NHTS Compendium

NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL SURVEY
Compendium of Uses
January 2014 - December 2014

Introduction
This compendium contains various uses and applications of the National Household Travel
Survey (NHTS) data used in transportation planning and research from January 2014 to
December 2014. Published journal articles and reports that cite the use of NHTS data were
selected using the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting Online Portal
http://amonline.trb.org/ and Google Alerts, notification emails sent by Google when new
search results matched predetermined search terms pertaining to NHTS data. The key word and
search engine terms used in both online sources were the National Household Travel Survey
and NHTS.
The research papers were grouped into 11 categories that were created based on the Subject
Areas and index terms identified in each abstract as well as category titles used in previous
NHTS compendium databases. The categories are as follows:
1. Bicycle and Pedestrian Studies
2. Demographic Trends
3. Energy Consumption
4. Environment
5. Policy and Mobility
6. Special Population Groups
7. Survey, Data Synthesis, and Other Applications
8. Traffic Safety
9. Transit Planning
10. Travel Behavior
11. Trend Analysis and Market Segmentation
A one-page description of each paper is provided which includes the Title, Authors, Abstract,
Subject Areas, and Availability.
Research articles and reports in this document cover a diverse range of topics in the areas of
transportation, health, safety, environment, and engineering and were published in various
journals including, but not limited to, the American Journal of Public Health, the International
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, and the National Center for Transit
Research. Several papers were also submitted by researchers and graduate students for
presentation and publication to the Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting and
can be found in the 2014 TRB Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers.
Please note that this 2014 compendium consists of approximately 322 research papers and
articles. This document was updated on an on-going basis with newly published papers that cite
NHTS data. For information about adding a research paper to the NHTS compendium, please
contact Adella Santos at [email protected].
Search and documentation support was provided Jasmy Methipara (MacroSys) who also
categorized and formatted the paper abstracts.

Table of Contents
1. Bike and Pedestrian Studies...................................................................................................... 21
Evaluation of Bike Accessibility in an Urban Network. Mahmoud Mesbah and Neema Nassir21
Cycling Is Creating More Jobs in Europe Than Automakers Are in the U.S. Taylor Hill ............ 22
Costs of school transportation: quantifying the fiscal impacts of encouraging walking and
bicycling for school travel Noreen C. McDonald, Ruth L. Steiner, W. Mathew Palmer, Allison
N. Bullock, Virginia P. Sisiopiku, & Benjamin F. Lytle ............................................................... 23
Generation Y's Travel Behavior and Perceptions of Walkability Constraints Maria
Kamargianni, & Amalia Polydoropoulou .................................................................................. 24
Institutional Barriers To College Bicycle Program Development Matthew S. Mccluney.......... 25
Analyzing Bicycle Sharing System User Destination Choice Preferences: An Investigation of
Chicago’s Divvy System Ahmadreza Faghih-Imani & Naveen Eluru ......................................... 26
Non-motorized transport and university populations: an analysis of connectivity and network
perceptions Benjamin Lundberg, & Joe Weber ........................................................................ 27
Physical Environment and Women’s Physical Activity Behaviors Beth Ann Brisky .................. 28
Design Treatments For Right-Turns At Intersections With Bicycle Traffic David Hurwitz,
Mafruhatul Jannat & Christopher Monsere .............................................................................. 29
The influence of residential dissonance on physical activity and walking: evidence from the
Montgomery County, MD, and Twin Cities, MN, areas Gi-Hyoug Cho & Daniel A. Rodríguez 30
A Multimedia Pedestrian Safety Program And School Infrastructure: Finding The Connection
To Child Pedestrian Risk-Taking Attitudes And Risk Perceptions Of Pedestrian Behavior Diana
Dawn Scott ................................................................................................................................ 31
Physical activity mediates the relationship between perceived crime safety and obesity
Barbara B. Brown, Carol M. Werner, Ken R. Smith, Calvin P. Tribby,& Harvey J. Miller........... 32
Location or design? Associations between neighbourhood location, built environment and
walking Gi-Hyoug Cho & Daniel Rodriguez ............................................................................... 33
Methods for Estimating Bicycling and Walking in Washington State Krista Nordback &
Michael Sellinger ....................................................................................................................... 34
Sidestepping Equity? A Case Study on the Provision and Quality of Sidewalks in Fremont,
California Joel Manning ............................................................................................................ 35
Multi-modal transportation optimization of a local corridor McMahon, Britton; Draeger,
Mallory; Ferguson, Nicholas; Moberg, Haley & Barrella, Elise ............................................... 36
Using Latent Class Models to Explore the Heterogeneous Impact of Accessibility by Mode on
Residential Location Choice Fletcher Foti & Paul Waddell ....................................................... 37

Using an Activity Based Travel Demand Model to Estimate Health Co-Benefits of Land Use
and Transportation Plans Nicholas J. Linesch, Caroline Jane Rodier & Richard Lee ................. 38
Biking Distance: Exploring Gender, Race, and Climate Haleh Dolati ........................................ 39
Parent safety perceptions of child walking routes Cody Evers, Shawn Boles, Deb JohnsonShelton, Marc Schlossberg, David Richey, ................................................................................ 40
The Case for Crowdsourcing in Bicycle Planning: An Exploratory Study Jennifer Molina ........ 41
Understanding the Underutilization of Urban Bicycle Commuting: A Behavioral Reasoning
Perspective Marius C. Claudy & Mark Peterson ..................................................................... 42
Shifting short motorized trips to walking: The potential of active transportation for physical
activity in Montreal Catherine Morency, Marie Demers & Eric Poliquin .................................. 43
Public Opinion towards Bicycle Lanes: The Case of New York Wil Fisher ................................ 44
Problems and Suggestions of Walking in the Resident Trip Survey K. Wang, X. Guo, & N.
Zhang ........................................................................................................................................ 45
The health benefits of walking: a Nigerian reflection Franz Atare ........................................... 46
Simulating bicycle wayfinding mechanisms in an urban environment Greg Rybarczyka ........ 47
Active transport between home and school assessed with GPS: a cross-sectional study among
Dutch elementary school children Dirk Dessing, Sanne I de Vries, Jamie MA Graham and
Frank H Pierik ............................................................................................................................ 48
Final Report for Phase II Study: Prototyping the Sketch Planning Visualization Tool for NonMotorized Travel Ho-Ling Hwang, Daniel Wilson, Timothy Reuscher, Shih-Miao Chin, Rob
Taylor ........................................................................................................................................ 49
Exploring the Characteristics of Short Trips: Implications for Walk Mode Choice Sanjay Paul,
Kathryn Born, Kelsey McElduff, Ram M. Pendyala, & Chandra R. Bhat ................................... 50
The process of crafting bicycle and pedestrian policy: A discussion of cost–benefit analysis
and the multiple streams framework Johann Weber ............................................................... 51
An energy expenditure approach for estimating walking distance Chaug-Ing Hsu, Yau-Ching
Tsai ............................................................................................................................................ 52
Chapter 38 Transportation Policies and Obesity David R. Bassett Jr. ...................................... 53
E-Bikes in the North America: Results from an online survey John MacArthur, Jennifer Dill and
Mark Person .............................................................................................................................. 54
2. Demographic Trends ................................................................................................................. 55
Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey
with Implications for Sustainability John L. Renne and Peter Bennett ................................... 55
Promoting Biking among Low-Income Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco Kenji Wada ...... 56
A cross-sectional study of demographic, environmental and parental barriers to active school
travel among children in the United States Palma Chillón, Derek Hales, Amber Vaughn, Ziya
Gizlice, Andy Ni, & Dianne S Ward ............................................................................................ 57

3. Energy Consumption ................................................................................................................. 58
Optimal Energy Management for SmartGrids Considering Thermal Load and Dynamic Pricing
Duong Tung Nguyen ................................................................................................................. 58
Performance and energy efficiency testing of a lightweight FCEV Hybrid Vehicle Dylan Ryan,
Jinlei Shang, Christophe Quillivic, & Bernard Porter ................................................................. 59
Rapid estimation of electric vehicle acceptance using a general description of driving patterns
Michael A. Tamor, Paul E. Moraal, Briana Reprogle, & Miloš Milačić ..................................... 60
Optimal Coordination and Scheduling of Demand Response via Monetary Incentives Sarker,
M.R.; Ortega-Vazquez, M.A.; & Kirschen, D.S. .......................................................................... 61
Control and Management of PV Integrated Charging Facilities for PEVs Preetham Goli, &
Wajiha Shireen .......................................................................................................................... 62
Testbed Design and Co-simulation of PEV Coordination Schemes Over Integrated FiberWireless Smart Grid Communications Infrastructures Intissar Harrabi, Taycir Louati, Martin
Lévesque, & Martin Maier ........................................................................................................ 63
Optimal In-Home Charge Scheduling of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Incorporating Customer’s
Payment and Inconvenience Costs Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Soroush Shafiee &
Mohammad Rastegar ............................................................................................................... 64
PHEV charging strategy via user preferences and its impacts on power system network
Ahmad, Mohd Redzuan; Musirin, Ismail; Othman, Muhammad Murtadha & Rahmat, Nur
Azzammudin.............................................................................................................................. 65
Vehicle Fuel Economy And Vehicle Miles Traveled: An Empirical Investigation Of Jevons’
Paradox Vincent Vinola Munyon ............................................................................................... 66
Study on orderly charging management of EVs based on demand response Huiying Zhang;
Xin Ai; Zili Gao; & Lei Yan .......................................................................................................... 67
Economic evaluation for EVCS with ancillary service provision capability Yu Rongrong; Yao
Chen; Xing Huang; & De La Parra, H.Z. ..................................................................................... 68
Impacts of electric vehicles on power grid considering time series of TOU Lei Yan; Xin Ai; Yao
Wang; & Huiying Zhang ............................................................................................................ 69
A Comprehensive System of Energy Intensity Indicators for the U.S.: Methods, Data and Key
Trends DB Belzer ....................................................................................................................... 70
On the Objectives of Industrial Engineering from the Perspectives of the Energy Efficiency
Chen Zhou ................................................................................................................................. 71
Uncertainties of EV Charging and Effects on Well-Being Analysis of Generating Systems Xu, N.
Z., & Chung, C. Y. ....................................................................................................................... 72
Impact of Wind-Based Distributed Generation on Electric Energy in Distribution Systems
Embedded With Electric Vehicles Abdelsamad, S., Morsi, W. & Sidhu, T. .............................. 73
Centralized and Decentralized Optimal Scheduling for Charging Electric Vehicles Liang Zhang,
Zheng Yan, Donghan Feng, Gang Wang, Shaolun Xu, Naihu Li, and Lei Jing ........................... 74

A new intelligent method for optimal coordination of vehicle-to-grid plug-in electric vehicles
in power systems Mohammad-Reza Akbari-Zadeh, Farzaneh Kavousi-Fard, Rasool
Hoseinzadeh, Aliasghar Baziar, & Sadreddin Saleh .................................................................. 75
Layered and Distributed Charge Load Dispatch of Considerable Electric Vehicles Shao, C.;
Wang, X; Wang, X.; & Du, C. .................................................................................................. 76
Forecast of Performance Parameters of Automotive Fuel Cell Systems – Delphi Study Results
M. Thoennes, A. Busse, & L. Eckstein ........................................................................................ 77
Utility Factors Derived From Beijing Passenger Car Travel Survey Xiaobin Zhang & Hewu
Wang ......................................................................................................................................... 78
Dynamic Control and Optimization of Distributed Energy Resources in a Microgrid Trudie
Wang, Dan O’Neill, & Haresh Kamath ...................................................................................... 79
Evaluating Charging Service Reliability for Plug-In EVs From the Distribution Network Aspect
Cheng, L. Chang, Y. Wu, Q. & Lin, W ......................................................................................... 80
Harnessing Demand Flexibility to Minimize Cost, Facilitate Renewable Integration, and
Provide Ancillary Services Mahdi Kefayati ............................................................................... 81
Modeling of electric vehicle charging load and its optimal control strategy Chen, Lidan &
Zhang, Yao ................................................................................................................................ 82
Model design and realization of multi-EVSE-level electric vehicle recharging station Li, Yan;
Wang, Jin-kuan; Han, Peng; & Han, Ying-hua ......................................................................... 83
Energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with unknown trip length Cong Hou,
Liangfei Xu, Hewu Wang, Minggao Ouyang, and Huei Peng ................................................... 84
Impact of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Distribution Grid Anna, Ravi, and D. K. Jain ......... 85
Energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with unknown trip length Cong Hou,
Liangfei Xu, Hewu Wang, Minggao Ouyang, and Huei Peng ................................................... 86
Analysis of the Impact of Different PEV Battery Chargers during Faults Andrew D. Clarke,
Himanshu A. Bihani, Elham B. Makram, Keith A. Corzine......................................................... 87
Optimizing and Diversifying Electric Vehicle Driving Range for U.S. Drivers Zhenhong Lin ..... 88
Coordinated Bidding of Ancillary Services for Vehicle-to-Grid Using Fuzzy Optimization
Ansari, M.; Al-Awami, A.T.; Sortomme, E.; & Abido, M.A. ...................................................... 89
Analysis of fluid-dynamic guidelines in diesel particulate filter sizing for fuel consumption
reduction in post-turbo and pre-turbo placement J.R. Serrano, H. Climent, P. Piqueras, & E.
Angiolini .................................................................................................................................... 90
Adaptive Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination on Distribution Network Hua, L; Wang, J; &
Zhou, C ...................................................................................................................................... 91
Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution networks: A review of smart charging
approaches J. García-Villalobos, I. Zamora, J.I. San Martín, F.J. Asensio, & V. Aperribay ........ 92

Finite Action-Set Learning Automata for Economic Dispatch Considering Electric Vehicles and
Renewable Energy Sources Junpeng Zhu, Ping Jiang, Wei Gu, Wanxing Sheng, Xiaoli Meng
and Jun Gao............................................................................................................................... 93
Aggregate modeling and control of plug-in electric vehicles for renewable power tracking
Ebrahimi, B & Mohammadpour, J. ............................................................................................ 94
Optimal Operation and Services Scheduling for an Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station
Sarker, M.R., Pandzic, H., & Ortega-Vazquez, M.A. .................................................................. 95
An Illustrative Look at Energy Flow through Hybrid Powertrains for Design and Analysis Eli
Hampton White......................................................................................................................... 96
Development of a Series Parallel Energy Management Strategy for Charge Sustaining PHEV
Operation Peter Christopher Manning ..................................................................................... 97
Study on the economic and environmental benefits of different EV powertrain topologies Bin
Wang, Min Xu, Li Yang .............................................................................................................. 98
Cooperative Dispatch of Wind Generation and Electric Vehicles With Battery Storage Capacity
Constraints in SCUC Shao, C.; Wang, X. ; Wang, X. ; Du, C. ; Dang, C. ; Liu, S. ................ 99
The Reign of EVs? An Economic Analysis from Consumer's Perspective Fan, Z. & Oviedo, R.
................................................................................................................................................. 100
A review on the applications of driving data and traffic information for vehicles‫ ׳‬energy
conservation Abbas Fotouhi, Rubiyah Yusofa, Rasoul Rahmania, Saad Mekhilefb, & Neda
Shateria ................................................................................................................................... 101
Probability Model and Simulation Method of Electric Vehicle Charging Load on Distribution
Network Niancheng Zhou, Xicong Xiong & Qianggang Wang ............................................... 102
Stochastic Modeling and Forecasting of Load Demand for Electric Bus Battery-Swap Station
Dai, Q.; Cai, T.; Duan, s.; & Zhao, F. ...................................................................................... 103
Potential power system and fuel consumption impacts of plug in hybrid vehicle charging
using Australian National Electricity Market load profiles and transportation survey data
Graham Mills & Iain MacGill ................................................................................................... 104
Transportation Systems And The Built Environment: A Life-Cycle Energy Case Study And
Analysis Brice G. Nichols and Kara M. Kockelman .................................................................. 105
Urban Form And Life-Cycle Energy Consumption: Case Studies For Five U.S. Cities Brice G.
Nichols and Kara M. Kockelman ............................................................................................. 106
Research on the Performance of Cooling Module with Fuel Cell Vehicle He Chang, Xiumin Yu
and Jing Hua Lv ....................................................................................................................... 107
Coordinating plug-in electric vehicle charging with electric grid: valley filling and target load
following Li Zhang, Faryar Jabbari, Tim Brown, & Scott Samuelsen ...................................... 108
Rapid-Charging Navigation of Electric Vehicles Based on Real-Time Power Systems and Traffic
Data Guo, Q., Xin, S.; Sun, H.; Li, Z.; & Zhang, B ................................................................ 109

An empirically-validated methodology to simulate electricity demand for electric vehicle
charging Chioke B. Harris & Michael E. Webber ..................................................................... 110
Economic Scheduling of Residential Plug-In (Hybrid) Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Charging Maigha
and Mariesa L. Crow ............................................................................................................... 111
Ecodrive I-80: A Large Sample Fuel Economy Feedback Field Test Kenneth S. Kurani; Tai
Stillwater; & Matt Jones.......................................................................................................... 112
Estimating the HVAC Energy Consumption of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Kiran R. Kambly &
Thomas H. Bradley .................................................................................................................. 113
Implementation of battery electric vehicles in ‘la Mancomunidad del Sureste de Gran
Canaria’ Martijn van der Pouw ............................................................................................... 114
Packetized Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charge Management Rezaei, P.; Frolik, J.; & Hines, P.D.H.
................................................................................................................................................. 115
Randomized PHEV Charging Under Distribution Grid Constraints Zhou, K.; & Cai, L. ........... 116
Risk-Aware Day-Ahead Scheduling and Real-time Dispatch for Electric Vehicle Charging
Yang, L.; Zhang, J.; & Poor, H.V. ............................................................................................. 117
Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Demand Estimation based on Queueing Network Analysis
Hao Liang, Isha Sharma, Weihua Zhuang, and Kankar Bhattacharya ................................... 118
A First Order Estimate of Energy Impacts of Automated Vehicles in the United States Don
MacKenzie, Zia Wadud & Paul Leiby....................................................................................... 119
Studying the feasibility of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using photovoltaic
electricity in residential distribution systems M.S. ElNozahy, & M.M.A. Salamaa ................ 120
Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station: Business Case and Optimization Model Mushfiqur
R. Sarker, Hrvoje Pandˇzi´c, & Miguel A. Ortega-Vazquez...................................................... 121
Daytime Charging – What is the Hierarchy of Opportunities and Customer Needs? ─ A Case
Study Based on Atlanta Commute Data Danilo Santini, Yan Zhou, Vetri V. Elango, Xu Yanzi, &
Randall Guensler ..................................................................................................................... 122
Allocation of Intrahousehold Motorized Vehicles Richard H. Nam, Brian H. Y. Lee, Lisa
Aultman-Hall, & Justine Sears ................................................................................................. 123
Fuel Use and Optimality of Assignments in Multivehicle Households in 2001 and 2009 Kevin
M. Bolon, Greg A. Keoleian, & Lidia P. Kostyniuk ................................................................... 124
Cost analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using GPS-based longitudinal travel data Xing
Wua, Jing Dongb, & Zhenhong Lin .......................................................................................... 125
Plug-In Electric Cars for Work Travel: Evaluation of Four Electric Powertrains Danilo Santini,
Yan Zhou, Namdoo Kim, Kevin Gallagher, & Anant D. Vyas ................................................... 126
Charging Choices and Fuel Displacement in a Large-Scale Demonstration of Plug-In Hybrid
Electric Vehicles Stephen Zoepf, Don MacKenzie, David Keith, & William Chernicoff ........... 127
PV Integrated Smart Charging of PHEVs Based on DC Link Voltage Sensing Goli, P. & Shireen,
W. ............................................................................................................................................ 128

