3

April 2013 CDC/NHSN Protocol Corrections,
Clarification, and Additions
(NOTE: These protocol edits have not yet been added to the current posted
NHSN protocols)
•

Errata [PDF - 291 KB] April 2013

Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) Event
Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are tied with pneumonia as the second
most common type of healthcare-associated infection, second only to SSIs. UTIs account
for more than 15% of infections reported by acute care hospitals1. Virtually all
healthcare-associated UTIs are caused by instrumentation of the urinary tract.
CAUTI can lead to such complications as cystitis, pyelonephritis, gram-negative
bacteremia, prostatitis, epididymitis, and orchitis in males and, less commonly,
endocarditis, vertebral osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endophthalmitis, and meningitis in
all patients. Complications associated with CAUTI cause discomfort to the patient,
prolonged hospital stay, and increased cost and mortality2. Each year, more than 13,000
deaths are associated with UTIs.3
Prevention of CAUTIs is discussed in the CDC/HICPAC document, Guideline for
Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection4.
Settings: Surveillance will occur in any inpatient locations where denominator data can
be collected, which may include critical intensive care units (ICU), specialty care areas
(SCA), step down units, and long term care wards. Neonatal ICUs may participate, but
only off plan (not as a part of their monthly reporting plan). A complete listing of
inpatient locations and instructions for mapping can be found in CDC Locations and
Descriptions chapter.
NOTE: It is not required to monitor for CAUTIs after the patient is discharged from the
facility. However, if discovered, any CAUTI occurring on the day of discharge or the
next day should be reported to NHSN; day of discharge is considered Day 1. No
additional indwelling catheter days are reported.
Requirements: Surveillance for HAI CAUTI is performed in at least one inpatient
location in the healthcare institution for at least one calendar month as indicated in the
Patient Safety Monthly Reporting Plan (CDC 57.106).
Definitions:
Healthcare-associated infections (HAI): An infection is considered an HAI if all elements
of a CDC/NHSN site-specific infection criterion were first present together on or after the
3rd hospital day (day of hospital admission is day 1). For an HAI, an element of the
infection criterion may be present during the first 2 hospital days as long as it is also
present on or after day 3. All elements used to meet the infection criterion must occur
within a timeframe that does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day between elements.

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Urinary tract infections (UTI) are defined using symptomatic urinary tract infection
(SUTI) criteria or Asymptomatic Bacteremic UTI (ABUTI) criteria (Table 1 and Figures
1-5).
Date of event: For a UTI the date of event is the date when the last element used to meet
the UTI infection criterion occurred. Synonyms: infection date, date of infection.
Indwelling catheter: A drainage tube that is inserted into the urinary bladder through the
urethra is left in place, and is connected to a drainage bag (including leg bags), also called
a Foley catheter. This does not include suprapubic, condom, or straight in-and-out
catheters. This definition includes indwelling urethral catheters that are used for
intermittent or continuous irrigation.
Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI): A UTI where an indwelling urinary catheter was in
place for >2 calendar days when all elements of the UTI infection criterion were first
present together, with day of device placement being Day 1,
and
an indwelling urinary catheter was in place on the date of event or the day before.
EXAMPLE: A patient has a Foley catheter inserted on an inpatient unit and the following
morning the patient meets criteria for a UTI. Because the catheter has not been in place
>2 calendar days when all elements of the infection criterion were first present together,
this is not a CAUTI.
NOTE:
1. SUTI 1b and 2b and other UTI (OUTI), as defined in the HAI Definitions chapter
cannot be catheter-associated.
Location of attribution: The inpatient location where the patient was assigned on the date
of the UTI event, which is further defined as the date when the last element used to meet
the UTI criterion occurred (see exception below).
EXCEPTION TO LOCATION OF ATTRIBUTION:
Transfer Rule: If all elements of a CAUTI are present within 2 calendar days of transfer
from one inpatient location to another in the same facility or a new facility (i.e., on the
day of transfer or the next day), the infection is attributed to the transferring location or
facility. Receiving facilities should share information about such HAIs with the
transferring facility to enable reporting. This is called the Transfer Rule and examples are
shown below:
• Patient with a Foley catheter in place in the SICU is transferred to the surgical ward.
On the next day, all elements for UTI are first present together. This is reported to
NHSN as a CAUTI for the SICU.
• Patient is transferred in the morning to the medical ward from the MSICU after
having the Foley catheter removed. Later that night, all elements for a UTI are first
present together. This is reported to NHSN as a CAUTI for the MSICU.
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Device-associated Module
CAUTI

•

•

On Monday, patient with a Foley catheter in place is transferred from the medical
ward to the coronary care ICU (CCU). Wednesday in the CCU, all elements for UTI
are first present together. This is reported to NHSN as a CAUTI for the CCU, as the
UTI event date is on the 3rd calendar day after transfer.
Patient on the urology ward of Hospital A had the Foley catheter removed after it had
been in place for 5 days and is discharged home a few hours later. The IP from
Hospital B calls the next day to report that this patient has been admitted to Hospital
B with a UTI. This CAUTI should be reported to NHSN for Hospital A and
attributed to the urology ward.

