorized personnel. Only authorized persons shall be permitted on
any deck while loading or discharging
operations are being conducted. Such
authorized persons shall be equipped
with high visibility vests (or equivalent protection 10).
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (m): High visibility
vests or equivalent protection means high
visibility/retro-reflective materials which
are intended to make the user clearly visible
by day through the use of high visibility (fluorescent) material and in the dark by vehicle
10 Decals on hard hats will not be considered equivalent protection for the purposes
of this paragraph.

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§ 1918.87

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

headlights through the use of retro-reflective
material. For example, an acceptable area of
material for a vest or equivalent protection
is .5 m2 (760 in.2) for fluorescent (background)
material and .13m2 (197 in.2) for retro-reflective material. Vests or equivalent protection, such as high visibility/retro-reflective
coveralls, that are available for industrial
use, may also be acceptable.

(n) Vehicle stowage positioning. Drivers shall not drive vehicles, either forward or backward, while any personnel
are in positions where they could be
struck.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40946, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.87 Ship’s cargo elevators.
(a) Safe working load. The safe working loads of ship’s cargo elevators shall
be determined and followed.
(b) Load distribution. Loads shall be
evenly distributed and maintained on
the elevator’s platform.
(c) Elevator personnel restrictions. Personnel shall not be permitted to ride on
the elevator’s platform if a fall hazard
exists. (See § 1918.2.)
(d) Open deck barricades. During elevator operation, each open deck that
presents a fall hazard to employees
shall be effectively barricaded.
§ 1918.88 Log operations.
(a) Working in holds. When loading
logs into the holds of vessels and using
dumper devices to roll logs into the
wings, the employer shall ensure that
employees remain clear of areas where
logs being dumped could strike, roll
upon, or pin them.
(b) Personal flotation devices. Each employee working on a log boom shall be
protected by a personal flotation device meeting the requirements of
§ 1918.105(b)(2).
(c) Footwear. The employer shall provide each employee that is working
logs with appropriate footwear, such as
spiked shoes or caulked sandals, and
shall ensure that each employee wears
appropriate footwear to climb or walk
on logs.
(d) Lifelines. When employees are
working on log booms or cribs, lifelines
shall be furnished and hung overside to
the water’s edge.
(e) Jacob’s ladder. When a log boom is
being worked, a Jacob’s ladder meeting

the requirements of § 1918.23 shall be
provided for each gang working alongside unless other safe means of access
(such as the vessel’s gangway) is provided. However, no more than two Jacob’s ladders are required for any single log boom being worked.
(f) Life-ring. When working a log
boom alongside a ship, a U.S. Coast
Guard approved 30-inch (76.2 cm) lifering, with no less than 90 feet (27.4 m)
of line, shall be provided either on the
floating unit itself or aboard the ship
close to each floating unit being
worked.
(g) Rescue boat. When employees are
working on rafts or booms, a rescue
boat capable of effecting an immediate
rescue shall be available. Powered rescue boats are required when the current exceeds one knot.
(h) Log rafts. When an employee is
working logs out of the water, walking
sticks 11 (safety sticks) shall be provided as follows:
(1) They shall be planked and be no
less than 24 inches (.61 m) wide;
(2) They shall extend along the entire
length of all rafts on the side(s) of the
vessel being worked, and to the means
of access to the log raft(s); and
(3) They shall be buoyant enough to
keep the walking surface above the waterline when employees are walking on
them.
§ 1918.89 Handling hazardous cargo
(See also § 1918.2 and § 1918.99).
Hazardous cargo shall be slung and
secured so that neither the draft nor
individual packages can fall because of
tipping of the draft or slacking of the
supporting gear.

Subpart I—General Working
Conditions.
§ 1918.90

Hazard communication.

See § 1918.1(b)(4).
11 A ‘‘walking stick’’ is two logs bolted or
otherwise secured together with two or three
planks firmly attached on top that serves as
a floating walking and working surface and
that is used in the loading of logs onto vessels from the water.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
§ 1918.91 Housekeeping.
(a) General. Active work areas shall
be kept free of equipment, such as lashing gear, and materials not in use, and
clear of debris, projecting nails, strapping and other objects not necessary to
the work in progress.
(b) Slippery surfaces. The employer
shall eliminate conditions causing slippery walking and working surfaces in
immediate areas used by employees.
(c) Free movement of drafts. Dunnage
shall not be placed at any location
where it interferes with the free movement of drafts.
(d) Dunnage height. Dunnage racked
against sweat battens or bulkheads
shall not be used when the levels of
such racks are above the safe reach of
employees.
(e) Coaming clearance. Dunnage, hatch
beams, tarpaulins or gear not in use
shall be stowed no closer than three
feet (.91 m) to the port and starboard
sides of the weather deck hatch coaming.
(f) Nails. (1) Nails that are protruding
from shoring or fencing in the work
area shall be rendered harmless.
(2) Dunnage, lumber, or shoring material in which there are visibly protruding nails shall be removed from the
work area, or, if left in the area, the
nails shall be rendered harmless.
(g) Ice aloft. Employees shall be protected from ice that may fall from
aloft.
§ 1918.92 Illumination.
(a) Walking, working, and climbing
areas. Walking, working, and climbing
areas shall be illuminated. Unless conditions described in the regulations of
the U.S. Coast Guard (33 CFR 154.570)
exist for specific operations, illumination for cargo transfer operations shall
be of a minimum light intensity of five
foot-candles (54 lux). Where work tasks
require more light to be performed
safely, supplemental lighting shall be
used.
(b) Intensity measurement. The lighting intensity shall be measured at the
task/working surface, in the plane in
which the task/working surface is
present.
(c) Arrangement of lights. Lights shall
be arranged so that they do not shine
into the eyes of winch-drivers, crane

§ 1918.93

operators or hatch tenders. On Ro-Ro
ships, stationary lights shall not shine
directly into the eyes of drivers.
(d) Portable lights. Portable lights
shall meet the following requirements:
(1) Portable lights shall be equipped
with substantial reflectors and guards
to prevent materials from coming into
contact with the bulb.
(2) Flexible electric cords used with
temporary lights shall be designed by
the manufacturer for hard or extrahard usage. Temporary and portable
lights shall not be suspended by their
electric cords unless the cords and
lights are designed for this means of
suspension. Connections and insulation
shall be maintained in safe condition.
(3) Electric conductors and fixtures
for portable lights shall be so arranged
as to be free from contact with drafts,
running gear, and other moving equipment.
(4) Portable cargo lights furnished by
the employer for use aboard vessels
shall be listed as approved for marine
use by the U.S. Coast Guard or by a nationally recognized testing laboratory
(see § 1910.7).
(e) Entry into darkened areas. Employees shall not be permitted to enter
dark holds, compartments, decks or
other spaces without a flashlight or
other portable light. The use of
matches or open flames is prohibited.
§ 1918.93 Hazardous atmospheres and
substances (See also § 1918.2).
(a) Purpose and scope. This section
covers areas in which the employer
knows, or has reason to believe, that a
hazardous atmosphere or substance
may exist, except where one or more of
the
following
sections
apply:
§ 1918.94(a),
Carbon
monoxide;
§ 1918.94(b),
Fumigated
grains;
§ 1918.94(c),
Fumigated
tobacco;
§ 1918.94(d), Other fumigated cargoes;
§ 1918.94(e), Catch of menhaden and
similar species of fish.
(b) Determination of the hazard. When
the employer knows, or has reason to
believe, that a space on a vessel contains or has contained a hazardous atmosphere, a designated and appropriately equipped person shall test the
atmosphere prior to employee entry to
detect whether a hazardous atmosphere
exists.

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§ 1918.94

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(c) Testing during ventilation. When
mechanical ventilation is used to
maintain a safe atmosphere, tests shall
be made by a designated person to ensure that the atmosphere is not hazardous.
(d) Entry into hazardous atmospheres.
Only designated persons shall enter
hazardous atmospheres, in which case
the following provisions shall apply:
(1) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall
be protected by respiratory and emergency protective equipment meeting
the requirements of subpart J of this
part;
(2) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall
be instructed about the hazards, precautions to be taken, and the use of
protective and emergency equipment.
Standby observers, similarly equipped
and instructed, shall continuously
monitor the activity of employees
within such space;
(3) Except in emergency or rescue operations, employees shall not enter any
atmosphere identified as flammable or
oxygen-deficient (less than 19.5% oxygen). Persons who may be required to
enter flammable or oxygen-deficient
atmospheres in emergency operations
shall be instructed in the dangers attendant to those atmospheres and be
instructed in the use of self-contained
breathing apparatus which shall be
used for entry.
(4) To prevent inadvertent employee
entry into spaces identified as having
hazardous, flammable or oxygen-deficient atmospheres, appropriate warning signs or equivalent means shall be
posted at all means of access to those
spaces.
(e) Asbestos cargo leak. When the
packaging of asbestos cargo leaks,
spillage shall be cleaned up by designated employees protected from the
harmful effects of asbestos as required
by § 1910.1001 of this chapter.
§ 1918.94 Ventilation and atmospheric
conditions (See also § 1918.2, definitions of Hazardous cargo, materials,
substance or atmosphere and Ro-Ro
operations).
(a) Ventilation with respect to carbon
monoxide. (1) When internal combustion
engines exhaust into a hold, intermediate deck, or any other compart-

ment, the employer shall ensure that
the atmosphere is tested as frequently
as needed to prevent carbon monoxide
(CO) concentrations from exceeding allowable limits. Such tests shall be
made in the area in which employees
are working by persons competent in
the use of the test equipment and procedures. If operations are in a deep
tank or refrigerated compartment, the
first test shall be made within one half
hour of the time the engine starts. To
decide the need for further testing, the
initial test in all other cargo handling
areas shall be taken no later than one
hour after the time the engine starts.
(i) The CO content of the atmosphere
in a compartment, hold, or any enclosed space shall be maintained at not
more than 50 parts per million (ppm)
(0.005%) as an eight hour average area
level and employees shall be removed
from the enclosed space if the CO concentration exceeds a ceiling of 100 ppm
(0.01%). Exception: The ceiling shall be
200 ppm (0.02%) instead of 100 ppm
(0.01%) for Ro-Ro operations.
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(1)(i): The term
eight hour average area level means that for
any period in which the concentration exceeds 50 parts per million, the concentration
shall be maintained for a corresponding period below 50 parts per million.

(ii) When both natural ventilation
and the vessel’s ventilation system are
inadequate to keep the CO concentration within the allowable limits, the
employer shall use supplementary
means to bring such concentration
within allowable limits, as determined
by monitoring.
(2) The intakes of portable blowers
and any exposed belt drives shall be
guarded to prevent injury to employees.
(3) The frames of portable blowers
shall be grounded at the source of the
current by means of an equipment
grounding conductor run with or enclosing the circuit conductors. When
the vessel is the source of the current,
the equipment grounding conductor
shall be bonded to the structure of the
vessel. Electric cords shall be free from
visible defects.
(b) Fumigated grains. (1) Before commencing to handle bulk grain in any
12 [Reserved]

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
compartment of a vessel in which employees will or may be present, the employer shall:
(i) Determine whether the grain has
been or will be fumigated at the elevator; and
(ii) Determine whether that compartment, or any cargo within it loaded at
a prior berth, has been treated with a
fumigant or any other chemical.
(2) If fumigant or chemical treatment
has been carried out, or if there is reason to suspect that such treatment has
been carried out, it shall be determined
by atmospheric testing that the compartment’s atmosphere is within allowable limits. (See paragraph (b)(3) of
this section.)
(3) A test of the fumigant concentration in the atmosphere of the compartment shall be made after loading begins and before employees enter the
compartment. Additional tests shall be
made as often as necessary to ensure
that hazardous concentrations do not
develop.
(i) Tests for fumigant concentration
shall be conducted by a designated person, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the characteristics of the fumigant being used, the correct procedure
for measurement, the proper measuring
equipment to be used, the fumigant
manufacturers’ recommendations and
warnings, and the proper use of personal protective equipment to guard
against the specific hazard.
(ii) If the concentration in any compartment reaches the level specified as
hazardous by the fumigant manufacturer, or exceeds the permissible exposure limits of part 1910, subpart Z of
this chapter, whichever is lower, all
employees shall be removed from such
compartments and shall not be permitted to reenter until tests prove that
the atmosphere is within allowable
limits.
(iii) No employee shall be permitted
to enter any compartment in which
grain fumigation has been carried out,
or any compartment immediately next
to such a compartment, until it has
been determined by testing that the atmosphere in the compartment to be entered is within allowable limits for
entry.
(iv) In the event a compartment containing a hazardous or unknown con-

§ 1918.94

centration of fumigants must be entered for testing of the atmosphere, or
for emergency purposes, each employee
entering shall be protected by respiratory protective equipment following the provisions of § 1918.102, and
by any protective clothing and other
personal protective equipment recommended by the fumigant manufacturer for protection against the particular hazard. At least two other employees shall be stationed outside the
compartment as observers, to provide
rescue services in case of emergency.
The observers shall be equipped with
similar personal protective equipment.
(v) One or more employees on duty
shall be equipped and trained to provide any specific emergency medical
treatment stipulated for the particular
fumigant.
(vi) Emergency equipment required
by this paragraph shall be readily accessible wherever fumigated grains are
being handled.
(4) If a compartment is treated for
local infestation before loading grain
by a chemical other than a fumigant,
the employee applying the treatment,
and any other employees entering the
compartment, shall be provided with
and required to use any personal protective equipment recommended by the
manufacturer of the product to protect
them against the effects of exposure.
(c) Fumigated tobacco. The employer
shall not load break-bulk tobacco until
the carrier has provided written notification about whether or not the cargo
has been fumigated. If break-bulk tobacco cargo has been treated with any
toxic fumigant, loading shall not commence until a written warranty has
been received from the fumigation facility that the aeration of the cargo
has been such as to reduce the concentration of the fumigant to within
the level specified as hazardous by the
fumigant manufacturer, or does not exceed the permissible exposure limits of
part 1910, subpart Z of this chapter,
whichever is lower. Such notification
and warranty shall be maintained for
at least 30 days after the loading of the
tobacco has been completed, and shall
be available for inspection.