Design and Control of a Unique Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Michael
Giannikouris ............................................................................................................................ 129
Hierarchical Agent-based Integrated Modelling Approach for Micro-grids with Adoption of
EVs and HRES Peng Han, Jinkuan Wang, Yinghua Han, & Yan Li ........................................... 130
Charging Behavior Impacts on Electric VMT: Evidence from a 2013 California Drivers Survey
Gil Tal, Michael A. Nicholas, Jamie Davies, & Justin Woodjack .............................................. 131
PV powered smart charging station for PHEVs P. Goli & W. Shireen ..................................... 132
Battery Electric Vehicles: Range Optimization and Diversification for US Drivers Zhenhong Lin
................................................................................................................................................. 133
Probabilistic Assessment of the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Power ...................... 134
Quality in Electric Distribution Systems Matt Gray ................................................................ 134
4. Environment............................................................................................................................ 135
Development and Applications of an Emissions Micro-Simulation Tool for Transportation
Infrastructure Design Daniel Handford ................................................................................... 135
Air Quality Impacts Of Electric Vehicle Adoption In Texas Brice G. Nichols, Kara M. Kockelman
& Matthew Reiter ................................................................................................................... 136
Improving the Accuracy of Vehicle Emissions Profiles for Urban Transportation Greenhouse
Gas and Air Pollution Inventories Janet L. Reyna, Mikhail V. Chester, Soyoung Ahn, and
Andrew M. Fraser .................................................................................................................... 137
Fleet view of electrified transportation reveals smaller potential to reduce GHG emissions
Christoph J. Meinrenken, & Klaus S. Lackner .......................................................................... 138
Who Pollutes? A Household-Level Database of America’s Greenhouse Gas Footprint Kevin
Ummel ..................................................................................................................................... 139
Passenger travel CO2 emissions in US urbanized areas: Multi-sourced data, impacts of
influencing factors, and policy implications Rabi G. Mishalani, Prem K. Goel, Andrew J.
Landgraf, Ashley M. Westra, & Dunke Zhou ........................................................................... 140
Public Health and Sustainability Cindy Klein-Banai ................................................................ 141
Potential for mitigating greenhouse gases through expanding public transport services: A
case study for Gauteng Province, South Africa Steffen Bubeck, Jan Tomaschek,& Ulrich Fahl
................................................................................................................................................. 142
A geography of moral hazard: Sources and sinks of motor-vehicle commuting externalities
Niko Yiannakoulias, Widmer Bland, & Darren M. Scott.......................................................... 143
The Problem Of Cold Starts: 2 A Closer Look At Mobile Source Emissions Levels Matthew S.
Reiter & Kara M. Kockelman ................................................................................................... 144
Impacts of travel activity and urbanicity on exposures to ambient oxides of nitrogen and on
exposure disparities Sashikanth Gurram, Amy Lynette Stuart, Abdul Rawoof Pinjari ......... 145

Household Carbon Emissions From Driving And Center City Quality Of Life Matthew J. Holian
and Matthew E. Kahn ............................................................................................................. 146
The potential of carbon dioxide emission reductions in German commercial transport by
electric vehicles T. Ketelaer, T. Kaschub, P. Jochem, & W. Fichtner ..................................... 147
Locating human resources to reduce the cost of managing networks of protected areas G
Christine E. Dumoulin, Tyler Macmillan, Rob Stoneman and Paul R. Armsworth .................. 148
Cost effectiveness of introducing a new European evaporative emissions test procedure for
petrol vehicles Gary Haq, Giorgio Martini, & Giorgos Melliosb ............................................. 149
Transit-oriented smart growth can reduce life-cycle environmental impacts and household
costs in Los Angeles Matthew J. Nahlik & Mikhail V. Chester ................................................ 150
The impact of telecommuting on personal vehicle usage and environmental sustainability P.
Zhu, & S. G. Mason ................................................................................................................. 151
A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Hedonomic Sustainability Design Stephen M. Fiore,
Elizabeth Phillips, & Brittany C. Sellers.................................................................................... 152
Housing location in a Philadelphia metro watershed: Can profitable be green? John A.
Sorrentino, Mahbubur R. Meenar, Alice J. Lambert, & Donald T. Wargo............................... 153
Multi-Pollutant Analysis and Cost Effectiveness Evaluation of Voluntary Mobile Source
Measures Christian E. Lindhjem, Barbara Joy, Earth Matters &Hazel Barbour ..................... 154
Transport Sector Greenhouse Gas Inventory for South Africa for the base year 2009 Mphethe
Tongwane................................................................................................................................ 155
Travel Emission Profile of Iskandar Malaysia Neighbourhoods from Pre-1980s to 2000s M. R.
Majid, A. N. Nordin, F. Johar and H. Y. Tifwa .......................................................................... 156
The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S. household sector Sungwon Lee, &
Bumsoo Lee ............................................................................................................................. 157
Simulation-Based Approach for Analyzing the Regional and Local Impact of Transit Oriented
Development on Congestion and Emissions Arefeh Nasri, Zheng Zhu, Kiana Roshan Zamir,
Chenfeng Xiong, & Lei Zhang .................................................................................................. 158
Should policy-makers allocate funding to vehicle electrification or end-use energy efficiency
as a strategy for climate change mitigation and energy reductions? Rethinking electric
utilities efficiency programs Brinda A. Thomas and Inês L. Azevedo ..................................... 159
Residential Location, High Capacity Transportation Infrastructure and their Influences on
Emissions and Travel Dispersal Zachary Patterson, Christopher Harding, Luis F. MirandaMoreno and Seyed Amir H. Zahabi ......................................................................................... 160
How Much Do Electric Drive Vehicles Matter to Future U.S. Emissions? Samaneh Babaee ,
Ajay S. Nagpure , and Joseph F. DeCarolis .............................................................................. 161
Smart Microgrids: Optimal Joint Scheduling for Electric Vehicles and Home Appliances
Tushar, M.H.K., Assi, C., Maier, M. & Uddin, M.F. ................................................................. 162
5. Policy and Mobility.................................................................................................................. 163

Point-of-Dispensing Location and Capacity Optimization via a Decision Support System Adrian
Ramirez-Nafarrate, Joshua D. Lyon, John W. Fowler, and Ozgur M. Araz ............................. 163
Travel Costs Associated With Flood Closures Of State Highways Near Centralia/Chehalis,
Washington Mark E. Hallenbeck, Anne Goodchild, & Jerome Drescher ................................ 164
Smart Growth’s Positive Impact on the Environment, Public Health, and Society Jenna
Kersten .................................................................................................................................... 165
Effect of Smart Growth Policies on Travel Demand Maren Outwater, Colin Smith, Jerry
Walters, Brian Welch, Robert Cervero, Kara Kockelman, and J. Richard Kuzmyak ................ 166
Switching and Sharing: Gasoline Prices and Household Fleet Utilization William Leung ..... 167
Congestion, Gas Taxes And Vehicle Choice Sam Flanders And Melati Nungsari .................. 168
Even Smarter Growth? Land Use Policy Impact On Transportation And Emissions In Maryland
Uri Avin, Timothy F. Welch, Gerrit Knaap, Fred Ducca, Sabyasachee Mishra, Yuchen Cui &
Sevgi Erdogan.......................................................................................................................... 169
Distributional and Efficiency Impacts of Gasoline Taxes: An Econometrically Based Multimarket Study Antonio M Bento, Lawrence H Goulder, Emeric Henry, Mark R Jacobsen, &
Roger H. Von Haefen ............................................................................................................... 170
Exploration And Implications Of Multimodal Street Performance Metrics: What’s A Passing
Grade? Madeline Brozen, Herbie Huff, Robin Liggett, Rui Wang & Michael Smart ............... 171
How does fuel economy of vehicles affect urban motor vehicle travel in the USA? Qing Su 172
Health and transportation: Small scale area association Mehran Fasihozaman Langerudi,
Mohammadian Abolfazl (Kouros)& P.S. Sriraj ........................................................................ 173
Comparison of Socioeconomic Impacts of Market-Based Instruments for Mobility
Management Md Shahid Mamun, Dimitra Michalaka, Yafeng Yin & Siriphong
Lawphongpanich ..................................................................................................................... 174
Developing a Total Peak Period Travel Time Performance Measure Philip Lasley, Timothy J.
Lomax, William L. Eisele, David L. Schrank ............................................................................. 175
A framework for determining road pricing revenue use and its welfare effects Timothy F.
Welcha, & Sabyasachee Mishra .............................................................................................. 176
Mobility towers: Improving transportation efficiency policy by persistent evaluation of citywide travel behavior Laura Schewel, Amol Phadke & Anand Gopal ...................................... 177
Missouri Livable Streets Advocacy Guide PedNet Coaliation in cooperation with Trialnet and
BikeWalkKC ............................................................................................................................. 178
Incorporating spatial equity into interurban road network design Mostafa Mollanejad, & Lei
Zhang ...................................................................................................................................... 179
The Water, Energy, and Infrastructure Co-benefits of Smart Growth Planning in Phoenix,
Arizona Matthew J. Nahlik ...................................................................................................... 180
The effects of road user charges in the context of weak parking policies: The case of Malta
Maria Attard, & Stephen Ison ................................................................................................. 181

Does the income elasticity of road traffic depend on the source of income? Scott Le Vinea,
Bingqing (Emily) Chenb, & John Polak .................................................................................... 182
Effects of Natural Gas Vehicles and Fuel Prices on Key Transportation Economic Metrics Kevin
Heaslip, Ryan Bosworth, Ryan Barnes, Ali Soltani Sobh, Michael Thomas, Ziqi Song ............ 183
Expansive Urban Growth Boundary Hiramatsu, Tomoru ....................................................... 184
Automobile Path Dependence in Phoenix: Driving Sustainability by Getting Off of the
Pavement and Out of the Car Mindy Kimball ......................................................................... 185
Cash for Corollas: When Stimulus Reduces Spending Mark Hoekstra Steven L. Puller & Jeremy
West ........................................................................................................................................ 186
Minnesota Cost Of Living Study 2014 Annual Report Steve Hine, Rachel Vilsack, & John Clay
................................................................................................................................................. 187
Living Income Standard 2014: Boom in Low-Wage Work Means Many North Carolinians Don't
Make an Adequate Income Alexandra Forter Sirota, Tazra Mitchell, and Cedric Johnson .... 188
The Global Effects of Housing Policy Kyle Mangum ............................................................... 189
Does Obesity Matter for the Environment? Evidence from Vehicle Choices and Driving
Hocheol Jeon ........................................................................................................................... 190
Advanced and Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies: Regulations and Incentives in the United
States Alan Theodore Jenn ...................................................................................................... 191
Online Appendix For “Pareto Improvements From Lexus Lanes: The Case For Pricing A Portion
Of The Lanes On Congested Highways” Jonathan D. Hall ...................................................... 192
A framework for determining road pricing revenue use and its welfare effects Timothy F.
Welcha, & Sabyasachee Mishra .............................................................................................. 193
Household Demand and Willingness to Pay for Hybrid Vehicles Yizao Liu ............................ 194
No Californian Left Behind: Clean and affordable transportation options for all through
vehicle replacement Cole Wheeler, Jesse Morris, and Kate Gordon ...................................... 195
The Effect of Urban Form on Residential Relocation and Non-work Travel Patterns: A Case of
Florida Households Concas, Sisinnio & DeSalvo, Joseph S ...................................................... 196
Network Structure and Travel Pavithra Kandadai Parthasarathi .......................................... 197
The Effect of Smart Growth Policies on Travel Demand Cervero, Robert & Kockelman, Kara
................................................................................................................................................. 198
The Elder Economic Security Standard Index: A New Indicator for Evaluating Economic
Security in Later Life Jan E. Mutchler, Yao-Chi Shih, Jiyoung Lyu, Ellen A. Bruce, & Alison
Gottlieb ................................................................................................................................... 199
Measuring community completeness: jobs–housing balance, accessibility, and convenient
local access to nonwork destinations Louis A Merlin ............................................................. 200
Time Dependent Accessibility Nikhil Kaza .............................................................................. 201

User Guide of the ORNL MA3T Model (V20130729) Zhenhong Lin, David Greene & Jake Ward
................................................................................................................................................. 202
Synthesis of a High Resolution Social Contact Network for Delhi With Application to Pandemic
Planning Huadong Xia, Kalyani Nagaraj, Jiangzhuo Chen, & Madhav V. Marathe ................ 203
Three Essays in Urban Economics Victor Couture .................................................................. 204
Consumer Heterogeneity and the Energy Paradox Benjamin Leard ...................................... 205
Comprehensive Equity Analysis of Mileage Based User Fees: Taxation And Expenditures For
Roadways And Transit Justin David Carlton ........................................................................... 206
Even Smarter Growth? Land Use, Transportation and Greenhouse Gas in Maryland Uri Avin,
Timothy F. Welch, Gerrit Knaap, Fred Ducca, Sabyasachee Mishra, Yuchen Cui and Sevgi
Erdogan ................................................................................................................................... 207
The Effect of Gasoline Taxes and Public Transit Investments on Driving Patterns Elisheba
Spiller, Heather Stephens, Christopher Timmins & Allison Smith ........................................... 208
6. Special Population Groups ...................................................................................................... 209
Connecting Low-Income People to Opportunity with Shared Mobility Michael Kodransky &
Gabriel Lewenstein .................................................................................................................. 209
Video: This Minnesota man travels 6 hours to New York for work each week Adam Uren .. 210
The impact of millennials' travel behavior on future personal vehicle travel Steven E. Polzin,
Xuehao Chu, & Jodi Godfrey.................................................................................................... 211
Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors Megan Elizabeth Slater ............................... 212
Evaluating Household Chauffeuring Burdens, Understanding Direct and Indirect Costs of
Transporting Non-Drivers Todd Litman .................................................................................. 213
The role of household members in transporting adults with disabilities in the United States
Devajyoti Deka ........................................................................................................................ 214
Younger Teens Mode Choice for School Trips: Do Parent's Attitudes Towards Safety and
Traffic Conditions along the School Route Matter? Mintesnot Woldeamanuel .................... 215
A nationwide look at the immigrant neighborhood effect on travel mode choice Michael J.
Smart ....................................................................................................................................... 216
Non-compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL) requirements: Changes in GDL-related
conviction rates over time among 16–17-year-old California drivers Scott V. Masten, Eric A.
Chapman, Debra B. Atkinson, & Kelly K. Browning................................................................. 217
Factors Which Predict the Use of Active Transportation to School Among Children in Clark
County, NV Sheila G. J. Clark ................................................................................................... 218
Trends in older driver crash involvement rates and survivability in the United States: An
update Jessica B. Cicchino & Anne T. McCartt ........................................................................ 219

Estimation of Truck Trips on Large-Scale Irrigation Project: A Combinatory Input-Output
Commodity-Based Approach Ackchai Sirikijpanichkul, Sarintorn Winyoopadit, and Chavalek
Vanichavetin ........................................................................................................................... 220
Neighbourhood parks and reduction in stress among adolescents: results from Buffalo, New
York D. M. Feda, A. Seelbinder, S. Baek, S. Raja, L. Yin, & J. N. Roemmich............................. 221
Gaming to Sit Safe: The Restricted Body as an Integral Part of Gameplay Petra Sundström,
Axel Baumgartner, Elke Beck, Christine Döttlinger, Martin Murer, Ivana Randelshofer, David
Wilfinger, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, & Manfred Tscheligi ............................................... 222
How many walking and cycling trips made by elderly are beyond commonly used buffer sizes:
Results from a GPS study R.G. Prins, F. Pierika, A. Etmanb, R.P. Sterkenburga, C.B.M.
Kamphuisb, F.J. van Lenthe ..................................................................................................... 223
Car use in the leisure lives of adolescents. Does household structure matter? Kristin Ystmark
Bjerkan, & Marianne Elvsaas Nordtømme ............................................................................. 224
Physical Activity, Length of Residence, And Vehicle Ownership Among U.S. Immigrants: An
Analysis of The 2003 New Immigrant Survey Dale Terasaki .................................................. 225
Factors Influencing Children’s Mode Of Travel: A Case Study Of Walking And Biking To School
At Paradise Elementary, Paradise, California Paul R. Muse ................................................... 226
Does urban living influence baby boomers’ travel behavior? Jae Seung Lee, P. Christopher
Zegras, Eran Ben-Joseph, & Sungjin Park ............................................................................... 227
7. Survey, Data Synthesis, and Other Applications ..................................................................... 228
An Assessment of the Relationship between Self-Control and Ambient Temperature: A
Reasonable Conclusion is that Both Heat and Cold Reduce Self-Control Matthew T. Gailliot
................................................................................................................................................. 228
Varying influences of the built environment on household travel in 15 diverse regions of the
United States Zhenwei Ding, Yusuke Omori, Ryoichi Shinkuma, & Tatsuro Takahashi ......... 229
Designing Mobility Models Based on Relational Graph Zhenwei Ding, Yusuke Omori, Ryoichi
Shinkuma, & Tatsuro Takahashi ............................................................................................. 230
Experts’ Opinions Concerning The Minimum Content Of A National Household Travel Survey
Mario Cools, Jimmy Armoogum, and Marco Diana ............................................................... 231
Archiving Data from New Survey Technologies: Lessons Learned on Enabling Research with
High-Precision Data While Preserving Participant Privacy J. Gonder, E. Burton & E. Murakami
................................................................................................................................................. 232
Developing Tolled-Route Demand Estimation Capabilities For Texas: Opportunities For
Enhancement Of Existing Models Kevin Hall, Kara Kockelman, Andy Mullins, T. Donna Chen, &
Dan Fagnant,........................................................................................................................... 233
Use of Mobile Application Development Technologies in Capstone Projects Shuju Wu,
Xiaobing Hou & Karen Coale Tracey ....................................................................................... 234

Evaluating Charging Service Reliability for Plug-In EVs From the Distribution Network Aspect
Cheng, L. Chang, Y. Wu, Q. & Lin, W ....................................................................................... 235
Comparison of Different Approaches to Estimating Budgets for Kuhn-Tucker Demand
Systems: Applications for Individuals’ Time-Use Analysis and Households’ Vehicle Ownership
and Utilization Analysis Bertho Augustin ................................................................................ 236
Seventy Minutes Plus or Minus 10 — A Review of Travel Time Budget Studies Asif Ahmed &
Peter Stopher .......................................................................................................................... 237
Proposal of Route Optimization in PMIPv6 Enabled Nested Network to Support Power Critical
Devices in Vehicular Network Barman, Subhajyoti ................................................................ 238
A Latent-Segmentation Based Approach To Investigating The Spatial Transferability Of
Activity-Travel Models Zeina Wafa; Chandra Bhat; Ram Pendyala; & Venu Garikapati ....... 239
From traces to trajectories: How well can we guess activity locations from mobile phone
traces? Cynthia Chena, Ling Bianb, & Jingtao Ma .................................................................. 240
A Framework for Data Quality for Synthetic Information Ragini Gupta ................................ 241
Quantifying travel behavior for infectious disease research: a comparison of data from
surveys and mobile phones Amy Wesolowski, Gillian Stresman, Nathan Eagle, Jennifer
Stevenson, Chrispin Owaga, Elizabeth Marube, Teun Bousema, Christopher Drakeley,
Jonathan Cox & Caroline O. Buckee