EXCEPTION TO TRANSFER RULE:
Locations which do not house patients overnight (e.g., Emergency Department or
Operating Room) will have no denominator data, i.e., patient days or catheter days.
Therefore, CAUTIs cannot be attributed to these locations. Instead, the CAUTI must be
attributed to the next inpatient location in which the patient stays.

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Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Table 1. Urinary Tract Infection Criteria
Criterion

1a

1b

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Symptomatic UTI (SUTI)
Must meet at least 1 of the following criteria:
Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days, with day
of device placement being Day 1, and catheter was in place when all elements of
this criterion were first present together.
and
at least 1 of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C); suprapubic
tenderness*; costovertebral angle pain or tenderness*
and
a positive urine culture of ≥105 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml with no more than
2 species of microorganisms. Elements of the criterion must occur within a
timeframe that does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day (see Comments section
below).
----------------------------------------------------OR------------------------------------------Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days and had it
removed the day of or the day before all elements of this criterion were first
present together
and
at least 1 of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C); urgency*;
frequency*; dysuria*; suprapubic tenderness*; costovertebral angle pain or
tenderness*
and
a positive urine culture of ≥105 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml with no more than
2 species of microorganisms. Elements of the criterion must occur within a
timeframe that does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day (see Comments section
below).
*With no other recognized cause
Patient did not have an indwelling urinary catheter in place at the time of or the
day before all elements of this criterion were first present together
and
has at least 1 of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C) in a patient that
is ≤65 years of age; urgency*; frequency*; dysuria*; suprapubic tenderness*;
costovertebral angle pain or tenderness*
and
a positive urine culture of ≥105 CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms. Elements of the criterion must occur within a timeframe that
does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day (see Comments section below).
*With no other recognized cause

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Criterion
2a

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days, with day
of device placement being Day 1, and catheter was in place when all elements of
this criterion were first present together
and
at least 1 of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C); suprapubic
tenderness*; costovertebral angle pain or tenderness*
and
at least 1 of the following findings:
a. positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrite
b. pyuria (urine specimen with ≥10 white blood cells [WBC]/mm3 of unspun
urine or >5 WBC/high power field of spun urine)
c. microorganisms seen on Gram’s stain of unspun urine
and
a positive urine culture of ≥103 and <105 CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms. Elements of the criterion must occur within a timeframe that
does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day (see Comments section below).
----------------------------------------------------OR------------------------------------------Patient with an indwelling urinary catheter in place for > 2 calendar days and had
it removed the day of or the day before all elements of this criterion were first
present together
and
at least 1 of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C); urgency*;
frequency*; dysuria*; suprapubic tenderness*; costovertebral angle pain or
tenderness*
and
at least 1 of the following findings:
a. positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrite
b. pyuria (urine specimen with ≥10 WBC/mm3 of unspun urine or >5 WBC/high
power field of spun urine
c. microorganisms seen on Gram’s stain of unspun urine
and
a positive urine culture of ≥103 and <105 CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms. Elements of the criterion must occur within a timeframe that
does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day (see Comments section below).
*With no other recognized cause

