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<P class=3Dfp>Title 29: Labor <BR><A=20
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R=E2=80=94Special Industries</A> </P>
<HR>
<A name=3D_top></A>
<H2 style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left">=C2=A71910.272 Grain handling=20
facilities.</H2>
<P>(a) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Scope.</SPAN> This =
section=20
contains requirements for the control of grain dust fires and =
explosions,=20
and certain other safety hazards associated with grain handling=20
facilities. It applies in addition to all other relevant =
provisions of=20
part 1910 (or part 1917 at marine terminals).</P>
<P class=3Dnote><SPAN style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Note to =
paragraph=20
(<SPAN style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: =
normal">a</SPAN>):</SPAN>=20
For grain-handling facilities in the marine-terminal industry =
only, 29 CFR=20
1910.272 is to be enforced consistent with the interpretations in =
OSHA=20
Compliance Directive 02-00-066, which is available on OSHA's Web =
page at=20
<SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">www.osha.gov.</SPAN></P>
<P>(b) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Application.</SPAN> (1) =
Paragraphs=20
(a) through (n) of this section apply to grain elevators, feed =
mills,=20
flour mills, rice mills, dust pelletizing plants, dry corn mills, =
soybean=20
flaking operations, and the dry grinding operations of =
soycake.</P>
<P>(2) Paragraphs (o), (p), and (q) of this section apply only to =
grain=20
elevators.</P>
<P>(c) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Definitions.</SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Choked leg</SPAN> means a =
condition of=20
material buildup in the bucket elevator that results in the =
stoppage of=20
material flow and bucket movement. A bucket elevator is not =
considered=20
choked that has the up-leg partially or fully loaded and has the =
boot and=20
discharge cleared allowing bucket movement.</P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Flat storage =
structure</SPAN> means a=20
grain storage building or structure that will not empty completely =
by=20
gravity, has an unrestricted ground level opening for entry, and =
must be=20
entered to reclaim the residual grain using powered equipment or =
manual=20
means.</P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Fugitive grain dust</SPAN> =
means=20
combustible dust particles, emitted from the stock handling =
system, of=20
such size as will pass through a U.S. Standard 40 mesh sieve (425 =
microns=20
or less).</P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Grain elevator</SPAN> means =
a facility=20
engaged in the receipt, handling, storage, and shipment of bulk =
raw=20
agricultural commodities such as corn, wheat, oats, barley, =
sunflower=20
seeds, and soybeans.</P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Hot work</SPAN> means work =
involving=20
electric or gas welding, cutting, brazing, or similar flame =
producing=20
operations.</P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Inside bucket =
elevator</SPAN> means a=20
bucket elevator that has the boot and more than 20 percent of the =
total=20
leg height (above grade or ground level) inside the grain elevator =
structure. Bucket elevators with leg casings that are inside (and =
pass=20
through the roofs) of rail or truck dump sheds with the remainder =
of the=20
leg outside of the grain elevator structure, are not considered =
inside=20
bucket elevators.</P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Jogging</SPAN> means =
repeated starting=20
and stopping of drive motors in an attempt to clear choked =
legs.</P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Lagging</SPAN> means a =
covering on=20
drive pulleys used to increase the coefficient of friction between =
the=20
pulley and the belt.</P>
<P><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Permit</SPAN> means the =
written=20
certification by the employer authorizing employees to perform =
identified=20
work operations subject to specified precautions.</P>
<P>(d) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Emergency action =
plan.</SPAN> The=20
employer shall develop and implement an emergency action plan =
meeting the=20
requirements contained in 29 CFR 1910.38. </P>
<P>(e)<SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Training.</SPAN> (1) The =
employer=20
shall provide training to employees at least annually and when =
changes in=20
job assignment will expose them to new hazards. Current employees, =
and new=20
employees prior to starting work, shall be trained in at least the =
following:</P>
<P>(i) General safety precautions associated with the facility, =
including=20
recognition and preventive measures for the hazards related to =
dust=20
accumulations and common ignition sources such as smoking; =
and,</P>
<P>(ii) Specific procedures and safety practices applicable to =
their job=20
tasks including but not limited to, cleaning procedures for =
grinding=20
equipment, clearing procedures for choked legs, housekeeping =
procedures,=20
hot work procedures, preventive maintenance procedures and=20
lock-out/tag-out procedures.</P>
<P>(2) Employees assigned special tasks, such as bin entry and =
handling of=20
flammable or toxic substances, shall be provided training to =
perform these=20
tasks safely.</P>
<P class=3Dnote><SPAN style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Note to =
paragraph=20
(<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: =
normal">e</SPAN>)(2):</SPAN>=20
Training for an employee who enters grain storage structures =
includes=20
training about engulfment and mechanical hazards and how to avoid=20
them.</P>
<P>(f) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Hot work permit.</SPAN> =
(1) The=20
employer shall issue a permit for all hot work, with the following =
exceptions:</P>
<P>(i) Where the employer or the employer's representative (who =
would=20
otherwise authorize the permit) is present while the hot work is =
being=20
performed;</P>
<P>(ii) In welding shops authorized by the employer;</P>
<P>(iii) In hot work areas authorized by the employer which are =
located=20
outside of the grain handling structure.</P>
<P>(2) The permit shall certify that the requirements contained in =
=C2=A71910.252(a) have been implemented prior to beginning the hot =
work=20
operations. The permit shall be kept on file until completion of =
the hot=20
work operations.</P>
<P>(g) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Entry into grain storage =
structures.</SPAN> This paragraph applies to employee entry into =
bins,=20
silos , tanks, and other grain storage structures. <SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Exception:</SPAN> Entry through =
unrestricted=20
ground level openings into flat storage structures in which there =
are no=20
toxicity, flammability, oxygen-deficiency, or other atmospheric =
hazards is=20
covered by paragraph (h) of this section. For the purposes of this =
paragraph (g), the term =E2=80=9Cgrain=E2=80=9D includes raw and =
processed grain and grain=20
products in facilities within the scope of paragraph (b)(1) of =
this=20
section.</P>
<P>(1) The following actions shall be taken before employees enter =
bins,=20
silos, or tanks:</P>
<P>(i) The employer shall issue a permit for entering bins, silos, =
or=20
tanks unless the employer or the employer's representative (who =
would=20
otherwise authorize the permit) is present during the entire =
operation.=20
The permit shall certify that the precautions contained in this =
paragraph=20
(=C2=A71910.272(g)) have been implemented prior to employees =
entering bins,=20
silos or tanks. The permit shall be kept on file until completion =
of the=20
entry operations.</P>
<P>(ii) All mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic =
equipment=20
which presents a danger to employees inside grain storage =
structures shall=20
be deenergized and shall be disconnected, locked-out and tagged,=20
blocked-off, or otherwise prevented from operating by other =