242

Demographic Evolution Modeling System for Activity-Based Travel Behavior Analysis and
Demand Forecasting Sanjay Paul ........................................................................................... 243
Research and Guidance for Model Transferability Thomas F. Rossi & Chandra R. Bhat ....... 244
Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression Models for Daily Vehicular Travel Volumes
Roosbeh Nowrouzian, Sivaramakrishnan Srinivasan & Ruoying Xu ....................................... 245
Personalisation in multi-day GPS and accelerometer data processing Lara Montini, Nadine
Rieser-Schüssler, & Kay W. Axhausen ..................................................................................... 246
Trip Internalization in Multi-Use Developments Pinjari, Abdul and Vivek Koneru ................. 247
Building a validation measure for activity-based transportation models based on mobile
phone data Feng Liu, Davy Janssens, JianXun Cui, YunPeng Wang, Geert Wets, & Mario Cools
................................................................................................................................................. 248
Review of GPS Travel Survey and GPS Data-Processing Methods Li Shen & Peter R. Stopher
................................................................................................................................................. 249
Human mobility in opportunistic networks: Characteristics, models and prediction methods
Poria Pirozmand, Guowei Wu, Behrouz Jedari, & Feng Xia .................................................... 250
Characterizing Household Vehicle Fleet Composition And Count By Type In An Integrated
Modeling Framework Venu M. Garikapati, Raghuprasad Sidharthan, Ram M. Pendyala, &
Chandra R. Bhat ...................................................................................................................... 251
Passenger Transportation Networks & Urbanization Level: A Comparison of Classification
Schemes 2 Pyrialakou, V. Dimitra, Inya Nlenanya, and Konstantina Gkritza ......................... 252

Development of a Vehicle Fleet Composition Model System for Implementation in an
Activity-Based Travel Model Daehyun You, Venu M. Garikapati, Ram M. Pendyala, Chandra R.
Bhat, Subodh Dubey, Kyunghwi Jeon, & Vladimir Livshits ...................................................... 253
State of the Art in Risk Analysis of Workforce Criticality Influencing Disaster Preparedness for
Interdependent Systems Joost R. Santos, Lucia Castro Herrera, Krista Danielle S. Yu, Sheree
Ann T. Pagsuyoin, & Raymond R. Tan ..................................................................................... 254
Trip Purpose Estimation for Urban Travel in the U.S.: Model Development, NHTS Add-on Data
Analysis, and Model Transferability Across Different States Lu, Yijing & Zhang, Lei ............. 255
Family and Medical Leave in 2012: Methodology Report ABT Associates ............................. 256
Age, Autos, and the Value of a Statistical Life James O’Brien ................................................ 257
Understanding the Impact of Face Mask Usage through Epidemic Simulation of Large Social
Networks Susan M. Mniszewski, Sara Y. Del Valle, Reid Priedhorsky, James M. Hyman, and
Kyle S. Hickman ....................................................................................................................... 258
Accuracy of Geoimputation: An Approach to Capture Microenvironment Xin Wang, Asad
Khattak, & Juyin Chen ............................................................................................................. 259
An integrated model for discrete and continuous decisions with application to vehicle
ownership, type and usage choices Yangwen Liu, Jean-Michel Tremblay & Cinzia Cirillo ..... 260
Cover your Cough! Quantifying the Benefits of a Localized Healthy Behavior Intervention on
Flu Epidemics in Washington DC Nidhi Parikh, Mina Youssef, Samarth Swarup, Stephen
Eubank, and Youngyun Chungbaek ........................................................................................ 261
Evaluating Two Methods for Identifying Trip Purpose in GPS-based Household Travel Surveys
Marcelo G. Simas Oliveira, Peter Vovsha, Jean Wolf and Michael Mitchell ........................... 262
8. Traffic Safety ........................................................................................................................... 263
Sensing Phone Use of Motorcycle Drivers Jyh-Cheng Chen, Chun-Feng Wu, Wei-Ho Chung, &
Ping-Fan Ho ............................................................................................................................. 263
Development of a Predictive Collision Risk Estimation Scheme for Mixed Traffic Je Hong Yoo
and Reza Langari ..................................................................................................................... 264
The relationship between gasoline price and patterns of motorcycle fatalities and injuries He
Zhu, Fernando A Wilson, & Jim P Stimpson........................................................................... 265
Female Drivers Increasingly Involved in Impaired Driving Crashes: Actions to Ameliorate the
Risk Federico E. Vaca, Eduardo Romano and James C. Fell .................................................... 266
Assessing multimodal school travel safety in North Carolina Noreen C. McDonald, Ann B.
McGrane. Eric A. Rodgman, Ruth L. Steiner, W. Mathew Palmer, & Benjamin F. Lytle ......... 267
Vital Signs: Health Burden and Medical Costs of Nonfatal Injuries to Motor Vehicle Occupants
— United States, 2012 Gwen Bergen, PhD, Cora Peterson, PhD, David Ederer, MPH, Curtis
Florence, PhD, Tadesse Haileyesus, MS, Marcie-jo Kresnow, MS,& Likang Xu, MD ............... 268
Reality of Road Safety Conditions at Critical Locations in Nablus City with a Road Map for
Future Interventions Hozaifa Hasan Saad Khader ................................................................. 269

An Intelligent Driver Behaviour System by Using Face Recognition and Alcohol Sensing K.
Kishore Babu & T. Chandra Sekhar Rao .................................................................................. 270
Help on the road: Effects of vehicle manual consultation in driving performance across
Modalities Ignacio Alvarez, Hanan Alnizami, Jerone Dunbar, France Jackson, & Juan E. Gilbert
................................................................................................................................................. 271
Distracted Driving and Seat Belt Use in New York City William Milczarski ............................ 272
Texting and Driving: Can it be Explained by the General Theory of Crime? Phillip Neil
Quisenberry ............................................................................................................................. 273
Trustworthy communications in Vehicular Ad Hoc NETworks Serna, Jetzabel ...................... 274
Analysis of residence characteristics of at-fault drivers in traffic crashes Jaeyoung Lee,
Mohamed Abdel-Aty, & Keechoo Choi .................................................................................... 275
The association of graduated driver licensing with miles driven and fatal crash rates per miles
driven among adolescents Motao Zhu, Peter Cummings, Songzhu Zhao, Jeffrey H Coben, &
Gordon S Smith........................................................................................................................ 276
Distracted driving: prevalence, problems, and prevention Tiffany L. Overton, Terry E. Rives,
Carrie Hecht, Shahid Shafi & Rajesh R. Gandhi ....................................................................... 277
How’s My Driving: Sensing Driving Behaviours by Using Smartphones Lei Kang, Zihao Liu &
Suman Banerjee ...................................................................................................................... 278
Circumstances of Bicyclist Injuries Paul Schimek.................................................................... 279
9. Transit Planning ...................................................................................................................... 280
Think public transit, high speed rail in the new year MacGregor "Goya" Eddy ..................... 280
A New Transit Safety Narrative Todd Litman ......................................................................... 281
Friday Exception Scheduling in Transit Systems: An Exploratory Analysis When Data Are
Limited Michael D. Benson, Robert B. Noland, Alan. M. Voorhees ........................................ 282
Walk, Bicycle and Transit Trips of Transit Dependent and Choice Riders in the NHTS 2009
Lachapelle U. ........................................................................................................................... 283
Transit-Induced Gentrification: Who Will Stay, and Who Will Go? Casey Dawkins and Rolf
Moeckel ................................................................................................................................... 284
Public transportation objectives and rider demographics: are transit’s priorities poor public
policy? Brian D. Taylor & Eric A. Morris ................................................................................. 285
Analyzing the Potential for High-speed Rail as Part of the Multimodal Transportation System
in the United States' Midwest Corridor Jeffrey C. Peters, En-Pei Han, Srinivas Peeta, Daniel
DeLaurentis ............................................................................................................................. 286
Transit-Related Walking to Work in Promoting Physical Activity Yu CY & Lin HC .................. 287
Does service reliability influence transit patronage? Evidence from Los Angeles, and
implications for transit policy Sandip Chakrabarti ................................................................. 288

The Exposition Light Rail Line Study: “Before-After” Opening Travel Impacts and New
Resident Sample Preliminary Analysis Marlon G. Boarnet, Doug Houston, and Steven Spears
................................................................................................................................................. 289
10. Travel Behavior ..................................................................................................................... 290
Measuring transit service impacts on vehicle ownership and use Yangwen Liu, Cinzia Cirillo
................................................................................................................................................. 290
Modeling intra-household interactions in the generation of social-recreational tours KwangKyun Lim .................................................................................................................................. 291
The stops made by commuters: evidence from the 2009 US National Household Travel Survey
Rui Wang ................................................................................................................................. 292
Daily spatial mobility and transport behaviour in the Czech Republic: pilot study in the Písek
and Bystrice and Pernštejnem regions Stanislav Kraft ........................................................... 293
The multimodal majority? Driving, walking, cycling, and public transportation use among
American adults Ralph Buehler, & Andrea Hamre ................................................................. 294
The multimodal majority? Driving, walking, cycling, and public transportation use among
American adults Ralph Buehler, & Andrea Hamre ................................................................. 295
Incorporating travel behaviour and travel time into TIMES energy system models Hannah E.
Daly, Kalai Ramea, Alessandro Chiodi, Sonia Yeh, Maurizio Gargiulo, & Brian Ó Gallachóir. 296
Can the built environment influence nonwork activity participation? An analysis with national
data Louis A. Merlin ................................................................................................................ 297
An Alternative Approach to Network Demand Estimation: Implementation and Application in
Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) Enock T. Mtoi, Ren Moses, & Eren Erman
Ozguven .................................................................................................................................. 298
Long-Distance Work and Leisure Travel Frequencies: Ordered Probit Analysis Across NonDistance-Based Definitions Jeffrey J. LaMondia, Lisa Aultman-Hall & Elizabeth Greene....... 299
The Built Environment and Car Use in Mexico City Is the Relationship Changing over Time?
Erick Guerra............................................................................................................................. 300
Walking down the habitual lane: analyzing path dependence effects of mode choice for social
trips Fariya Sharmeena, & Harry Timmermans ...................................................................... 301
A Tour-Based National Model System To Forecast Long-Distance Passenger Travel In The
United States Maren L. Outwater, Mark Bradley, Nazneen Ferdous, Chandra Bhat, Ram
Pendyala, Stephane Hess, Andrew Daly & Jeff LaMondia ...................................................... 302
A note on commuting times and city size: Testing variances as well as means Qian An,Peter
Gordon, James E. Moore II ...................................................................................................... 303
Impact of Traffic Images on Route Choice and the Value of Time Estimates in Stated
Preference Surveys Carl E. Harline, & Mark W. Burris........................................................... 304
Assessing the Impact of Metropolitan-Level, County-Level, and Local-Level Built Environment
on Travel Behavior: Evidence from 19 U.S. Urban Areas Arefeh Nasri and Lei Zhang ........... 305

Household/Zonal Socioeconomic Characteristics And Tour Making: Case Of Richmond/TriCities Model Region In Virginia Xueming Chen ....................................................................... 306
Peak Travel in a Megacity: Exploring the Role of Infrastructure Saturation on the Suppression
of Automobile Use Andrew Fraser .......................................................................................... 307
Out of Prague: a week-long intermodal shift from air to rail transport after Iceland’s
Eyjafjallajökull erupted in 2010 Martin Kvizdaa, & Daniel Seidenglanz ................................. 308
Meteorological variation in daily travel behaviour: evidence from revealed preference data
from the Netherlands Lieve Creemers, Geert Wets, & Mario Cools ...................................... 309
Human mobility in opportunistic networks: Characteristics, models and prediction methods
Poria Pirozmand, Guowei Wu, Behrouz Jedari, & Feng Xia .................................................... 310
Modeling the Choice of Time-of-Day for Joint Social-Recreational Tours Lim, Kwang-Kyun, &
Srinivasan, Sivaramakrishnan ................................................................................................. 311
A Tour-Based Analysis on the Interrelationships of Built Environment, Travel Behavior, and
Car Ownership Ding, Chuan; Liu, Chao; Lin, Yaoyu; Ma, Ting ................................................ 312
‘Exceptions’ in Queuing Theory Harpreet Singh, & Muhammad Ghazie Ismail ..................... 313
A New Course: How Innovative University Programs are Reducing Driving on Campus and
Creating New Models for Transportation Tom Van Heeke, Elise Sullivan & Phineas Baxandall
................................................................................................................................................. 314
11. Trend Analysis and Market Segmentation............................................................................ 315
An Examination of Recent Trends in Multimodal Travel Behavior Among American Motorists
Ralph Buehler & Andrea Hamre .............................................................................................. 315
Peer-to-Peer Rental Markets in the Sharing Economy Samuel Fraiberger & Arun Sundararajan
................................................................................................................................................. 316
Weighing the Effects of Obesity on the Environment Hocheol Jeon & Joseph A. Herriges .... 317
Where to Fill Up Your Tank in Illinois for Low Gas Prices This Holiday Weekend Huffington
Post.......................................................................................................................................... 318
Emerging travel trends, high-speed rail, and the public reinvention of U.S. transportation
Camille Kamga ........................................................................................................................ 319
Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey
with Implications for Sustainability Renne, John L & Bennett, Peter...................................... 320
The 10 Biggest Factors Changing Millennial Driving Habits Eric Jaffe ................................... 321
Physical activity mediates the relationship between perceived crime safety and obesity
Barbara B. Brown, Carol M. Werner, Ken R. Smith, Calvin P. Tribby, & Harvey J. Miller........ 322
Explore the relationship between online shopping and shopping trips: An analysis with the
2009 NHTS data Yiwei Zhoua, & Xiaokun (Cara) Wang .......................................................... 323
Assessing Impact of Carsharing on Household Car Ownership in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Mary G. Y. Klincevicius, Catherine Morency, & Martin Trépanier .......................................... 324

Malicious Data Detection in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks Fuad A. Ghaleb, Murad A. Rassam, &
Anazida Zainal ......................................................................................................................... 325
Fast charging: An in-depth look at market penetration, charging characteristics, and
advanced technologies Rajagopalan, Satis; Maitra, Arindam; Halliwell, John; Davis, Morgan;
& Duvall, Mark ........................................................................................................................ 326
Assessing The Electric Vehicle Charging Network In Washington State Nick Nigro, Jason Ye, &
Matt Frades ............................................................................................................................. 327
The Future Of Fully Automated Vehicles: Opportunities For Vehicle- And Ride-Sharing, With
Cost And Emissions Savings Daniel Fagnant and Kara Kockelman ........................................ 328
An Investigation Of Market Sustainability Of Electric Vehicles Wenjing Shen ....................... 329
Impacts of battery characteristics, driver preferences and road network features on travel
costs of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) for long-distance trips Okan Arslan , Barış
Yıldız , & Oya Ekin Karaşan ..................................................................................................... 330
Why Americans are driving less? Teeparthi Ramya ............................................................... 331
The Political Consequences of Spatial Policies: How Interstate Highways Facilitated
Geographic Polarization Clayton Nall ..................................................................................... 332
Advanced Vehicle Powertrain Design Using Model-Based Design David Andrew Ord .......... 333
Excess passenger weight impacts on US transportation systems fuel use (1970–2010)
Michelle Tom, Paul Fischbeck,& Chris Hendrickson ................................................................ 334
Development and Application Of A Network-Based Shared Automated Vehicle Model In
Austin, Texas Daniel Fagnant & Kara M. Kockelman ............................................................. 335
The Travel And Environmental Implications Of Shared Autonomous Vehicles, Using AgentBased Model Scenarios Daniel Fagnant & Kara M. Kockelman ............................................. 336
An Exploration of Short-Term Vehicle Usage Decisions Jaime R. Angueira ........................... 337
A parametric study of light-duty natural gas vehicle competitiveness in the United States
through 2050 Meghan B. Peterson, Garrett E. Barter, Todd H. West, & Dawn K. Manley .... 338
Agent-based Modeling and Simulation for the Pricing Strategy of the Electric Vehicle Battery
Switching Station Peng Han, Jinkuan Wang, Yinghua Han and Yan Li ................................... 339
Incorporating heterogeneity to forecast the demand of new products in emerging markets:
Green cars in China Lixian Qiana, & Didier Soopramanien .................................................... 340
An Analysis of Possible Energy Impacts of Automated Vehicles Austin Brown, Jeffrey Gonder,
and Brittany Repac .................................................................................................................. 341
Making advanced travel forecasting models affordable through model transferability John L.
Bowman, Mark Bradley, Joe Castiglione, & Supin L. Yoder .................................................... 342

1. Bike and Pedestrian Studies
Evaluation of Bike Accessibility in an Urban Network. Mahmoud Mesbah and
Neema Nassir
Abstract: Encouraging active and sustainable modes of transport has been an important goal
for all transport authorities in developed countries. In many cities, cycling as an active transport
mode is only directly investigated within the limited scope of separate road development
projects. Efficient moves towards urban transport networks that favour sustainable modes can
only be possible by accurate, realistic, and robust evaluation techniques to measure existing
facilities, and to assess future network development scenarios. As a result, there is a need for
tools and techniques to generate a comprehensive network perspective with regards to cycling
facilities. This paper aims to introduce a method to evaluate bike accessibility between given
origins and destinations. Considering an urban trip all the way from an origin (O) to a
destination (D), the proposed evaluation method is capable of incorporating the key concerns
of cyclists by applying route choice coefficients of a cycling trip into a path generation process.
Moreover, the proposed method takes into account multiple route options available to ride
between an origin destination (OD) pair. The method is applied to the network of Brisbane,
Australia. The network includes all levels of road hierarchy suitable for bikes (arterials,
collectors, and access roads) and covers the effect of available bike facilities on road (bike
paths, bike lanes, wide curb side lanes, and general traffic lanes). Indicative results are provided
on bike accessibility to the Central Business District (CBD) from the suburbs.
Subject Area: bicycle accessibility; central business district; suburbs; active transport;
Availability: MESBAH, Mahmoud, and Neema NASSIR. "Evaluation of Bike Accessibility in an
Urban Network." JOURNEYS (2014).
http://www.lta.gov.sg/ltaacademy/doc/Journeys_Issue_12_Nov_2014.pdf#page=46

Cycling Is Creating More Jobs in Europe Than Automakers Are in the U.S. Taylor
Hill
Abstract: On just two wheels, the industry is creating more jobs than Europe’s high-fashion
footwear industry (388,000 jobs), its well-established steel sector (410,000), and the United
States’ Big Three automobile companies (Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler) combined
(510,000).
Subject Area: Cycling industry; jobs
Availability: McDonald, Noreen C., et al. "Costs of school transportation: quantifying the fiscal
impacts of encouraging walking and bicycling for school travel." Transportation (2014): 1-17.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-014-9569-7

