EVD Outbreak Chronology

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Page 1 of 11

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease
Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease, in Reverse Chronological Order:

Ebola
subtype

Reported
number of
human cases

Reported
number
(%) of
deaths
among
cases

Year(s)

Country

Situation

August-November
2014

Democratic
Republic of
the Congo

Ebola virus

66

49 (74%)

Outbreak occurred in
multiple villages in the
Democratic Republic of
the Congo. The
outbreak was unrelated
to the outbreak of
Ebola in West Africa.

March 2014Present

Multiple
countries

Ebola virus

27345

11184

Ongoing outbreak
across multiple
countries in West
Africa. Number of
patients is constantly
evolving due to the
ongoing investigation.
32

November 2012January 2013

Uganda

Sudan virus 6*

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

3* (50%)

Outbreak occurred in
the Luwero District.
CDC assisted the
Ministry of Health in
the epidemiologic and
diagnostic aspects of
the outbreak. Testing of
samples by CDC's Viral
Special Pathogens
Branch occurred at
UVRI in Entebbe. 31

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Year(s)

Country

June-November
2012

Democratic
Republic of
the Congo

Ebola
subtype

Reported
number of
human cases

Reported
number
(%) of
deaths
among
cases

Page 2 of 11

Situation

Bundibugyo 36*
virus

13* (36.1%) Outbreak occurred in
DRC’s Province
Orientale. Laboratory
support was provided
through CDC and the
Public Health Agency
of Canada (PHAC)’s
field laboratory in Isiro,
as well as through the
CDC/UVRI lab in
Uganda. The outbreak
in DRC had no
epidemiologic link to
the near
contemporaneous
Ebola outbreak in the
Kibaale district of
Uganda. 31

June-October 2012 Uganda

Sudan virus 11*

4* (36.4%)

Outbreak occurred in
the Kibaale District of
Uganda. Laboratory
tests of blood samples
were conducted by the
UVRI and the CDC. 31

May 2011

Sudan virus 1

1 (100%)

The Uganda Ministry of
Health informed the
public a patient with
suspected Ebola
Hemorrhagic fever died
on May 6, 2011 in the
Luwero district,
Uganda. The quick
diagnosis from a blood
sample of Ebola virus
was provided by the
new CDC Viral
Hemorrhagic Fever
laboratory installed at
the Uganda Viral
Research Institute
(UVRI). 30

Uganda

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Ebola
subtype

Reported
number of
human cases

Reported
number
(%) of
deaths
among
cases
15 (47%)

Page 3 of 11

Year(s)

Country

December 2008February 2009

Democratic
Republic of
the Congo

Zaire virus

32

November 2008

Philippines

Reston
virus

6
0
(asymptomatic)

December 2007January 2008

Uganda

Bundibugyo 149
virus

37 (25%)

Outbreak occurred in
Bundibugyo District in
western Uganda. First
reported occurrence of
a new strain. 26

2007

Democratic
Republic of
the Congo

Zaire virus

187 (71%)

Outbreak occurred in
Kasai Occidental
Province. The outbreak
was declared over
November 20. Last
confirmed case on
October 4 and last
death on October 10. 24

264

Situation
Outbreak occurred in
the Mweka and Luebo
health zones of the
Province of Kasai
Occidental. 29
First known occurrence
of Ebola-Reston in
pigs. Strain closely
similar to earlier
strains. Six workers
from the pig farm and
slaughterhouse
developed antibodies
but did not become
sick. 27 28

25

2004

Russia

Zaire virus

1

2004

Sudan
(South
Sudan)

Sudan virus 17

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

1 (100%)

Laboratory
contamination. 23

7 (41%)

Outbreak occurred in
Yambio county of
southern Sudan. This
outbreak was
concurrent with an
outbreak of measles in
the same area, and
several suspected EHF
cases were later
reclassified as measles
cases. 22

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Ebola
subtype

Reported
number of
human cases

Reported
number
(%) of
deaths
among
cases

Page 4 of 11

Year(s)

Country

Situation

NovemberDecember 2003

Republic of
the Congo

Zaire virus

35

29 (83%)