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§ 1918.95

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

(d) Other fumigated cargoes. Before
commencing to load or discharge fumigated cargo other than the cargo specifically addressed in paragraphs (b)
and (c) of this section, the employer
shall determine that the concentration
of fumigants is within the level specified as hazardous by the fumigant manufacturer, or does not exceed the permissible exposure limits of part 1910,
subpart Z of this chapter, whichever is
lower.
(e) Grain dust. When employees are
exposed to concentrations of grain dust
greater than the allowable limit found
in subpart Z of part 1910 of this chapter, they shall be protected by suitable
respiratory protective equipment as required by § 1918.102.
(f) Catch of menhaden and similar species of fish. (1) The provisions of this
paragraph shall not apply to vessels
having and utilizing refrigerated holds
for the carriage of all cargo.
(2) After a vessel has arrived at berth
for discharge of menhaden, but before
personnel enter the hold, and as frequently thereafter as tests show to be
necessary, tests shall be made of the
atmosphere in the vessel’s hold to ensure a safe work space. The tests shall
be done for the presence of hydrogen
sulfide and for oxygen deficiency.
(3) Tests required by paragraph (f)(2)
of this section shall be made by designated supervisory personnel, trained
and competent in the nature of hazards
and the use of test equipment and procedures.
(4) Before employees enter a hold it
shall be tested for hydrogen sulfide and
oxygen deficiency. Employees shall not
enter the hold when the hydrogen sulfide level exceeds 20 ppm ceiling or
when the oxygen content is less than
19.5 percent, except in emergencies.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40946, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.95 Sanitation.
(a) Washing and toilet facilities. (1) Accessible washing and toilet facilities
sufficient for the sanitary requirements of employees shall be readily accessible at the worksite. The facilities
shall have:
(i) Running water, including hot and
cold or tepid water, at a minimum of
one
accessible
location
(when

longshoring operations are conducted
at locations without permanent facilities, potable water may be provided instead of running water);
(ii) Soap;
(iii) Individual hand towels, clean individual sections of continuous toweling, or warm air blowers; and
(iv) Fixed or portable toilets in separate
compartments
with
latchequipped doors. Separate toilet facilities shall be provided for male and female employees unless toilet rooms
will be occupied by only one person at
a time.
(2) Washing and toilet facilities shall
be regularly cleaned and maintained in
good order.
(b) Drinking water. (1) Potable drinking water shall be accessible to employees at all times.
(2) Potable drinking water containers
shall be clean, containing only water
and ice, and shall be fitted with covers.
(3) Common drinking cups are prohibited.
(c) Prohibited eating areas. Consumption of food or beverages in areas where
hazardous materials are stowed or
being handled is prohibited.
(d) Garbage and overboard discharges.
Work shall not be conducted close to
uncovered garbage or in the way of
overboard discharges from the vessel’s
sanitary lines unless employees are
protected from the garbage or discharge by a baffle or splash boards.
EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: At 76 FR 33610, June
8, 2011, § 1918.95 was amended by revising
paragraph (a)(1)(iii), effective July 8, 2011.
For the convenience of the user, the added
and revised text is set forth as follows:
§ 1918.95 Sanitation.
(a) * * *
(1) * * *
(iii) Individual hand towels, clean individual sections of continuous toweling, or air
blowers; and

*

*

*

*

*

§ 1918.96 Maintenance
and
repair
work in the vicinity of longshoring
operations.
(a) Noise interference (See also
§ 1918.1(b)(6).) Longshoring operations
shall not be carried on when noise
interferes with communications of
warnings or instructions.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(b) Falling objects. Longshoring operations shall not be carried on in the
hold or on deck beneath work being
conducted overhead whenever such
work exposes the employee to a hazard
of falling objects.
(c) Hot work. Longshoring operations
shall not be carried on where the employee is exposed to damaging light
rays, hot metal, or sparks from welding
or cutting.
(d) Abrasive blasting and spray painting. Longshoring operations shall not
be carried on in the immediate vicinity
of abrasive blasting or spray painting
operations.
(e) Machine guarding. (See also
§ 1918.2, definition of ‘‘Danger zone’’.)
(1) Danger zones on machines and
equipment used by employees shall be
guarded.
(2) The power supply to machines
shall be turned off, locked out, and
tagged out during repair, adjustment,
or servicing.
§ 1918.97 First aid and lifesaving facilities. (See appendix V of this part).
(a) Injury reporting. The employer
shall require each employee to report
every work-related injury, regardless
of severity, to the employer.
(b) First aid. A first aid kit shall be
available at or near each vessel being
worked. At least one person holding a
valid first aid certificate, such as is
issued by the Red Cross or other equivalent organization, shall be available
to render first aid when work is in
progress.
(c) First aid kits. First aid kits shall
be weatherproof and shall contain individual sealed packages for each item
that must be kept sterile. The contents
of each kit shall be determined by a
person certified in first aid and cognizant of the hazards found in marine
cargo handling operations. The contents shall be checked at intervals that
allow prompt replacement of expended
items.
(d) Stretchers. (1) For each vessel
being worked, at least one Stokes basket stretcher, or its equivalent, shall
be available to be permanently
equipped with bridles for attachment
to the hoisting gear.

§ 1918.98

(2) Stretchers shall be kept close to
vessels and shall be positioned to avoid
damage to the stretcher.
(3) A blanket or other suitable covering shall be available.
(4) Stretchers shall have at least four
sets of effective patient restraints in
operable condition.
(5) Lifting bridles shall be of adequate strength, capable of lifting 1,000
pounds (454 kg) with a safety factor of
five (lifting capability of 5,000 pounds),
and shall be maintained in operable
condition. Lifting bridles shall be provided for making vertical patient lifts
at container berths. Stretchers for
vertical lifts shall have foot plates.
(6) Stretchers shall be maintained in
operable condition. Struts and braces
shall be inspected for damage. Wire
mesh shall be secured and have no
burrs. Damaged stretchers shall not be
used until repaired.
(7) Stretchers in permanent locations
shall be mounted to prevent damage
and be protected from the elements if
located out-of-doors. If concealed from
view, enclosures shall be marked to indicate the location of the lifesaving
equipment.
(e) Life-rings. (1) The employer shall
ensure that there is in the vicinity of
each vessel being worked at least one
U.S. Coast Guard approved 30-inch (76.2
cm) life-ring with no less than 90 feet
(27.43 m) of line attached, and at least
one portable or permanent ladder that
will reach from the top of the apron to
the surface of the water.
(2) In addition, when working a
barge, scow, raft, lighter, log boom, or
carfloat alongside a ship, a U.S. Coast
Guard approved 30-inch (76.2 cm) lifering, with no less than 90 feet (27.43 m)
of line shall be provided either on the
floating unit itself or aboard the ship
in the immediate vicinity of each floating unit being worked.
(f) Communication. Telephone or
equivalent means of communication
shall be readily available at the worksite.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40946, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.98 Qualifications of machinery
operators and supervisory training.
(a) Qualification of machinery operators. (1) Only an employee determined

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§ 1918.99

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

by the employer to be competent by
reason of training or experience, and
who understands the signs, notices and
operating instructions and is familiar
with the signal code in use, shall be
permitted to operate a crane, winch, or
other power-operated cargo handling
apparatus, or any power-operated vehicle, or give signals to the operator of
any hoisting apparatus. However, an
employee being trained and supervised
by a designated person may operate
such machinery and give signals to operators during training.
(2) No employee known to have defective uncorrected eyesight or hearing,
or to be suffering from heart disease,
epilepsy, or similar ailments that may
suddenly incapacitate the employee,
shall be permitted to operate a crane,
winch or other power-operated cargo
handling apparatus or a power-operated vehicle.
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(2): OSHA is defining suddenly incapacitating medical ailments consistent with the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. 12101 (1990).
Therefore, employers who act in accordance
with the employment provisions (Title I) of
the ADA (42 U.S.C. 12111–12117), the regulations implementing Title I (29 CFR Part
1630), and the Technical Assistance Manual
for Title I issued by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (Publication number: EEOC-M1A), will be considered as being
in compliance with this paragraph.

(b) Supervisory accident prevention proficiency. (1) By July 16, 1999, each immediate supervisor of a cargo handling
operation of more than five persons
shall satisfactorily complete a course
in accident prevention.
(2) Each employee newly assigned to
supervisory duties after that date shall
be required to meet the provisions of
this paragraph within 90 days of such
assignment.
(3) The accident prevention course
shall consist of instruction suited to
the particular operations involved. 13
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40946, June 30, 2000]
13 The

following are recommended topics:
Safety responsibility and authority; elements of accidents prevention; attitudes,
leadership and motivation; hazards of
longshoring, including peculiar local circumstances; hazard identification and elimi-

§ 1918.99 Retention of DOT markings,
placards and labels.
(a) Any employer who receives a
package of hazardous material that is
required to be marked, labeled or placarded in accordance with the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR
parts 171 through 180) shall retain those
markings, labels and placards on the
package until the packaging is sufficiently cleaned of residues and purged
of vapors to remove any potential hazards.
(b) Any employer who receives a
freight container, rail freight car,
motor vehicle, or transport vehicle
that is required to be marked or placarded in accordance with the Hazardous Materials Regulations shall retain those markings and placards on
the freight container, rail freight car,
motor vehicle or transport vehicle
until the hazardous materials that require the marking or placarding are
sufficiently removed to prevent any potential hazards.
(c) Markings, placards and labels
shall be maintained in a manner that
ensures that they are readily visible.
(d) For non-bulk packages that will
not be reshipped, the provisions of the
section are met if a label or other acceptable marking is affixed in accordance with OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
(e) For the purposes of this section,
the term ‘‘hazardous material’’ has the
same definition as in the Hazardous
Materials Regulations (49 CFR parts
171 through 180).
§ 1918.100 Emergency action plans.
(a) Scope and application. This section
requires all employers to develop and
implement an emergency action plan. 14
The emergency action plan shall be in
writing (except as provided in the last
sentence of paragraph (e)(3) of this section) and shall cover those designated
actions employers and employees must
nation; applicable regulations; and accident
investigations.
14 When an employer directs his employees
to respond to an emergency that is beyond
the scope of the Emergency Action Plan, a
plan
developed
in
accordance
with
§ 1910.120(q) of this chapter shall apply.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
take to ensure employee safety from
fire and other emergencies.
(b) Elements. The following elements,
at a minimum, shall be included in the
plan:
(1) Emergency escape procedures and
emergency escape route assignments;
(2) Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical
operations before they evacuate;
(3) Procedures to account for all employees after emergency evacuation
has been completed;
(4) Rescue and medical duties for
those employees who are to perform
them;
(5) The preferred means of reporting
fires and other emergencies; and
(6) Names or regular job titles of persons or departments that can be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan.
(c) Alarm system. The employer shall
establish an employee alarm system
that provides warning for necessary
emergency action or for reaction time
for safe escape of employees from the
workplace or the immediate work area,
or both.
(d) Evacuation. The employer shall
establish the types of evacuation to be
used in emergency circumstances.
(e) Training. (1) Before implementing
the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the
safe and orderly emergency evacuation
of employees.
(2) The employer shall review the
plan with each employee covered by
the plan at the following times:
(i) Initially when the plan is developed;
(ii) Whenever the employee’s responsibilities or designated actions under
the plan change; and
(iii) Whenever the plan is changed.
(3) The employer shall review with
each employee upon initial assignment
those parts of the plan that the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency.
The written plan shall be kept at the
workplace and made available for employee review. Employers with 10 or
fewer employees may communicate the

§ 1918.101

plan orally to employees and need not
maintain a written plan.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40946, June 30, 2000]

Subpart J—Personal Protective
Equipment
§ 1918.101

Eye and face protection.