Costs of school transportation: quantifying the fiscal impacts of encouraging
walking and bicycling for school travel Noreen C. McDonald, Ruth L. Steiner, W.
Mathew Palmer, Allison N. Bullock, Virginia P. Sisiopiku, & Benjamin F. Lytle
Abstract: National governments have provided subsidies for investments in increasing the
safety and attractiveness of walking and biking to school. Evaluations of Safe Routes to School
initiatives have found that they have been effective at changing behavior and reducing injuries.
However, there has been little attention to the impacts of these programs on pupil
transportation costs. This analysis assesses the potential economic benefits of Safe Routes to
School programs in the US context by estimating the annual costs of using motorized transport
for short trips to schools, examining real-world examples of the costs savings of SRTS programs,
and evaluating land use impacts on school transportation costs using a simulation analysis of
school bus routes. We find that there is potential for school districts and families to reduce
transport expenditures through public sector investments in walking and biking infrastructure
near schools. We also find that land use context matters and the most cost-effective
investments would benefit schools where large numbers of children live within walking
distance.
Subject Area: School transport, Safe routes to school, Costs, School bus, Hazard busing
Availability: McDonald, Noreen C., et al. "Costs of school transportation: quantifying the fiscal
impacts of encouraging walking and bicycling for school travel." Transportation (2014): 1-17.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-014-9569-7

Generation Y's Travel Behavior and Perceptions of Walkability Constraints
Maria Kamargianni, & Amalia Polydoropoulou
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the interrelationship between urban
environment and walking to school and how teenagers' perceptions of walkability (i.e., how
friendly an area is to walking) constraints affected their mode choice. An advanced hybrid mode
choice model was developed in which the utilities of the alternative modes depended on the
mode characteristics, teenagers' socioeconomic characteristics, weather conditions, and built
environment characteristics, as well as a latent variable referring to walking constraints. The
indicators of the latent variable included perceptions regarding the existence of stray animals,
poor lighting, narrow sidewalks, parked cars that obscure visibility, unsignalized intersections,
and probability of attack and safety en route. A questionnaire survey that took place at high
schools of three distinct geographic areas in Greece (an urban area, a rural area, and an insular
area) during 2011-2012 was the basis for a case study; 1,988 high school students aged 12 and
18 years old participated in the survey. Adolescents in rural areas walked a greater distance
than did urban and insular adolescents. Model estimation results showed that teenagers from
each geographical area were affected in different ways by weather conditions and they also
perceived the built environment in different ways; this perception indicates how significant the
sense of place is. The incorporation of the latent variable enhanced the explanatory power of
the model, and the results of the study provide insights on policies that may help Generation Y
to keep walking.
Subject Area: walkability; teenagers; generation Y
Availability: Kamargianni, Maria, and Amalia Polydoropoulou. "Generation Y's Travel Behavior
and Perceptions of Walkability Constraints." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the
Transportation Research Board 2430.1 (2014): 59-71.
http://trb.metapress.com/index/KM2551767750423R.pdf

Institutional Barriers To College Bicycle Program Development Matthew S.
Mccluney
Abstract: College communities are increasingly finding bicycles to be the answer to greater
mobility for their active lifestyles, while on a budget, and with the future of the environment in
mind. The cost of parking, growth of bicycle commuting (over 50% mode split at some
universities), and its acceptance as a sustainable practice has led to the establishment of
campus programs. As of fall 2013, the League of American Bicyclists has recognized 75 schools
as Bicycle Friendly Universities.
Several previous studies have examined the physical attributes that determine college bicycling
behaviors, including infrastructure and weather preferences. However, there has been little
research into the organizational structures that support bicycle services. If bicycling is growing,
and it is generally accepted as a clean and cost-efficient alternative, then why haven’t more
colleges made the modal shift away from single occupancy vehicles through the establishment
of comprehensive bicycle programs? What are the institutional barriers to college campus
bicycle program development?
This research involved interviewing bicycle program coordinators at universities across the
country recognized for their bicycle services, to give voice to their triumphs and challenges. The
findings from these interviews help explain the institutional culture that may inhibit further
programmatic growth, as well as the strategies that have met with success. Together, these
insights from current bicycle program coordinators could contribute to the dialogue
surrounding organizational credibility for alternative and sustainable practices, such as campus
bicycling.
Subject Area: college campus bicycle programs
Availability: McCluney, Matthew. "Institutional Barriers to College Bicycle Program
Development." University of Oregon. Masters Thesis (2014).
https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/18233

Analyzing Bicycle Sharing System User Destination Choice Preferences: An
Investigation of Chicago’s Divvy System Ahmadreza Faghih-Imani & Naveen Eluru
Abstract: In recent years, there has been increasing attention on bicycle-sharing systems (BSS)
as a viable and sustainable mode of transportation for short trips. However, due to relatively
recent adoption of BSS there is very little research exploring how people consider these
systems within the existing transportation alternatives. Given the recent growth of BSS across
the world, there is substantial interest in identifying contributing factors that encourage
individuals to use these systems. The current study contributes to the growing literature by
examining BSS behavior at a trip level to analyze bicyclists’ destination preferences. Specifically,
we study the decision process involved in identifying destination locations after picking up a
bicycle at a BSS station using a random utility maximization approach in the form of a
multinomial logit model (MNL). The quantitative frameworks developed have been estimated
using data from Chicago’s Divvy system for 2013. In our modeling effort, we distinguish
between BSS users with annual membership and short-term customers with daily passes. The
developed model will allow bicycle-sharing system operators to better plan their services by
examining the impact of travel distance, land use, built environment and access to public
transportation infrastructure on users’ destination preferences. Using the estimated model we
generate utility profiles as a function of distance and various other attributes allowing us to
visually represent the trade-offs that individuals make in their decision process. To further
illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework for planning purposes, destination station
choice probability prediction is undertaken.
Subject Area: bicycle sharing systems, Divvy Chicago, destination choice, location choice,
Multinomial logit model, bicycle infrastructure, land use and built environment
Availability: Faghih-Imani, Ahmadreza, and Naveen Eluru. "Analyzing Bicycle Sharing System
User Destination Choice Preferences: An Investigation of Chicago’s Divvy System."
http://stmm.mcgill.ca/Papers/Chicago_FinalVersion.pdf

Non-motorized transport and university populations: an analysis of
connectivity and network perceptions Benjamin Lundberg, & Joe Weber
Abstract: This research examines local bicycle and pedestrian networks in the vicinity of the
University of Alabama campus to assess the utility of these networks for travel to the university
by students and employees. Network connectivity is examined using Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) and the results compared to a survey of 3731 university students and employees.
Results indicate that areas within one mile of the University of Alabama’s campus have the
highest levels of bicycle and pedestrian network connectivity and accessibility. The survey
results show that an individual’s positive perception of the bicycle and pedestrian networks is
related to their travel behavior, and that this knowledge decreases within an increase in
commute distance to campus. Increases in connectivity can be expected to lead to an increase
in non-motorized travel, but it is also clear that lack of knowledge of driving and cycling laws is
a deterrent to many.
Subject Area: Walking; Cycling; Non-motorized travel; Connectivity
Availability: Lundberg, Benjamin, and Joe Weber. "Non-motorized transport and university
populations: an analysis of connectivity and network perceptions." Journal of Transport
Geography 39 (2014): 165-178.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692314001501

Physical Environment and Women’s Physical Activity Behaviors Beth Ann
Brisky
Abstract: This study was developed using the Ecological Model (Stokols, 1992). The purpose of
this study was to determine women’s perceptions of the physical environment and the
relationship between perceptions and physical activity behaviors. The study also analyzed
women’s non-motorized transportation behaviors, including walking and cycling to get from
place to place. An email was sent to 526 female Minnesota State University, Mankato
employees to ask them to participate in an electronic survey. The survey was developed using
two of Sallis’s (2013a, 2013b) instruments, Neighborhood Quality of Life Study survey and
Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale- Confirmatory Factor Analysis survey. The survey
consisted of 51 questions addressing general information, perceptions of the physical
environment, and physical activity behaviors. There were a total of 200 responses; however, 23
were eliminated as a result of unverified age or incomplete surveys. The data was analyzed with
177 completed surveys. The participants’ had positive perceptions regarding the safety and
aesthetics of their perceptions of their physical activity environments. Their perceptions
regarding the accessibility and convenience of the environments, however, were not favorable.
Very few relationships were found between the women’s perceptions of the physical
environment and physical activity behaviors. About half of the women reported that they
walked as a mode of transportation. A small proportion of women reported that they cycled as
a mode of transportation. Future research recommendations include conducting this study
during warmer weather months to identify how their perceptions of their physical activity
environments and their physical activity behaviors are associated when the weather is more
suitable for physical activity.
Subject Area: physical activity; women; biking; walking
Availability: Brisky, Beth Ann. Physical Environment and Women's Physical Activity Behaviors.
Diss. MINNESOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, MANKATO, 2014.
http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1291&context=etds

Design Treatments For Right-Turns At Intersections With Bicycle Traffic David
Hurwitz, Mafruhatul Jannat & Christopher Monsere
Abstract: With public interest seemingly increasing in sustainable transportation solutions—in
part motivated by rising fuel prices and other concerns—bicycling has gradually become a more
integral component of the multimodal transportation system in the US. As cities have made
investments in the non-motorized transportation infrastructure, bicycling has become a
meaningful alternative mode of transportation for commuting to activities such as school, work,
shopping, and recreation. According to the National Personal Transportation Surveys of 1977
through 1995 and the National Household Travel Surveys of 2001 and 2009, the number of trips
made by bicycle in the US has more than tripled from 1977 to 2009 while the bike share of total
trips almost doubled, rising from 0.6% to 1.0%. Bicycle sales in the US have also increased from
$15 million (projected) in 1973 to $6 billion in 2009.
Clearly, increased levels of cycling has the potential to improve overall levels of public
health, reduce emissions, parking as well as enhancing the livability of the community by
providing an alternative to driving and mitigate other transportation-related externalities. Since
50% of trips made by all modes in US cities are shorter than 3 miles and 40% are shorter than 2
miles, there is tremendous potential for replacing those trips with bicycling. From the context
of health benefits, studies found that, adults who bike to work have healthier weight, blood
pressure, and insulin levels and adolescents who bike are 48% less likely to be overweight as
adults. According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2010), the annual cost of owning
and driving a car for an average American household is estimated to be $7,179. Compared to
that, for a round-trip commute of 10 miles, bicyclists save around $10 daily, or $3,650 annually
(Bikes Belong, 2013). It has also been found that by replacing 1 mile of driving with 1 mile of
bicycling can prevent the production of nearly 1 pound of CO2 (0.88 lbs).
Still, much research has shown that safety is primary concern for many people when
considering transportation by bicycle. For the most recent year available (2011), the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports that there were 677 fatal bicycle-related
crashes in 2011 which accounted for 2 percent of transportation related fatalities in the United
States. As shown in the Table 1-1, the largest number of bicyclist fatalities were recorded in
2005 (786 persons).
Subject Area: sustainable transportation; public health, bicycle safety
Availability: Hurwitz, David, Mafruhatul Jannat, and Christopher Monsere. "Design Treatments
For Right-Turns At Intersections With Bicycle Traffic." (2014).
ftp://ftp.cs.pdx.edu/pub/users/monserec/spr767/SPR_767_LiteratureReview_V14.pdf

The influence of residential dissonance on physical activity and walking:
evidence from the Montgomery County, MD, and Twin Cities, MN, areas GiHyoug Cho & Daniel A. Rodríguez
Abstract: This study investigates to what extent a mismatch between residential preferences
and actual residential locations is associated with residents’ physical activity and walking. The
residents of Montgomery County, MD, and Twin Cities, MN, were classified into four residential
subgroups, and their walking and physical activity outcomes were compared. The results
showed that, for transport activity and walking outcomes, participants living in a urban location
and preferring a urban environment were more likely to be active than those who lived in a
suburban location and preferred a suburban environment. In a highly dense region, the
influence of preferences might be overridden by the characteristics of neighborhood locations.
With respect to recreation activity, no significant associations were found regarding
neighborhood locations or preference for neighborhood environment.
Subject Area: Travel behavior; Physical activity; Residential dissonance; Neighborhood locations
Availability: Cho, Gi-Hyoug, and Daniel A. Rodríguez. "The influence of residential dissonance
on physical activity and walking: evidence from the Montgomery County, MD, and Twin Cities,
MN, areas." Journal of Transport Geography (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692314001215

A Multimedia Pedestrian Safety Program And School Infrastructure: Finding
The Connection To Child Pedestrian Risk-Taking Attitudes And Risk
Perceptions Of Pedestrian Behavior Diana Dawn Scott
Abstract: Approximately 47,700 pedestrians were killed between the years of 2000 - 2009.
School buses are one of the safest modes of transportation (National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, 2004). However, the Central Florida school district eliminated bus
transportation within the 2-mile radius from schools just last year. Children must prepare for an
alternative mode of transportation; walking and biking. The purpose of this research was twofold. First to develop an online safety training program for elementary school children; and
second, a self-report questionnaire was constructed and piloted to measure how safety training
and school infrastructure affects students’ pedestrian risk-taking attitudes and risk perceptions
to avoid the dangers of walking and biking to and from school.
A 2x2 Factorial Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to test two
categorical independent variables (safety awareness training, school infrastructure) for each of
the two continuous dependent variables (pedestrian risk-taking attitudes and risk perceptions
of pedestrian behavior). Using data from the pilot study, the researcher developed, selfreported questionnaires demonstrated that there was a significant difference between schools.
Those receiving the training had lower mean scores in risk-taking attitudes than those who did
not receive the training. Regardless of intervention, School 2 (complete infrastructure) takes
fewer risks than School 1 (incomplete infrastructure). The mean difference between groups was
not statistically significant.
Subject Area: School; safety training; walking; fatalities; MANOVA; risk
Availability: Scott, Diana Dawn. A Multimedia Pedestrian Safety Program And School
Infrastructure: Finding The Connection To Child Pedestrian Risk-Taking Attitudes And Risk
Perceptions Of Pedestrian Behavior. Diss. University Of Central Florida Orlando, Florida, 2014.
http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0005248/DIANA_DAWN_SCOTTs_2014_Thesis_for_final_submission.
pdf

Physical activity mediates the relationship between perceived crime safety
and obesity Barbara B. Brown, Carol M. Werner, Ken R. Smith, Calvin P. Tribby,&
Harvey J. Miller
Abstract: Objective: The current cross-sectional study tests whether low perceived crime safety
is associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk and whether less moderate-tovigorous physical activity (MVPA) accounts for part of this relationship. Method: Adults (n =
864) from a relatively low-income and ethnically mixed neighborhood in Salt Lake City UT
(2012) were assessed for perceived crime safety, objective physical activity, and BMI measures.
Results: This neighborhood had lower perceived safety than for other published studies utilizing
this safety measure. In a mediation test, lower perceived crime safety was significantly
associated with higher BMI and greater risk of obesity, net of control variables. Residents with
lower perceived safety had less MVPA. Lower MVPA partially explained the relationship
between less safety and both elevated BMI and higher obesity risk, suggesting that perceiving
less crime safety limits MVPA which, in turn, increases weight. Conclusion: In this
neighborhood, with relatively low perceived safety from crime, residents' low perceived safety
is related to more obesity and higher BMI; lower MVPA among residents explained part of this
relationship. If residents are to become more active in their neighborhood it may be important
to address perceived crime safety as part of broader efforts to enhance active living.
Subject Area: Physical activity; Body mass index; Obesity; Fear; Perceived safety; Walking
Availability: Brown, Barbara B., et al. "Physical activity mediates the relationship between
perceived crime safety and obesity." Preventive medicine (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743514002229

Location or design? Associations between neighbourhood location, built
environment and walking Gi-Hyoug Cho & Daniel Rodriguez
Abstract: In examining the association between environmental exposures and walking,
conducting research on a neighbourhood scale has been the dominant approach whereas the
association of the regional-scale environment with behaviours has rarely been explored.
Because regional location and neighbourhood built environment attributes are likely to be
correlated, the findings in neighbourhood-scale studies may be biased. In contrast to existing
literature, this study is based on the assumption that a neighbourhood’s location may be
associated with walking or physical activity and that this association may be separately
identifiable from the influence of the neighbourhood built environment on behaviours. The
findings indicated that residing in a highly urban location had a consistently positive association
with walking and transportation-purpose physical activity when the neighbourhood built
environment and individuals’ socio-demographic factors were controlled. Meanwhile the
inclusion of the neighbourhood location variable did not result in significant changes to the
models for recreation-purpose activity.
Subject Area: neighbourhood location; obesity; physical activity; transport; walking
Availability: Cho, Gi-Hyoug, and Daniel Rodriguez. "Location or design? Associations between
neighbourhood location, built environment and walking." Urban Studies (2014):
0042098014537691.
http://usj.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/06/16/0042098014537691.abstract

Methods for Estimating Bicycling and Walking in Washington State Krista
Nordback & Michael Sellinger
Abstract: This report presents the work performed in the first and second phases in the process
of creating a method to calculate Bicycle and Pedestrian Miles Traveled (BMT/PMT) for the
state of Washington. First, we recommend improvements to the existing Washington State
Bicycle and Pedestrian Documentation Program to provide data for BMT/PMT estimates,
including expanding the program geographically and installing permanent automated bicycle
and pedestrian counters to complement the short duration count program. The method to
estimate BMT/PMT relies on the assumption of a stratified random sample drawn from the set
of all roads and paths divided into 16 groups. These groups are based on three spatial
attributes, which were gathered from a review of the literature:
• Level of urbanism (2 categories): Urban and Rural
• Facility type (2 categories): Highway/Arterial and Other
• Geographic/climatic regions (4 regions): Coast Range, Puget Lowland, Cascades, Eastern
Washington
This report describes the first steps being taken toward the goal of computing this metric.
Count data from Seattle, Olympia, and the State’s Count Program have been gathered. To
account for temporal variation, seasonal, daily and hourly adjustment factors have been
computed based on one year of count data collected from the Fremont Bridge in Seattle. The
short duration count sites have been grouped by the attributes described above, though most
fall into just two groups: Puget Lowland Urban Arterial/Highway and Puget Lowland Urban
Local/Collector/Path. Little or no data are available in most of the other groups. The roads in
the state have also been divided into these 16 groups in order to compute total centerline miles
for each group. This report outlines a sample-based method that could be used to compute
BMT/PMT for the state and identifies both the data available for such a computation as well as
the data gaps. It also suggests other methods that could also be used to estimate BMT/PMT to
compare to the count-based method.
Subject Area: Walking, Bicycling, VMT, Transportation planning, Bicycle Miles Traveled,
Pedestrian Miles Traveled
Availability: Sellinger, Michael. "Methods for Estimating Bicycling and Walking in Washington
State." http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/828.1.pdf