equally=20
effective means or methods.</P>
<P>(iii) The atmosphere within a bin, silo, or tank shall be =
tested for=20
the presence of combustible gases, vapors, and toxic agents when =
the=20
employer has reason to believe they may be present. Additionally, =
the=20
atmosphere within a bin, silo, or tank shall be tested for oxygen =
content=20
unless there is continuous natural air movement or continuous =
forced-air=20
ventilation before and during the period employees are inside. If =
the=20
oxygen level is less than 19.5%, or if combustible gas or vapor is =
detected in excess of 10% of the lower flammable limit, or if =
toxic agents=20
are present in excess of the ceiling values listed in subpart Z of =
29 CFR=20
part 1910, or if toxic agents are present in concentrations that =
will=20
cause health effects which prevent employees from effecting =
self-rescue or=20
communication to obtain assistance, the following provisions =
apply.</P>
<P>(A) Ventilation shall be provided until the unsafe condition or =
conditions are eliminated, and the ventilation shall be continued =
as long=20
as there is a possibility of recurrence of the unsafe condition =
while the=20
bin, silo, or tank is occupied by employees.</P>
<P>(B) If toxicity or oxygen deficiency cannot be eliminated by=20
ventilation, employees entering the bin, silo, or tank shall wear =
an=20
appropriate respirator. Respirator use shall be in accordance with =
the=20
requirements of =C2=A71910.134.</P>
<P>(iv) =E2=80=9CWalking down grain=E2=80=9D and similar practices =
where an employee walks=20
on grain to make it flow within or out from a grain storage =
structure, or=20
where an employee is on moving grain, are prohibited.</P>
<P>(2) Whenever an employee enters a grain storage structure from =
a level=20
at or above the level of the stored grain or grain products, or =
whenever=20
an employee walks or stands on or in stored grain of a depth which =
poses=20
an engulfment hazard, the employer shall equip the employee with a =
body=20
harness with lifeline, or a boatswain's chair that meets the =
requirements=20
of subpart D of this part. The lifeline shall be so positioned, =
and of=20
sufficient length, to prevent the employee from sinking further =
than=20
waist-deep in the grain. <SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Exception:</SPAN> Where the employer =
can=20
demonstrate that the protection required by this paragraph is not =
feasible=20
or creates a greater hazard, the employer shall provide an =
alternative=20
means of protection which is demonstrated to prevent the employee =
from=20
sinking further than waist-deep in the grain.</P>
<P class=3Dnote><SPAN style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Note to =
paragraph=20
(<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: =
normal">g</SPAN>)(2):</SPAN>=20
When the employee is standing or walking on a surface which the =
employer=20
demonstrates is free from engulfment hazards, the lifeline or =
alternative=20
means may be disconnected or removed.</P>
<P>(3) An observer, equipped to provide assistance, shall be =
stationed=20
outside the bin, silo, or tank being entered by an employee.=20
Communications (visual, voice, or signal line) shall be maintained =
between=20
the observer and employee entering the bin, silo, or tank.</P>
<P>(4) The employer shall provide equipment for rescue operations =
which is=20
specifically suited for the bin, silo, or tank being entered.</P>
<P>(5) The employee acting as observer shall be trained in rescue=20
procedures, including notification methods for obtaining =
additional=20
assistance.</P>
<P>(6) Employees shall not enter bins, silos, or tanks underneath =
a=20
bridging condition, or where a buildup of grain products on the =
sides=20
could fall and bury them.</P>
<P>(h) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Entry into flat storage=20
structures.</SPAN> For the purposes of this paragraph (h), the =
term=20
=E2=80=9Cgrain=E2=80=9D means raw and processed grain and grain =
products in facilities=20
within the scope of paragraph (b)(1) of this section.</P>
<P>(1) Each employee who walks or stands on or in stored grain, =
where the=20
depth of the grain poses an engulfment hazard, shall be equipped =
with a=20
lifeline or alternative means which the employer demonstrates will =
prevent=20
the employee from sinking further than waist-deep into the =
grain.</P>
<P class=3Dnote><SPAN style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Note to =
paragraph=20
(<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: =
normal">h</SPAN>)(1):</SPAN>=20
When the employee is standing or walking on a surface which the =
employer=20
demonstrates is free from engulfment hazards, the lifeline or =
alternative=20
means may be disconnected or removed.</P>
<P>(2)(i) Whenever an employee walks or stands on or in stored =
grain or=20
grain products of a depth which poses an engulfment hazard, all =
equipment=20
which presents a danger to that employee (such as an auger or =
other grain=20
transport equipment) shall be deenergized, and shall be =
disconnected,=20
locked-out and tagged, blocked-off, or otherwise prevented from =
operating=20
by other equally effective means or methods.</P>
<P>(ii) =E2=80=9CWalking down grain=E2=80=9D and similar practices =
where an employee walks=20
on grain to make it flow within or out from a grain storage =
structure, or=20
where an employee is on moving grain, are prohibited.</P>
<P>(3) No employee shall be permitted to be either underneath a =
bridging=20
condition, or in any other location where an accumulation of grain =
on the=20
sides or elsewhere could fall and engulf that employee.</P>
<P>(i) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Contractors.</SPAN> (1) =
The=20
employer shall inform contractors performing work at the grain =
handling=20
facility of known potential fire and explosion hazards related to =
the=20
contractor's work and work area. The employer shall also inform=20
contractors of the applicable safety rules of the facility.</P>
<P>(2) The employer shall explain the applicable provisions of the =
emergency action plan to contractors.</P>
<P>(j) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Housekeeping.</SPAN> (1) =
The=20
employer shall develop and implement a written housekeeping =
program that=20
establishes the frequency and method(s) determined best to reduce=20
accumulations of fugitive grain dust on ledges, floors, equipment, =
and=20
other exposed surfaces.</P>
<P>(2) In addition, the housekeeping program for <SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">grain elevators</SPAN> shall address =
fugitive=20
grain dust accumulations at priority housekeeping areas.</P>
<P>(i) Priority housekeeping areas shall include <SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">at least</SPAN> the following:</P>
<P>(A) Floor areas within 35 feet (10.7 m) of inside bucket =
elevators;</P>
<P>(B) Floors of enclosed areas containing grinding equipment;</P>
<P>(C) Floors of enclosed areas containing grain dryers located =
inside the=20
facility.</P>
<P>(ii) The employer shall immediately remove any fugitive grain =
dust=20
accumulations whenever they exceed <SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 70%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: =
super">1</SPAN>=E2=81=84<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 70%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: sub">8</SPAN> inch (.32 =
cm) at=20
priority housekeeping areas, pursuant to the housekeeping program, =
or=20
shall demonstrate and assure, through the development and =
implementation=20
of the housekeeping program, that equivalent protection is =
provided.</P>
<P>(3) The use of compressed air to blow dust from ledges, walls, =
and=20
other areas shall only be permitted when all machinery that =
presents an=20
ignition source in the area is shut-down, and all other known =
potential=20
ignition sources in the area are removed or controlled.</P>
<P>(4) Grain and product spills shall not be considered fugitive =
grain=20