(a) The employer shall ensure that:
(1)(i) Employers must ensure that
each employee uses appropriate eye
and/or face protection when the employee is exposed to an eye or face hazard, and that protective eye and face
devices comply with any of the following consensus standards:
(A) ANSI Z87.1–2003, ‘‘American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection,’’ which is incorporated by
reference in § 1918.3;
(B) ANSI Z87.1–1989 (R1998), ‘‘American National Standard Practice for
Occupational and Educational Eye and
Face Protection,’’ which is incorporated by reference in § 1918.3; or
(C) ANSI Z87.1–1989, ‘‘American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection,’’ which is incorporated by
reference in § 1918.3.
(ii) Protective eye and face protection devices that the employer demonstrates are at least as effective as
protective eye and face protection devices that are constructed in accordance with one of the above consensus
standards will be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this
section.
(2) For an employee wearing corrective glasses, eye protection equipment
required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall be of the type that can be
worn over glasses. Prescription-ground
safety lenses may be substituted if
they provide equivalent protection.
(b) Eye protection shall be maintained in good condition.
(c) Used eye protection shall be
cleaned and disinfected before issuance
to another employee.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 74
FR 46361, Sept. 9, 2009]

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§ 1918.102
§ 1918.102

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)
Respiratory protection.

(See § 1918.1(b)(8)).
[65 FR 40946, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.103

Head protection.

(a) The employer shall ensure that
each affected employee wears a protective helmet when working in areas
where there is a potential for injury to
the head from falling objects.
(b)(1) The employer must ensure that
head protection complies with any of
the following consensus standards:
(i) ANSI Z89.1–2003, ‘‘American National Standard for Industrial Head
Protection,’’ which is incorporated by
reference in § 1918.3;
(ii) ANSI Z89.1–1997, ‘‘American National Standard for Industrial Head
Protection,’’ which is incorporated by
reference in § 1918.3; or
(iii) ANSI Z89.1–1986, ‘‘American National Standard for Personnel Protection—Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers—Requirements,’’ which
is incorporated by reference in § 1918.3.
(2) Head protection devices that the
employer demonstrates are at least as
effective as head protection devices
that are constructed in accordance
with one of the above consensus standards will be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section.
(c) Previously worn protective hats
shall be cleaned and disinfected before
issuance by the employer to another
employee.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 74
FR 46361, Sept. 9, 2009]

§ 1918.104

Foot protection.

(a) The employer shall ensure that
each affected employee wears protective footwear when working in areas
where there is a danger of foot injuries
due to falling or rolling objects or objects piercing the sole.
(b)(1) The employer must ensure that
protective footwear complies with any
of the following consensus standards:
(i) ASTM F–2412–2005, ‘‘Standard Test
Methods for Foot Protection,’’ and
ASTM F–2413–2005, ‘‘Standard Specification for Performance Requirements
for Protective Footwear,’’ which are
incorporated by reference in § 1918.3;

(ii) ANSI Z41–1999, ‘‘American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear,’’ which is
incorporated by reference in § 1918.3; or
(iii) ANSI Z41–1991, ‘‘American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear,’’ which is
incorporated by reference in § 1918.3.
(2) Protective footwear that the employer demonstrates is at least as effective as protective footwear that is
constructed in accordance with one of
the above consensus standards will be
deemed to be in compliance with the
requirements of this section.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 74
FR 46361, Sept. 9, 2009]

§ 1918.105

Other protective measures.

(a) Protective clothing. (1) The employer shall provide and shall require
the wearing of special protective clothing for each employee engaged in work
where protective clothing is necessary.
(2) When necessary, protective clothing shall be cleaned and disinfected before reissuance.
(b) Personal flotation devices (PFDs).
(1) The employer shall provide and
shall require the wearing of PFDs for
each employee engaged in work in
which the employee might fall into the
water.
(2) PFDs (life preservers, life jackets,
or work vests) worn by each affected
employee must be United States Coast
Guard (USCG) approved pursuant to 46
CFR part 160 (Type I, II, III, or V PFD)
and marked for use as a work vest, for
commercial use, or for use on vessels.
(3) Personal flotation devices shall be
maintained in safe condition and shall
be considered unserviceable when damaged in a manner that affects buoyancy
or fastening capability.
[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65
FR 40946, June 30, 2000]

§ 1918.106 Payment
equipment.

for

protective

(a) Except as provided by paragraphs
(b) through (f) of this section, the protective equipment, including personal
protective equipment (PPE), used to
comply with this part, shall be provided by the employer at no cost to
employees.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
(b) The employer is not required to
pay for non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes
or steel-toe boots) and non-specialty
prescription safety eyewear, provided
that the employer permits such items
to be worn off the job-site.
(c) When the employer provides
metatarsal guards and allows the employee, at his or her request, to use
shoes or boots with built-in metatarsal
protection, the employer is not required to reimburse the employee for
the shoes or boots.
(d) The employer is not required to
pay for:
(1) Everyday clothing, such as longsleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes,
and normal work boots; or
(2) Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or
other items, used solely for protection
from weather, such as winter coats,
jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots,
hats, raincoats, ordinary sunglasses,
and sunscreen.
(e) The employer must pay for replacement PPE, except when the employee has lost or intentionally damaged the PPE.
(f) Where an employee provides adequate protective equipment he or she
owns, the employer may allow the employee to use it and is not required to
reimburse the employee for that equipment. The employer shall not require
an employee to provide or pay for his
or her own PPE, unless the PPE is excepted by paragraphs (b) through (e).
(g) This section shall become effective on February 13, 2008. Employers
must implement the PPE payment requirements no later than May 15, 2008.
NOTE TO § 1918.106: When the provisions of
another OSHA standard specify whether or
not the employer must pay for specific
equipment, the payment provisions of that
standard shall prevail.
[72 FR 64429, Nov. 15, 2007]

APPENDIX I TO PART 1918—CARGO GEAR
REGISTER AND CERTIFICATES (NONMANDATORY)
NOTE: This appendix is non-mandatory and
provides guidance to part 1918 to assist employers and employees in complying with the
requirements of this standard, as well as to
provide other helpful information. Nothing
in this appendix adds or detracts from any of
the requirements of this standard. The lan-

Pt. 1918, App. I

guage in this appendix is taken directly from
the recommended ILO document.
Form No. 1
IDENTITY OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY OR COMPETENT ORGANIZATION REGISTER OF SHIPS’
LIFTING APPLIANCES AND CARGO HANDLING
GEAR
Name of Ship llllllllllllllll
Official Number lllllllllllllll
Call Sign llllllllllllllllll
Port of Registry lllllllllllllll
Name of Owner lllllllllllllll
Register Number llllllllllllll
Date of Issue llllllllllllllll
Issued by llllllllllllllllll
Signature and Stamp llllllllllll
NOTE: This register is the standard international form as recommended by the International Labour Office in accordance with
the ILO Convention No. 152.
GENERAL
The tests, examinations and inspections
indicated in this register are based on the requirements of ILO Convention 152 and Recommendation 160. They are intended to ensure that ships having lifting appliances are
initially certified by a competent person,
and to establish periodically that they continue to be in safe working order to the satisfaction of a competent person acceptable
to a competent authority. A Register of lifting appliances and items of loose gear shall
be kept in a form prescribed by the competent authority, account being taken of
this model recommended by the International Labour Office. This Register and related certificates shall be kept available to
any person authorized by the competent authority. The Register and certificates for
gear currently aboard the ship shall be preserved for at least five years after the date of
the last entry.
INSTRUCTION
1. Initial Examination and Certification
1.1. Every lifting appliance shall be certified by a competent person before being
taken into use for the first time to ensure
that it is of good design and construction
and of adequate strength for the purpose for
which it is intended.
1.2. Before being taken into use for the
first time, a competent person shall supervise and witness testing, and shall thoroughly examine every lifting appliance.
1.3. Every item of loose gear shall, before
being taken into use for the first time, shall
be tested, thoroughly examined and certified
by a competent person, in accordance with
national law or regulations.

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Pt. 1918, App. I

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

1.4. Upon satisfactory completion of the
procedures indicated above, the competent
person shall complete and issue the Register
of lifting appliances and attach the appropriate certificates. An entry shall be made in
part I of the Register.
1.5. A rigging plan showing the arrangement of lifting appliances shall be provided.
In the case of derricks and derrick cranes,
the rigging should show at least the following information:
(a) The position of guys;
(b) The resultant force on blocks, guys,
wire ropes and booms;
(c) The position of blocks;
(d) The identification mark of individual
items; and
(e) Arrangements and working range of
union purchase.
2. Periodic Examination and Re-testing
2.1. All lifting appliances and every item of
loose gear shall be thoroughly examined by a
competent person at least once in every
twelve months. The particulars of these
thorough examinations shall be entered in
part I of the Register.
2.2. Re-testing and thorough examination
of all lifting appliances and every item of
loose gear is to be carried out:
(a) after any substantial alteration or renewal, or after repair to any stress bearing
part, and
(b) in the case of lifting appliances, at
least once in every five years.
2.3. The retesting referred to in paragraph
2.2(a) may be omitted provided the part
which has been renewed or repaired is subjected by separate test, to the same stress as
would be imposed on it if it had been tested
in-situ during the testing of the lifting appliance.
2.4. The thorough examinations and tests
referred to in paragraph 2.2. are to be entered
in part I of the Register.
2.5. No new item of loose gear shall be
manufactured of wrought iron. Heat treatment of any existing wrought iron components should be carried out to the satisfaction of the competent person. No heat treatment should be applied to any item of loose
gear unless the treatment is in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instruction; and to
the satisfaction of the competent person.
Any heat treatment and the associated ex-

amination are to be recorded by the competent person in part I of the Register.
3. Inspections
3.1. Regular visual inspections of every
item of loose gear shall be carried out by a
responsible person before use. A record of
these regular inspections is to be entered in
part II of the Register, but entries need only
be made when the inspection has indicated a
defect in the item.
4. Certificates
4.1. The certification forms to be used in
conjunction with this Register (Form No. 1)
are as follows:
(Form No. 2)—Certificate of test and thorough examination of lifting appliance.
(Form No. 2(U))—Certificate of test and
thorough examination of derricks used in
union purchase.
(Form No. 3)—Certificate of test and thorough examination of loose gear.
(Form No. 4)—Certificate of test and thorough examination of wire rope.
DEFINITIONS
(a) The term ‘‘competent authority’’
means a minister, government department,
or other authority empowered to issue regulations, orders or other instructions having
the force of law.
(b) The term ‘‘competent person’’ means a
person appointed by the master of the ship
or the owner of the gear to be responsible for
the performance of inspections and who has
sufficient knowledge and experience to undertake such inspections.
(c) The term ‘‘thorough examination’’
means a detailed visual examination by a
competent person, supplemented if necessary
by other suitable means or measures in order
to arrive at a reliable conclusion as to the
safety of the lifting appliance or item of
loose gear examined.
(d) The term ‘‘lifting appliance’’ covers all
stationary or mobile cargo handling appliances used on board ship for suspending,
raising or lowering loads or moving them
from one position to another while suspended or supported.
(e) The term ‘‘loose gear’’ covers any gear
by means of which a load can be attached to
a lifting appliance, but which does not form
an integral part of the appliance or load.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor

Pt. 1918, App. I

THE FOLLOWING ARE SAMPLE FORMS OF CERTIFICATES AS RECOMMENDED BY THE ILO
[Part I—Thorough Examination of Lifting Appliances and Loose Gear]

Certificate
Nos.
(2)

Examination performed
(see note 2)
(3)

I certify that on the date to
which I have appended
my signature, the gear
shown in col. (1) was
thoroughly examined and
no defects affecting its
safe working condition
were found other than
those shown in col. (5)
(date and signature)
(4)

....................
....................
....................

..........................................
..........................................
..........................................

..........................................
..........................................
..........................................

Situation and description of
lifting appliances and loose
gear (with distinguishing
numbers or marks, if any)
which have been thoroughly examined. (See
note 1)
(1)

Remarks (to be dated and
signed)
(5)

NOTE 1: If all the lifting appliances are thoroughly examined on the same date it will be sufficient to enter in Col. (1) ‘‘All lifting
appliances and loose gear’’. If not, the parts that have been thoroughly examined on the dates stated must be clearly indicated.
NOTE 2: The thorough examinations to be indicated in Col. (3) include:
(a) Initial.
(b) 12 monthly.
(c) 5 yearly.
(d) Repair/Damage.
(e) Other thorough examinations.
[Part II—Regular Inspections of Loose Gear]
Situation and description of loose gear
(with distinguishing numbers or marks, if
any) that has been inspected.
(See note 1)

Signature and date of the responsible
person carrying out the inspection

Remarks (to be dated and signed)

NOTE 1: All loose gear should be inspected before use. However, entries need only be made when the inspection discloses a
defect.