Sidestepping Equity? A Case Study on the Provision and Quality of Sidewalks
in Fremont, California Joel Manning
Abstract: The sidewalk is the starting place for walkability. It should then be of concern to
policy makers that numerous studies have found decreasing levels of access to public
transportation infrastructure, including pedestrian facilities, as neighborhood incomes
decrease. Land use has also been found to affect the provision and quality of transportation
infrastructure. Furthermore, a vast amount of research has demonstrated some variation in the
travel patterns and mode choice among poor and non-poor individuals, whether the mode is
walking, transit, or personal vehicle. In order to examine these patterns of variability by income
and land use, this research investigates existing conditions in the San Francisco Bay Area suburb
of Fremont, California. This was done through an audit of sidewalk provision and quality on 100
public street segments in Fremont (50 from residential areas and 50 from nonresidential areas).
Audit findings show that Fremont sidewalks may be fairly uniform when looking at
income, while more stark contrasts occur when investigating land use. Overall, findings are
consistent with literature demonstrating variability in transportation infrastructure depending
on land use, but mostly inconclusive regarding the effect of income. Additional research would
be required to draw definitive conclusions yet findings from this case study seem to support
such an assertion. Due to its small sample size and non-random selection, audit findings should
only be taken as a preliminary overview of current conditions in Fremont. Some regional and
local recommendations can be made nonetheless. The Metropolitan Transportation
Commission may be right in supporting Fremont’s policy of first targeting commercial areas for
improvement in pedestrian infrastructure and would likely do well to continue assisting the City
in the build-up of its downtown. However, it may also need to encourage the City to address
the older, narrower sidewalks in its large, established residential areas. In light of audit findings,
three possible recommendations for the City of Fremont emerged: Emphasize the importance
of bringing residential sidewalks up to a higher level of quality rather than focusing almost
exclusively on improving commercial areas; Incentivize or fund the widening and set-back of
sidewalks, particularly in residential areas; Encourage non-residential property owners to
improve sidewalks abutting their property through creative incentives.
Subject Area: sidewalk quality;
Availability: Manning, Joel. "Sidestepping Equity? A Case Study on the Provision and Quality of
Sidewalks in Fremont, California." (2014).
http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1369&context=etd_projects

Multi-modal transportation optimization of a local corridor McMahon, Britton;
Draeger, Mallory; Ferguson, Nicholas; Moberg, Haley & Barrella, Elise
Abstract: The objective of this project is to redesign a one-mile section of the South Main Street
Corridor in Harrisonburg, Virginia into a multimodal one that feasibly and safely integrates
motor vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrian traffic. Traditional traffic engineering practices
emphasize optimizing vehicular traffic movement while treating pedestrian and bicyclist traffic
movements as constraints. The focus of this research is to develop a way to maximize the
capacity of existing right-of-way for all three traffic movements simultaneously, using a
common metric of person-trips. Starting with standard equations from the Highway Capacity
Manual for modal capacity of an intersection approach, the objective function for an
optimization problem is developed. The objective function is the sum of capacity for each traffic
movement measured in person-trips/hour, which normalizes the metrics. The input variables
are flow rates for each movement that can vary based on scenario but cannot exceed their
respective saturation flow rates. The outputs, or key design variables, are number of sublanes,
which are unique to each traffic movement and define the geometry of the travel way.
Combining all the sublane-widths results in the total width of the travel way that is constrained
by the existing width of right-of-way. Therefore, through varying the flow rate per mode,
different scenarios are evaluated that represent status quo, and shifts in corridor use. All other
variables in the capacity equation are held constant. Based on the constraints, the objective
function will yield a feasible region for which maximization of intersection efficiency will be
found. The resultant combination of sublanes for each mode of transportation can then be
implemented into the redesign model. This will allow for the most efficient flow of people
through the intersection, regardless of mode choice, and could help promote policies and street
design that prioritize alternatives to vehicular travel.
Subject Area: Corridor; Modal capacity; Optimization & Transportation
Availability: McMahon, Britton, et al. "Multi-modal transportation optimization of a local
corridor." Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS), 2014. IEEE, 2014.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6829926

Using Latent Class Models to Explore the Heterogeneous Impact of
Accessibility by Mode on Residential Location Choice Fletcher Foti & Paul
Waddell
Abstract: The preferences of households making location decisions and how they change over
time is one of the most important areas of research for travel modeling, as these decisions can
have impacts on traffic congestion, social equity considerations, and environmental impacts. To
date, residential location choice is typically treated as a discrete choice model in which the
alternatives are a large aggregate geography in the city, for instance census tracts or
transportation analysis zones. This makes analysis of the impacts of local-scale land use difficult,
as the built environment can change significantly within these large geographies. Additionally,
standard discrete choice techniques find one set of coefficients for the entire estimation
dataset, which results in the “average” behavior for the set of choices that are observed. In the
case of residential location choice, where variables of interest to modelers might include access
by walking, driving, and transit, the question is not “does the average person value walking?”
but rather, “what is the relative size of the population that values walking highly enough for it
to affect the home buying decision?” This work adds to previous research by applying latent
class choice methodology to a residential location choice model where alternatives are small
geographies. This methodology allows for multiple sets of coefficients for the residential
location choice, based on an endogenously estimated set of “classes” where membership in
classes is regressed on available demographic variables. Although there are a small number of
studies which apply latent class models to the residential choice, this is the first to incorporate
walking-scale accessibility.
Subject Area: latent class choice methodology; walking-scale accessibility
Availability: Waddell, Paul. "Paper Author (s) Fletcher Foti (corresponding), University of
California, Berkeley (ffoti@ berkeley. edu)."
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conferences/2014/ITM/Resources/18.pdf

Using an Activity Based Travel Demand Model to Estimate Health Co-Benefits
of Land Use and Transportation Plans Nicholas J. Linesch, Caroline Jane Rodier &
Richard Lee
Abstract: There is increasing evidence that improved health outcomes may be a significant cobenefit of land use plans and transport policies that increase active transport (or walking and
biking for purposeful travel) and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). A greater
understanding of these benefits may broaden the constituency for regional planning that
supports local and national GHG reduction goals. In this study, California’s activity based travel
demand model (ABM) is linked with the Integrated Travel and Health Impact Model (ITHIM) to
demonstrate how the next generation of travel models can be used to produce the active travel
data required for running a comparative risk assessment model to estimate health outcomes
for regional land use and transport plans. Further, the study illustrates possible growth
strategies that achieve increased levels of walking and biking and does so by highlighting results
from San Diego County. Finally, the ABM outputs in conjunction with ITHIM produce
quantitative health cobenefits results and an estimate of the CO2 reductions achieved from
densification, enhanced transit, and vehicle pricing scenarios in California for a future 2035 time
horizon.
Subject Area: land use; active transport; GHGs; Activity based travel demand model
Availability: Rodier, Caroline Jane. " Using an Activity Based Travel Demand Model to Estimate
Health Co-Benefits of Land Use and Transportation Plans”
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conferences/2014/ITM/Resources/100.pdf

Biking Distance: Exploring Gender, Race, and Climate Haleh Dolati
Abstract: Today’s urban life requires different types of transportation, such as private cars,
public transit, and non-motorized transportation, each selected by people based on location
and individual characteristics. Non-motorized transportation such as biking is a healthier option
that is environmentally friendly and more flexible than motorized modes. Several studies have
examined the importance of biking, ways to encourage more individual to biking, and factors
that influence an individual’s decision to bike. An understudied research area lies in
determining, once an individual is open to biking as a means of transportation, the factors that
encourage or discourage her/him to bike longer distances.
This research contributes to the limited body of research on biking distance by
examining four major questions: (1) Does biking distance vary by gender? (2) Does biking
distance vary for different races? (3) To what degree do weather conditions affect longer
distances?
I created a database using a number of different data sources. First, I used the National
Household Travel Survey to identify the distance and number of trips individuals made by
bicycle during 2009. This includes a total of 9,443 trips. I also used the National Household
Travel Survey to identify individual who made the trip and household characteristics of them.
More specifically, I included data related to race, gender, and income for bikers who made the
trips. In addition to household and individual characteristics, I included a second source of data
related to weather from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Overall,
the database I created includes a matrix of 19 variables by 8636 cases. Using these data, I
conducted a regression analysis. I run regression for five different scenarios: for female bikers,
for male bikers, for African Americans bikers, for white bikers, and finally for all groups of
bikers. Consistent with existing literature, gender plays an influential role in the decision to bike
longer distances, with women generally biking shorter distances than men. In contrast, race,
precipitation, and temperature do not affect biking distance. I found that age plays significant
role in distance biked for each trip.
Despite the limitations to the analysis due to the size of the database and unavailable or
inadequate data for some factors, the findings offer an increased understanding of biking
distance. The results show race and climate do not affect biking distance. However, women
bike shorter distances compare to men. Based on these findings, policymakers wishing to
increase bicycle use in cities, may want to target women and low- income families and
encourage these two groups, which are less likely to bike longer distances.
Subject Area: biking; gender; race; weather; distance
Availability: Dolati, Haleh. Biking Distance: Exploring Gender, Race, and Climate. Diss. The Ohio
State University, 2014.
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1388725654&disposition=attachment

Parent safety perceptions of child walking routes Cody Evers, Shawn Boles, Deb
Johnson-Shelton, Marc Schlossberg, David Richey,
Abstract: Walking rates to school remain low for U.S. children in large part due to parent
concern for child safety. Little research exists that identifies which features of streets and
intersection lead parents to feel that walking is unsafe for their children. In this study, parent
volunteers conducted an audit of streets and intersections leading to seven elementary schools
in a suburban school district. Parents were most likely to feel concern about streets that lacked
sidewalks or had sidewalks with obstructions. Wheelchair-accessible routes were seen as
appropriate for walking children. Parents expressed concern over safety at intersections,
particularly those involving large streets; traffic controls did not mollify their concern. These
results support the use of appropriate behavior models for assessing walking choices, highlight
the importance of well-maintained sidewalks and age-appropriate crossings for young families,
and demonstrate the importance of including the public in street audits.
Subject Area: Safe routes to school; Child physical activity; Environmental psychology; Public
participatory GIS
Availability: Evers, Cody, et al. "Parent safety perceptions of child walking routes." Journal of
Transport & Health (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140514000322

The Case for Crowdsourcing in Bicycle Planning: An Exploratory Study Jennifer
Molina
Abstract: In an effort to make broader mode shifts by attracting users of all abilities to bike,
research needs to focus on understanding cyclists’ behaviors at the local level and collecting
real time travel data. Crowdsourcing is an online problem solving and production model that
presents great potential in the area of bicycle planning by tapping into the collective
intelligence of networked communities to support local policies and programs, as well as
improve community engagement. This model has benefited both the private and public sectors,
but has yet to be fully realized as a method for improving bicycling planning. A mixed-methods
approach was employed, using a literature review, document and media research, and
interviews with a subset of program managers and software developers. Through this
exploratory case study, existing practices and limitations of crowdsourcing for bicycle planning
projects in various metropolitan communities are discussed. The document also provides
planners with recommendations as they look to this data collection and public participation
method for bicycle planning projects, specifically bicycle facility demand, network planning,
suitability modeling, and route choice modeling.
Subject Area: Crowdsourcing, Bicycle Planning, Web 2.0, Mobile, Public Participation,
Civic Technology
Availability: Molina, Jennifer. The Case for Crowdsourcing in Bicycle Planning: An Exploratory
Study. Diss. Tufts University, 2014.
http://sites.tufts.edu/MaryDavis/files/2014/04/MastersThesisUEP_Final_JMolina.pdf

Understanding the Underutilization of Urban Bicycle Commuting: A
Behavioral Reasoning Perspective Marius C. Claudy & Mark Peterson
Abstract: In an effort to make urban transportation more sustainable, bicycling has received
growing attention from policy makers and social marketers. This study applies behavioral
reasoning theory (BRT) to investigate consumers' mental processing of bicycle commuting in
order to better understand why such an active mode of transportation is underutilized in many
urban areas. Using a large-scale sample of commuters in Dublin, Ireland, the study offers
knowledge about the psychological antecedents of bicycling adoption. The structural equation
modeling results confirm BRT's main premise in that reasons serve as important linkages
between individuals' values and their attitudes and behavior. In particular, findings suggest that
commuters have reasons not to engage in bicycling, such as inconvenience or perceived danger,
which account for most of the variance in bicycle-commuting behavior. The findings challenge
interventions, which emphasize the role of information campaigns and one-off infrastructural
changes in encouraging voluntary change in travel behavior. Instead, findings suggest that
transportation planners and social marketers would do better to address consumers' reasons
for and reasons against bicycling via community-based initiatives.
Subject Area: Bicycling, Sustainable Transportation, Behavioral Reasoning Theory, Social
Marketing
Availability: Claudy, Marius C., and Mark Peterson. "Understanding the Underutilization of
Urban Bicycle Commuting: A Behavioral Reasoning Perspective." Journal of Public Policy &
Marketing (2014). http://journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jppm.13.087

Shifting short motorized trips to walking: The potential of active
transportation for physical activity in Montreal Catherine Morency, Marie Demers
& Eric Poliquin
Abstract: Objectives: To estimate the number of walking steps resulting from shifting short
motorized trips to walking at a population level and determine the weight gain from not
operating this transfer. Methods: Analyses are based on data from the 2008 Origin-Destination
Survey carried out in the Greater Montreal Area (Canada). This survey collects geocoded
information on all trips (motorized or not) made by 5% of the population during a typical
weekday. Using appropriate stride lengths for various population segments, short motorized
trips were converted into steps to see how many steps per day could be performed by
transferring these trips to walking. Until they are performed, these steps are accounted for
“steps in reserve”. Results: During a typical 2008 weekday, 7.72% of daily motorized trips were
flagged as walkable. These trips account for 608 million steps, an average of 2380 daily steps
per person. Shifting short motorized trips to walking would allow 8.33% of the population to
increase its level of daily physical activity. Conclusions: Shifting short motorized trips to walking
offers a valuable opportunity for increasing daily physical activity and might also help reduce
weight gain at a population level.
Subject Area: Active transport; Physical activity; Walking; Commuting; Modal choice
Availability: Morency, Catherine, Marie Demers, and Eric Poliquin. "Shifting short motorized
trips to walking: The potential of active transportation for physical activity in Montreal."
Journal of Transport & Health (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140514000310

Public Opinion towards Bicycle Lanes: The Case of New York Wil Fisher
Abstract: As bicycles gradually become an established form of transportation in the United
States, planners and policymakers need new evidence to determine how best to expand bicycle
infrastructure. Using logistic regression analysis of 2012 public opinion data from New York
City, this article explores the demographics behind support of bicycle lanes. Due to an absence
of literature on public opinion toward bike lanes, it examines a breadth of variables in order to
provide a basis for future research, answering the question: What personal characteristics are
important in one's support for bike lanes? This study also demonstrates the distinction between
demographics of bicycle ridership and demographics of supporters of bicycle infrastructure.
Subject Area: Public opinion, bike lanes, transportation policy, urban planning, demographics
Availability: Fisher, Wil. "Public Opinion towards Bicycle Lanes: The Case of New York." (2014).
http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/sturesearch/87/

Problems and Suggestions of Walking in the Resident Trip Survey K. Wang, X.
Guo, & N. Zhang
Abstract: n/a
Subject Area: walking
Availability: WANG, Kai, Xiucheng GUO, and Ning ZHANG. "Problems and Suggestions of
Walking in the Resident Trip Survey."

The health benefits of walking: a Nigerian reflection Franz Atare
Abstract: A ban on the use of motorcycles for public transportation in major cities in Nigeria
along with the increased awareness of the contributions of leisure activity to health is
prompting many citizens to engage in walking. This paper provides a foundation for establishing
the health benefits of walking as leisure and uses exploratory data to examine the perceptions
that Nigerians have about walking. The majority of the participants claim that walking for
leisure contributes to physical health, reduces the risk of chronic obesity and improves their
immune system. They also agree that leisure walking enhances mental or psychological health
by relieving stress and enhancing self-esteem and positive image. Although walking is
sometimes a necessity, it also can be enjoyable and can promote people's general well-being in
Nigeria, just as it can in other countries.
Subject Area: health outcomes, obesity, walking, well\-being
Availability: Atare, Franz. "The health benefits of walking: a Nigerian reflection." World Leisure
Journal ahead-of-print (2014): 1-4.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16078055.2014.903731

Simulating bicycle wayfinding mechanisms in an urban environment Greg
Rybarczyka
Abstract: With the increased recognition that bicycling is a sustainable transportation mode
choice, there is a continued interest in understanding how the built environment affects
bicyclist travel behavior. Research on the influence of small-scale built form elements, such as
street characteristics, on bicyclist wayfinding is limited. wayfinding is defined as a purposeful
way of reaching from point A to point B; it is comprised of decision-making and subsequent
movement. This research uses an agent-based model to investigate how small-scale urban
design affects bicyclist wayfinding. Using geographic information systems and statistical
analysis, different types of simulated bicycle agents were compared to observed bicycle
volumes. Statistically significant positive relationships between bicycle agent types and
observational data existed. The largest correspondence between agents and field observations
occurred along central routes that were accessible from other streets (R2 = .377) and that had
fewer decision-making junctions (R2 = .352). Bicyclists selected streets that were wider and with
fewer obstructions to one’s forward view. The results support the need to design streetscapes
that offer a high level of visibility and reduced stops to promote bicycling. The study also
describes a modeling approach that can be replicated by urban planners to understand bicyclist
travel patterns.
Subject Area: agent\-based model, urban design, bicyclist wayfinding, space syntax, visibility
graph analysis, geographic information systems
Availability: Rybarczyk, Greg. "Simulating bicycle wayfinding mechanisms in an urban
environment." Urban, Planning and Transport Research ahead-of-print (2014): 1-16.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21650020.2014.906909

Active transport between home and school assessed with GPS: a crosssectional study among Dutch elementary school children Dirk Dessing, Sanne I
de Vries, Jamie MA Graham and Frank H Pierik
Abstract: Background: Active transport to school is associated with higher levels of physical
activity in children. Promotion of active transport has therefore gained attention as a potential
target to increase children’s physical activity levels. Recent studies have recognized that the
distance between home and school is an important predictor for active travel among children.
These studies did not yet use the promising global positioning system (GPS) methods to
objectively assess active transport. This study aims to explore active transport to school in
relation to the distance between home and school among a sample of Dutch elementary school
children, using GPS. Methods: Seventy-nine children, aged 6-11 years, were recruited in six
schools that were located in five cities in the Netherlands. All children were asked to wear a
GPS receiver for one week. All measurements were conducted between December 2008 and
April 2009. Based on GPS recordings, the distance of the trips between home and school were
calculated. In addition, the mode of transport (i.e., walking, cycling, motorized transport) was
determined using the average and maximum speed of the GPS tracks. Then, proportion of
walking and cycling trips to school was determined in relation to the distance between home
and school. Results: Out of all school trips that were recorded (n = 812), 79.2% were classified
as active transport. On average, active commuting trips were of a distance of 422 meters with
an average speed of 5.2 km/hour. The proportion of walking trips declined significantly at
increased school trip distance, whereas the proportion of cycling trips (β = 1.23, p < 0.01) and
motorized transport (β = 3.61, p < 0.01) increased. Almost all GPS tracks less than 300 meters
were actively commuted, while of the tracks above 900 meters, more than half was passively
commuted. Conclusions: In the current research setting, active transport between home and
school was the most frequently used mode of travel. Increasing distance seems to be
associated with higher levels of passive transport. These results are relevant for those involved
in decisions on where to site schools and residences, as it may affect healthy behavior among
children.
Subject Area: Elementary school, Children, Global positioning system (GPS), Mode of transport,
Walking, Cycling
Availability: Dessing, Dirk, et al. "Active transport between home and school assessed with GPS:
a cross-sectional study among Dutch elementary school children." BMC Public Health 14.1
(2014): 227. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/227/

