5 - Data sources

Data Sources

Data Source	Year	URL	Justification
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)	2011 and 2012	http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.htm	There have been nearly 20 separate studies that have examined issues related to the reliability and validity of the BRFSS and the system’s ability to provide both valid national estimates and comparisons across states. The data is used by federal and state agencies as well as in academia.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) -Communities Putting Prevention to Work (CPPW) Modules	2010	N/A	The CPPW module of BRFSS includes items in three content areas that are relevant to CTG: Neighborhood Perception and Environment, Food Assistance, and Water Consumption.
California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) Child Questionnaire	2009	http://www.askchis.com/questionnaires.html	Although no reliability or validity measures were given, CHIS has a large sample annually (n=42,000-55,000) and is monitored by UCLA, California Public Health, and Westat. Those institutions provide guidance on instrument development, indicators and outcomes. The data is used by federal agencies such as the CDC.
California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) Child and Adolescent Questionnaire	2009	http://www.askchis.com/questionnaires.html	Although no reliability or validity measures were given, CHIS has a large sample annually (n=42,000-55,000) and is monitored by UCLA, California Public Health, and Westat. Those institutions provide guidance on instrument development, indicators and outcomes. The data is used by federal agencies such as the CDC.
Chicago Community Adult Health Survey	2001	http://isr.umich.edu/ccahs/data.html	Although no reliability or validity measures were given, data was submitted to ICPSR for use by outside researchers. ICPSR is a well-established institution for social and policy research. The principal investigators for CCAHS are faculty of University of Michigan.
Food Attitudes and Behaviors (FAB) Survey	2007	http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/fab/index.html	The FAB Survey was developed by the National Cancer Institute and managed by the National Institute of Health. Several rounds of cognitive interviewing were conducted, modifications were made, and psychometric testing was conducted in order to identify distinct correlates of fruit and vegetable intake were measured properly on the instrument.
Healthy Home Survey	2005	http://www.iahhc.org/associations/1822/files/CMS_New_Survey%20Process.pdf	Reliability and validity estimates for the Healthy Home Survey were varied, but generally high (0.22–1.00 and 0.07–0.96 respectively), with lower scores noted for perishable foods and policy items (Kappa score and intra-class correlation coefficient). Lower scores were likely related to actual change in the perishable foods present and the subjective nature or clarity of policy questions and response categories. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2383924/ ). The data from the survey has been used by several agencies and published in a variety of professional journals.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)	2002	https://sites.google.com/site/theipaq/questionnaire_links	Reliability and validity studies were conducted in 12 countries across 6 continents using standardized methods, and demonstrated reasonable test-retest reliability (intra-class correlations range 0.7–0.8) and inter-method validity (median rho = 0.67), with criterion validity around rho = 0.3 based on comparisons with accelerometer data. Measurement properties were similar to those of other physical activity surveys used in developed countries [12] with the IPAQ offering broader applicability to a wide range of countries and cultures.
National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS)	2007	http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/surveys/hispanic_latino_ats_guide/pdfs/h_lqxeng.pdf	Drawing on evidence based indicators and outcomes, CDC/OSH developed NATS. Nineteen states implement the survey, primarily to evaluate tobacco control programs.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Questionnaires (NHANES)	2009-2010 and 2011-2012	http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2009-2010/questexam09_10.htm	Research organizations, universities, health care providers, and educators benefit from survey information. Primary data users are federal agencies that collaborated in the design and development of the survey. The National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and CDC are among the agencies that rely upon NHANES to provide data essential for the implementation and evaluation of program activities. The U.S. Department of Agriculture and NCHS cooperate in planning and reporting dietary and nutrition information from the survey. For greater reliability, NHANES guidelines suggest using 2 2-year cycles of data in aggregate. Validity may also be an issue as the majority of the data is self-reported and height, weight, smoking habits, eating habits are often incorrectly reported.
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Sample Adult	2011 and 2012	http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/quest_data_related_1997_forward.htm	Although no numbers were given for reliability and validity, NHIS has greater amounts of both due, in part, to the lack of self-reporting and a larger sample. Sponsored by CDC, data from NHIS is found in National Health Statistics Reports, Vital Statistics, Health E-Stats and linked to NCHS (mortality, Medicare data) and MEPSS.
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Sample Child	2011 and 2012	http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/quest_data_related_1997_forward.htm	Although no numbers were given for reliability and validity, NHIS has greater amounts of both due, in part, to the lack of self-reporting and a larger sample. Sponsored by CDC, data from NHIS is found in National Health Statistics Reports, Vital Statistics, Health E-Stats and linked to NCHS (mortality, Medicare data) and MEPSS.
National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH)	2011	http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/slaits/nsch.htm	NSCH is sponsored by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the Health Resources and Services Administration and has a generally large sample size (n=91,642; 2007). It is part of The State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey (SLAITS) which collects important health care data at State and local levels. This data collection mechanism was developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It supplements current national data collection strategies by providing in-depth State and local area data to meet various program and policy needs in an ever-changing health care system.