Form No. 2
Identity of National Authority or Competent Organization Certificate of Test and Thorough
Examination of Lifting Appliances
Name of Ship

llllllllllllllll

Situation and description of
lifting appliances (with distinguishing numbers or marks, if
any) which have been tested
and thoroughly examined
(1)

Angle to the horizontal or radius
at which test load applied
(2)

Name and address of the firm or competent
person who witnessed testing and carried out
thorough examination.
I certify that on the date to which I have
appended my signature, the gear shown in
Col. (1) was tested and thoroughly examined
and no defects or permanent deformation
was found and that the safe working load is
as shown.
Date:

Official Number lllllllllllllll
Call Sign llllllllllllllllll
Port of Registry lllllllllllllll
Name of Owner lllllllllllllll
Certificate No.
lllllllllllllll

Test load (tonnes)
(3)

Place:

Safe working load at angle or
radius shown in col. 2
(tonnes)
(4)

llllllllllllllllllll

Signature: llllllllllllllllll
NOTE: This certificate is the standard
international form as recommended by the
International Labor Office in accordance
with ILO Convention No. 152.

llllllllllllllllllll

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Pt. 1918, App. I

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

Reverse of Form No. 2
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Every lifting appliance shall be tested
with a test load which shall exceed the Safe
Working Load (SWL) as follows:
SWL

Test load

Up to 20 tonnes .................................
20 to 50 tonnes .................................
Over 50 tonnes ..................................

25 percent in excess.
5 tonnes in excess.
10 percent in excess.

2. In the case of derrick systems, the test
load shall be lifted with the ship’s normal
tackle with the derrick at the minimum
angle to the horizontal for which the derrick
system was designed (generally 15 degrees),
or at such greater angle as may be agreed.
The angle at which the test was made should
be stated in the certificate.
2.1. The SWL shown is applicable to swinging derrick systems only. When derricks are
used in union purchase, the SWL (U) is to be
shown on Form 2 (U).
2.2. In the case of heavy derricks, care
should be taken to ensure that the appropriate stays are correctly rigged.
3. In the case of cranes, the test load is to
be hoisted and luffed at slow speed. Gantry
and traveling cranes together with their
trolleys, where appropriate, are to be traversed and traveled over the full length of
their track.
3.1. In the case of variable load-radius
cranes, the tests are generally to be carried
out with the appropriate test load at maximum, minimum and intermediate radii.
3.2. In the case of hydraulic cranes where
limitations of pressure make it impossible to
lift a test load 25 percent in excess of the
Situation and description of derricks used in Union Purchase
(with distinguishing numbers or
marks) which have been tested
and thoroughly examined
(1)

safe working load, it will be sufficient to lift
the greatest possible load, but in general this
should not be less than 10 percent in excess
of the safe working load.
4. As a general rule, tests should be carried
out using test loads, and no exception should
be allowed in the case of initial tests. In the
case of repairs/replacement or when the periodic examination calls for re-test, consideration may be given to the use of spring or
hydraulic balances provided the SWL of the
lifting appliance does not exceed 15 tonnes.
Where a spring or hydraulic balance is used,
it shall be calibrated and accurate to within
#2 percent and the indicator should remain
constant for five minutes.
4.1. If the test weights are not used, this is
to be indicated in Col. (3).
5. The expression ‘‘tonne’’ shall mean a
tonne of 1000 kg.
6. The terms ‘‘competent person’’, ‘‘thorough examination’’, and ‘‘lifting appliance’’
are defined in Form No. 1.
NOTE: For recommendations on test procedures reference may be made to the ILO document ‘‘Safety and Health in Dock Work’’.
Form No. 2(U)
IDENTITY OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY OR COMPETENT ORGANIZATION CERTIFICATE OF TEST
AND THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF DERRICKS
USED IN UNION PURCHASE
Name of Ship llllllllllllllll
Official Number lllllllllllllll
Call Sign llllllllllllllllll
Port of Registry lllllllllllllll
Name of Owner lllllllllllllll
Certificate No.
lllllllllllllll

Max. height of triangle plate
above hatch coaming (m) or
max. angle between runners
(2)

Position of outboard preventer guy attachments:
(a) forward/aft * of mast—(m) and
(b) from ship’s centerline—(m)
Position of inboard preventer guy attachments:
(a) forward/aft * of mast—(m) and
(b) from ship’s centerline—(m)
* Delete as appropriate.
Name and address of the firm or competent
person who witnessed testing and carried out
thorough examination

Test load (tonnes)
(3)

Safe working load, SWL
when operating in union
purchase (tonnes)
(4)

llllllllllllllllllllllll
llllllllllllllllllllllll
I certify that on the date to which I have
appended my signature, the gear shown in
Col. (1) was tested and thoroughly examined
and no defects or permanent deformation
was found and that the safe working load is
as shown.
Date:

llllllllllllllllllll

Signature: llllllllllllllllll
Place:

llllllllllllllllllll

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
NOTE: This certificate is the standard
international form as recommended by the
International Labour Office in accordance
with ILO Convention No. 152.
Reverse Form No. 2 (U)
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Before being taken into use, the derricks
rigged in Union Purchase shall be tested
with a test load which shall exceed the Safe
Working Load (SWL (U)) as follows:

gles must not exceed the values shown on
the rigging plan.
3. Tests should be carried out using test
loads.
4. The expression ‘‘tonne’’ shall mean a
tonne of 1000 kg.
5. The terms ‘‘competent person’’, ‘‘thorough examination’’ and ‘‘lifting appliance’’
are defined in Form No. 1.
NOTE: For recommendations on test procedures, reference may be made to the ILO document ‘‘Safety and Health in Dock Work’’.
Form 3

SWL

Test load

Up to 20 tonnes .................................
20 to 50 tonnes .................................
Over 50 tonnes ..................................

25 percent in excess.
5 tonnes in excess.
10 percent in excess.

IDENTITY OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY OR COMPETENT ORGANIZATION CERTIFICATE OF TEST
AND THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF LOOSE
GEAR

2. Tests are to be carried out at the approved maximum height of the triangle plate
above the hatch coaming or at the angle between the cargo runners and with the derrick booms in their working positions, to
prove the strength of deck eye plates and the
Union Purchase system. These heights or an-

Name of Ship llllllllllllllll
Official Number lllllllllllllll
Call Sign llllllllllllllllll
Port of Registry lllllllllllllll
Name of Owner lllllllllllllll
Certificate No.
lllllllllllllll

Description
of loose
gear

Distinguishing number or mark

Pt. 1918, App. I

Name and address of makers or suppliers:
Name and address of the firm or competent
person who witnessed testing and carried out
thorough examination.
I certify that the above items of loose gear
were tested and thoroughly examined and no
defects affecting their SWL were found.
Date: llllllllllllllllllll
Place: llllllllllllllllllll
Signature: llllllllllllllllll
NOTE: This certificate is the standard
international form as recommended by the

Number
tested

Date of test

Test load
(tonnes)

Safe work
load (SWL)
(tonnes)

International Labour Office in accordance
with ILO Convention No. 152.
Reverse Form No. 3
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Every item of loose gear is to be tested
and thoroughly examined before being put
into use for the first time and after any substantial alteration or repair to any part liable to affect its safety. The test loads to be
applied shall be in accordance with the following table:

Item

Test load (tonnes)

Single sheave blocks (See Note 1) ..................................................................................................
Multi sheave blocks (See Note 2):
SWL < 25 tonnes .......................................................................................................................
25 tonnes < SWL ≤ 160 tonnes .................................................................................................
SWL > 160 tonnes .....................................................................................................................
Chains, hooks, rings, shackles, swivels, etc.:
SWL < 25 tonnes .......................................................................................................................
SWL > 25 tonnes .......................................................................................................................
Lifting beams, spreaders, frames and similar devices:
SWL ≤ 10 tonnes .......................................................................................................................
10 tonnes < SWL ≤ 160 tonnes .................................................................................................
SWL > 160 tonnes .....................................................................................................................

4 × SWL
2 × SWL
(0.933 × SWL) + 27
1.1 × SWL
2 × SWL
(1.22 × SWL) + 20
2 × SWL
(1.04 × SWL) + 9.6
1.1 × SWL

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Pt. 1918, App. I

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

NOTE: 1. The SWL for a single sheave
block, including single sheave blocks with
beckets, is to be taken as one-half of the resultant load on the head fitting.
2. The SWL of a multi-sheave block is to be
taken as the resultant load on the head fitting.
3. This form may also be used for the certification of interchangeable components of
lifting appliances.
4. The expression ‘‘ton’’ shall mean a ton of
1,000 kg.
5. The terms ‘‘competent person’’, ‘‘thorough examination’’ and ‘‘loose gear’’ are defined in Form No. 1.
NOTE: For recommendations on test procedures reference may be made to the ILO document ‘‘Safety and Health in Dock Work’’.

Form No. 4
IDENTITY OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY OR COMPETENT ORGANIZATION CERTIFICATE OF TEST
AND THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF WIRE
ROPE
Name of Ship

llllllllllllllll

Official Number lllllllllllllll
Call Sign

llllllllllllllllll

Port of Registry lllllllllllllll
Name of Owner

lllllllllllllll

Certificate No.

lllllllllllllll

Name and address of maker or supplier
Nominal diameter of rope (mm)
Number of strands
Number of wires per strand
Core
Lay
Quality of wire (N/mm2)
Date of test of sample
Load at which sample broke (tonnes)
Safe working load of rope (tonnes)
Intended use

Name and address of the firm or competent
person who witnessed testing and carried out
thorough examination.
I certify that the above particulars are correct, and that the rope was tested and thoroughly examined and no defects affecting its
SWL were found.
Date:

llllllllllllllllllll

Place:

llllllllllllllllllll

Signature: llllllllllllllllll
NOTE: This certificate is the standard
international form as recommended by the

International Labour Office in accordance
with ILO Convention No. 152.
Reverse Form No. 4
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Wire rope shall be tested by sample, a
piece being tested to destruction.
2. The test procedure should be in accordance with an International or recognized National standard.
3. The SWL of the rope is to be determined
by dividing the load at which the sample
broke, by a co-efficient of utilization, determined as follows:

Item

Coefficient

Wire rope forming part of a sling:
SWL of the sling ..................................................................................................................
SWL < 10 tonnes ................................................................................................................
10 tonnes < SWL ≤ 160 tonnes ..........................................................................................
SWL > 160 tonnes ..............................................................................................................
Wire rope as integral part of a lifting appliance:
SWL of lifting appliance ......................................................................................................
SWL ≤ 160 tonnes ..............................................................................................................
SWL > 160 tonnes ..............................................................................................................

These coefficients should be adopted unless
other requirements are specified by a National Authority.

5
10 5
(8.85 × SWL) + 1910
3
10 4
(8.85 × SWL) + 1910
3

4. The expression ‘‘tonne’’ shall mean a
tonne of 1000 kg.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
5. The terms ‘‘competent person’’, ‘‘thorough examination’’ and ‘‘lifting appliance’’
are defined in Form No. 1.

Pt. 1918, App. II

NOTE: For recommendations on test procedures reference may be made to the ILO document ‘‘Safety and Health in Dock Work’’.

APPENDIX II TO PART 1918—TABLES FOR SELECTED MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARY GEAR
(MANDATORY)
NOTE: This appendix is mandatory and is to be used in the appropriate sections of part 1918
when certificates or the manufacturers’ use recommendations are not available.

TABLE 1—WIRE ROPE CLIPS
Minimum number of clips
Improved plow steel, rope (Inches (cm))
Drop forged
⁄ or less (1.3) .....................................................................................................
⁄ (1.6) .................................................................................................................
⁄ (1.9) .................................................................................................................
7⁄8 (2.2) .................................................................................................................
1 (2.5) ...................................................................................................................
11⁄8 (2.9) ...............................................................................................................
11⁄4 (3.2) ...............................................................................................................
13⁄8 (3.5) ...............................................................................................................
11⁄2 (3.8) ...............................................................................................................

3
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7

12
58
34

Minimum spacing
(Inches (cm))

Other
material
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8

3 (7.6)
33⁄4 (9.5)
41⁄2 (11.4)
51⁄4 (13.3)
6 (15.2)
63⁄4 (17.1)
71⁄2 (19.1)
81⁄4 (21.0)
9 (22.9)

TABLE 2—NATURAL FIBER ROPE AND ROPE SLINGS—LOAD CAPACITY IN POUNDS (LBS.) SAFETY
FACTOR=5—EYE AND EYE SLING—BASKET HITCH
[Angle of rope to horizontal—90 deg.
Rope diameter nominal
inch
⁄ ...................................
9⁄16 .................................
5⁄8 ...................................
3⁄4 ...................................
13⁄16 ................................
7⁄8 ...................................
1 ....................................
11⁄16 ...............................
11⁄8 .................................
11⁄4 .................................
15⁄16 ...............................
11⁄2 .................................
15⁄8 .................................
13⁄4 .................................
2 ....................................
21⁄8 .................................
21⁄4 .................................
21⁄2 .................................
25⁄8 .................................
12

60 deg.

45 deg.

30 deg.]

Angle of rope to vertical
Vertical hitch

Choker hitch
0 deg.