Final Report for Phase II Study: Prototyping the Sketch Planning Visualization
Tool for Non-Motorized Travel Ho-Ling Hwang, Daniel Wilson, Timothy Reuscher,
Shih-Miao Chin, Rob Taylor
Abstract: The idea of livable communities suggests that people should have the option to utilize
non-motorized travel (NMT), specifically walking and bicycling, to conduct their daily tasks.
Forecasting personal travel by walk and bike is necessary as part of regional transportation
planning, and requires fine detail not only about individual travel, but also on transportation
and neighborhood infrastructure.
This project was funded by the Office of Planning, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and
was carried out in two phases. Phase I of this project was completed in 2012, which focused on
using data collected under the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and
supplemented with data from the American Community Survey (ACS), as well as several other
public and private databases, to characterize the “market” potential for NMT under a national
perspective. The final report documenting the effort and findings of Phase I research can be
found at this website: http://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub36798.pdf.
The Phase I NMT research exercise revealed that developing estimates on the propensity to
travel non-motorized was, unfortunately, too large a task on a national scale. Although the
reduction of geography to nine add-on areas with better NHTS data coverage did produce a
relatively reasonable overall model performance under Phase I, the NHTS sampling limitation
indeed impacted the model’s ability to accurately estimate characteristics in certain areas,
specifically in the City of Alexandria, Virginia.
To further examine how factors such as those identified from the Phase I NMT study, and the
modeling framework developed under that effort could be applied to local/regional level
planning activities, FHWA decided to pursue a Phase II study. It was determined that a small
geographic area with more detailed local data would be necessary. Although Washington D.C.
was not one of the 2009 NHTS add-ons, it did conduct a household travel survey of 11,000
households in 2007-2008. The National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board at the
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (MWCOG) conducted the household travel
survey. The data coverage under the MWCOG survey is much higher than that of the NHTS. As a
part of the Phase II study, a prototype of a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based sketch
planning visualization tool was also to be developed. The intent was to use a neighborhood in
the Washington D.C. region as a case study for this prototype application.
Subject Area: walking, biking, livable communities,
Availability: Hwang, Ho-Ling, et al. "Final Report for Phase II Study: Prototyping the Sketch
Planning Visualization Tool for Non-Motorized Travel." (2014).
https://wiki.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub48559.pdf

Exploring the Characteristics of Short Trips: Implications for Walk Mode
Choice Sanjay Paul, Kathryn Born, Kelsey McElduff, Ram M. Pendyala, & Chandra R.
Bhat
Abstract: People undertake many short trips, which may be defined as those under five miles,
or under two miles, or even under one mile in length. Although these trips have lengths that
make them candidates for bicycling or walking, i.e., the use of sustainable non-motorized
modes of transport, it is found that a substantial share of these short trips are undertaken by
car. Although there has been some research into the reasons why short trips are not largely
undertaken by walk and bicycle, much remains to be learned about the nature of short trips
and the potential constraints that limit the ability of travelers to use non-motorized modes for
these trips. This paper offers a detailed examination of short trips, with a view to exploring the
potential factors inhibiting the use of walk and bicycle modes for these trips. The paper offers a
detailed descriptive analysis of short trips in two major metropolitan regions using data from
the most recent 2008-2009 National Household Travel Survey in the United States. It is found
that trip chaining patterns may be playing a significant role in preventing more walking and
bicycling. Based on a characterization of short trips in the survey data sets, the paper offers
planning and policy strategies that may help bolster the share of walking and bicycling for short
trips.
Subject Area: walking, short trips, travel analysis, pedestrians, mode choice, trip chaining
Availability: Paul, Sanjay, et al. "Exploring the Characteristics of Short Trips: Implications for
Walk Mode Choice." Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. No. 14-5211. 2014.
http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/ABSTRACTS/ShortTripsAnalysisWalkDrive.pdf

The process of crafting bicycle and pedestrian policy: A discussion of cost–
benefit analysis and the multiple streams framework Johann Weber
Abstract: Existing literature on bicycling policies and infrastructure in the United States is still
somewhat limited in number and scope, with the majority of research framed by a cost–benefit
analysis (CBA) framework of decision making; this has led studies to focus on the potential
benefits of bicycle and pedestrian facilities, factors affecting the use of bicycles as a mode of
transit, and the improvement of CBA analysis with regards to bike/ped programs. While the
CBA framework may be accurately matched to the practical process of specific policy
implementation for some governing organizations, and provide valid evidence for application
under other frameworks, it does not account for the role of policy windows and policy
entrepreneurs in policy decision making, or for the role of effective advocacy. After a review of
the existing literature, I suggest the multiple streams framework as a more suitable framework
for understanding decision making with regard to non-motorized transportation policies, and
provides a useful structure for future research (particularly on the role of advocacy groups and
policy entrepreneurs in the planning and policy process).
Subject Area: cost-benefit analysis; bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure;
Availability: Weber, Johann. "The process of crafting bicycle and pedestrian policy: A discussion
of cost–benefit analysis and the multiple streams framework." Transport Policy 32 (2014): 132138. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X14000237

An energy expenditure approach for estimating walking distance Chaug-Ing
Hsu, Yau-Ching Tsai
Abstract: A walking distance of approximately a quarter mile is normally used as an estimate of
willingness to walk when planning a pedestrian-related infrastructure. However, there are
variations in walking distance across pedestrian environments, yet there is scant empirical
literature on the subject. In this study we propose an energy-based approach to aid the planner
in establishing reasonable walking distances while taking into account the effect of pedestrian
environment quality. The Pandolf et al model (Pandolf et al, 1977 Journal of Application
Physiology 44 577–581) is used to analyze the walking energy expenditure (WEE). The terrain
factor is adjusted using the calibrated regression function to fit the urban street space in the
experiment. A goodness-of-fit test for the 385 WEEs surveyed suggests a gamma distribution.
Using the isoenergy curves, walking distances are shown according to energy level, street type,
and gender in order to improve the traditional single measure. The results of this study suggest
that, instead of a concentric pattern, the pattern of accessible walking distance around a
service facility should be designed based on the service contour lines which take into account
the different pedestrian environments.
Subject Area: walking accessibility, energy expenditure, pedestrian environment
Availability: Hsu, Chaug-Ing, and Yau-Ching Tsai. "An energy expenditure approach for
estimating walking distance." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 41 (2014): 000000. http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37169

Chapter 38 Transportation Policies and Obesity David R. Bassett Jr.
Abstract: Transportation policies have been shown to impact population levels of physical
activity and obesity. Governments make many decisions that influence people’s choice of
transportation modes. In most places there is a wide array of transportation options, but simple
behavior economics may cause people to favor certain modes of transportation over others. In
places where governments have invested heavily in public transit and in building cities and
towns that are conducive to walking and bicycling, obesity rates are lower than in places that
are more car dependent. Active transportation has a host of other benefits, including economic
savings, energy conservation, reduced vehicle emissions and decreased requirements for roads
and parking lots.
Subject Area: obesity; policy; biking, walking, transit; active transportation; health
Availability: Bassett Jr, David R. "38 Transportation Policies and Obesity." Handbook of Obesity:
Epidemology, Etiology, and Physiopathology 1 (2014): 427.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=86WNAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA427&dq=38+Tr
ansportation+Policies+and+Obesity+&ots=dFmU-LIjUs&sig=rOuik1o3XWrTwQ4AfFKiyr7aqLE

E-Bikes in the North America: Results from an online survey John MacArthur,
Jennifer Dill and Mark Person
Abstract: This research aims in part to understand if different bicycling technology, in this case
electric assist bicycles or e-bikes, can reduce barriers to bicycling, including trip distance,
topography, time, and rider effort. Doing so may result in more bike trips and longer bike trips,
and increase the diversity of people bicycling, including people with a disability or chronic
injury. E-bikes typically resemble a standard pedal bicycle with the addition of a rechargeable
battery and electric motor to assist the rider with propulsion. To address these aims, we
conducted an online survey of existing e-bike users on their purchase and use decisions.
Responses from 553 e-bike users across North America are analyzed here. Results suggest that
e-bikes are enabling users to bike more often, to more distant locations, and to carry more
cargo with them. Additionally, e-bikes allow people who would otherwise not be able to bike
because of physical limitations or proximity to locations, the ability to bike with electric assist.
Subject Area: electric bicycle; electric assist; e-bike
Availability: MacArthur, John, Jennifer Dill, and Mark Person. "E-Bikes in the North America:
Results from an online survey." (2014).
http://www.urop.uci.edu/journal/journal11/03_naviaux.pdf

2. Demographic Trends
Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2009 National Household
Travel Survey with Implications for Sustainability John L. Renne and Peter
Bennett
Abstract: This article summarizes patterns of mobility for urban travel across the United States
based on the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). It examines how patterns vary by
socioeconomics and highlights policy implications of current mobility patterns for creating a
more sustainable society. Key findings include the reaffirmation that over 80 percent of trips in
America are made by automobiles. While vehicle ownership is the most significant factor in
variations in mode use, income, trip purpose, regional variation, race/ethnicity, gender and age
are all factors examined for variation in travel behavior. The paper concludes with
recommendations for promoting a sustainable society through shifting transportation priorities.
Subject Area: mode share; socioeconomic variations; travel behavior
Availability: John L. Renne and Peter Bennett. " Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from
the 2009 National Household Travel Survey with Implications for Sustainability" World
Transport Policy and Practice 20.4 (2014): 7-27. http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/pdf/wtpp20.4.pdf

Promoting Biking among Low-Income Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco
Kenji Wada
Abstract: There are some bike related projects to reach out to Chinese communities using
multi-­­language in San Francisco, such as the Green Infrastructure Projects—managing
watershed and improving other infrastructures on streets, like public space, bike lanes and
vegetations (PUC, 2013) by Public Utility Commons (PUC). However, the author insists that the
underlying problem for the low bicycle participation among Chinese immigrants is the language
barrier. Although the study focuses on youth Chinese immigrants, Yeh et al. states “the loss of
opportunities to communicate in one’s native language contributes to feelings of insecurity and
fear when interacting with the majority culture or engaging in daily living activities” (2008). San
Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA) is in the process of expanding biking’s
share in commuting from 8 to 10 percent by 2018, which is double to triple the 2010 figure of
3.5 percent (SFMTA, 2013). Regardless of SFMTA's effort, language barrier may contribute
greatly to the low participation in biking by Chinese immigrants, since most of SFMTA’s
communication is done by English. ACS 2007–2011 census data show 65 percent of the Chinese
population in San Francisco has language barriers. This accounts for 14 percent of the total
population of San Francisco—797,983 by ACS 2007–2011. Therefore, over 110,900 of the
Chinese populations may have problems receiving information correctly or to accessing
information about biking.
Subject Area: Chinese immigrant; San Francisco; Green Infrastructure; bicycle
Availability: Bassett Jr, David R. "38 Transportation Policies and Obesity." Handbook of Obesity:
Epidemology, Etiology, and Physiopathology 1 (2014): 427.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=86WNAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA427&dq=38+Tr
ansportation+Policies+and+Obesity+&ots=dFmU-LIjUs&sig=rOuik1o3XWrTwQ4AfFKiyr7aqLE

A cross-sectional study of demographic, environmental and parental barriers
to active school travel among children in the United States Palma Chillón, Derek
Hales, Amber Vaughn, Ziya Gizlice, Andy Ni, & Dianne S Ward
Abstract: Background: Promoting daily routine physical activities, such as active travel to
school, may have important health implications. Practitioners and policy makers must
understand the variety of factors that influence whether or not a child uses active school travel.
Several reviews have identified both inhibitors and promoters of active school travel, but few
studies have combined these putative characteristics in one analysis. The purpose of this study
is to examine associations between elementary school children’s active school travel and
variables hypothesized as correlates (demographics, physical environment, perceived barriers
and norms). Methods: The current project uses the dataset from the National Evaluation of
Walk to School (WTS) Project, which includes data from 4th and 5th grade children and their
parents from 18 schools across the US. Measures included monthly child report of mode of
school travel during the previous week (n = 10,809) and perceived barriers and social norms
around active school travel by parents (n = 1,007) and children (n = 1,219). Generalized linear
mixed models (GLMM) with log-link functions were used to assess bivariate and multivariate
associations between hypothesized correlates and frequency of active school travel, assuming
random school effect and controlling for the distance to school. Results: The final model
showed that the most relevant significant predictors of active school travel were parent’s
perceived barriers, specifically child resistance (Estimate = −0.438, p < 0.0001) and safety and
weather (Estimate = −0.0245, p < 0.001), as well as the school’s percentage of Hispanic students
(Estimate = 0.0059, p < 0.001), after adjusting for distance and including time within school
cluster as a random effect. Conclusions: Parental concerns may be impacting children’s use of
active school travel, and therefore, future interventions to promote active school travel should
more actively engage parents and address these concerns. Programs like the Walk to School
program, which are organized by the schools and can engage community resources such as
public safety officials, could help overcome many of these perceived barriers to active
transport.
Subject Area: Correlates, Active travel, Barriers, Children, Walk to school
Availability: Chillón, Palma, et al. "A cross-sectional study of demographic, environmental and
parental barriers to active school travel among children in the United States." International
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 11.1 (2014): 61.
http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/11/1/61/abstract

3. Energy Consumption
Optimal Energy Management for SmartGrids Considering Thermal Load and
Dynamic Pricing Duong Tung Nguyen
Abstract: n/a (in French)
Subject Area: thermal load; dynamic pricing
Availability: Nguyen, Duong Tung. Optimal Energy Management for SmartGrids Considering
Thermal Load and Dynamic Pricing. Diss. McGill University, 2014.
http://espace.inrs.ca/2427/1/Nguyen,%20Duong%20Tung.pdf

Performance and energy efficiency testing of a lightweight FCEV Hybrid
Vehicle Dylan Ryan, Jinlei Shang, Christophe Quillivic, & Bernard Porter
Abstract: The Microcab H2EV is a 4 seat lightweight niche vehicle, which with a top speed of
under 90 km/h and a kerb weight of 750 kg’s, is primarily intended for urban use. It is a plugin
series hybrid powered by an air-cooled PEM type fuel cell. As part of ongoing development of
the Microcab H2EV a series of tests were conducted to determine the power consumption and
energy efficiency of the vehicle operating under urban traffic conditions. This included
extensive testing of the vehicle both under battery power and fuel cell power operating in
active traffic conditions and steady speed tests at a range of different speeds. The Microcab has
also been subjected to rolling road tests in accordance with the UDC cycle. This paper will
provide a review of the testing methods undertaken, the results of this study and how it has
feedback into future improvements of the vehicle as well as providing data to support vehicle
modelling. The observed energy performance, TTW, WTW and Wh/km of the vehicle under
both fuel cell and pure EV power, will be discussed for a variety of conditions, as well as the
factors influencing this performance. The differences in vehicle performance between those
observed under real traffic conditions and the UDC cycle testing will also be discussed in
context of the suitability of the UDC cycle as a measure of urban vehicle performance.
Subject Area: FCEV, fuel economy, vehicle testing
Availability: Ryan, Dylan, et al. "Performance and energy efficiency testing of a lightweight
FCEV Hybrid Vehicle." European Electric Vehicle Congress Brussels, Belgium, 3rd – 5th
December 2014 http://www.microcab.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/eevc2014.pdf

Rapid estimation of electric vehicle acceptance using a general description of
driving patterns Michael A. Tamor, Paul E. Moraal, Briana Reprogle, & Miloš Milačić
Abstract: A reliable estimate of the potential for electrification of personal automobiles in a
given region is dependent on detailed understanding of vehicle usage in that region. While
broad measures of driving behavior, such as annual miles traveled or the ensemble distribution
of daily travel distances are widely available, they cannot be predictors of the range needs or
fuel-saving potential that influence an individual purchase decision. Studies that record details
of individual vehicle usage over a sufficient time period are available for only a few regions in
the US. In this paper we compare statistical characterization of four such studies (three in the
US, one in Germany) and find remarkable similarities between them, and that they can be
described quite accurately by properly chosen set of distributions. This commonality gives high
confidence that ensemble data can be used to predict the spectrum of usage and acceptance of
alternative vehicles in general. This generalized representation of vehicle usage may also be a
powerful tool in estimating real-world fuel consumption and emissions.
Subject Area: Electric vehicle; Hybrid electric vehicles; Plug-in hybrid; Electric range;
Acceptance
Availability: Tamor, Michael A., et al. "Rapid estimation of electric vehicle acceptance using a
general description of driving patterns." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
51 (2015): 136-148. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X1400309X

Optimal Coordination and Scheduling of Demand Response via Monetary
Incentives Sarker, M.R.; Ortega-Vazquez, M.A.; & Kirschen, D.S.
Abstract: Without demand-side management, an increase in the number of electric vehicles
(EVs) could result in overloads on distribution feeders. Aggregators could optimally manage the
charging/discharging of the EVs, to not only maximize the consumers' welfare in response to
real-time prices and accommodate their needs for transportation, but also to keep the
distribution network within its operating limits. This paper proposes a decentralized framework
in which the aggregator seeks to maximize its profits while the consumers minimize their costs
in response to time-varying prices, and additional incentives provided to mitigate potential
overloads in the distribution system. Test results show that a large penetration of EV
penetration can then be managed without violating the capacity of the distribution network.
Subject Area: Aggregator; demand response; demand-side management (DSM); electric
vehicles (EVs); incentives
Availability: Sarker, Mushfiqur R., Miguel A. Ortega-Vazquez, and Daniel S. Kirschen. "Optimal
Coordination and Scheduling of Demand Response via Monetary Incentives."
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6980133

Control and Management of PV Integrated Charging Facilities for PEVs
Preetham Goli, & Wajiha Shireen
Abstract: The ongoing research in the field of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and the growing
global awareness for a pollution free environment, will lead to an increase in the number of
PEVs in the near future. The proliferation of these PEVs will add stress to the already
overloaded power grid creating new challenges for the distribution network. To mitigate this
issue several researchers have proposed the idea of charging PEVs using renewables coupled
with smart charging strategies. This chapter reviews the current literature on the state of the
art infrastructure proposed for PEV charging facilities integrated with photovoltaic system. The
proposed control algorithms, various smart charging techniques and different power electronic
topologies for photovoltaic charging facilities (PCFs) are reviewed. Studies assessing the ability
of photovoltaic charging stations to minimize the loading on distribution transformers are
assessed. Finally, a simple and unique energy management algorithm for a PV based workplace
charging facility based on dc link voltage sensing is presented. The power needed to charge the
plug-in electric vehicles comes from grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) generation or the utility
or both. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is validated through simulation and
experimental results.
Subject Area: Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs); Photovoltaic charging facility (PCF); Distribution
network
Availability: Goli, Preetham, and Wajiha Shireen. "Control and Management of PV Integrated
Charging Facilities for PEVs." Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids. Springer Singapore, 2015.
23-53. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-287-317-0_2