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CAUTI

Criterion
2b

3

4

January 2013

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Patient did not have an indwelling urinary catheter in place at the time of, or the
day before all elements of this criterion were first present together
and
has at least 1 of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C) in a patient that
is ≤65 years of age; urgency*; frequency*; dysuria*; suprapubic tenderness*;
costovertebral angle pain or tenderness*
and
at least 1 of the following findings:
a. positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrite
b. pyuria (urine specimen with ≥10 WBC/mm3 of unspun urine or >5
WBC/high power field of spun urine
c. microorganisms seen on Gram’s stain of unspun urine
and
a positive urine culture of ≥103 and <105 CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms. Elements of the criterion must occur within a timeframe that
does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day (see Comments section below).
*With no other recognized cause
Patient ≤1 year of age with** or without an indwelling urinary catheter has at
least 1 of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C core); hypothermia
(<36°C core); apnea*; bradycardia*; dysuria*; lethargy*; vomiting*
and
a positive urine culture of ≥105 CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms. Elements of the criterion must occur within a timeframe that
does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day (see Comments section below).
*With no other recognized cause
** Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days, with
day of device placement being Day 1, and catheter was in place when all elements
of this criterion were first present together.
Patient ≤1 year of age with** or without an indwelling urinary catheter has at
least 1 of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C core); hypothermia
(<36°C core); apnea*; bradycardia*; dysuria*; lethargy*; vomiting*
and
at least 1 of the following findings:
a. positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrite
b. pyuria (urine specimen with ≥10 WBC/mm3 of unspun urine or >5
WBC/high power field of spun urine
c. microorganisms seen on Gram’s stain of unspun urine
and
a positive urine culture of between ≥103 and <105 CFU/ml with no more than two
species of microorganisms. Elements of the criterion must occur within a
timeframe that does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day (see Comments section
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CAUTI

Criterion

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
below).
*With no other recognized cause
** Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days, with
day of device placement being Day 1, and catheter was in place when all elements
of this criterion were first present together.

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Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Criterion

Asymptomatic Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infection (ABUTI)
Patient with* or without an indwelling urinary catheter has no signs or symptoms
(i.e., for any age patient, no fever (>38°C); urgency; frequency; dysuria;
suprapubic tenderness; costovertebral angle pain or tenderness OR for a patient
≤1 year of age; no fever (>38°C core); hypothermia (<36°C core); apnea;
bradycardia; dysuria; lethargy; or vomiting)
and
a positive urine culture of ≥105 CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
uropathogen microorganisms** (see Comments section below)
and
a positive blood culture with at least 1 matching uropathogen microorganism to
the urine culture, or at least 2 matching blood cultures drawn on separate
occasions if the matching pathogen is a common skin commensal. Elements of the
criterion must occur within a timeframe that does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar
day (see Comments section below).
*Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days, with
day of device placement being Day 1, and catheter was in place when all elements
of this criterion were first present together.
**Uropathogen microorganisms are: Gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus spp.,
yeasts, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., G. vaginalis,
Aerococcus urinae, and Corynebacterium (urease positive)+.
+
Report Corynebacterium (urease positive) as either Corynebacterium species
unspecified (COS) or as C. urealyticum (CORUR) if so speciated.

(See complete list of uropathogen microorganisms at
http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/XLS/master-organism-Com-Commensals-Lists.xlsx.)
Comments • Laboratory cultures reported as “mixed flora” represent at least 2 species of
organisms. Therefore an additional organism recovered from the same culture,
would represent >2 species of microorganisms. Such a specimen cannot be
used to meet the UTI criteria.
• Urinary catheter tips should not be cultured and are not acceptable for the
diagnosis of a urinary tract infection.
• Urine cultures must be obtained using appropriate technique, such as clean
catch collection or catheterization. Specimens from indwelling catheters
should be aspirated through the disinfected sampling ports.
• In infants, urine cultures should be obtained by bladder catheterization or
suprapubic aspiration; positive urine cultures from bag specimens are
unreliable and should be confirmed by specimens aseptically obtained by
catheterization or suprapubic aspiration.
• Urine specimens for culture should be processed as soon as possible,
preferably within 1 to 2 hours. If urine specimens cannot be processed within
30 minutes of collection, they should be refrigerated, or inoculated into
primary isolation medium before transport, or transported in an appropriate
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CAUTI

•
•
•
•

January 2013

urine preservative. Refrigerated specimens should be cultured within 24 hours.
Urine specimen labels should indicate whether or not the patient is
symptomatic.
Report secondary bloodstream infection = “Yes” for all cases of
Asymptomatic Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infection (ABUTI).
Report only pathogens in both blood and urine specimens for ABUTI.
Report Corynebacterium (urease positive) as either Corynebacterium species
unspecified (COS) or as C. urealyticum (CORUR) if speciated.

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Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Figure 1: Identification and Categorization of SUTI with Indwelling Catheter (see
comments section page 7-7 thru 7-8 for important details)

Laboratory Evidence

Signs and
Symptoms

Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days, with day
of device placement being Day 1, and catheter was in place when all elements of
this criterion were first present together. Elements of the criterion must occur
within a timeframe that does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar day.