Outbreak occurred in
Mbomo and Mbandza
villages located in
Mbomo distric, Cuvette
Ouest Département. 21

December 2002April 2003

Republic of
the Congo

Zaire virus

143

128 (89%)

Outbreak occurred in
the districts of Mbomo
and Kéllé in Cuvette
Ouest Département. 20

October 2001March 2002

Republic of
the Congo

Zaire virus

57

43 (75%)

Outbreak occurred over
the border of Gabon
and the Republic of the
Congo. This was the
first time that Ebola
hemorrhagic fever was
reported in the
Republic of the Congo.
19

October 2001March 2002

Gabon

Zaire virus

2000-2001

Uganda

1996

Russia

65

53 (82%)

Outbreak occurred over
the border of Gabon
and the Republic of the
Congo. 19

Sudan virus 425

224 (53%)

Occurred in Gulu,
Masindi, and Mbarara
districts of Uganda.
The three most
important risks
associated with Ebola
virus infection were
attending funerals of
Ebola hemorrhagic
fever case-patients,
having contact with
case-patients in one's
family, and providing
medical care to Ebola
case-patients without
using adequate
personal protective
measures. 18

Zaire virus

1 (100%)

Laboratory
contamination 17

1

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Ebola
subtype

Reported
number of
human cases

Reported
number
(%) of
deaths
among
cases

Page 5 of 11

Year(s)

Country

1996

Philippines

Reston
virus

0

0

Ebola-Reston virus was
identified in a monkey
export facility in the
Philippines. No human
infections were
identified. 16

1996

USA

Reston
virus

0

0

Ebola-Reston virus was
introduced into a
quarantine facility in
Texas by monkeys
imported from the
Philippines. No human
infections were
identified. 15

1996

South
Africa

Zaire virus

2

1 (50%)

A medical professional
traveled from Gabon to
Johannesburg, South
Africa, after having
treated Ebola-infected
patients and having
been exposed to the
virus. He was
hospitalized, and a
nurse who took care of
him became infected
and died. 14

1996-1997 (JulyJanuary)

Gabon

Zaire virus

60

45 (74%)

Occurred in Booué area
with transport of
patients to Libreville.
Index case-patient was
a hunter who lived in a
forest camp. Disease
was spread by close
contact with infected
persons. A dead
chimpanzee found in
the forest at the time
was determined to be
infected. 11

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

Situation

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Reported
number of
human cases

Reported
number
(%) of
deaths
among
cases

Page 6 of 11

Year(s)

Country

Ebola
subtype

1996 (JanuaryApril)

Gabon

Zaire virus

37

21 (57%)

Occurred in Mayibout
area. A chimpanzee
found dead in the
forest was eaten by
people hunting for
food. Nineteen people
who were involved in
the butchery of the
animal became ill;
other cases occurred in
family members. 11

1995

Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
(formerly
Zaire)

Zaire virus

315

250 (81%)

Occurred in Kikwit and
surrounding area.
Traced to index casepatient who worked in
the forest adjoining the
city. The epidemic
spread through families
and hospitals. 13

1994

Côte
d'Ivoire
(Ivory
Coast)

Taï Forest
virus

1

0

Scientist became ill
after conducting an
autopsy on a wild
chimpanzee in the Tai
Forest. The patient was
treated in Switzerland.

Situation

12

1994

Gabon

Zaire virus

52

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

31 (60%)

Occurred in Mékouka
and other gold-mining
camps deep in the rain
forest. Initially thought
to be yellow fever;
identified as Ebola
hemorrhagic fever in
1995. 11

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Ebola
subtype

Reported
number of
human cases

Reported
number
(%) of
deaths
among
cases
0

Page 7 of 11

Year(s)

Country

1992

Italy

Reston
virus

0

1989-1990

Philippines

Reston
virus

3
0
(asymptomatic)

High mortality among
cynomolgus macaques
in a primate facility
responsible for
exporting animals in
the United States. 8
Three workers in the
animal facility
developed antibodies
but did not get sick. 9

1990

USA

Reston
virus

4
0
(asymptomatic)

Ebola-Reston virus was
introduced once again
into quarantine
facilities in Virginia,
and Texas by monkeys
imported from the
Philippines. Four
people developed
antibodies but did not
get sick. 7