550
700
900
1,100
1,300
1,500
1,800
2,100
2,400
2,700
3,000
3,700
4,500
5,300
6,200
7,200
8,200
9,300
10,500

250
350
450
550
650
750
900
1,100
1,200
1,400
1,500
1,850
2,300
2,700
3,100
3,600
4,100
4,700
5,200

1,100
1,400
1,800
2,200
2,600
3,100
3,600
4,200
4,800
5,400
6,000
7,400
9,000
10,500
12,500
14,500
16,500
18,500
21,000

30 deg.

45 deg.

60 deg.

900
1,200
1,500
1,900
2,300
2,700
3,100
3,600
4,200
4,700
5,200
6,400
7,800
9,200
10,500
12,500
14,000
16,000
18,000

750
1,000
1,200
1,500
1,800
2,200
2,600
3,000
3,400
3,800
4,300
5,200
6,400
7,500
8,800
10,000
11,500
13,000
14,500

550
700
900
1,100
1,300
1,500
1,800
2,100
2,400
2,700
3,000
3,700
4,500
5,300
6,200
7,200
8,200
9,300
10,500

1,700
2,200
2,700
3,400
4,100
4,800
5,600
6,600
7,500
8,400
9,400
11,500
14,000
16,500
19,500
22,500

1,400
1,800
2,200
2,800
3,300
3,900
4,600
5,400
6,100
6,900
7,700
9,400
11,500
13,500
16,000
18,500

950
1,200
1,600
2,000
2,300
2,800
3,200
3,800
4,300
4,900
5,400
6,700
8,100
9,500
11,000
13,000

Endless Sling
⁄ ...................................
⁄ .................................
⁄ ...................................
3⁄4 ...................................
13⁄16 ................................
7⁄8 ...................................
1 ....................................
11⁄16 ...............................
11⁄8 .................................
11⁄4 .................................
15⁄16 ...............................
11⁄2 .................................
15⁄8 .................................
13⁄4 .................................
2 ....................................
21⁄8 .................................
12

9 16
58

950
1,200
1,600
2,000
2,300
2,800
3,200
3,800
4,300
4,900
5,400
6,700
8,100
9,500
11,000
13,000

500
600
800
950
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,900
2,200
2,400
2,700
3,300
4,100
4,800
5,600
6,500

1,900
2,500
3,200
3,900
4,700
5,600
6,500
7,600
8,600
9,700
11,000
13,500
16,000
19,000
22,500
26,000

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Pt. 1918, App. II

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

TABLE 2—NATURAL FIBER ROPE AND ROPE SLINGS—LOAD CAPACITY IN POUNDS (LBS.) SAFETY
FACTOR=5—EYE AND EYE SLING—BASKET HITCH—Continued
[Angle of rope to horizontal—90 deg.
Rope diameter nominal
inch

60 deg.

45 deg.

30 deg.]

Angle of rope to vertical
Vertical hitch

Choker hitch
0 deg.

2 ⁄ .................................
21⁄2 .................................
25⁄8 .................................

15,000
16,500
18,500

14

7,400
8,400
9,500

30 deg.

29,500
33,500
37,000

45 deg.

25,500
29,000
32,500

60 deg.

21,000
23,500
26,500

15,000
16,500
18,500

TABLE 3A
Polypropylene Rope and Rope Slings
Load Capacity in Pounds (lbs.) Safety Factor=6
Eye and Eye Sling
Basket Hitch
Angle of rope to horizontal
Vertical
hitch

Rope diameter nominal in.
⁄ ...........................................................
9⁄16 .........................................................
5⁄8 ...........................................................
3⁄4 ...........................................................
13⁄16 .......................................................
7⁄8 ...........................................................
1 ............................................................
11⁄16 .......................................................
11⁄8 .........................................................
11⁄4 .........................................................
15⁄16 .......................................................
11⁄2 .........................................................
15⁄8 .........................................................
13⁄4 .........................................................
2 ............................................................
21⁄8 .........................................................
21⁄4 .........................................................
21⁄2 .........................................................
25⁄8 .........................................................
12

Choker
hitch

650
800
1,000
1,300
1,600
1,800
2,200
2,500
2,900
3,300
3,700
4,700
5,700
6,800
8,200
9,700
11,000
12,500
14,500

350
400
500
700
800
900
1,100
1,300
1,500
1,700
1,900
2,400
2,900
3,400
4,100
4,800
5,500
6,300
7,100

Angle of rope to vertical
0 deg.
1,300
1,600
2,000
2,700
2,600
3,100
3,600
4,200
4,800
6,700
7,400
9,400
11,500
13,500
16,500
19,500
22,000
25,500
28,500

30 deg.

45 deg.

1,200
1,400
1,700
2,300
2,300
2,700
3,100
3,600
4,200
5,800
6,400
8,100
9,900
12,000
14,500
16,500
19,000
22,000
24,500

950
1,100
1,400
1,900
2,200
2,600
3,100
3,600
4,100
4,700
5,300
6,700
8,100
9,600
11,500
13,500
15,500
18,000
20,000

60 deg.
650
800
1,000
1,300
1,600
1,800
2,200
2,500
2,900
3,300
3,700
4,700
5,700
6,800
8,200
9,700
11,000
12,500
14,500

TABLE 3B
Polypropylene Rope and Rope Slings
Load Capacity in Pounds (lbs.) Safety Factor = 6
Endless Sling
Basket Hitch
Angle of rope to horizontal
90 deg.
60 deg.
45 deg.

Vertical
hitch

Rope diameter nominal in.
⁄ ...........................................................
⁄ .........................................................
⁄ ...........................................................
3⁄4 ...........................................................
13⁄16 .......................................................
12

9 16
58

30 deg.
Choker
hitch

1,200
1,500
1,800
2,400
2,800

Angle of rope to vertical
0 deg.

600
750
900
1,200
1,400

2,400
2,900
3,500
4,900
5,600

30 deg.

45 deg.

2,100
2,500
3,100
4,200
4,900

60 deg.

1,700
2,100
2,500
3,400
4,000

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1,200
1,500
1,800
2,400
2,800

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
Vertical
hitch

Rope diameter nominal in.
⁄ ...........................................................
1 ............................................................
11⁄16 .......................................................
11⁄8 .........................................................
11⁄4 .........................................................
15⁄16 .......................................................
11⁄2 .........................................................
15⁄8 .........................................................
13⁄4 .........................................................
2 ............................................................
21⁄8 .........................................................
21⁄4 .........................................................
21⁄2 .........................................................
25⁄8 .........................................................

Angle of rope to vertical

Choker
hitch

3,300
4,000
4,600
5,200
6,000
6,700
8,500
10,500
12,500
15,000
17,500
19,500
23,000
25,500

78

Pt. 1918, App. II

0 deg.

1,600
2,000
2,300
2,600
3,000
3,400
4,200
5,100
6,100
7,400
8,700
9,900
11,500
13,000

30 deg.

6,600
8,000
9,100
10,500
12,000
13,500
17,000
20,500
24,500
29,500
35,500
39,500
45,500
51,500

45 deg.

5,700
6,900
7,900
9,000
10,500
11,500
14,500
18,000
21,000
25,500
30,100
34,000
39,500
44,500

60 deg.

4,600
5,600
6,500
7,400
8,500
9,500
12,000
14,500
17,500
21,000
24,500
28,000
32,500
36,500

3,300
4,000
4,600
5,200
6,000
6,700
8,500
10,500
12,500
15,000
17,500
19,500
23,000
25,500

TABLE 4A—RATED LOAD FOR GRADE 80 ALLOY STEEL CHAIN SLINGS1 (CHAIN PER NACM)
Single leg sling-90
deg. to horizontal
loading

Chain size nominal
inch

mm

⁄ ............................................
3⁄8 ............................................
1⁄2 ............................................
5⁄8 ............................................
3⁄4 ............................................
7⁄8 ............................................
1 ..............................................
11⁄4 ..........................................

lb

7
10
13
16
20
22
26
32

14

3,500
7,100
12,000
18,100
28,300
34,200
47,700
72,300

Rated load double leg sling horizontal angle (note 2)
60 deg.
Double at 60 deg.

kg

lb

1,570
3,200
5,400
8,200
12,800
15,500
21,600
32,800

6,100
12,300
20,800
31,300
49,000
59,200
82,600
125,200

45 deg.
Double at 45 deg.

kg

lb

2,700
5,500
9,400
14,200
22,300
27,200
37,900
56,800

4,900
10,000
17,000
25,600
40,000
48,400
67,400
102,200

kg

30 deg.
Double at 30 deg.
lb

2,200
4,500
7,600
11,600
18,200
22,200
31,000
46,400

kg

3,500
7,100
1,200
18,100
28,300
34,200
47,700
72,300

1,590
3,200
5,400
8,200
12,900
15,700
21,900
32,800

NOTES:
(1) Other grades of proof tested steel chain include Proof Coil (Grade 28), Hi-Test (grade 43 Chain, and Transport (grade 70)
Chain. These grades are not recommended for overhead lifting and therefore are not covered by this standard.
(2) Rating of multi-leg slings adjusted for angle of loading between the inclined leg and the horizontal plane of the load.

TABLE 4B—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR AT ANY POINT OF LINK
Nominal chain or coupling link size
inch

mm

Maximum allowable wear of
cross-sectional
diameter, in.

⁄ .......................................................................................................................................................
⁄ .......................................................................................................................................................
⁄ .......................................................................................................................................................
5⁄8 .......................................................................................................................................................
3⁄4 .......................................................................................................................................................
7⁄8 .......................................................................................................................................................
1 .........................................................................................................................................................
11⁄4 .....................................................................................................................................................

7
10
13
16
20
22
26
32

0.037
0.052
0.060
0.084
0.105
0.116
0.137
0.169

14
38
12

NOTE: For other sizes, consult chain or sling manufacturer.

TABLE 5—SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR SHACKLES
[In tons of 2,000 pounds]
Material size
Inches

Pin diameter
(cm)

⁄ ...........................................................................
⁄ ...........................................................................
⁄ ...........................................................................
7⁄8 ...........................................................................
1 ............................................................................
11⁄8 .........................................................................
11⁄4 .........................................................................
13⁄8 .........................................................................
11⁄2 .........................................................................
13⁄4 .........................................................................

Inches
(1.3)
(1.6)
(1.9)
(2.2)
(2.5)
(2.9)
(3.2)
(3.5)
(3.8)
(4.4)

12
58
34

Safe working
load in 2,000 lb
tons

(cm)
⁄
⁄
⁄

58
34
78

1
11⁄8
11⁄4
13⁄8
11⁄2
15⁄8
2

(1.6)
(1.9)
(2.2)
(2.5)
(2.9)
(3.2)
(3.5)
(3.8)
(4.1)
(5.1)

1.4
2.2
3.2
4.3
5.6
6.7
8.2
10.0
11.9
16.2

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Pt. 1918, App. II

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

TABLE 5—SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR SHACKLES—Continued
[In tons of 2,000 pounds]
Material size

Pin diameter

Inches

(cm)

2 ............................................................................

Inches

Safe working
load in 2,000 lb
tons

(cm)

(5.1)

21⁄4

(5.7)

21.2

WIRE ROPE TABLE—RATE LOADS FOR SINGLE LEG SLINGS 6×19 OR 6×37 CLASSIFICATION
IMPROVED PLOW STEEL GRADE ROPE WITH FIBER CORE (FC)
[Rated loads [note 1], tons (2,000 lb)]
Vertical

Choker

Rope diameter, inch

HT

⁄ ...................................................................................................
⁄ .................................................................................................
⁄ ...................................................................................................
7⁄16 .................................................................................................
1⁄2 ...................................................................................................
9⁄16 .................................................................................................
5⁄8 ...................................................................................................
3⁄4 ...................................................................................................
7⁄8 ...................................................................................................
1 ....................................................................................................
11⁄8 .................................................................................................
11⁄4 .................................................................................................
13⁄8 .................................................................................................
11⁄2 .................................................................................................
15⁄8 .................................................................................................
13⁄4 .................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................

MS

0.49
0.78
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.3
2.8
3.9
5.2
6.7
8.4
10
12
15
17
20
26

14

5 16
38

S

HT, MS&S

0.51
0.79
1.1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.1
4.4
6.0
7.7
9.5
12
14
17
19
22
29

0.55
0.85
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.7
3.3
4.8
6.4
4.8
11
13
15
18
21
25
32

0.38
0.6
0.85
1.2
1.5
1.9
2.3
3.3
4.5
5.9
7.4
9.0
11
13
15
17
22

HT=Hand Tucked Splice.
For Hidden Tuck Splice (IWRC), use vales in HT (FC) columns.
MS=Mechanical Splice.
S=Poured Socket or Swaged Socket.
NOTE: (1) These values are based on slings being vertical. If they are not vertical, the rated load shall be reduced. If two or
more slings are used, the minimum horizontal angle between the slings shall also be considered.