January 2013

At least 1 of the following:
□ fever (>38°C)
□ suprapubic tenderness*
□ costovertebral angle pain or tenderness*
*With no other recognized cause

At least 1 of the following findings:
□ positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrite
□ pyuria (urine specimen with ≥10 WBC/mm³ of unspun urine or >5 WBC/high power
field of spun urine)
□ microorganisms seen on Gram’s stain of unspun urine

A positive urine culture of ≥105
CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms

A positive urine culture of ≥103 and <105
CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms

SUTI-Criterion 1a

SUTI-Criterion 2a

CAUTI

CAUTI

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Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Figure 2: Identification and Categorization of SUTI When Indwelling Catheter has been
removed (see comments section page 7-7 thru 7-8 for important details)

Signs and
Symptoms

Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter removed the day or the day before all
elements of the infection criterion were first present together. Elements of the
criterion must occur within a timeframe that does not exceed a gap of 1 calendar
day.

At least 1 of the following:
□ fever (>38°C)
□ dysuria*
□ urgency*
□ suprapubic tenderness*
□ frequency*
□ costovertebral angle pain or tenderness*

Laboratory Evidence

*With no other recognized cause

At least 1 of the following findings:
□ positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrite
□ pyuria (urine specimen with ≥10 WBC/mm3 of unspun urine or >5 WBC/high
power field of spun urine
□ microorganisms seen on Gram’s stain of unspun urine

A positive urine culture of ≥105
CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms

A positive urine culture of ≥103 and
<105 CFU/ml with no more than 2
species of microorganisms

SUTI-Criterion 2a

SUTI-Criterion 1a

Was an indwelling urinary catheter in place on the date of or the day
before all elements of the infection criterion were first present together?

Yes

CAUTI SUTI

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No

SUTI (not catheter-associated)

Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Figure 3: Identification and Categorization of SUTI without Indwelling Catheter (see
comments section page 7-7 thru 7-8 for important details)

Signs and
Symptoms

Patient did not have an indwelling urinary catheter in place at the time of, or the
day before all elements of this criterion were first present together. Elements of
the criterion must occur within a timeframe that does not exceed a gap of 1
calendar day.

At least 1 of the following:
□ fever (>38°C) in a patient that is ≤65 years of age
□ urgency*
□ suprapubic tenderness*
□ frequency*
□ costovertebral angle pain or tenderness*
□ dysuria*

Laboratory Evidence

*With no other recognized cause

At least 1 of the following findings:
□ positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrite
□ pyuria (urine specimen with ≥10 WBC/mm3 of unspun urine or >5 WBC/high
power field of spun urine)
□ microorganisms seen on Gram’s stain of unspun urine

A positive urine culture of ≥105
CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms

SUTI- Criterion 1b

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A positive urine culture of ≥103 and
<105 CFU/ml with no more than 2
species of microorganisms

SUTI- Criterion 2b

Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Figure 4: Identification and Categorization of SUTI in Patient ≤1 Year of Age (see
comments section page 7-7 thru 7-8 for important details)

Laboratory Evidence

Signs and
Symptoms

Patient ≤1 year of age (with** or without an indwelling urinary catheter)
Elements of the criterion must occur within a timeframe that does not exceed a
gap of 1 calendar day.
At least 1 of the following:
□ fever (>38°C core)
□ hypothermia (<36oC core)
□ apnea*
□ bradycardia*

□ dysuria*
□ lethargy*
□ vomiting*

*With no other recognized cause

At least 1 of the following findings:
□ positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrite
□ pyuria (urine specimen with ≥10 WBC/mm3 of unspun urine or >5
WBC/high power field of spun urine)
□ microorganisms seen on Gram’s stain of unspun urine

A positive urine culture of ≥105
CFU/ml with no more than 2 species of
microorganisms

SUTI- Criterion 3

A positive urine culture of ≥103 and
<105 CFU/ml with no more than 2
species of microorganisms

SUTI- Criterion 4

Was an indwelling urinary catheter in place on the date of or the day before all
elements of the infection criterion were first present together?

Yes

No

CAUTI

SUTI

** Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days, with day of
device placement being Day 1, and catheter was in place when all elements of this
criterion were first present together.