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)	2010	NSDUH Questionnaire 2010	Sponsored by SAMSHA, an agency of DHHS. Although no measures of reliability and validity are given, many government agencies, private organizations, individual researchers, and the public at large use NSDUH data. For instance, many state health agencies use NSDUH data to estimate the need for treatment facilities. Other federal, state, and local agencies, such as the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy and the U.S. Department of Justice, use the information to support prevention programs and monitor drug control strategies.
North Carolina Public Health Awareness Survey	2001	http://www.schs.state.nc.us/SCHS/brfss/surveys.html	This statewide survey, conducted by the DHHS State Center for Health Statistics, measures North Carolinians’ knowledge, awareness and appreciation for a variety of public health services. The "North Carolina Public Health Awareness Survey" is the first survey of its kind to be conducted in North Carolina, and was funded by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The survey, conducted between October 29 and December 8, 2001, involved telephone interviews with over 800 respondents. The margin of error is 3% (plus or minus). The survey was conducted as part of a Turning Point grant to the North Carolina Division of Public Health to develop capacity in the areas of communication and marketing. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, based in Princeton, NJ, is the nation’s largest philanthropy devoted exclusively to health and health care.
NYC BRFSS	2005-2009	http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/episrv/chs2002survey.pdf	Justification for using NYC BRFSS mirror using BRFSS. Survey data collection for the added module occurred in 58 geographic areas of New York State, including each of the 57 counties outside of New York City and New York City (5 counties) as a single area. A standard questionnaire was utilized in all areas. Data collection for the 2009 BRFSS took place during the period of July 2008 through June 2009. The goal was to complete about 650 interviews in each area. The final number of interviews varies because of the sampling design of the survey and differential response rates.
Project WALK Exercise and Health Survey*	1998	http://www.drjamessallis.sdsu.edu/Documents/walkexerciseandhealthsurvey.pdf	The Project WALK Exercise and Health Survey assesses physical limitations that could affect an individual’s ability to engage in sustained physical activity. The survey also measures social support for physical activity. Data from Project WALK Survey has been used in numerous publications.
Traffic and Health in Glasgow*	2005	http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1479-5868-5-43-S1.pdf	This survey includes items that assess perception of neighborhood and environment; few items in this area are included on nationally representative survey instruments.
Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) (National and Middle School)	2011	www.cdc.gov/yrbs	Sponsored by Adolescent and School Health/CDC, data from YRBS is used by many federal agencies. These methodological studies include test-retest reliability studies on the 1991 and 1999 versions of the questionnaire; a study assessing the validity of self-reported height and weight; a study assessing the effect of changing the race/ethnicity question; a study examining how varying honesty appeals, question wording, and data-editing protocols affect prevalence estimates; and a study examining how varying the mode and setting of survey administration affects prevalence estimates.
PACE Health Behavior Survey		http://www.drjamessallis.sdsu.edu/Documents/PaceQuestionnaire%202.pdf	The PACE Health Behavior Survey was developed by Jim Sallis, PhD, an acclaimed expert in active living research. The survey includes items that assess intermediate outcomes relevant for the Community Transformation Grants Program, and minimally covered on nationally representative survey instruments (e.g., individual thoughts, intentions, perceptions, and behaviors related to healthy eating and active living).
PACE Health and Environment Survey*		http://famprevmed.ucsd.edu/pacedocs/HES.pdf	The PACE Health and Environment Survey was recommended by Jim Sallis, PhD, an acclaimed expert in active living research. The comprehensive survey includes items that assess short-term and intermediate outcomes relevant for the Community Transformation Grants Program (e.g., community design, active transportation, access to healthy foods).
Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS)*		http://www.drjamessallis.sdsu.edu/Documents/NEWS.pdf	The Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) has been validated and includes items relevant for assessing access to healthy foods and safe places to engage in physical activity.
American Community Survey	2012	http://www.census.gov/acs/www/methodology/questionnaire_archive/	The American Community Survey provides current demographic, social, economic and housing information about America’s communities. The ACS instrument was reviewed for content validity by more than thirty Federal agencies in 2006, and the Office of Management and Budget approved the final set of questions (including changes recommended from the 2006 Content Test) for the 2008 ACS.
Eating at America’s Table Study (EATS)* Diet History Questionnaire	1997-1999	http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/studies/eats/	The National Cancer Institute developed a Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) as a new and improved food frequency questionnaire. The DHQ was validated as part of the EATS Study.
Gimme 5 Fruit, Juice and Vegetable Surveys*		http://www.bcm.edu/cnrc/faculty/Survey_documents/Gimme5Atlanta(94-96).html	The Gimme 5 Fruit Juice and Vegetable Surveys were developed in part by Tom Baranowski, PhD, an expert in childhood behavioral nutrition research.
Project EAT surveys*		http://www.sph.umn.edu/epi/research/eat/	Project EAT (Eating Among Teens) was designed to investigate the socioenvironmental, personal, and behavioral factors influencing eating habits of adolescents. Project EAT surveys include items tailored to teens and young adults and most of the items obtained a test-retest Pearson correlation of r > 0.70 for reliability.

*among many considered to assess physical activity environment and changes in physical activity

*among many short dietary screeners considered to assess proper nutrition and changes in physical activity considered to replace FFQ from NHANES

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