WIRE ROPE TABLE—RATED LOADS FOR SINGLE LEG SLINGS 6×19 OR 6×37 CLASSIFICATION EXTRA
IMPROVED PLOW STEEL GRADE ROPE WITH INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE (IWRC)
[Rated loads [note 1] , tons (2,000 lb)]
Vertical
Rope diameter, inch

Choker
HT

⁄ ...........................................................................
⁄ .........................................................................
⁄ ...........................................................................
7⁄16 .........................................................................
1⁄2 ...........................................................................
9⁄16 .........................................................................
5⁄8 ...........................................................................
3⁄4 ...........................................................................
7⁄8 ...........................................................................
1 ............................................................................
11⁄8 .........................................................................
11⁄4 .........................................................................
13⁄8 .........................................................................
11⁄2 .........................................................................
15⁄8 .........................................................................
13⁄4 .........................................................................
2 ............................................................................
14

5 16
38

MS

0.53
0.82
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.2
5.5
7.2
9.0
11
13
16
18
21
28

0.59
0.87
1.2
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.4
4.9
6.6
8.5
10
13
15
18
21
25
32

S

Vertical basket

HT, MS&S

[Note (2)]
HT

[Note (3)]
MS&S

0.31
0.64
0.92
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.6
4.8
6.3
7.9
9.7
12
14
16
19
24

1.1
1.6
2.3
3.1
4.0
1.9
6.0
8.4
11
14
18
22
27
32
37
43
55

1.1
1.7
2.5
3.4
4.4
5.5
6.8
9.7
13
17
20
26
31
37
43
49
64

0.59
0.92
1.3
1.8
2.3
2.9
3.6
5.1
6.9
9.0
11
14
17
20
23
27
34

HT=Hand tucked Splice
For Hidden Tuck Splice (IWRC), use values in HT columns of Table 3.
MS=Mechanical Splice. S=Poured Socket or Swaged Socket.
NOTES:
(1) These values are based on slings being vertical. If they are not vertical, the rated load shall be reduced. If they are not
vertical, the rated load shall be reduced. If two or more slings are used, the minimum horizontal angle between the slings shall
also be considered.
(2) These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 15 or greater.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor

Pt. 1918, App. III

(3) These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 25 or greater.
D=Diameter or curvature around which the body of the sling is bent. d=Diameter of rope.

WIRE ROPE TABLE-RATED LOADS FOR SINGLE LEG SLINGS 6×19 OR 6×37 CLASSIFICATION EXTRA
IMPROVED PLOW STEEL GRADE ROPE WITH INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE (IWRC)
[Rated loads [note 1], tons (2,000 lb)]

Vertical
Rope diameter

MS

⁄ .................................................................................................
5⁄16 ...............................................................................................
3⁄8 .................................................................................................
7⁄16 ...............................................................................................
1⁄2 .................................................................................................
9⁄16 ...............................................................................................
5⁄8 .................................................................................................
3⁄4 .................................................................................................
7⁄8 .................................................................................................
1 ..................................................................................................
11⁄8 ...............................................................................................
11⁄4 ...............................................................................................
13⁄8 ...............................................................................................
11⁄2 ...............................................................................................
15⁄8 ...............................................................................................
13⁄4 ...............................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................

0.65
1.0
1.4
1.9
2.5
3.2
3.9
5.6
7.6
9.8
12
15
18
21
24
28
37

14

S
0.68
1.1
1.5
2.0
2.7
3.4
4.1
5.9
8.0
10
13
16
19
23
26
31
40

Choker

Vertical basket
[note (2)]

MS&S

MS&S

0.48
.074
1.1
1.4
1.9
2.4
2.9
4.1
5.6
7.2
9.1
11
13
16
18
21
28

1.3
2.0
2.9
3.9
5.1
6.4
7.8
11
15
20
24
30
36
42
49
57
73

HT=Hand tucked Splice
For Hidden Tuck Splice (IWRC), use values in HT columns of Table 3.
MS=Mechanical Splice.
S=Poured Socket or Swaged Socket.
NOTE: (1) These values are based on slings being vertical. If they are not vertical, the rated load shall be reduced. If they are
not vertical, the rated load shall be reduced. If two or more slings are used, the minimum horizontal angle between the slings
shall also be considered.
(2) These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 25 or greater.

[62 FR 40202, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65 FR 40947, June 30, 2000]

APPENDIX III TO PART 1918—THE MECHANICS OF CONVENTIONAL CARGO
GEAR (NON-MANDATORY)
NOTE: This appendix is non-mandatory and
provides an explanation of the mechanics in
the correct spotting of cargo handling gear.
Although the most prevalent method of
cargo handling is accomplished through the
use of modern shoreside container gantry
cranes, there are occasions when break-bulk
cargo is handled with conventional ship’s
cargo gear. This appendix provides a reference for those unfamiliar with such cargo
gear.
Sections 1918.52, 1918.53, and 1918.54 all address the subject of rigging and operating
vessel’s cargo handling gear. It is important
to understand that under the Burton System
of cargo handling (conventional gear consisting of two cargo derricks with married
falls), the midships or up-and-down boom
should be spotted as close to the fore and aft
centerline of the hatch as operationally possible. Such spotting of the up-and-down
boom will allow the most effective leads for
the guy(s) and preventer(s) to safely support
the lateral stresses generated in the boom(s)
by the married falls. As the lead of the

guy(s) and preventer(s) approaches the
vertical, in supporting the boom(s) head, the
total stress in the guy(s) increases rapidly
due to the increased vertical force that is
generated in the guy(s) in order to counteract any particular horizontal or lateral force
exerted on the boom(s) head. The appreciable
vertical forces that are generated in this
process are transmitted, in substantial part,
to the boom(s) and topping lift(s), causing
proportionate compressive stresses in the
boom(s) and tension stresses in the topping
lift(s).
In general, guys and preventers must be located so that enough vertical resistance is
developed so as to prohibit the boom(s) from
jackknifing as cargo passes across the deck.
Special care must be exercised in the proper
placement of guys and preventers associated
with the Burton or yard boom. Preventers,
when used, must parallel as closely as possible the guys that they support. Guys and
preventers must not be attached to the same
fitting.
While under a load, the cargo falls (running rigging) must not be permitted to chafe
on any standing or other running gear. Special attention must be paid to ensure that
cargo runners work freely through the heel

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Pt. 1918, App. IV

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

block, without chafing the cheek of the
block. Also, bobbing chains and heel block
preventers must be attached so as to not

interfere with the movement of the cargo
runners.

APPENDIX IV TO PART 1918—SPECIAL CARGO GEAR AND CONTAINER SPREADER TEST
REQUIREMENTS (MANDATORY) [SEE § 1918.61 (f), (g), (h)]
Type gear

Test requirement

Tested by

Proof test

A. All Special Cargo Handling Gear Purchased or Manufactured on or After January 21, 1998
1. Safe Working Load—
greater than 5 short tons
(10,000 lbs./4.5 metric
tons).

Prior to initial use .............

Prior to reuse after structural damage repair.
Every four years after initial proof load test.
Prior to initial use .............

2. Safe Working Load—5
short tons or less.

3. Intermodal container
spreaders not part of vessel’s cargo handling gear.

Prior to reuse after structural damage repair.
Prior to initial use .............

Prior to reuse after structural damage repair.
Every four years after initial proof load test.

OSHA accredited agency
only.

OSHA accredited agency
or designated person.
OSHA accredited agency
or designated person.

Up to 20 short
tons.

125% SWL.

From 20 to 50
short tons.
Over 50 short tons

5 short tons in excess of SWL.
110% SWL.

125% SWL.

OSHA accredited agency
only.

125% SWL.

OSHA accredited agency
or designated person.

B. All Special Cargo Handling Gear in Use Prior to January 21, 1998 and Proof Load Tested Prior to Initial Use (See
Note Below)
1. Safe Working Load—
greater than 5 short tons
(10,000 lbs./4540 kg.).

2. Safe Working Load—5
short tons or less.
3. Intermodal container
spreaders not part of vessel’s cargo handling gear.

Every four years starting
on January 21, 1998.

OSHA accredited agency
or designated person.

Up to 20 short
tons.

Prior to reuse after structural damage repair.

OSHA accredited agency

Prior to reuse after structural damage repair.
Every four years starting
on January 21, 1998.

OSHA accredited agency
or designated person.
OSHA accredited agency
or designated person.

From 20 to 50
5 short tons in exshort tons.
cess of SWL.
Over 50 short tons 110% SWL.
125% SWL.

Prior to reuse after structural damage repair.

OSHA accredited agency.

NOTE TO APPENDIX IV: Special stevedoring
gear in use prior to January 21, 1998 was covered by § 1918.61(b), in effect prior to January
21, 1998. (See 29 CFR Parts 1911 to 1925 revised
as of July 1, 1997). The assumption is made
that gear in use prior to January 21, 1998, has
already been proof load tested, although not
necessarily by an accredited agency. However, if the employer cannot certify that
such gear was proof load tested under
§ 1918.61(b), in effect prior to January 21, 1998,
(See 29 CFR Parts 1911 to 1925 revised as of
July 1, 1997), than it must be proof load tested in accordance with § 1918.61 in effect on
January 21, 1998, (See 29 CFR Parts 1911 to
1925 revised as of July 1, 1998.)
[65 FR 40950, June 30, 2000]

125% SWL.

125% SWL.

APPENDIX V TO PART 1918—BASIC ELEMENTS OF A FIRST AID TRAINING
PROGRAM (NON-MANDATORY)
NOTE: This appendix is non-mandatory and
provides guidelines for small businesses, institutions teaching first aid, and the recipients of first aid training.
GENERAL PROGRAM ELEMENTS
A. Teaching Methods
1. Trainees should develop ‘‘hands on’’
skills through the use of manikins and trainee partners during their training.
2. Trainees should be exposed to acute injury and illness settings as well as the appropriate response to those settings through the
use of visual aids, such as video tape and
slides.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
3. Training should include a course workbook which discusses first aid principles and
responses to settings that require interventions.
4. Training duration should allow enough
time for particular emphasis on situations
likely to be encountered in particular workplaces.
5. An emphasis on quick response to first
aid situations should be incorporated
throughout the program.
B. Principles of Responding to a Health
Emergency
The training program should include instruction in:
1. Injury and acute illness as a health problem.
2. Interactions with the local emergency
medical services system. Trainees have the
responsibility for maintaining a current list
of emergency telephone numbers (police,
fire, ambulance, poison control) easily accessible to all employees.
3. The principles of triage.
4. The legal aspects of providing first aid
services.
C. Methods of Surveying the Scene and the
Victim(s)
The training program should include instruction in:
1. The assessment of scenes that require
first aid services including:
a. general scene safety.
b. likely event sequence.
c. rapid estimate of the number of persons
injured.
d. identification of others able to help at
the scene.
2. Performing a primary survey of each victim including airway, breathing, and circulation assessments as well as the presence of
any bleeding.
3. The techniques and principles of taking
a victim’s history at the scene of an emergency.
4. Performing a secondary survey of the
victim including assessments of vital signs,
skin appearance, head and neck, eye, chest,
abdomen, back, extremities, and medical
alert symbols.
D. Basic Adult Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
Basic adult CPR training should be included in the program. Retesting should
occur every year. The training program
should include instruction in:
1. Establishing and maintaining adult airway patency.
2. Performing adult breathing resuscitation.
3. Performing adult circulatory resuscitation.

Pt. 1918, App. V

4. Performing choking assessments and appropriate first aid interventions.
5. Resuscitating the drowning victim.
E. Basic First Aid Intervention
Trainees should receive instruction in the
principles and performance of:
1. Bandaging of the head, chest, shoulder,
arm, leg, wrist, elbow, foot, ankle, fingers,
toes, and knee.
2. Splinting of the arm, elbow, clavicle, fingers, hand, forearm, ribs, hip, femur, lower
leg, ankle, knee, foot, and toes.
3. Moving and rescuing victims including
one and two person lifts, ankle and shoulder
pulls, and the blanket pull.
F. Universal Precautions
Trainees should be provided with adequate
instruction on the need for and use of universal precautions. This should include:
1. The meaning of universal precautions,
which body fluids are considered potentially
infectious, and which are regarded as hazardous.
2. The value of universal precautions for
infectious diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis B.
3. A copy of OSHA’s standard for occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens or
information on how to obtain a copy.
4. The necessity for keeping gloves and
other protective equipment readily available
and the appropriate use of them.
5. The appropriate tagging and disposal of
any sharp item or instrument requiring special disposal measures such as blood soaked
material.
6. The appropriate management of blood
spills.
G. First Aid Supplies
The first aid provider should be responsible
for the type, amount, and maintenance of
first aid supplies needed for their particular
worksite(s). These supplies need to be stored
in a convenient area available for emergency
access.
H. Trainee Assessments
Assessment of successful completion of the
first aid training program should include instructor observation of acquired skills and
written performance assessments. First aid
skills and knowledge should be reviewed
every three years.
I. Program Update
The training program should be periodically reviewed with current first aid techniques and knowledge. Outdated material
should be replaced or removed.