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Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Figure 5: Identification of Asymptomatic Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infection (ABUTI)
(see comments section page 7-7 thru 7-8 for important details)
Patient with* or without an indwelling urinary catheter

Culture Evidence

Signs and Symptoms

Elements of the criterion must occur within a timeframe that does not
exceed a gap of 1 calendar day
Patient of any age
NONE of the following:
— fever (>38oC)
— urgency
— frequency
— dysuria
— suprapubic pain
— costovertebral angle pain or
tenderness

Patient ≤ 1 year of age
NONE of the following:
— fever >38oC core)
— hypothermia (<36oC core)
— apnea
— bradycardia
— lethargy
— vomiting
— dysuria

A positive urine culture of ≥105 CFU/ml with no
more than 2 species of microorganisms**

A positive blood culture with at least 1 matching uropathogen microorganism**
to the urine culture or at least 2 matching blood cultures*** drawn on separate
occasions if the matching pathogen is a common skin commensal.
Asymptomatic Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infection (ABUTI)

Was an indwelling urinary catheter in place on the date of or the day before all
elements of the infection criterion were first present together?

Yes

No

ABUTI (catheter-associated)

ABUTI (not catheter-associated)

* Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for >2 calendar days, with day of device placement being Day
1, and catheter was in place when all elements of this criterion were first present together.
**Uropathogen microorganisms are: Gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus spp., yeasts, beta-hemolytic
Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., G. vaginalis, Aerococcus urinae, Corynebacterium (urease positive)†.
Only genus and species identification should be utilized to determine the sameness of organisms (i.e. matching
organisms). No additional comparative methods should be used (e.g., morphology or antibiograms) because
laboratory testing capabilities and protocols may vary between facilities.

January 2013
†

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Report Corynebacterium (urease positive) as either Corynebacterium species unspecified (COS) or as C.
urealyticum (CORUR) if so speciated.

Device-associated Module
CAUTI

Numerator Data: The Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) form is used to collect and report
each CAUTI that is identified during the month selected for surveillance. The
Instructions for Completion of Urinary Tract Infection form include brief instructions for
collection and entry of each data element on the form. The UTI form includes patient
demographic information and information on whether or not an indwelling urinary
catheter was present. Additional data include the specific criteria met for identifying the
UTI, whether the patient developed a secondary bloodstream infection, whether the
patient died, and the organisms isolated from cultures and their antimicrobial
susceptibilities.
REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS:
• If no CAUTIs are identified during the month of surveillance, the Report No Events
box must be checked on the appropriate denominator summary screen, e.g.,
Denominators for Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/Other Locations (Not NICU or
SCA/ONC).
Denominator Data: Device days and patient days are used for denominators (See Key
Terms chapter). Indwelling urinary catheter days, which are the number of patients with
an indwelling urinary catheter device, are collected daily, at the same time each day,
according to the chosen location using the appropriate form (CDC 57.117 and 57.118).
These daily counts are summed and only the total for the month is entered into NHSN.
Indwelling urinary catheter days and patient days are collected separately for each of the
locations monitored. When denominator data are available from electronic databases,
these sources may be used as long as the counts are not substantially different (+/- 5%)
from manually collected counts, validated for a minimum of 3 months.
Data Analyses: The Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR) is calculated by dividing the
number of observed infections by the number of expected infections. The number of
expected infections, in the context of statistical prediction, is calculated using CAUTI
rates from a standard population during a baseline time period, which represents a
standard population’s CAUTI experience.5
NOTE: The SIR will be calculated only if the number of expected HAIs (numExp) is ≥1.
SIR = Observed (O) HAIs
Expected (E) HAIs
While the CAUTI SIR can be calculated for single locations, the measure also allows you
to summarize your data by multiple locations, adjusting for differences in the incidence
of infection among the location types. For example, you will be able to obtain one
CAUTI SIR adjusting for all locations reported. Similarly, you can obtain one CAUTI
SIR for all specialty care areas in your facility.

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The CAUTI rate per 1000 urinary catheter days is calculated by dividing the number of
CAUTIs by the number of catheter days and multiplying the result by 1000. The Urinary
Catheter Utilization Ratio is calculated by dividing the number of urinary catheter days
by the number of patient days. These calculations will be performed separately for the
different types of ICUs, specialty care areas, and other locations in the institution, except
for neonatal locations.
1

Magill SS, Hellinger W, et al. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in acute
care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:283-91.
2

Scott Rd. The Direct Medical Costs of Healthcare-Associated Infections in U.S.
Hospitals and the Benefits of Prevention, 2009. Division of Healthcare Quality
Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious
Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, February 2009.
3

Klevens RM, Edward JR, et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths
in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Reports 2007;122:160-166.
4

Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, Kuntz G, Pegues DA. Guideline for prevention
of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
2010;31:319-26.
5

Dudeck MA, Horan TC, Peterson KD, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network
(NHSN) report, data summary for 2009, device-associated module, issued January 2011.
Am J Infect Control 2011;39:349-67.

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