dust accumulations. However, the housekeeping program shall =
address the=20
procedures for removing such spills from the work area.</P>
<P>(k) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Grate openings.</SPAN>=20
Receiving-pit feed openings, such as truck or railcar =
receiving-pits,=20
shall be covered by grates. The width of openings in the grates =
shall be a=20
maximum of 2<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 70%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: =
super">1</SPAN>=E2=81=84<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 70%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: sub">2</SPAN> inches =
(6.35 cm).</P>
<P>(l) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Filter =
collectors.</SPAN> (1) All=20
fabric dust filter collectors which are a part of a pneumatic dust =
collection system shall be equipped with a monitoring device that =
will=20
indicate a pressure drop across the surface of the filter.</P>
<P>(2) Filter collectors installed after March 30, 1988 shall =
be:</P>
<P>(i) Located outside the facility; or</P>
<P>(ii) Located in an area inside the facility protected by an =
explosion=20
suppression system; or</P>
<P>(iii) Located in an area inside the facility that is separated =
from=20
other areas of the facility by construction having at least a one =
hour=20
fire-resistance rating, and which is adjacent to an exterior wall =
and=20
vented to the outside. The vent and ductwork shall be designed to =
resist=20
rupture due to deflagration.</P>
<P>(m) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Preventive =
maintenance.</SPAN> (1)=20
The employer shall implement preventive maintenance procedures =
consisting=20
of:</P>
<P>(i) Regularly scheduled inspections of at least the mechanical =
and=20
safety control equipment associated with dryers, grain stream =
processing=20
equipment, dust collection equipment including filter collectors, =
and=20
bucket elevators;</P>
<P>(ii) Lubrication and other appropriate maintenance in =
accordance with=20
manufacturers' recommendations, or as determined necessary by =
prior=20
operating records.</P>
<P>(2) The employer shall promptly correct dust collection systems =
which=20
are malfunctioning or which are operating below designed =
efficiency.=20
Additionally, the employer shall promptly correct, or remove from =
service,=20
overheated bearings and slipping or misaligned belts associated =
with=20
inside bucket elevators.</P>
<P>(3) A certification record shall be maintained of each =
inspection,=20
performed in accordance with this paragraph (m), containing the =
date of=20
the inspection, the name of the person who performed the =
inspection and=20
the serial number, or other identifier, of the equipment specified =
in=20
paragraph (m)(1)(i) of this section that was inspected.</P>
<P>(4) The employer shall implement procedures for the use of tags =
and=20
locks which will prevent the inadvertent application of energy or =
motion=20
to equipment being repaired, serviced, or adjusted, which could =
result in=20
employee injury. Such locks and tags shall be removed in =
accordance with=20
established procedures only by the employee installing them or, if =
unavailable, by his or her supervisor.</P>
<P>(n) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Grain stream processing=20
equipment.</SPAN> The employer shall equip grain stream processing =
equipment (such as hammer mills, grinders, and pulverizers) with =
an=20
effective means of removing ferrous material from the incoming =
grain=20
stream.</P>
<P>(o) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Emergency escape.</SPAN> =
(1) The=20
employer shall provide at least two means of emergency escape from =
galleries (bin decks).</P>
<P>(2) The employer shall provide at least one means of emergency =
escape=20
in tunnels of existing grain elevators. Tunnels in grain elevators =
constructed after the effective date of this standard shall be =
provided=20
with at least two means of emergency escape.</P>
<P>(p) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Continuous-flow bulk raw =
grain=20
dryers.</SPAN> (1) All direct-heat grain dryers shall be equipped =
with=20
automatic controls that:</P>
<P>(i) Will shut-off the fuel supply in case of power or flame =
failure or=20
interruption of air movement through the exhaust fan; and,</P>
<P>(ii) Will stop the grain from being fed into the dryer if =
excessive=20
temperature occurs in the exhaust of the drying section.</P>
<P>(2) Direct-heat grain dryers installed after March 30, 1988 =
shall=20
be:</P>
<P>(i) Located outside the grain elevator; or</P>
<P>(ii) Located in an area inside the grain elevator protected by =
a fire=20
or explosion suppression system; or</P>
<P>(iii) Located in an area inside the grain elevator which is =
separated=20
from other areas of the facility by construction having at least a =
one=20
hour fire-resistance rating.</P>
<P>(q) <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Inside bucket =
elevators.</SPAN>=20
(1) Bucket elevators shall not be jogged to free a choked leg.</P>
<P>(2) All belts and lagging purchased after March 30, 1988 shall =
be=20
conductive. Such belts shall have a surface electrical resistance =
not to=20
exceed 300 megohms.</P>
<P>(3) All bucket elevators shall be equipped with a means of =
access to=20
the head pulley section to allow inspection of the head pulley, =
lagging,=20
belt, and discharge throat of the elevator head. The boot section =
shall=20
also be provided with a means of access for clean-out of the boot =
and for=20
inspection of the boot, pulley, and belt.</P>
<P>(4) All the employer shall:</P>
<P>(i) Mount bearings externally to the leg casing; or,</P>
<P>(ii) Provide vibration monitoring, temperature monitoring, or =
other=20
means to monitor the condition of those bearings mounted inside or =
partially-inside the leg casing.</P>
<P>(5) All the employer shall equip bucket elevators with a motion =
detection device which will shut-down the bucket elevator when the =
belt=20
speed is reduced by no more than 20% of the normal operating =
speed.</P>
<P>(6) All the employer shall:</P>
<P>(i) Equip bucket elevators with a belt alignment monitoring =
device=20
which will initiate an alarm to employees when the belt is not =
tracking=20
properly; or,</P>
<P>(ii) Provide a means to keep the belt tracking properly, such =
as a=20
system that provides constant alignment adjustment of belts.</P>
<P>(7) Paragraphs (q)(5) and (q)(6) of this section do not apply =
to grain=20
elevators having a permanent storage capacity of less than one =
million=20
bushels, provided that daily visual inspection is made of bucket =
movement=20
and tracking of the belt.</P>
<P>(8) Paragraphs (q)(4), (q)(5), and (q)(6) of this section do =
not apply=20
to the following:</P>
<P>(i) Bucket elevators which are equipped with an operational =
fire and=20
explosion suppression system capable of protecting at least the =
head and=20
boot section of the bucket elevator; or,</P>
<P>(ii) Bucket elevators which are equipped with pneumatic or =
other dust=20
control systems or methods that keep the dust concentration inside =
the=20
bucket elevator at least 25% below the lower explosive limit at =
all times=20
during operations.</P>
<P class=3Dnote><SPAN style=3D"FONT-VARIANT: =
small-caps">Note:</SPAN> The=20
following appendices to =C2=A71910.272 serve as nonmandatory =
guidelines to=20
assist employers and employees in complying with the requirements =
of this=20
section, as well as to provide other helpful information.</P>
<P>No additional burdens are imposed through these appendices.</P>
<DIV class=3Dextract>
<H1 class=3Dhd1>Appendix A to =C2=A71910.272 Grain Handling =
Facilities</H1>
<P>Examples presented in this appendix may not be the only means =
of=20
achieving the performance goals in the standard.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>1. Scope and Application</H2>
<P>The provisions of this standard apply in addition to any other=20
applicable requirements of this part 1910 (or part 1917 at marine=20
terminals). The standard contains requirements for new and =