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Pt. 1918, App. V

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

SPECIFIC PROGRAM ELEMENTS

5. Temperature Extremes

A. Type of Injury Training

Instruction in the principles and first aid
intervention of:
a. exposure to cold including frostbite and
hypothermia.
b. exposure to heat including heat cramps,
heat exhaustion, and heat stroke.

1. Shock
Instruction in the principles and first aid
intervention in:
a. shock due to injury.
b. shock due to allergic reactions.
c. the appropriate assessment and first aid
treatment of a victim who has fainted.
2. Bleeding
a. the types of bleeding including arterial,
venous, capillary, external, and internal.
b. the principles and performance of bleeding control interventions including direct
pressure, pressure points, elevation, and
pressure bandaging.
c. the assessment and approach to wounds
including abrasions, incisions, lacerations,
punctures, avulsions, amputations, and
crush injuries.
d. the principles of wound care including
infection precautions, wounds requiring
medical attention, and the need for tetanus
prophylaxis.
3. Poisoning
Instruction in the principles and first aid
intervention of:
a. alkali, acid and systemic poisons. In addition, all trainees should know how and
when to contact the local Poison Control
Center.
b. inhaled poisons including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, smoke, and chemical
fumes, vapors and gases as well as the importance of assessing the toxic potential of the
environment to the rescuer and the need for
respirators.
Trainees should be instructed in the acute
effect of chemicals utilized in their plants,
the location of chemical inventories, material safety data sheets (MSDS’s), chemical
emergency information, and antidote supplies.
c. topical poisons including poison ivy, poison sumac, poison oak, and insecticides.
d. drugs of abuse including alcohol, narcotics such as heroin and cocaine, tranquilizers, and amphetamines.

6. Musculoskeletal Injuries
The training program should include instruction in the principles and first aid
intervention in:
a. open fractures, closed fractures, and
splinting.
b. dislocations, especially the methods of
joint dislocations of the upper extremity.
The importance of differentiating dislocations from fractures.
c. joint sprains.
d. muscle strains, contusions, and cramps.
e. head, neck, back, and spinal injuries.
7. Bites and Stings
Instruction in the principles and first aid
intervention in:
a. human and animal (especially dog and
snake) bites.
b. bites and stings from insects (spiders,
ticks, scorpions, hornets and wasps). Interventions
should
include
responses
to
anaphylactic shock; other allergic manifestations; rabies and tetanus prophylaxis.
8. Medical Emergencies
Instruction in the principles and first aid
intervention of:
a. heart attacks
b. strokes
c. asthma attacks
d. diabetic emergencies including diabetic
coma, insulin shock, hyperglycemia, and
hypoglycemia.
e. seizures including tonic-clonic and absence seizures. Importance of not putting
gags in mouth.
f. pregnancy including the appropriate care
of any abdominal injury or vaginal bleeding.
9. Confined Spaces

4. Burns
Instruction in the principles and first aid
intervention of:
a. assessing the severity of the burn including first degree, second degree, and third
degree burns.
b. differentiating between the types of
third degree burns (thermal, electrical, and
chemical) and their specific interventions.
Particular attention should be focused upon
chemical burns, and the use of specific
chemicals in the workplace which may cause
them.

a. the danger of entering a confined space
to administer first aid without having the
appropriate respiratory protection.
b. if first aid personnel will be required to
assist evacuations from confined spaces, additional training will be needed.
B. Site of Injury Training
Instruction in the principles and first aid
intervention of injuries to the following
sites:

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
1. Head and Neck
a. including skull fractures, concussions,
and mental status assessments with particular attention to temporary loss of consciousness and the need for referral to a physician.
b. including the appropriate approach to
the management of the individual who has
suffered a potential neck injury or fracture.
2. Eye
a. foreign bodies, corneal abrasions and
lacerations.
b. chemical burns and the importance of
flushing out the eye.
c. the importance of not applying antibiotics without physician supervision.
3. Nose
a. nose injuries and nose bleeds.
4. Mouth and Teeth

Pt. 1918, App. V

tance of preventing inhalation of blood and
teeth.
5. Chest
a. rib fractures, flail chest, and penetrating
wounds.
6. Abdomen
a. blunt injuries, penetrating injuries, and
protruding organs.
7. Hand, Finger, and Foot Injuries
a. finger/toe nail hematoma, lacerations,
splinters, finger nail avulsion, ring removal,
and foreign bodies.
b. the importance of identifying amputation care hospitals in the area. When an amputation occurs, appropriate handling of amputated fingers, hands, and feet during the
immediate transportation of the victim and
body part to the hospital.

a. oral injuries, lip and tongue injuries,
and broken and removed teeth. The impor-

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Subject Index for 29 CFR 1918—Longshoring
EDITORIAL NOTE: This listing is provided for informational purposes only. It is compiled and
kept up-to-date by the Department of Labor. This index is updated as of July 1, 2006.
Subject term

Section No.

Access, Means: (see Gangways and
Ladders, Jacob’s).
Barges ...........................................
Drafts, Suspended .........................
Illumination ....................................
River Towboats .............................
Vessels ..........................................
Appendices:
Basic Elements of a First Aid
Training Program Drafts.
Cargo Gear Register and Certificates.
Special Cargo Gear and Container
Test Requirements.
Tables for Selected Miscellaneous
Auxiliary Gear.
The Mechanics of Conventional
Cargo Gear.
Atmospheres:
Carbon Monoxide ..........................
Conditions ......................................
Dusts .............................................
Fumigants ......................................
Fish ................................................
Hazardous .....................................
Bales, Handling ....................................
Barges:
Access ...........................................
Decks .............................................
Definition ........................................
Mooring ..........................................
Moving by Booms ..........................
Open Hatches ...............................
Walking ..........................................
Beams, Hatch (Strongbacks):
Placement ......................................
Roller .............................................
Secured .........................................
Stowage .........................................
Booms:
Moving Barges or Cars .................
Placement ......................................
Topping or Lowering .....................
Bridge Plates ........................................
Bridles:
Beam and Pontoon .......................
Flush End Pallets ..........................
Gangways ......................................
Handling Cargo .............................
Buckets (Tubs, Hand-Loaded) .............
Bulk Cargo Moving Vehicles ................
Bulling:
Definition ........................................
Leads .............................................
Railway Cars .................................
Car Plates: (see Bridge Plates)
Carbon Monoxide .................................
Cargo Hooks .........................................
Case Hooks ..........................................
Chains:
Annealed .......................................
Inspection ......................................
Knots .............................................
Proof Tests ....................................

Subject term

Section No.

Removal From Service ..................
Repairs ..........................................
Safe Working Load ........................
Shortened ......................................
Chutes ..................................................
Clamps, Beam or Frame ......................
Coaming Clearances:
Intermediate Decks .......................
Not Applicable ...............................
Not Required .................................
Weather Decks ..............................
Coaming Rollers, Secured ...................
Containerized Cargo:
Capacity .........................................
Container Top Safety ....................
Fall Protection ...............................
Handling ........................................
Inspection ......................................
Non-vertical Lifting .........................
Permanent Markings .....................
Weighing ........................................
Weighing, Exemptions ...................
Conveyors, Powered:
Controls .........................................
Approved Equipment .....................
Guarding ........................................
Power Cables ................................
Cranes:
Afloat, Guarding Swing Radius .....
Certification, Afloat ........................
Counterweights ..............................
Hoisting Employees .......................
Illumination ....................................
Load Indicating Devices ................
Limit Switches ...............................
Overloading Prohibited ..................
Radius Indicators ...........................
Rating Charts ................................
Side Stress on Boom ....................
Vessel’s Permanent Equipment ....
Visible Defects ...............................
Cups, Sanitary Drinking ........................
Deck Loads:
Clearance ......................................
General ..........................................
Handlines .......................................
Safe Passage ................................
Definitions:
Barge .............................................
Bulling ............................................
Danger Zone .................................
Designated Person ........................
Dockboards ...................................
Employee .......................................
Employer .......................................
Enclosed Space ............................
Fall Hazard ....................................
Fumigant ........................................
Gangway .......................................
Hatch Beam, or Strongback ..........
Hazardous Cargo ..........................
Intermodal Container .....................
Longshoring Operations ................
Mississippi River System ..............
Public Vessel .................................
Ramp .............................................
Related Employments ...................

.26
.21(a)
.92
.26(b)
.21(a), (b), (c)
1918, App. V
1918, App. I
1918, App. IV
1918, App. II
1918, App. III

.94(a)
.93, .94
.94(e)
.94(b), (c), (d)
.94(f)
.93
.81(e)
.26(a), (b), (c)
.37(b)
.2
.26(d)
.84(e)
.35
.37(a)
.31(d)
.43(f)
.31(b),
.43(e)
.43(b), (c), (d)
.84(e)
.54(c)
.54(f)(1), (2)
.25(a)
.42
.62(k)(4)
.22(g)
.81(b)
.82(b)
.65(d)
.2
.84 (a), (b)
.84(e)
.94(a),
.1(b)(9)(iii)
.52(f)
.62(j)(3),
.81(d)
.62(h)(5)(i)
.62(h)(3)(i), (ii)
.62(h)(6)
.62(h)(4)

.62(h)(3)(iii), (iv)
.62(h)(4)
.62(h)(1)
.62(h)(6)
.63(a), (b), (c), (d)
.84(d)
.41(b)
.41(d)
.41(b)(1)
.41(a)
.52(e)
.85(c)
.85(j)
.85(j)
.85(b), (f)
.85(d)(1)
.85(f)(1)(i)
.85(a)
.85(b) (3), (4), (7)
.85(b) (5), (6)
.64 (a), (c), (d), (h)
.64(c)
.64(b)
.64(e)
.55(c)(1)
.11(a)
.66(a)(8)
.66(c)
.92(a)
.66(f)
.55(c)(2)
.66(a)(4)
.66(a)(6)
.66(a)(3)
.66(b)(3)(i)
.55
.66(b)(3)(ii)
.95(b)
.54(g)
.34
.41(a)
.33(a), (b)
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor
Subject term

Section No.

River Towboat ...............................
Small Trimming Hatch ...................
Vessel ............................................
Vessel’s Cargo Handling Gear ......
Derricks:
Certification, Afloat ........................
Defects, Visible ..............................
Ratings ..........................................
Vessel’s Cargo Gear .....................
Drafts:
Access Means ...............................
Building ..........................................
Double Slings ................................
Safely Slung ..................................
Visibility ..........................................
Drinking Water ......................................
Duckboards, Cleated ............................
Dunnage:
Clear of Work Area .......................
Nails ...............................................
Placement on Deck .......................
Racked Against Sweat Battens .....
Slinging ..........................................
Stowage Clearance .......................
Dusts:
Grain ..............................................
Protection ......................................
Sandblasting ..................................
Edge, Unguarded ..........................
Emergency Action Plan:
Alarm System ................................
Elements ........................................
Evacuation .....................................
Scope and Application ..................
Training ..........................................
Eye Protection:
Cleaned, Disinfected .....................
Corrective Spectacles ...................
Maintenance ..................................
Required ........................................
Specifications ................................
Falls (Runners):
Chafing ..........................................
Drum Winding ................................
Eyes ...............................................
Secured .........................................
Winch Drum Turns ........................
Fall Hazard:
Edge of Cargo ...............................
Container Top ................................
Definition ........................................
Elevators ........................................
First Aid:
Certificate ......................................
Contents ........................................
First Aid Kit ....................................
Foot Protection .....................................
Fumigation:
Other Cargo ...................................
Grain ..............................................
Tobacco .........................................
Gangways:
Coast Guard Inspection ................
Definition ........................................
Duckboards ...................................
General Requirements ..................
Illumination ....................................
Loads Overhead ............................
Nets ...............................................
Obstructions ..................................
Railing ............................................
Stanchions .....................................
Substitutes .....................................

Pt. 1918, Index
Subject term

.2
.2
.2
.2

Section No.

Supporting Bridles .........................
Trimming ........................................
Turntables ......................................
Walking Surfaces ..........................
Garbage ................................................
Gear Certification:
Coast Guard Inspected Vessels ...
Vessel’s Cargo Gear .....................
Foreign Vessels .............................
Materials Handling Devices ...........
Public Vessels ...............................
Regulations ....................................
Special Stevedoring:
Gear ......................................................
Procedures ....................................
Gear, Other than Ship:
Blocks, Snatch ...............................
Bridles ............................................
Chains ...........................................
Clamps, Beam or Frame ...............
Hooks ............................................
Hooks, Case ..................................
Hooks, Plate ..................................
Inspection ......................................
Manila or Natural Fiber Ropes ......
Marking Weight .............................
Pallets ............................................
Shackles ........................................
Stevedore Gear .............................
Synthetic Fiber Ropes ...................
Wire Ropes ....................................
Wire Rope Clips ............................
Wire Rope, Rejection Criteria .......
Wire Rope Limitations ...................
Gear, Ship Cargo Handling:
Cargo Hooks .................................
Certification ....................................
Coaming Rollers ............................
Falls ...............................................
Heel Blocks ...................................
Preventers .....................................
Safe Working Loads ......................
Stoppers, Chain .............................
Stoppers, Clamp ............................
Unsafe ...........................................
Wire Rope Limitations ...................
Gravity Rollers ......................................
Grounding .............................................
Guys:
Placement ......................................
Preventers .....................................
Securing ........................................
Handling Cargo:
Bales ..............................................
Barricades .....................................
Breaking Down ..............................
Bridles ............................................
Bulling ............................................
Cargo Elevators .............................
Drafts, Building ..............................
Drafts, Safely Slung ......................
Hazardous Cargo ..........................
Hoisting ..........................................
Load Limits ....................................