1989

USA

Reston
virus

0

0

Ebola-Reston virus was
introduced into
quarantine facilities in
Virginia and
Pennsylvania by
monkeys imported
from the Philippines. 6

1979

Sudan
(South
Sudan)

Sudan virus 34

22 (65%)

Occurred in Nzara,
Maridi. Recurrent
outbreak at the same
site as the 1976 Sudan
epidemic. 5

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

Situation
Ebola-Reston virus was
introduced into
quarantine facilities in
Sienna by monkeys
imported from the
same export facility in
the Philippines that
was involved in the
episodes in the United
States. No humans
were infected. 10

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Page 8 of 11

Reported
number of
human cases

Reported
number
(%) of
deaths
among
cases

1

1 (100%)

Noted retrospectively
in the village of
Tandala. 4

Year(s)

Country

Ebola
subtype

1977

Zaire

Zaire virus

1976

England

Sudan virus 1

0

Laboratory infection by
accidental stick of
contaminated needle. 3

1976

Sudan
(South
Sudan)

Sudan virus 284

151 (53%)

Occurred in Nzara,
Maridi and the
surrounding area.
Disease was spread
mainly through close
personal contact within
hospitals. Many
medical care personnel
were infected. 2

1976

Zaire
Zaire virus
(Democratic
Republic of
the Congo DRC)

280 (88%)

Occurred in Yambuku
and surrounding area.
Disease was spread by
close personal contact
and by use of
contaminated needles
and syringes in
hospitals/clinics. This
outbreak was the first
recognition of the
disease. 1

318

Situation

*Numbers reflect laboratory confirmed cases only.

References
1. World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976

[958 KB, 24 pages]

(http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)_271-293.pdf). Report of an
International Convention. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1978;56(2):271-293.
2. World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International
Study Team

[1.4 MB, 24 pages] (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin_1978_56(2)

_247-270.pdf). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1978;56(2):247-270.
3. Emond RT, Evans B, Bowen ET, et al. A case of Ebola virus infection. British Medical Journal. 1977;2
(6086):541-544.
4. Heymann DL, Weisfeld JS, Webb PA, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978. Journal of

Infectious Diseases. 1980;142(3):372-376.

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Page 9 of 11

5. Baron RC, McCormick JB, and Zubeir OA. Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and
intrafamilial spread

[276 KB, 8 pages] (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1983/Vol61-

No6/bulletin_1983_61(6)_997-1003.pdf). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1983;61(6):997-1003.
6. Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Dalgard DW, et al. Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys
imported to USA. Lancet. 1990;335(8688):502-505.
7. Centers for Disease Control. Update: Filovirus infection in animal handlers
(http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001593.htm). Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report.
1990;39(13):221.
8. Hayes CG, Burans JP, Ksiazek TG, et al. Outbreak of fatal illness among captive macaques in the Philippines
caused by an Ebola-related filovirus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992;46(6):664671.
9. Miranda ME, White ME, Dayrit MM, Hayes CG, Ksiazek TG, and Burans JP. Seroepidemiological study of
filovirus related to Ebola in the Philippines. Lancet. 1991;337:425-426.
10. World Health Organization. Viral haemorrhagic fever in imported monkeys

[1.2 MB, 8 pages]

(http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wer/WHO_WER_1992/WER1992_67_177-184%20(N%C2%B024).pdf). Weekly

Epidemiological Record. 1992;67(24):183.
11. Georges AJ, Leroy EM, Renaud AA, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997:
epidemiologic and health control issues. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:S65-75.
12. Le Guenno B, Formenty P, Wyers M, et al. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola
virus. Lancet. 1995;345:1271-1274.
13. Khan AS, Tshioko FK, Heymann DL, et al. The Reemergence of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, 1995. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:S76-S86.
14. World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever - South Africa

[469 KB, 8 pages]

(http://www.who.int/docstore/wer/pdf/1996/wer7147.pdf). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 1996;71
(47):359.
15. Rollin PE, Williams J, Bressler D, et al. Isolated cases of Ebola (subtype Reston) virus among quarantined
non-human primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States. Journal of Infectious