existing grain=20
handling facilities. The standard does not apply to seed plants =
which=20
handle and prepare seeds for planting of future crops, nor to =
on-farm=20
storage or feed lots.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>2. Emergency Action Plan</H2>
<P>The standard requires the employer to develop and implement an=20
emergency action plan. The emergency action plan (=C2=A71910.38) =
covers those=20
designated actions employers and employees are to take to ensure =
employee=20
safety from fire and other emergencies. The plan specifies certain =
minimum=20
elements which are to be addressed. These elements include the=20
establishment of an employee alarm system, the development of =
evacuation=20
procedures, and training employees in those actions they are to =
take=20
during an emergency.</P>
<P>The standard does not specify a particular method for notifying =
employees of an emergency. Public announcement systems, air horns, =
steam=20
whistles, a standard fire alarm system, or other types of employee =
alarm=20
may be used. However, employers should be aware that employees in =
a grain=20
facility may have difficulty hearing an emergency alarm, or =
distinguishing=20
an emergency alarm from other audible signals at the facility, or =
both.=20
Therefore, it is important that the type of employee alarm used be =
distinguishable and distinct.</P>
<P>The use of floor plans or workplace maps which clearly show the =
emergency escape routes should be included in the emergency action =
plan;=20
color coding will aid employees in determining their route =
assignments.=20
The employer should designate a safe area, outside the facility, =
where=20
employees can congregate after evacuation, and implement =
procedures to=20
account for all employees after emergency evacuation has been=20
completed.</P>
<P>It is also recommended that employers seek the assistance of =
the local=20
fire department for the purpose of preplanning for emergencies.=20
Preplanning is encouraged to facilitate coordination and =
cooperation=20
between facility personnel and those who may be called upon for =
assistance=20
during an emergency. It is important for emergency service units =
to be=20
aware of the usual work locations of employees at the =
facility.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>3. Training</H2>
<P>It is important that employees be trained in the recognition =
and=20
prevention of hazards associated with grain facilities, especially =
those=20
hazards associated with their own work tasks. Employees should =
understand=20
the factors which are necessary to produce a fire or explosion, =
i.e., fuel=20
(such as grain dust), oxygen, ignition source, and (in the case of =
explosions) confinement. Employees should be made aware that any =
efforts=20
they make to keep these factors from occurring simultaneously will =
be an=20
important step in reducing the potential for fires and =
explosions.</P>
<P>The standard provides flexibility for the employer to design a =
training=20
program which fulfills the needs of a facility. The type, amount, =
and=20
frequency of training will need to reflect the tasks that =
employees are=20
expected to perform. Although training is to be provided to =
employees at=20
least annually, it is recommended that safety meetings or =
discussions and=20
drills be conducted at more frequent intervals.</P>
<P>The training program should include those topics applicable to =
the=20
particular facility, as well as topics such as: Hot work =
procedures;=20
lock-out/tag-out procedures; bin entry procedures; bin cleaning=20
procedures; grain dust explosions; fire prevention; procedures for =
handling =E2=80=9Chot grain=E2=80=9D; housekeeping procedures, =
including methods and=20
frequency of dust removal; pesticide and fumigant usage; proper =
use and=20
maintenance of personal protective equipment; and, preventive =
maintenance.=20
The types of work clothing should also be considered in the =
program at=20
least to caution against using polyester clothing that easily =
melts and=20
increases the severity of burns, as compared to wool or fire =
retardant=20
cotton.</P>
<P>In implementing the training program, it is recommended that =
the=20
employer utilize films, slide-tape presentations, pamphlets, and =
other=20
information which can be obtained from such sources as the Grain =
Elevator=20
and Processing Society, the Cooperative Extension Service of the =
U.S.=20
Department of Agriculture, Kansas State University's Extension =
Grain=20
Science and Industry, and other state agriculture schools, =
industry=20
associations, union organizations, and insurance groups.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>4. Hot Work Permit</H2>
<P>The implementation of a permit system for hot work is intended =
to=20
assure that employers maintain control over operations involving =
hot work=20
and to assure that employees are aware of and utilize appropriate=20
safeguards when conducting these activities.</P>
<P>Precautions for hot work operations are specified in 29 CFR=20
1910.252(a), and include such safeguards as relocating the hot =
work=20
operation to a safe location if possible, relocating or covering=20
combustible material in the vicinity, providing fire =
extinguishers, and=20
provisions for establishing a fire watch. Permits are not required =
for hot=20
work operations conducted in the presence of the employer or the=20
employer's authorized representative who would otherwise issue the =
permit,=20
or in an employer authorized welding shop or when work is =
conducted=20
outside and away from the facility.</P>
<P>It should be noted that the permit is not a record, but is an=20
authorization of the employer certifying that certain safety =
precautions=20
have been implemented prior to the beginning of work =
operations.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>5. Entry Into Bins, Silos, And Tanks</H2>
<P>In order to assure that employers maintain control over =
employee entry=20
into bins, silos, and tanks, OSHA is requiring that the employer =
issue a=20
permit for entry into bins, silos, and tanks unless the employer =
(or the=20
employer's representative who would otherwise authorize the =
permit) is=20
present at the entry and during the entire operation.</P>
<P>Employees should have a thorough understanding of the hazards=20
associated with entry into bins, silos, and tanks. Employees are =
not to be=20
permitted to enter these spaces from the bottom when grain or =
other=20
agricultural products are hung up or sticking to the sides which =
might=20
fall and injure or kill an employee. Employees should be made =
aware that=20
the atmosphere in bins, silos, and tanks can be oxygen deficient =
or toxic.=20
Employees should be trained in the proper methods of testing the=20
atmosphere, as well as in the appropriate procedures to be taken =
if the=20
atmosphere is found to be oxygen deficient or toxic. When a =
fumigant has=20
been recently applied in these areas and entry must be made, =
aeration fans=20
should be running continuously to assure a safe atmosphere for =
those=20
inside. Periodic monitoring of toxic levels shuld be done by =
direct=20
reading instruments to measure the levels, and, if there is an =
increase in=20
these readings, appropriate actions should be promptly taken.</P>
<P>Employees have been buried and suffocated in grain or other=20
agricultural products because they sank into the material. =
Therefore, it=20
is suggested that employees not be permitted to walk or stand on =
the grain=20
or other grain product where the depth is greater than waist high. =
In this=20
regard, employees must use a full body harness or boatswain's =
chair with a=20
lifeline when entering from the top. A winch system with =
mechanical=20
advantage (either powered or manual) would allow better control of =
the=20
employee than just using a hand held hoist line, and such a system =
would=20
allow the observer to remove the employee easily without having to =
enter=20
the space.</P>
<P>It is important that employees be trained in the proper =
selection and=20