.11(a), .66(a)(1)
.66(b)(3)(ii)
.66 (a), (3), (4), (5)
.51, .52, .53, .54
.21(a)
.82(a), (b)
.81(c)
.81(a)
.81(i)
.95(b)
.22(d)
.91(a)
.91(f), (1), (2)
.91(c)
.91(d)
.81(c)
.91(e)
.94(e)
.94(e),
.102
.96(d)
.32(b), .85(l)
.100(c)
.100(b)
.100(d)
.100(a)
.100(e)
.101(c)
.101(a)(2)
.101(b)
.101(a)
.101(a)(1)
.54(e)
.52(c)(4)
.52(c)(3)
.52(c)(1)
.52(c)(2)
.32(b)
.85(j)(1)(iii)
.2
.87(d)
.97(b)
.97(c)
.97 (b), (c)
.104
.94(d)
.94(b)
.94(c)
.22(j)
.2
.22(d)
.21
.21(c), .92
.21(a)
.22(e)
.22(h)
.22(b)
.22(b)
.22(a)

Log Operations ..............................
Lumber ..........................................
Personnel ......................................
Pipes ..............................................
Reefers ..........................................
Ro-Ro ............................................
Securing ........................................
Speed Limits ..................................
Tag Lines .......................................

.22(g)
.22(c)
.22(b)
22(i), .91(a), (b)
.95(d)
.11(b), (c)
.11
.11 (a), (d)
.61, .66 (a)(1)
.11(b)
.11(a)
.61(f)
.61(e)
.84 (b), (c)
.62(k)(4), .81(b)
.62(h)
.84(d)
.62(j)
.62(j)(3), .81(d)
.62(j)(4)
.61(a)
.62(c)
.61(c)
.62(k)
.62(i)
.61(f)
.62(d)
.62(b)
.62(b)(5)
.62(b)(3)
.62(b)
.52(f)
.11
.52(e)
.52(c)
.52(d)
.52(a), .54(d)
.51(a)
.52(b) (1), (2)
.52(b)(3)
.51(b)
.51 (c), (d)
.63
.68
.54(a), (b)
.54(d)
.54(d)(1)
.81(e)
.87(d)
.83(b)
.81(b)
.84(a)
.87
.82
.81(a)
.89
.81
.85(c), .86(b), (g),
.87(a)
.88
.81(c)
.83(c), .86(m), .87(c)
.81(c)
.83(c)
.86
.83(a)
.86(j)
.81(h)

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Pt. 1918, Index

29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

Subject term

Section No.

Traffic Control ................................
Trimming ........................................
Handrails:
Barges ...........................................
Deck Loads ...................................
Intermediate Decks .......................
Hatch Covering:
Intermediate Decks .......................
Partially Opened ............................
Securing ........................................
Weather Decks ..............................
Hatch Covers:
Damaged or Poorly Fitting ............
Hinged or Folding ..........................
Hydraulic ........................................
Mechanical ....................................
Missing ..........................................
Placement ......................................
Repairs ..........................................
Stowage .........................................
Pontoons .......................................
Hatch, Protection around Open Hatch
Hazard Communication ........................
Hazardous Cargo:
Definition ........................................
Handling ........................................
Head Protection ....................................
Housekeeping .......................................
Ice .........................................................
Illumination ............................................
Inspection:
Chains ...........................................
Hooks ............................................
Special Stevedoring Gear .............
Knots, Wire Rope .................................
Knots, Chains .......................................
Ladders, Cargo Spaces:
Alternatives ....................................
General ..........................................
Rung Clearance ............................
Unsafe ...........................................
Ladders, Jacob’s:
Acceptable .....................................
Barge or Towboat ..........................
In Lieu of Gangways .....................
In Lieu of Fixed Hold Ladders .......
Suspension ....................................
Ladders, Straight, Portable:
Barge or Towboat ..........................
In Lieu of Fixed Hold Ladders .......
In Lieu of Gangways .....................
Secured .........................................
Ladders, to Water .................................
Life-ring .................................................
Lights, Open Flame Prohibited .............
Nails, Protruding ...................................
Nets:
Gangways ......................................
Night Tents ....................................
Notifying Ship’s Officers .......................
Operators, Machinery ...........................
Overboard Discharges ..........................
Personal Protective Equipment:
Drowning Protection ......................
Eye Protection ...............................
Foot Protection ..............................
Head Protection .............................
Protective Clothing ........................
Respiratory Protection ...................
Pontoons: (see Hatch Covers).
Lifting .............................................
Secured .........................................
Stowage .........................................
Preventer:
Coaming Rollers ............................

Subject term

.86 (a), (c)
.83(c)

Section No.

Heel Blocks ...................................
Preventer Guys:
Securing ........................................
Strength .........................................
Tails ...............................................
Rails, Weather Deck .............................
Ramps ..................................................

.37(a)
.41(a)
.41(c)
.31(a), (e)
.43(a)(2)
.43(f)(2), (g)
.43(a)

Reefer Compartments, Securing ..........
Respiratory Protection ..........................
Rigging Gear:
Boom Placement ...........................
Falls, Chafing ................................
Guy Placement ..............................
Preventer Securing ........................
Runners: (see Falls (Runners)).
Shackles:
Safe Working Loads ......................
Used Aloft ......................................
Other Decks ..........................................
Slippery Conditions ...............................
Snatch Blocks:
Fairleads ........................................
Use ................................................
Splash Boards ......................................
Steps, Bulwark ......................................
Stowed Cargo, Temporary Landing
Platform.
Stretchers .............................................
Strongback: (see Beams, Hatch
(Strongback)).
Tag Lines ..............................................
Temporary Landing Surfaces ...............
Tents .....................................................
Toggles, Bridle ......................................
Tools:
Portable Electric ............................
Unsafe ...........................................
Tripping Hazards ..................................
Trucks, Lift ............................................

.31(c)
.43(g)
.41(d)
.41(d)
.31(c)
.31(d)
.31(c)
.43(a)(1), (2), (d)
.43(a)(1), (e)
.35
.1(b)(4), .90
.2
.89
.103
.91
.91(g)
.92
.62(h)(3)
.62(j) (1), (2)
.61(f)
.62(b)(6)
.62(h)(6)
.24(d)
.24(a)
.24 (d), (f), (g), (h)
.24(b)

Ventilation .............................................
Ventilation, Portable:
Carbon Monoxide ..........................
Grounding ......................................
Guarding Blowers ..........................
Vessel:
Coast Guard Inspected .................
Definition ........................................
Public, Definition ............................
Public, Exemptions ........................
Water, Drinking .....................................
Walkways:
Barges or River Towboats ............
Barges ...........................................
Decks .............................................
Gangways ......................................
Winches, General:
Brakes ...........................................
Changing Gears ............................
Control points ................................
Controls Secured ...........................
Defects ..........................................
Drivers, Seats and Shelters ..........
Escaping Steam ............................
Extension Levers ...........................
Extension Control Levers ..............
Gear Shift Locking .........................
Guarding ........................................
Improper Control Lever Operation
Unattended ....................................
Wire Rope Clips:
Prohibited ......................................
Use ................................................

.23(a)
.23(c)
.22(a)
.24(c)
.23(b)
.26(b)
.24(c), (d)
.22(a)
.24(j)(1), (2)
.97(e)
.97(e)
.92(e)
.91(f)
.22(e)
.43(j)
.67
.98
.95(d)
.105(b)
.101
.104
.103
.105(a)
.102
.42(c)
.43(e)
.43 (a), (b), (c)
.52(e)

.52(d)(1)
.54(d)
.52(a)(1)
.52(a)(1)
.36
.25(b), .26 (a), (b)
.86(c), (d)
.83(c)
.102
.54(c)
.54(e)
.54 (a), (b), (d)
.54(d)

.62(i)(1)
.62(i)(2)
.34
.91(b)
.84(b)
.84(c)
.95(d)
.21(b)
.32
.97(d)

.81(h)
.32(a)
.43(j)
.42(b)
.69(b)
.69(a)
.91(a)
.65 (a), (b), (c), (e),
(f), (g), (h)
.93, .94
.94(a)(1)
.94(a)(3)
.94(a)(2)
.11(b) (c)
.2
.2
.11(b)
.95(b)
.26(b)
.37(a)
.43(c)
.22(f)
.53(i)
.53(d)
.53(j)
.53(k)
.53(e)
.53(f)
.53(e)
.53(g)
.53(h)
.53(c)
.53(a)
.53(b)
.53(k)
.52(c)(3), .62(b)(7)
.62(b)(5)

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor

1919.30 Examinations subsequent to unit
tests.
1919.31 Proof tests—loose gear.
1919.32 Specially designed blocks and components.
1919.33 Proof tests—wire rope.
1919.34 Proof tests after repairs or alterations.
1919.35 Order of tests.
1919.36 Heat treatment.
1919.37 Competent persons.

PART 1919—GEAR CERTIFICATION
Subpart A—General Provisions
Sec.
1919.1
1919.2

Pt. 1919

Purpose and scope.
Definition of terms.

Subpart B—Procedure Governing
Accreditation
1919.3 Application for accreditation.
1919.4 Action upon application.
1919.5 Duration and renewal of accreditation.
1919.6 Criteria governing accreditation to
certificate vessels’ cargo gear.
1919.7 Voluntary amendment or termination of accreditation.
1919.8 Suspension or revocation of accreditation.
1919.9 Reconsideration and review.

Subpart C—Duties of Persons Accredited
To Certificate Vessels’ Cargo Gear
1919.10 General duties; exemptions.
1919.11 Recordkeeping and related procedures concerning records in custody of
accredited persons.
1919.12 Recordkeeping and related procedures concerning records in custody of
the vessel.

Subpart D—Certification of Vessels’ Cargo
Gear
1919.13 General.
1919.14 Initial tests of cargo gear and tests
after alterations, renewals or repairs.
1919.15 Periodic tests, examinations and inspections.
1919.16 Heat treatment.
1919.17 Exemptions from heat treatment.
1919.18 Grace periods.
1919.19 Gear requiring welding.
1919.20 Damaged components.
1919.21 Marking and posting of safe working
loads.
1919.22 Requirements governing braking devices and power sources.
1919.23 Means of derrick attachment.
1919.24 Limitations on use of wire rope.
1919.25 Limitations on use of chains.

Subpart E—Certification of Vessels: Tests
and Proof Loads; Heat Treatment;
Competent Persons
1919.26 Visual inspection before tests.
1919.27 Unit proof tests—winches, derricks
and gear accessory thereto.
1919.28 Unit proof tests—cranes and gear accessory thereto.
1919.29 Limitations on safe working loads
and proof loads.

Subpart F—Accreditation To Certificate
Shore-Based Equipment
1919.50 Eligibility for accreditation to certificate shore-based material handling
devices covered by § 1917.50 of this chapter, safety and health regulations for marine terminals.
1919.51 Provisions respecting application for
accreditation, action upon the application, and related matters.

Subpart G—Duties of Persons Accredited
To Certificate Shore-Based Material
Handling Devices
1919.60

General duties, exemptions.

Subpart H—Certification of Shore-Based
Material Handling Devices
1919.70 General provisions.
1919.71 Unit proof test and examination of
cranes.
1919.72 Annual examination of cranes.
1919.73 Unit proof test and examination of
derricks.
1919.74 Annual examination of derricks.
1919.75 Determination of crane or derrick
safe working loads and limitations in absence of manufacturer’s data.
1919.76 Safe working load reduction.
1919.77 Safe working load increase.
1919.78 Nondestructive examinations.
1919.79 Wire rope.
1919.80 Heat treatment.
1919.81 Examination of bulk cargo loading
or discharging spouts or suckers.
1919.90 Documentation.
AUTHORITY: Sec. 41, Longshore and Harbor
Workers’ Compensation Act (33 U.S.C. 941);
Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary
of Labor’s Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76
(41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736) or 1–90 (55 FR
9033), as applicable; 29 CFR part 1911.
EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: At 76 FR 33610, June
8, 2011, the authority citation was revised, effective July 8, 2011. For the convenience of
the user, the added and revised text is set
forth as follows:
AUTHORITY: 33 U.S.C. 941; 29 U.S.C. 653, 655,
657); Secretary of Labor’s Order No. 12–71 (36
FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736),

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