Testbed Design and Co-simulation of PEV Coordination Schemes Over
Integrated Fiber-Wireless Smart Grid Communications Infrastructures Intissar
Harrabi, Taycir Louati, Martin Lévesque, & Martin Maier
Abstract: It is of great importance to smart grids to build a communications network that can
support the future power utility growth, customer connections, and new applications. One
significant main concern is the integration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) within smart grids.
This chapter provides a comprehensive performance evaluation of PEV coordination strategies
over integrated Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) smart grid communications infrastructures using a scaleddown testbed and advanced co-simulator. As the coordination of PEVs was not experimentally
demonstrated previously, this chapter describes a smart grid testbed based on a real-world
distribution network in Denmark by scaling a 250 kVA, 0.4 kV real low-voltage distribution
feeder down to 1 kVA, 0.22 kV. The obtained experimental results show that the proposed
hybrid centralized and decentralized control approach for PEV charging simultaneously takes
into account the charging cost, network congestion, and local voltage. Moreover, the
coordination between distribution management system (DMS) and sensors is realized in realtime using the developed smart grid testbed (SGT) by the synchronized exchange of power and
control signals via a heterogeneous Ethernet-based mesh network. The developed SGT is a step
forward to (i) identify practical problems and (ii) validate and test new smart grid mechanisms
under realistic physical conditions. However, building such a testbed is time and space
consuming. To evaluate large-scale smart grid systems, co- and multi-simulation experiments
may be carried out instead. Therefore, the chapter next presents the co-simulation of a power
distribution system combined with a smart grid communications infrastructure in order to
enable real-time exchange of information between PEVs and utilities for the coordination of
charging algorithms, which allow PEVs to intelligently consume or send stored power back to
the grid (Vehicle-To-Grid capability). Different types of coordinated PEV charging algorithms in a
multidisciplinary approach by means of co-simulation of both power and communication
perspectives are implemented. A comparison of both centralized and decentralized PEV
charging algorithms is drawn in terms of power and communication performance. The
integration of photovoltaic solar panels to locally charge PEVs, which plays a major role in
limiting the impact of PEV charging on the utility grid and thereby minimizing peak energy
demand as well as effectively achieving load balancing, is also investigated.
Subject Area: Centralized scheduling; Decentralized scheduling; Grid-to-vehicle; Plug-in electric
vehicle; Smart grid; Testbed; Vehicle-to-grid
Availability: Harrabi, Intissar, et al. "Testbed Design and Co-simulation of PEV Coordination
Schemes Over Integrated Fiber-Wireless Smart Grid Communications Infrastructures." Plug In
Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids. Springer Singapore, 2015. 99-128.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-287-299-9_4

Optimal In-Home Charge Scheduling of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Incorporating
Customer’s Payment and Inconvenience Costs Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad,
Soroush Shafiee & Mohammad Rastegar
Abstract: Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are identified as one of the motivating technologies in
smart grid era. However, if their highly disruptive impacts on the distribution system are left
unaddressed, it may obstruct both smart grid development and PEV adoption. This chapter
develops a novel in-home PEV charging control (PCC) algorithm that schedules both the time
and level of charging PEVs incorporating customer’s desired comfort level. This optimizationbased problem attempts to achieve a trade-off between minimizing the electricity payment and
minimizing the waiting time to fully charge the PEVs in presence of a time of use (TOU) pricing
tariff combined with inclining block rates (IBRs). The projected algorithm is online in which each
PEV is scheduled at its plug-in time, and the charge scheduling of plugged-in PEVs are updated
when the next PEV is plugged-into the home outlet. The proposed method is applied to a smart
home with different number of PEVs and various levels of customer’s comfort. In addition, the
impacts of solving PCC problems on the specifications of the IEEE 34-bus residential test feeder
with different PEV penetration levels are investigated. The simulation results are presented to
demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed PEV charge scheduling scheme.
Subject Area: Charging strategy; PEV; smart grid;
Availability: Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Mahmud, Soroush Shafiee, and Mohammad Rastegar. "Optimal
In-Home Charge Scheduling of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Incorporating Customer’s Payment and
Inconvenience Costs." Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids. Springer Singapore, 2015. 301326. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-287-317-0_10

PHEV charging strategy via user preferences and its impacts on power system
network Ahmad, Mohd Redzuan; Musirin, Ismail; Othman, Muhammad Murtadha &
Rahmat, Nur Azzammudin
Abstract: Uncontrolled PHEVs charging will cause severe impacts on a power system network,
especially on the distribution system; i.e. feeders, cables and transformers overload hence
shortened its life. In this paper, PHEV charging strategy namely SOC-based charging has been
proposed. This charging strategy focused on user needs, i.e. full charged the battery within
plugged-in time frame considering maximum charging rate from the standard outlet. Moreover,
it will reduce the peak loads as well as improving the load factor on a power system network.
Real vehicle travel data from National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) is used to represent
PHEV types, miles driven and its final arriving times. This proposed technique also
comprehensively used to present the impact of charging PHEV on power system networks
considering PHEV battery sizes and maximum charging levels. Vehicles Charging Load Profile
(VCLP) is developed and implemented in IEEE 30-bus test system that represents a portion of
American Electric Power System (Midwestern US). Normalization technique is used to represent
real time loads of IEEE 30-bus test system. Comparative study has been performed with respect
to uncontrolled charging technique. Results indicated that the proposed charging strategy not
only achieved the required battery capacity but also has improved peak load and load factor
thus reduces impacts on power system networks.
Subject Area: Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicle; electricity demands profile; impact of PHEV
charging; load profile; transportation electrification
Availability: Ahmad, Mohd Redzuan, et al. "PHEV charging strategy via user preferences and its
impacts on power system network." Energy Conversion (CENCON), 2014 IEEE Conference on.
IEEE, 2014. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6967470

Vehicle Fuel Economy And Vehicle Miles Traveled: An Empirical Investigation
Of Jevons’ Paradox Vincent Vinola Munyon
Abstract: There has been, in recent decades, a concerted effort to promote energy efficiency as
a means to reduce energy consumption, along the supply and demand sides. The general thesis
is that, ceteris paribus, an increase in energy efficiency would lead to a decrease in the
consumption of the good or service rendered efficient. This is in opposition to Jevons’ Paradox
which states that “It is wholly a confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of fuel is
equivalent to a diminished consumption. The very contrary is the truth…” (Jevons, 1865). While
many studies have applied Jevons’ Paradox to various sectors to estimate rebound effects, few
have examined if Jevons’ Paradox holds when all available factors that could affect
consumption of an efficient good/service are controlled for. This study hoped to fill that gap in
literature. The study looked at vehicle fuel economy and vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and
examined if, all else being equal, a vehicle that was more fuel efficient accrued greater VMT.
Using data from the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS, 2009), a multivariate regression
model was built (N = 82,485) controlling for driver, household and vehicle attributes. The
findings indicated that, at the microlevel, Jevons’ Paradox does hold true; a 1% increase in fuel
efficiency was associated with a 1.2% increase in VMT.
Subject Area: Jevons Paradox; Energy efficiency; Fuel economy; Vehicle Miles Traveled;
Rebound
Availability: Munyon, Vinola Vincent. Vehicle Fuel Economy And Vehicle Miles Traveled: An
Empirical Investigation Of Jevons’paradox. Diss. Cleveland State University, 2014.
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:csu1415710122

Study on orderly charging management of EVs based on demand response
Huiying Zhang; Xin Ai; Zili Gao; & Lei Yan
Abstract: Large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) connected to the power system would bring
extensive negative impacts on power system operation and control. Based on this situation, this
paper puts forward a coordinated schedule strategy about the charging and discharging of
electric vehicles both at the scale charging station and smart residential area. The strategy
adopts the demand response (DR) scheme, namely, the charging and discharging behavior of
the electric vehicles are controlled by the time-of-use price (TOU). With the electricity price as a
level, in order to smooth the fluctuation of load and enhance the profit of users, this paper
builds a scheduling strategy model and solved by adaptive mutation particle swarm
optimization to reduce the influence of premature of standard particle swarm algorithm on
optimization result. Finally, through examples, the reasonable pricing mechanism for peakvalley charging and discharging as proposed in the paper has proved to be effective in
smoothing the system load, and the users' economic benefits are satisfied at the same time.
Meanwhile, the performance contrast between traditional PSO algorithm and improved PSO
algorithm, it is proved that the latter is more effective for dealing with high-dimensional
problems.
Subject Area: EV (electric vehicle); charging schedule; demand response
Availability: Zhang, Huiying, et al. "Study on orderly charging management of EVs based on
demand response." Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 2014 IEEE
Conference and Expo. IEEE, 2014.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6940709

Economic evaluation for EVCS with ancillary service provision capability Yu
Rongrong; Yao Chen; Xing Huang; & De La Parra, H.Z.
Abstract: In this paper, a generic methodology was proposed to evaluate economic
performance of EVCS (electric vehicle charging station) with ancillary service provision
capability, considering EV (electric vehicle) arrival/leave distribution, EV battery degradation
and compensation subsidy for EV owner. EVCS at office parking site was exemplified for
illustrative case study. Ancillary service market data in NYISO (NewYork Independent System
Operator) was adopted to generate evaluation results. The results show that ancillary service
provision can bring considerable benefits (measured by NPV, net present value) for EVCS owner
under acceptable payback even though the capital cost and operation cost may be increased.
Subject Area: Batteries; Charging stations; Degradation; Economics; Frequency control;
Resource management; Vehicles
Availability: Yu, Rongrong, et al. "Economic evaluation for EVCS with ancillary service provision
capability." Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 2014 IEEE Conference
and Expo. IEEE, 2014. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6940932

Impacts of electric vehicles on power grid considering time series of TOU Lei
Yan; Xin Ai; Yao Wang; & Huiying Zhang
Abstract: As large amounts of EVs connect to power grid, in the future, this paper proposes the
optional mode of TOU (Time-of-use) shift the load of EVs to relief the burden of power grid.
Analyzing the users' habits without control, this paper establishes single-user and multipleusers charging mode. Simulated by Monte Carlo method, the load with EV and the peak-vally
difference will be aggregated. Therefore, EVs' charge-discharge load model considering TOU is
proposed. To minimize the peak-vally difference, the paper introduce genetic algorithm to
achieve the optimal time series of TOU strategy. Lastly, the numerical example demonstrates
the molds in this paper.
Subject Area: EV (electric vehicle); TOU (Time-of-use); genetic algorithm
Availability: Yan, Lei, et al. "Impacts of electric vehicles on power grid considering time series of
TOU." Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 2014 IEEE Conference and
Expo. IEEE, 2014. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6940711

A Comprehensive System of Energy Intensity Indicators for the U.S.: Methods,
Data and Key Trends DB Belzer
Abstract: This report describes a comprehensive system of energy intensity indicators for the
United States that has been developed for the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) over the past decade. This system of indicators is
hierarchical in nature, beginning with detailed indexes of energy intensity for various sectors of
the economy, which are ultimately aggregated to an overall energy intensity index for the
economy as a whole. The aggregation of energy intensity indexes to higher levels in the
hierarchy is performed with a version of the Log Mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. Based
upon the data and methods in the system of indicators, the economy-wide energy intensity
index shows a decline of about 14% in 2011 relative to a 1985 base year. Discussion of energy
intensity indicators for each of the broad end-use sectors of the economy—residential,
commercial, industrial, and transportation—is presented in the report. An analysis of recent
changes in the efficiency of electricity generation in the U.S. is also included. A detailed
appendix describes the data sources and methodology behind the energy intensity indicators
for each sector.
Subject Area: Energy intensity indicators; electricity generation efficiency; Log Mean Divisia
Availability: Belzer, David B. A Comprehensive System of Energy Intensity Indicators for the US:
Methods, Data and Key Trends. No. PNNL-22267. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL),
Richland, WA (US), 2014.
http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22267.pdf

On the Objectives of Industrial Engineering from the Perspectives of the
Energy Efficiency Chen Zhou
Abstract: The focus of Industrial engineering has always been efficiency. While industrial
engineering has contributed significantly to the improvement of productivity and quality of life,
the objective function in the models used in industrial engineering normally measures of
efficiency of products or processes. However, the efficiencies of products or services are
normally indirect measures of quality of life. Therefore, this paper will illustrate some
discrepancies between what we measure and what we need in some aspects of energy
efficiency. In manufacturing, transportation, and services, energy efficiency has improved
tremendously using the current measures in food processing, in fuel efficiency of cars and
trucks, or in heating and air conditioning. However, the total energy consumption per capita in
developed countries remains high. The improvement in products and processes may not be
reflected in serving human needs. For example, while car fuel efficiency has improved many
times in the last 100 years, commuting times become longer and longer. Commuting time is
directly related to our livelihood in modern cities, as measured in some basic elements of
Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. This paper intends to draw attention to the measure or
objective function in optimizations through the perspectives of energy efficiency. We first
gather information on improvements in energy efficiency in cars, food supply chains, and
heating and air conditioning systems in commonly accepted measures. We will then contrast
them with the improvements in satisfying human needs. The evidence reveals interesting food
for thought for industrial engineering and for engineering and science in general. In addition,
we developed an energy efficiency measure for commuting that is directly linked to our needs,
demonstrated its usage with some examples, and provided ideas for future research. We hope
our measure on energy efficiency in commuting would lead to new measures or objectives for
industrial engineers in product design, manufacturing, transportation, process design, and city
planning.
Subject Area: Energy efficiency, human needs, commute, industrial engineering, energy
consumption, commuting time
Availability: Zhou, Chen. "On the Objectives of Industrial Engineering from the Perspectives of
the Energy Efficiency." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation 1.1
(2014): 39-51. http://www.atlantis-press.com/php/download_paper.php?id=14483

Uncertainties of EV Charging and Effects on Well-Being Analysis of Generating
Systems Xu, N. Z., & Chung, C. Y.
Abstract: Power systems can make use of electric vehicle (EV) charging to improve system
reliability. EV charging can serve the grid with charging interruption and vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
capacity—injecting energy back into the system during the outage. However, the contribution
of EVs is uncertain because they serve both the power system and the transportation sector.
Scheduled EV charging can be affected either by failures of components such as charging
facilities, or by human errors such as punctuality, rounding of time and errors in forecast of
energy consumption. Moreover, with the introduction of the aggregator, the realization of EVs'
grid services also plays an important role. This paper examines uncertainties of EV charging that
can affect the EVs' capability to improve the system reliability. Methods are proposed to
incorporate these uncertainties into generating system well-being analysis. Results show that
the uncertainties identified directly affect EVs' contribution in the system well-being
enhancement.
Subject Area: Aggregator, electric vehicle (EV) charging, risk assessment, uncertainty, vehicleto-grid (V2G), & well-being
Availability: Xu, N. Z., and C. Y. Chung. "Uncertainties of EV Charging and Effects on Well-Being
Analysis of Generating Systems. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6933954

Impact of Wind-Based Distributed Generation on Electric Energy in
Distribution Systems Embedded With Electric Vehicles Abdelsamad, S., Morsi, W.
& Sidhu, T.
Abstract: In this paper, the synergy between wind-based distributed generation (DG) and plugin electric vehicles (PEVs) is studied. Monte Carlo is used to address the uncertainties
associated with wind speed variations and charging of PEVs hence simulating their impact at
the distribution system (DS) level considering different DG penetration (up to 35%) and
different PEV penetration (up to 50%). The excess in active/reactive power, energy exceeding
normal (EEN), unserved energy (UE), and energy losses are investigated in this study. Fortyeight penetration scenarios involving DGs and PEVs are studied in this work and simulated in
the IEEE 123-bus radial power distribution test system after modeling its secondary circuit in
OpenDSS. The results of the simulation show that 30% wind-based DG penetration may be
adequate to supply the active energy needed to charge PEVs. However, this might result in a
reverse reactive power flow back to the substation.
Subject Area: Batteries, Clustering algorithms, Electric vehicles, Indexes, Reactive power, Wind
speed
Availability: Abdelsamad, S., W. Morsi, and T. Sidhu. "Impact of Wind-Based Distributed
Generation on Electric Energy in Distribution Systems Embedded With Electric Vehicles."
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6922582

Centralized and Decentralized Optimal Scheduling for Charging Electric
Vehicles Liang Zhang, Zheng Yan, Donghan Feng, Gang Wang, Shaolun Xu, Naihu Li,
and Lei Jing
Abstract: Uncoordinated charging of large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) will have a negative
impact on the secure and economic operation of the power system. Given that the charging
load of EVs can be controlled to some extent, research on the optimal charging control of EVs
has been extensively carried out. In this paper, two possible smart charging scenarios in China
are studied: centralized optimal charging operated by an aggregator and decentralized optimal
charging managed by individual users. Under the assumption that the aggregators and
individual users only concern the economic benefits, new load peaks will arise under time of
use (TOU) pricing which is extensively employed in China. To solve this problem, a simple
incentive mechanism is proposed for centralized optimal charging while a rolling-update pricing
scheme is devised for decentralized optimal charging. The original optimal charging models are
modified to account for the developed schemes. Simulated tests corroborate the efficacy of
optimal scheduling for charging EVs in various scenarios.
Subject Area: Centralized optimal charging, decentralized optimal charging, electric vehicles,
incentive, rolling-update price.
Availability: Zhang, Liang, et al. "Centralized and Decentralized Optimal Scheduling for Charging
Electric Vehicles." arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.3899 (2014).
http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1410/1410.3899.pdf

A new intelligent method for optimal coordination of vehicle-to-grid plug-in
electric vehicles in power systems Mohammad-Reza Akbari-Zadeh, Farzaneh
Kavousi-Fard, Rasool Hoseinzadeh, Aliasghar Baziar, & Sadreddin Saleh
Abstract: Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) will play significant role in the future smart grids. In
this regard, the increasing appearance of PEVs can create new challenges in the optimal
operation of these devices. In this way, this paper suggests a new method for optimal
coordination of PEVs for reducing the total cost of the system during the day. The proposed
method makes use of the idea of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) for shifting the energy demand in the
grid. The problem is then formulated in an intelligent framework based on bat algorithm (BA)
and Monte Carlo method to be solved optimally. Meanwhile, we suggest a new modification
method for BA to improve its search ability for optimal coordination of PEVs. The proposed
problem is examined on the IEEE test system with five PEV fleets.
Subject Area: Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Modified Bat Algorithm
(MBA)
Availability: Akbari-Zadeh, Mohammad-Reza, et al. "A new intelligent method for optimal
coordination of vehicle-to-grid plug-in electric vehicles in power systems." Journal of Intelligent
and Fuzzy Systems. http://iospress.metapress.com/index/K30801162Q204444.pdf