use of any personal protective equipment which is to be worn. =
Equally=20
important is the training of employees in the planned emergency =
rescue=20
procedures. Employers should carefully read =C2=A71910.134(e)(3) =
and assure=20
that their procedures follow these requirements. The employee =
acting as=20
observer is to be equipped to provide assistance and is to know =
procedures=20
for obtaining additional assistance. The observer should not enter =
a space=20
until adequate assistance is available. It is recommended that an =
employee=20
trained in CPR be readily available to provide assistance to those =
employees entering bins, silos, or tanks.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>6. Contractors</H2>
<P>These provisions of the standard are intended to ensure that =
outside=20
contractors are cognizant of the hazards associated with grain =
handling=20
facilities, particularly in relation to the work they are to =
perform for=20
the employer. Also, in the event of an emergency, contractors =
should be=20
able to take appropriate action as a part of the overall facility=20
emergency action plan. Contractors should also be aware of the =
employer's=20
permit systems. Contractors should develop specified procedures =
for=20
performing hot work and for entry into bins, silos, and tanks and =
these=20
activities should be coordinated with the employer. Contractors =
are=20
responsible for informing their own employees.</P>
<P>This coordination will help to ensure that employers know what =
work is=20
being performed at the facility by contractors; where it is being=20
performed; and, that it is being performed in a manner that will =
not=20
endanger employees.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>7. Housekeeping.</H2>
<P>The housekeeping program is to be designed to keep dust =
accumulations=20
and emissions under control inside grain facilities. The =
housekeeping=20
program, which is to be written, is to specify the frequency and =
method(s)=20
used to best reduce dust accumulations.</P>
<P>Ship, barge, and rail loadout and receiving areas which are =
located=20
outside the facility need not be addressed in the housekeeping =
program.=20
Additionally, truck dumps which are open on two or more sides need =
not be=20
addressed by the housekeeping program. Other truck dumps should be =
addressed in the housekeeping program to provide for regular =
cleaning=20
during periods of receiving grain or agricultural products. The=20
housekeeping program should provide coverage for all workspaces in =
the=20
facility and include walls, beams, etc., especially in relation to =
the=20
extent that dust could accumulate.</P>
<H3 class=3Dhd3>Dust Accumulations</H3>
<P>Almost all facilities will require some level of manual =
housekeeping.=20
Manual housekeeping methods, such as vacuuming or sweeping with =
soft=20
bristle brooms, should be used which will minimize the possibility =
of=20
layered dust being suspended in the air when it is being =
removed.</P>
<P>The housekeeping program should include a contingency plan to =
respond=20
to situations where dust accumulates rapidly due to a failure of a =
dust=20
enclosure hood, an unexpected breakdown of the dust control =
system, a=20
dust-tight connection inadvertently knocked open, etc.</P>
<P>The housekeeping program should also specify the manner of =
handling=20
spills. Grain spills are not considered to be dust =
accumulations.</P>
<P>A fully enclosed horizontal belt conveying system where the =
return belt=20
is inside the enclosure should have inspection access such as =
sliding=20
panels or doors to permit checking of equipment, checking for dust =
accumulations and facilitate cleaning if needed.</P>
<H3 class=3Dhd3>Dust Emissions</H3>
<P>Employers should analyze the entire stock handling system to =
determine=20
the location of dust emissions and effective methods to control or =
to=20
eliminate them. The employer should make sure that holes in =
spouting,=20
casings of bucket elevators, pneumatic conveying pipes, screw =
augers, or=20
drag conveyor casings, are patched or otherwise properly repaired =
to=20
prevent leakage. Minimizing free falls of grain or grain products =
by using=20
choke feeding techniques, and utilization of dust-tight enclosures =
at=20
transfer points, can be effective in reducing dust emissions.</P>
<P>Each housekeeping program should specify the schedules and =
control=20
measures which will be used to control dust emitted from the stock =
handling system. The housekeeping program should address the =
schedules to=20
be used for cleaning dust accumulations from motors, critical =
bearings and=20
other potential ignition sources in the working areas. Also, the =
areas=20
around bucket elevator legs, milling machinery and similar =
equipment=20
should be given priority in the cleaning schedule. The method of =
disposal=20
of the dust which is swept or vacuumed should also be planned.</P>
<P>Dust may accumulate in somewhat inaccessible areas, such as =
those areas=20
where ladders or scaffolds might be necessary to reach them. The =
employer=20
may want to consider the use of compressed air and long lances to =
blow=20
down these areas frequently. The employer may also want to =
consider the=20
periodic use of water and hoselines to wash down these areas. If =
these=20
methods are used, they are to be specified in the housekeeping =
program=20
along with the appropriate safety precautions, including the use =
of=20
personal protective equipment such as eyewear and dust =
respirators.</P>
<P>Several methods have been effective in controlling dust =
emissions. A=20
frequently used method of controlling dust emissions is a =
pneumatic dust=20
collection system. However, the installation of a poorly designed=20
pneumatic dust collection system has fostered a false sense of =
security=20
and has often led to an inappropriate reduction in manual =
housekeeping.=20
Therefore, it is imperative that the system be designed properly =
and=20
installed by a competent contractor. Those employers who have a =
pneumatic=20
dust control system that is not working according to expectations =
should=20
request the engineering design firm, or the manufacturer of the =
filter and=20
related equipment, to conduct an evaluation of the system to =
determine the=20
corrections necessary for proper operation of the system. If the =
design=20
firm or manufacturer of the equipment is not known, employers =
should=20
contact their trade association for recommendations of competent =
designers=20
of pneumatic dust control systems who could provide =
assistance.</P>
<P>When installing a new or upgraded pneumatic control system, the =
employer should insist on an acceptance test period of 30 to 45 =
days of=20
operation to ensure that the system is operating as intended and =
designed.=20
The employer should also obtain maintenance, testing, and =
inspection=20
information from the manufacturer to ensure that the system will =
continue=20
to operate as designed.</P>
<P>Aspiration of the leg, as part of a pneumatic dust collection =
system,=20
is another effective method of controlling dust emissions. =
Aspiration of=20
the leg consists of a flow of air across the entire boot, which =
entrains=20
the liberated dust and carries it up the up-leg to take-off =
points. With=20
proper aspiration, dust concentrations in the leg can be lowered =
below the=20
lower explosive limit. Where a prototype leg installation has been =
instrumented and shown to be effective in keeping the dust level =
25% below=20
the lower explosive limit during normal operations for the various =
products handled, then other legs of similar size, capacity and =
products=20
being handled which have the same design criteria for the air =
aspiration=20
would be acceptable to OSHA, provided the prototype test report is =
available on site.</P>
<P>Another method of controlling dust emissions is enclosing the =
conveying=20
system, pressurizing the general work area, and providing a lower =
pressure=20
inside the enclosed conveying system. Although this method is =
effective in=20