Diseases. 1999;179 (suppl 1):S108-S114.
16. Miranda ME, Ksiazek TG, Retuya TJ, et al. Epidemiology of Ebola (subtype Reston) virus in the Philippines,
1996. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179 (suppl 1):S115-S119.
17. Borisevich IV, Markin VA, Firsova IV, et al. Hemorrhagic (Marburg, Ebola, Lassa, and Bolivian) fevers:
epidemiology, clinical pictures, and treatment. Voprosy Virusologii – Problems of Virology (Moscow).
2006;51(5):8–16 [Russian].
18. Okware SI, Omaswa FG, Zaramba S, et al. An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda. Tropical Medicine and

International Health. 2002;7(12):1068-1075.
19. World Health Organization. Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001July 2002

[518 KB, 12 pages] (http://www.who.int/wer/2003/en/wer7826.pdf). Weekly Epidemiological

Report. 2003;78(26):223-225.
20. Formenty P, Libama F, Epelboin A, et al. Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo,

2003: a new strategy? Medecine Tropicale (Marseille). 2003;63(3):291-295.

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Page 10 of 11

21. World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo - Update 6
(http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_01_06/en/). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 6 January 2004.
22. World Health Organization. Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Yambio, south Sudan, April-June
2004

[159 KB, 8 pages] (http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8043.pdf). Weekly Epidemiological Record.

2005;80(43):370-375.
23. Akinfeyeva LA, Aksyonova OI, Vasilyevich IV, et al. A case of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Infektsionnye Bolezni

(Moscow). 2005;3(1):85–88 [Russian].
24. Declaration de son Excellence Monsieur le Ministre de la Santé Publique annonçant la fin de l'épidémie de
FHV à virus Ebola dans les zones de santé de Mweka, Luebo et Bulape dans la Province du KasaiOccidental
[579 KB, 3 pages] (http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/Ref24_Déclaration_fin_EBOLA_Nov_20-2007.pdf) .

Mardi, le 20 novembre 2007. Dr Victor Makwenge Kaput, Ministre de la Santé Publique.
25. World Health Organization. Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Update.
[159 KB, 8 pages] (http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8043.pdf). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2007;82

(40):345-346.
26. MacNeil A, Farnon EC, Morgan OW, et al. Filovirus Outbreak Detection and Surveillance: Lessons from
Bundibugyo

[203 KB, 7 pages]

(http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/Ref26_MacNeil_et_al_Filovirus_outbreak_detection_and_surveillance%
20JInfectDis2011-204-S761.pdf) . Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011;204:S761-S767.
27. World Health Organization. Ebola Reston in pigs and humans, Philippines

[240 KB, 8 pages]

(http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8407.pdf). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2009;84(7):49-50.
28. Barrette RW, Metwally SA, Rowland JM, et al. Discovery of Swine as a Host for the Reston ebolavirus.

Science. 2009;325;204-206.
29. World Health Organization. End of the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_02_17/en/index.html). Global Alert and Response. 17 Febuary 2009.
30. Shoemaker T, MacNeil A, Balinandi S, et al. Reemerging Sudan Ebola Virus Disease in Uganda, 2011.

Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(9):1480-1483.
31. Albarino CG, Shoemaker T, Khristova ML, et al. Genomic analysis of filoviruses associated with four viral
hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2012. Virology.
2013;442(2):97-100.
32. Ministry of Health Guinée – Conakry

[469 KB, 5 pages]

(https://wca.humanitarianresponse.info/fr/system/files/documents/files/INFO%20FIEVRE%20EBOLA%
20GUINEE%2024%20MARS%202014.pdf)

File Formats Help:
How do I view different file formats (PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG) on this site?
(http://www.cdc.gov/Other/plugins/)
(http://www.cdc.gov/Other/plugins/#pdf)
Page last reviewed: June 16, 2015
Page last updated: June 16, 2015

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

6/18/2015

Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Page 11 of 11

Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (/index.htm)
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) (/ncezid/index.html)
Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP) (/ncezid/dhcpp/index.html)
Viral Special Pathogens Branch (VSPB) (/ncezid/dhcpp/vspb/index.html)

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html

6/18/2015