controlling dust emissions from the conveying system, adequate =
access to=20
the inside of the enclosure is necessary to facilitate frequent =
removal of=20
dust accumulations. This is also necessary for those systems =
called=20
=E2=80=9Cself-cleaning.=E2=80=9D</P>
<P>The use of edible oil sprayed on or into a moving stream of =
grain is=20
another method which has been used to control dust emissions. =
Tests=20
performed using this method have shown that the oil treatment can =
reduce=20
dust emissions. Repeated handling of the grain may necessitate =
additional=20
oil treatment to prevent liberation of dust. However, before using =
this=20
method, operators of grain handling facilities should be aware =
that the=20
Food and Drug Administration must approve the specific oil =
treatment used=20
on products for food or feed.</P>
<P>As a part of the housekeeping program, grain elevators are =
required to=20
address accumulations of dust at priority areas using the action =
level.=20
The standard specifies a maximum accumulation of <SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 70%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: =
super">1</SPAN>=E2=81=84<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 70%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: sub">8</SPAN> inch dust, =
measurable=20
by a ruler or other measuring device, anywhere within a priority =
area as=20
the upper limit at which time employers must initiate action to =
remove the=20
accumulations using designated means or methods. Any accumulation =
in=20
excess of this amount and where no action has been initiated to =
implement=20
cleaning would constitute a violation of the standard, unless the =
employer=20
can demonstrate equivalent protection. Employers should make every =
effort=20
to minimize dust accumulations on exposed surfaces since dust is =
the fuel=20
for a fire or explosion, and it is recognized that a <SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 70%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: =
super">1</SPAN>=E2=81=84<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 70%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: sub">8</SPAN> inch dust=20
accumulation is more than enough to fuel such occurrences.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>8. Filter Collectors</H2>
<P>Proper sizing of filter collectors for the pneumatic dust =
control=20
system they serve is very important for the overall effectiveness =
of the=20
system. The air to cloth ratio of the system should be in =
accordance with=20
the manufacturer's recommendations. If higher ratios are used, =
they can=20
result in more maintenance on the filter, shorter bag or sock =
life,=20
increased differential pressure resulting in higher energy costs, =
and an=20
increase in operational problems.</P>
<P>A photohelic gauge, magnehelic gauge, or manometer, may be used =
to=20
indicate the pressure rise across the inlet and outlet of the =
filter. When=20
the pressure exceeds the design value for the filter, the air =
volume will=20
start to drop, and maintenance will be required. Any of these =
three=20
monitoring devices is acceptable as meeting paragraph (l)(1) of =
the=20
standard.</P>
<P>The employer should establish a level or target reading on the=20
instrument which is consistent with the manufacturer's =
recommendations=20
that will indicate when the filter should be serviced. This target =
reading=20
on the instrument and the accompanying procedures should be in the =
preventive maintenance program. These efforts would minimize the =
blinding=20
of the filter and the subsequent failure of the pneumatic dust =
control=20
system.</P>
<P>There are other instruments that the employer may want to =
consider=20
using to monitor the operation of the filter. One instrument is a =
zero=20
motion switch for detecting a failure of motion by the rotary =
discharge=20
valve on the hopper. If the rotary discharge valve stops turning, =
the dust=20
released by the bag or sock will accumulate in the filter hopper =
until the=20
filter becomes clogged. Another instrument is a level indicator =
which is=20
installed in the hopper of the filter to detect the buildup of =
dust that=20
would otherwise cause the filter hopper to be plugged. The =
installation of=20
these instruments should be in accordance with manufacturer's=20
recommendations.</P>
<P>All of these monitoring devices and instruments are to be =
capable of=20
being read at an accessible location and checked as frequently as=20
specified in the preventive maintenance program.</P>
<P>Filter collectors on portable vacuum cleaners, and those used =
where=20
fans are not part of the system, are not covered by requirements =
of=20
paragraph (l) of the standard.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>9. Preventive Maintenance</H2>
<P>The control of dust and the control of ignition sources are the =
most=20
effective means for reducing explosion hazards. Preventive =
maintenance is=20
related to ignition sources in the same manner as housekeeping is =
related=20
to dust control and should be treated as a major function in a =
facility.=20
Equipment such as critical bearings, belts, buckets, pulleys, and =
milling=20
machinery are potential ignition sources, and periodic inspection =
and=20
lubrication of such equipment through a scheduled preventive =
maintenance=20
program is an effective method for keeping equipment functioning =
properly=20
and safely. The use of vibration detection methods, heat sensitive =
tape or=20
other heat detection methods that can be seen by the inspector or=20
maintenance person will allow for a quick, accurate, and =
consistent=20
evaluation of bearings and will help in the implementation of the=20
program.</P>
<P>The standard does not require a specific frequency for =
preventive=20
maintenance. The employer is permitted flexibility in determining =
the=20
appropriate interval for maintenance provided that the =
effectiveness of=20
the maintenance program can be demonstrated. Scheduling of =
preventive=20
maintenance should be based on manufacturer's recommendations for=20
effective operation, as well as from the employer's previous =
experience=20
with the equipment. However, the employer's schedule for =
preventive=20
maintenance should be frequent enough to allow for both prompt=20
identification and correction of any problems concerning the =
failure or=20
malfunction of the mechanical and safety control equipment =
associated with=20
bucket elevators, dryers, filter collectors and magnets. The =
pressure-drop=20
monitoring device for a filter collector, and the condition of the =
lagging=20
on the head pulley, are examples of items that require regularly =
scheduled=20
inspections. A system of identifying the date, the equipment =
inspected and=20
the maintenance performed, if any, will assist employers in =
continually=20
refining their preventive maintenance schedules and identifying =
equipment=20
problem areas. Open work orders where repair work or replacement =
is to be=20
done at a designated future date as scheduled, would be an =
indication of=20
an effective preventive maintenance program.</P>
<P>It is imperative that the prearranged schedule of maintenance =
be=20
adhered to regardless of other facility constraints. The employer =
should=20
give priority to the maintenance or repair work associated with =
safety=20
control equipment, such as that on dryers, magnets, alarm and =
shut-down=20
systems on bucket elevators, bearings on bucket elevators, and the =
filter=20
collectors in the dust control system. Benefits of a strict =
preventive=20
maintenance program can be a reduction of unplanned downtime, =
improved=20
equipment performance, planned use of resources, more efficient=20
operations, and, most importantly, safer operations.</P>
<P>The standard also requires the employer to develop and =
implement=20
procedures consisting of locking out and tagging equipment to =
prevent the=20
inadvertent application of energy or motion to equipment being =
repaired,=20
serviced, or adjusted, which could result in employee injury. All=20
employees who have responsibility for repairing or servicing =
equipment, as=20
well as those who operate the equipment, are to be familiar with =
the=20
employer's lock and tag procedures. A lock is to be used as the =
positive=20
means to prevent operation of the disconnected equipment. Tags are =
to be=20
used to inform employees why equipment is locked out. Tags are to =
meet=20
requirements in =C2=A71910.145(f). Locks and tags may only be =
removed by=20
employees that placed them, or by their supervisor, to ensure the =
safety=20
of the operation.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>10. Grain Stream Processing Equipment</H2>
<P>The standard requires an effective means of removing ferrous =
material=20
from grain streams so that such material does not enter equipment =
such as=20
hammer mills, grinders and pulverizers. Large foreign objects, =
such as=20
stones, should have been removed at the receiving pit. =
Introduction of=20
foreign objects and ferrous material into such equipment can =
produce=20
sparks which can create an explosion hazard. Acceptable means for =
removal=20
of ferrous materials include the use of permanent or =
electromagnets. Means=20
used to separate foreign objects and ferrous material should be =
cleaned=20
regularly and kept in good repair as part of the preventive =
maintenance=20
program in order to maximize their effectiveness.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>11. Emergency Escape</H2>
<P>The standard specifies that at least two means of escape must =
be=20
provided from galleries (bin decks). Means of emergency escape may =
include=20
any available means of egress (consisting of three components, =
exit=20
access, exit, and exit discharge as defined in =C2=A71910.35), the =
use of=20
controlled descent devices with landing velocities not to exceed =
15=20
ft/sec., or emergency escape ladders from galleries. Importantly, =
the=20
means of emergency escape are to be addressed in the facility =
emergency=20
action plan. Employees are to know the location of the nearest =
means of=20
emergency escape and the action they must take during an =
emergency.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>12. Dryers</H2>
<P>Liquefied petroleum gas fired dryers should have the vaporizers =
installed at least ten feet from the dryer. The gas piping system =
should=20
be protected from mechanical damage. The employer should establish =
procedures for locating and repairing leaks when there is a strong =
odor of=20
gas or other signs of a leak.</P>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>13. Inside Bucket Elevators</H2>
<P>Hazards associated with inside bucket elevator legs are the =
source of=20
many grain elevator fires and explosions. Therefore, to mitigate =
these=20
hazards, the standard requires the implementation of special =
safety=20
precautions and procedures, as well as the installation of safety =
control=20
devices. The standard provides for a phase-in period for many of =
the=20
requirements to provide the employer time for planning the =
implementation=20
of the requirements. Additionally, for elevators with a permanent =
storage=20
capacity of less than one million bushels, daily visual inspection =
of belt=20
alignment and bucket movement can be substituted for alignment =
monitoring=20
devices and motion detection devices.</P>
<P>The standard requires that belts (purchased after the effective =
date of=20
the standard) have surface electrical resistance not to exceed 300 =
megohms. Test methods available regarding electrical resistance of =
belts=20
are: The American Society for Testing and Materials D257-76, =
=E2=80=9CStandard=20
Test Methods for D-C Resistance or Conductance of Insulating =
Materials=E2=80=9D;=20
and, the International Standards Organization's #284, =
=E2=80=9CConveyor=20
Belts-Electrical Conductivity-Specification and Method of =
Test.=E2=80=9D When an=20
employer has a written certification from the manufacturer that a =
belt has=20
been tested using one of the above test methods, and meets the 300 =
megohm=20
criteria, the belt is acceptable as meeting this standard. When =
using=20
conductive belts, the employer should make certain that the head =
pulley=20
and shaft are grounded through the drive motor ground or by some =
other=20
equally effective means. When V-type belts are used to transmit =
power to=20
the head pulley assembly from the motor drive shaft, it will be =
necessary=20
to provide electrical continuity from the head pulley assembly to =
ground,=20
e.g., motor grounds.</P>
<P>Employers should also consider purchasing new belts that are =
flame=20
retardant or fire resistive. A flame resistance test for belts is=20
contained in 30 CFR 18.65.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dextract>
<H1 class=3Dhd1>Appendix B to =C2=A71910.272 Grain Handling =
Facilities</H1>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>National Consensus Standards</H2>
<P>The following table contains a cross-reference listing of =
current=20
national consensus standards which provide information that may be =
of=20
assistance to grain handling operations. Employers who comply with =
provisions in these national consensus standards that provide =
equal or=20
greater protection than those in =C2=A71910.272 will be considered =
in=20
compliance with the corresponding requirements in =
=C2=A71910.272.</P>
<DIV style=3D"WIDTH: 100%">
<DIV class=3Dgpotbl_div>
<TABLE class=3Dgpotbl_table border=3D1 cellSpacing=3D1 =
cellPadding=3D1=20
width=3D"100%" frame=3Dvoid>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TH class=3Dgpotbl_colhed scope=3Dcol>Subject</TH>
<TH class=3Dgpotbl_colhed scope=3Dcol>National consensus =
standards</TH></TR>
<TR>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell scope=3Drow align=3Dleft>Grain =
elevators and=20
facilities handling bulk raw agricultural commodities</TD>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell align=3Dleft>ANSI/NFPA 61B</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell scope=3Drow align=3Dleft>Feed =
mills</TD>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell align=3Dleft>ANSI/NFPA 61C</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell scope=3Drow align=3Dleft>Facilities =
handling=20
agricultural commodities for human consumption</TD>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell align=3Dleft>ANSI/NFPA 61D</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell scope=3Drow align=3Dleft>Pneumatic =
conveying=20
systems for agricultural commodities</TD>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell align=3Dleft>ANSI/NFPA 66</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell scope=3Drow align=3Dleft>Guide for =
explosion=20
venting</TD>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell align=3Dleft>ANSI/NFPA 68</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell scope=3Drow align=3Dleft>Explosion =
prevention=20
systems</TD>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell align=3Dleft>ANSI/NFPA 69</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell scope=3Drow align=3Dleft>Dust removal =
and exhaust=20
systems</TD>
<TD class=3Dgpotbl_cell align=3Dleft>ANSI/NFPA=20
91</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dextract>
<H1 class=3Dhd1>Appendix C to =C2=A71910.272 Grain handling =
facilities</H1>
<H2 class=3Dhd2>References for Further Information</H2>
<P>The following references provide information which can be =
helpful in=20
understanding the requirements contained in various provisions of =
the=20
standard, as well as provide other helpful information.</P>
<P>1. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Accident Prevention =
Manual for=20
Industrial Operations;</SPAN> National Safety Council, 425 North =
Michigan=20
Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.</P>
<P>2. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Practical Guide to =
Elevator=20
Design;</SPAN> National Grain and Feed Association, P.O. Box =
28328,=20
Washington, DC 20005.</P>
<P>3. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Dust Control for Grain=20
Elevators;</SPAN> National Grain and Feed Association, P.O. Box =
28328,=20
Washington, DC 20005.</P>
<P>4. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Prevention of Grain =
Elevator and=20
Mill Explosions;</SPAN> National Academy of Sciences, Washington, =
DC.=20
(Available from National Technical Information Service, =
Springfield,=20
Virginia 22151.)</P>
<P>5. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Standard for the =
Prevention of=20
Fires and Explosions in Grain Elevators and Facilities Handling =
Bulk Raw=20
Agricultural Commodities,</SPAN> NFPA 61B; National Fire =
Protection=20
Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts 02269.</P>
<P>6. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Standard for the =
Prevention of Fire=20
and Dust Explosions in Feed Mills,</SPAN> NFPA 61C; National Fire=20
Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts=20
02269.</P>
<P>7. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Standard for the =
Prevention of Fire=20
and Dust Explosions in the Milling of Agricultural Commodities for =
Human=20
Consumption,</SPAN> NFPA 61D; National Fire Protection =
Association,=20
Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts 02269.</P>
<P>8. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Standard for Pneumatic =
Conveying=20
Systems for Handling Feed, Flour, Grain and Other Agricultural=20
Dusts,</SPAN> NFPA 66; National Fire Protection Association, =
Batterymarch=20
Park, Quincy, Massachusetts 02269.</P>
<P>9. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Guide for Explosion =
Venting,</SPAN>=20
NFPA 68; National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, =
Quincy,=20
Massachusetts 02269.</P>
<P>10. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Standard on Explosion =
Prevention=20
Systems,</SPAN> NFPA 69; National Fire Protection Association,=20
Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts 02269.</P>
<P>11. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Safety-Operations =
Plans;</SPAN>=20
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250.</P>
<P>12. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Inplant Fire Prevention =
Control=20
Programs;</SPAN> Mill Mutual Fire Prevention Mutual Fire =
Prevention=20
Bureau, 1 Pierce Place, Suite 1260 West, Itasca, Illinois =
60143-1269.</P>
<P>13. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Guidelines for Terminal=20
Elevators;</SPAN> Mill Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau, 1 Pierce =
Place,=20
Suite 1260 West, Itasca, Illinois 60143-1269.</P>
<P>14. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Standards for Preventing =
the=20
Horizontal and Vertical Spread of Fires in Grain Handling=20
Properties;</SPAN> Mill Mutual Fire Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau, =
1=20
Pierce Place, Suite 1260 West, Itasca, Illinois 60143-1269.</P>
<P>15. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Belt Conveyors for Bulk=20
Materials,</SPAN> Part I and Part II, Data Sheet 570, Revision A; =
National=20
Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois =
60611.</P>
<P>16. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Suggestions for =
Precautions and=20
Safety Practices in Welding and Cutting;</SPAN> Mill Mutual Fire=20
Prevention Bureau, 1 Pierce Place, Suite 1260 West, Itasca, =
Illinois=20
60143-1269.</P>
<P>17. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Food Bins and =
Tanks,</SPAN> Data=20
Sheet 524; National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, =
Chicago,=20
Illinois 60611.</P>
<P>18. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Pneumatic Dust Control =
in Grain=20
Elevators;</SPAN> National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. =
(Available=20
from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia =
22151.)</P>
<P>19. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Dust Control Analysis =
and Layout=20
Procedures for Grain Storage and Processing Plants</SPAN>; Mill =
Mutual=20
Fire Prevention Bureau, 1 Pierce Place, Suite 1260 West, Itasca, =
Illinois=20
60143-1269.</P>
<P>20. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Standard for the =
Installation of=20
Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock and Vapor =
Removal,</SPAN> NFPA=20
91; National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, =
Quincy,=20
Massachusetts 02269.</P>
<P>21. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Standards for the =
Installation of=20
Direct Heat Grain Driers in Grain and Milling Properties;</SPAN> =
Mill=20
Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau, 1 Pierce Place, Suite 1260 West, =
Itasca,=20
Illinois 60143-1269.</P>
<P>22. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Guidelines for =
Lubrication and=20
Bearing Maintenance;</SPAN> Mill Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau, 1 =
Pierce=20
Place, Suite 1260 West, Itasca, Illinois 60143-1269.</P>
<P>23. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Organized Maintenance in =
Grain and=20
Milling Properties;</SPAN> Mill Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau, 1 =
Pierce=20
Place, Suite 1260 West, Itasca, Illinois 60143-1269.</P>
<P>24. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Safe and Efficient =
Elevator Legs=20
for Grain and Milling Properties;</SPAN> Mill Mutual Fire =
Prevention=20
Bureau, 1 Pierce Place, Suite 1260 West, Itasca, Illinois =
60143-1269.</P>
<P>25. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Explosion Venting and =
Supression=20
of Bucket Elevators;</SPAN> National Grain and Feed Association, =
P.O. Box=20
28328, Washington, DC 20005.</P>
<P>26. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Lightning Protection =
Code,</SPAN>=20
NFPA 78; National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, =
Quincy,=20
Massachusetts 02269.</P>
<P>27. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Occupational Safety in =
Grain=20
Elevators,</SPAN> DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 83-126); National =
Institute=20
for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia =
26505.</P>
<P>28. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Retrofitting and =
Constructing=20
Grain Elevators;</SPAN> National Grain and Feed Association, P.O. =
Box=20
28328, Washington, DC 20005.</P>
<P>29. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Grain Industry Safety =
and Health=20
Center=E2=80=94Training Series</SPAN> (Preventing grain dust =
explosions,=20
operations maintenance safety, transportation safety, occupational =
safety=20
and health); Grain Elevator and Processing Society, P.O. Box =
15026,=20
Commerce Station, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415-0026.</P>
<P>30. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Suggestions for =
Organized=20
Maintenance;</SPAN> The Mill Mutuals Loss Control Department, 1 =
Pierce=20
Place, Suite 1260 West, Itasca, Illinois 60143-1269.</P>
<P>31. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Safety=E2=80=94The First =
Step to=20
Success;</SPAN> The Mill Mutual Loss Control Department, 1 Pierce =
Place,=20
Suite 1260 West, Itasca, Illinois 60143-1269.</P>
<P>32. <SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic">Emergency Plan =
Notebook;</SPAN>=20
Schoeff, Robert W. and James L. Balding, Kansas State University,=20
Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Grain Science and =
Industry,=20
Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.</P></DIV>
<P class=3Dcita>[52 FR 49625, Dec. 31, 1987, as amended at 53 FR =
17696, May=20
18, 1988; 54 FR 24334, June 7, 1989; 55 FR 25094, June 20, 1990; =
61 FR=20
9242, Mar. 7, 1996; 61 FR 9584, Mar. 8, 1996; 67 FR 67965, Nov. 7, =
2002;=20
76 FR 80740, Dec. 27, 2011]</P><!-- endDynamic -->
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------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CF4F3D.A477AEA0
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------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CF4F3D.A477AEA0--
| File Type | message/rfc822 |
| File Modified | 0000-00-00 |
| File Created | 0000-00-00 |