Layered and Distributed Charge Load Dispatch of Considerable Electric
Vehicles Shao, C.; Wang, X; Wang, X.; & Du, C.
Abstract: Cooperation between controllable loads such as electrical vehicles (EVs) and wind
power is regarded as a promising way to promote the integration of wind power. A novel
layered and distributed charging load dispatch mechanism is proposed for the control of
thousands of EVs in this paper. Based on the Lagrangian Relaxation and Auxiliary Problem
Principle, the dispatch framework is developed, consisting of layers of system operator,
generation units/EV aggregators, and EVs, and the cooperation between the generation and
EVs is considered. Furthermore, the necessity of EV aggregators is analyzed, and the function of
them is stressed. Compared with existing distributed methods, the proposed method is proper
for large populations of EVs and gains an advantage in reducing generation cost directly. In
addition, it is with a wider application scope such as problems with coupled constraints. The
case study on IEEE-RTS verifies the method is feasible and valid and the charge load dispatch
based on it reduces generation cost and wind power spillage.
Subject Area: Auxiliary Problem Principle; EV charge control; Lagrangian Relaxation; electric
vehicle (EV) aggregators; layered and distributed charge load dispatch
Availability: Shao, Chengcheng, Xifan Wang, and C. Du. "Layered and Distributed Charge Load
Dispatch of Considerable Electric Vehicles."
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6917215

Forecast of Performance Parameters of Automotive Fuel Cell Systems – Delphi
Study Results M. Thoennes, A. Busse, & L. Eckstein
Abstract: Fuel cells are a promising propulsion technology option in sustainable and zeroemission drivetrain strategies as they offer a high potential to significantly reduce well-to-wheel
greenhouse gas emissions and the dependency on fossil energy resources. At the same time,
the current technological performance of automotive fuel cell systems is not yet sufficient to
meet market demands. Therefore, the technical development of fuel cells is a critical factor for
a successful market introduction of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). This paper describes the
methodology and results of a two-round Delphi Survey conducted by the Institut für
Kraftfahrzeuge of RWTH Aachen University to assess the technological potential of polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems in automotive applications by 2030. The
analysis of the current and future performance level of key performance indicators (KPI) of
automotive fuel cell systems helps to identify critical performance parameters and to prioritize
research and development demands. KPI analyzed in the Delphi Survey as forecast parameters
include system efficiency, durability, power density, and specific power.
Subject Area: Delphi Study; Durability; Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle; Fuel Cell System; Fuel Cells;
Hydrogen; PEMFC; Power Density; System Efficiency; Specific Power
Availability: Thoennes, M., A. Busse, and L. Eckstein. "Forecast of Performance Parameters of
Automotive Fuel Cell Systems–Delphi Study Results." Fuel Cells (2014).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fuce.201400035/full

Utility Factors Derived From Beijing Passenger Car Travel Survey Xiaobin
Zhang & Hewu Wang
Abstract: This study is aimed to reveal the high sensitivity of PHEVs and BEVs utilization to real
using and charging conditions in a specific region (Beijing, China). GPS loggers are adopted to
collect driving data of near 10,000 km travel distance for about 4,892 trips in 2003 travel days.
UFs of PHEV and BEV under various charging patterns are studied and compared. The results
show that the utilization of PHEVs as well as BEVs are intensively affected by charging patterns,
and constant public place charging brings more benefit compared with deploying charging
infrastructures everywhere. If the CD range exceeds 100 km or AER reaches 150 km, only night
charging is necessary. Cost and benefit analysis of BEV based on UF indicates AER less than 200
km is a cost-effective choice for the current Beijing passenger car travel pattern.
Subject Area: utility factor; plug-in hybrid vehicle; driving pattern; GPS logger; charging pattern
Availability: Zhang, Xiaobin, and Hewu Wang. "Utility Factors Derived From Beijing Passenger
Car Travel Survey."
http://www.dae.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/dae/4364/20101220102833065470806/2)%20Utility
%20factors%20derived%20from%20Beijing%20Passenger%20car%20travel%20survey.pdf

Dynamic Control and Optimization of Distributed Energy Resources in a
Microgrid Trudie Wang, Dan O’Neill, & Haresh Kamath
Abstract: As we transition towards a power grid that is increasingly based on energy from
renewable resources like solar and wind, the intelligent control of distributed energy resources
(DER) including photovoltaic (PV) arrays, controllable loads, energy storage and plug-in electric
vehicles (EVs) will be critical to realizing a power grid that can handle both the variability and
unpredictability of renewable energy sources as well as increasing system complexity. In
addition to providing added system reliability, DERs acting in coordination can be leveraged to
address supply and demand imbalances through demand response (DR) and/or price signals on
the electric power grid by enabling continuous bidirectional load balancing. Intelligent control
and integration has the capability to reduce or shift demand peaks and improve grid efficiency
by displacing the amount of backup generation needed and offsetting the need for spinning
reserves and peaking power plants. Because of the intractable scale of the optimization
problem with variables and constraints for every DER, load and generator online at each time
period, we use an iterative decentralized method to operate each DER independently and
autonomously within this environment. This method was developed in [1] using a distributed
algorithm referred to as the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM). The site
operates as a small microgrid that can participate in the wholesale market on the power grid or
operate off-grid in an islanded state. The ADMM algorithm is deployed within a Model
Predictive Control (MPC) framework to allow the microgrid to distribute the optimization
among the individual DERs and dynamically adapt to changes in the operating environment
while responding to external real-time wholesale prices and potential contingency situations. At
each time step, embedded controllers model their own DERs as optimization problems with
local objectives subject to individual constraints and forecasts. They then use the ADMM
algorithm to solve the problem and obtain a control schedule across the MPC horizon. The local
objectives are augmented with a regularization term that includes a simple exchanged message
between neighbors in the microgrid. This is the only communication required between DERs.
Through the exchange of these messages, the decentralized method rapidly converges to an
optimal solution for the entire microgrid when each DER is able to locally solve its own problem
efficiently in parallel. Once solved, the controllers execute the first step of the schedule and
await the next time step at which point they re-solve the problem using any new information
that arrives to augment their forecasts over the planning horizon and account for changes in
operating state. This iterative optimization process is repeated for every time step thereafter,
ensuring a robust and flexible framework that dynamically adapts to changes in the operating
environment.
Subject Area: energy grid
Availability: Wang, Trudie, Dan O'Neill, and Haresh Kamath. "Dynamic Control and
Optimization of Distributed Energy Resources in a Microgrid." arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.0054
(2014). http://arxiv.org/abs/1410.0054

Evaluating Charging Service Reliability for Plug-In EVs From the Distribution
Network Aspect Cheng, L. Chang, Y. Wu, Q. & Lin, W
Abstract: The demands for reducing city pollutant emissions and for reducing fossil fuel
consumption have stimulated the development of plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). From the
perspective of distribution systems, evaluating the reliability of their charging services for EVs
should be essential because reliable charging services would help to encourage the use of EVs
and accelerate their deployment. However, the existing literature does not fully explore the
fact that the charging processes of EVs can be considered interruptible. Modeling the charging
demands as interruptible loads, this paper proposes a systematic charging service reliability
evaluation algorithm for distribution systems. First, novel indices specialized for describing the
reliability of charging services are proposed. Then, a method for extracting EV integration
patterns is proposed. The method features the capability of describing the geographical
dispersion of EV integrations, enabling careful inspection of the reliability at each load point in a
distribution system. Third, the algorithm considers how charging profiles under uncoordinated
and coordinated charging strategies will be affected by electric supply interruptions, as charging
strategies would have an effect on the reliability. Finally, a case study is carried out on an
existing distribution system in Guizhou Province, China, providing a reference for the planning
and operations of distribution systems.
Subject Area: Electric vehicles; Power distribution; Power supplies; Power system reliability
Availability: Cheng, Lin, et al. "Evaluating Charging Service Reliability for Plug-In EVs From the
Distribution Network Aspect." Sustainable Energy, IEEE Transactions on 5.4 (2014): 1287-1296.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6895147

Harnessing Demand Flexibility to Minimize Cost, Facilitate Renewable
Integration, and Provide Ancillary Services Mahdi Kefayati
Abstract: In this thesis, we focus on harnessing demand flexibility as a key to enabling more
renewable integration and cost reduction. We start with a data driven analysis of the potential
of flexible demands. We first show that, if left unmanaged, these loads can jeopardize grid
reliability by exacerbating the peaks in the load profile and increasing the negative correlation
of demand with wind energy production. Then, we propose a simple local policy with very
limited information and minimal coordination that besides avoiding undesired effects, has the
positive side-effect of substantially increasing the correlation of flexible demand with wind
energy production. We then propose improved localized charging policies that counter balance
intermittency. Next, we consider the case where real-time prices are employed to provide
incentives for demand response. We consider a flexible load under such a pricing scheme and
obtain the optimal policy for responding to stochastic price signals to minimize the expected
cost of energy. We show that this optimal policy follows a multi-threshold form and propose a
recursive method to obtain these thresholds. We then extend our results to obtain optimal
policies for simultaneous energy consumption and ancillary service provision by flexible loads as
well as optimal policies for operation of storage assets under similar real-time stochastic prices.
We prove that the optimal policy in all these cases admits a computationally efficient form.
Moreover, we show that while optimal response to prices reduces energy costs, it will result in
increased volatility in the aggregate demand which is undesirable. We then discuss how
aggregation of flexible loads can take us a step further by transforming the loads to controllable
assets that help maintain grid reliability by counterbalancing the intermittency due to
renewables. We explore the value of load flexibility in the context of a restructured electricity
market. To this end, we introduce a model that economically incentivizes the load to reveal its
flexibility and provides cost-comfort trade-offs to the consumers. We establish the
performance of our proposed model through evaluation of the price reductions that can be
provided to the users compared to uncontrolled and uncoordinated consumption. We show
that a key advantage of aggregation and coordination is provision of regulation" to the system
by load, which can account for a considerable price reduction. The proposed scheme is also
capable of preventing distribution network overloads. Finally, we extend our flexible load
coordination problem to a multi-settlement market setup and propose a stochastic
programming approach in obtaining day-ahead market energy purchases and ancillary service
sales. Our work demonstrates the potential of flexible loads in harnessing renewables by
affecting the load patterns and providing mechanisms to mitigate the inherent intermittency of
renewables in an economically efficient manner.
Subject Area: PHEV; demand flexibility; renewable energy; pricing scheme
Availability: Kefayati, Mahdi. Harnessing demand flexibility to minimize cost, facilitate
renewable integration, and provide ancillary services. University of Texas at Austin Diss. 2014.
http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/25987

Modeling of electric vehicle charging load and its optimal control strategy
Chen, Lidan & Zhang, Yao
Abstract: Electric vehicle charging behavior is random, a disorderly charging load access to
network will impact the power grid planning and operation largely. Firstly, by the analysis of
vehicles' day trip chains, the normal and lognormal distribution are used to fitting the single
trip's ending time and driving distance, respectively. Then, the charging frequency are
considered and the charging load is calculated by Monte Carol method, the impact of electric
vehicles charging load under different penetration on the original power load will be analyzed
subsequently. Followed by this section, the optimal control strategy based on AMPSO method
is developed to solve the minimization of load variance problem. Finally, a residential is
selected as an example, the results illustrate that electric vehicle charging disorderly will cause
peak load, and the optimal control strategy will not only stabilize the load fluctuation and peak
load shifting, but also meet the needs of electric vehicle users.
Subject Area: Educational institutions, Electric vehicles, Electronic mail, Load modeling, Optimal
control, System-on-chip
Availability: Chen, Lidan, and Yao Zhang. "Modeling of electric vehicle charging load and its
optimal control strategy." Control Conference (CCC), 2014 33rd Chinese. IEEE, 2014.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6896375

Model design and realization of multi-EVSE-level electric vehicle recharging
station Li, Yan; Wang, Jin-kuan; Han, Peng; & Han, Ying-hua
Abstract: Based on the EV possession, EV customer requirements, recharging-station scales,
service levels, etc., this paper constructs a high-adaptive EV recharging station model, and then
builds an impact model of recharging station control method to the grid load. Simulation
denotes this model can well reflect the EV recharging demand, recharging station service
ability, and operation process of a certain area, moreover, it can reveal the different service
level recharging strategies' influence to the distribution grid. The proposed model is beneficial
for providing improved service to the EV customers with different requirements, getting a
precise assessment to the recharging station construction in areas with different EV possession
ratios, and also assisting the decision making of recharging station scheduling optimization.
Subject Area: EV; Load Control; Modelling Technology; Recharging Station
Availability: Li, Yan, et al. "Model design and realization of multi-EVSE-level electric vehicle
recharging station." Control Conference (CCC), 2014 33rd Chinese. IEEE, 2014.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6896002

Energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with unknown trip
length Cong Hou, Liangfei Xu, Hewu Wang, Minggao Ouyang, and Huei Peng
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel control strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEV). The minimization of the utility factor weighted fuel consumption (FCUFW), which
represents the average fuel consumption in numerous trips, is firstly proposed as the objective
of the energy management. In previous studies, the trip length is usually assumed to be known.
Then, if it is shorter than the all-electric range (AER), a Charge Depleting–Charge Sustaining
(CDCS) strategy leads to the minimum fuel consumption; otherwise, a blended strategy that
spends down battery energy almost uniformly brings the minimum fuel consumption.
Nevertheless, the trip length is not always known before trip in real life. To deal with the cases
of unknown trip length, this paper proposes a Range ADaptive Optimal Control (RADOC)
strategy to minimize the FCUFW, which utilizes the statistical information of the trip length. The
RADOC strategy was verified by dynamic programming and was found to be somewhere in
between the blended and CDCS strategies. Depending on the nature of the trips, the RADOC
strategy was found to improve FCUFW between 0.10% and 4.07% compared with the CDCS
strategy. The RADOC strategy is very close to the CDCS strategy when the PHEV is used in
regular daily driving. On the contrary, the RADOC solution exhibits a “uniform battery
discharging” behavior similar to the blended strategy for urban utility vehicles or taxis. The
behavior of the RADOC strategy is also studied for different battery sizes and driving cycles.
Subject Area: PHEV energy management; AECS; CDCS; RADOC; AER
Availability: Hou, Cong, et al. "Energy Management of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with
Unknown Trip Length." Journal of the Franklin Institute (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016003214002002

Impact of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Distribution Grid Anna, Ravi, and D. K.
Jain
Abstract: Pollution due to greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas and excessive dependence
fossil fuel has been a huge threat in the sustainable development of the transportation sector.
So, there is a need for a solution that can tackle this situation. Electric vehicles can be one of
the most promising remedies to tackle this problem. They provide energy conservation and
environmental protection. Electric vehicles are propelled by an electric motor powered by
rechargeable battery packs. They have both positive and negative impact on the power grid. For
instance, in order to evaluate the impact on electric vehicles on demand profile, one needs to
know about 1)charging process of electric vehicles, 2) amount of electrical energy required, 3)
amount of power required, 4)state of charge of the battery. This paper extracts the comparison
between the load profile of the distribution system without EV’s and with EV’s connected. Also
it shows the voltage unbalance caused by EV’s interconnection with the grid.
Subject Area: Electric vehicles; load profile; charging process; voltage unbalance
Availability: Anna, Ravi, and D. K. Jain. "Impact of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Distribution
Grid." http://www.ieejournal.com/Vol_5_No_7/Impact%20of%20PlugIn%20Electric%20Vehicles%20on%20the%20Distribution%20Grid.pdf

Energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with unknown trip
length Cong Hou, Liangfei Xu, Hewu Wang, Minggao Ouyang, and Huei Peng
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel control strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEV). The minimization of the utility factor weighted fuel consumption (FCUFW), which
represents the average fuel consumption in numerous trips, is firstly proposed as the objective
of the energy management. In previous studies, the trip length is usually assumed to be known.
Then, if it is shorter than the all-electric range (AER), a Charge Depleting–Charge Sustaining
(CDCS) strategy leads to the minimum fuel consumption; otherwise, a blended strategy that
spends down battery energy almost uniformly brings the minimum fuel consumption.
Nevertheless, the trip length is not always known before trip in real life. To deal with the cases
of unknown trip length, this paper proposes a Range ADaptive Optimal Control (RADOC)
strategy to minimize the FCUFW, which utilizes the statistical information of the trip length. The
RADOC strategy was verified by dynamic programming and was found to be somewhere in
between the blended and CDCS strategies. Depending on the nature of the trips, the RADOC
strategy was found to improve FCUFW between 0.10% and 4.07% compared with the CDCS
strategy. The RADOC strategy is very close to the CDCS strategy when the PHEV is used in
regular daily driving. On the contrary, the RADOC solution exhibits a “uniform battery
discharging” behavior similar to the blended strategy for urban utility vehicles or taxis. The
behavior of the RADOC strategy is also studied for different battery sizes and driving cycles.
Subject Area: PHEV energy management;
Availability: Anna, Ravi, and D. K. Jain. "Impact of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Distribution
Grid." http://www.ieejournal.com/Vol_5_No_7/Impact%20of%20PlugIn%20Electric%20Vehicles%20on%20the%20Distribution%20Grid.pdf

Analysis of the Impact of Different PEV Battery Chargers during Faults Andrew
D. Clarke, Himanshu A. Bihani, Elham B. Makram, Keith A. Corzine
Abstract: With a high penetration of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in the electric grid, utilities
will have to face the challenges related to them. Considerable research is being done to study
and mitigate the impact of PEVs on the electric grid and devise methodologies to utilize them
for energy storage and distributed generation. In this paper, the impact of PEVs in a smart car
park, placed in an unbalanced distribution system, during a single line to ground fault with
auto-recloser operation is studied. Level-2, bidirectional battery chargers with currentcontrolled and voltage-controlled voltage source converters are modeled for the battery
charging systems of the PEVs. A smart car park, with 16 vehicles connected to each of the three
phases is simulated at one of the buses in the IEEE 13 Bus Test Feeder. The impacts observed
during the fault are analyzed and a method to mitigate them is suggested.
Subject Area: Electric Vehicles, Battery Chargers, Voltage Source Converters, Current Control,
Voltage Control, Power Distribution Faults
Availability: Clarke, Andrew D., et al. "Analysis of the Impact of Different PEV Battery Chargers
during Faults." Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2.08 (2014): 31.
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=48742

Optimizing and Diversifying Electric Vehicle Driving Range for U.S. Drivers
Zhenhong Lin
Abstract: Properly determining the driving range is critical for accurately predicting the sales
and social benefits of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). This study proposes a framework for
optimizing the driving range by minimizing the sum of battery price, electricity cost, and range
limitation cost—referred to as the “range-related cost”—as a measurement of range anxiety.
The objective function is linked to policy-relevant parameters, including battery cost and price
markup, battery utilization, charging infrastructure availability, vehicle efficiency, electricity and
gasoline prices, household vehicle ownership, daily driving patterns, discount rate, and
perceived vehicle lifetime. Qualitative discussion of the framework and its empirical application
to a sample (N = 36,664) representing new car drivers in the United States is included. The
quantitative results strongly suggest that ranges of less than 100 miles are likely to be more
popular in the BEV market for a long period of time. The average optimal range among U.S.
drivers is found to be largely inelastic. Still, battery cost reduction significantly drives BEV
demand toward longer ranges, whereas improvement in the charging infrastructure is found to
significantly drive BEV demand toward shorter ranges. The bias of a single-range assumption
and the effects of range optimization and diversification in reducing such biases are both found
to be significant.
Subject Area: electric vehicle; range anxiety; optimal design; transportation energy; alternative
fuel infrastructure
Availability: Lin, Zhenhong. "Optimizing and Diversifying Electric Vehicle Driving Range for US
Drivers." Transportation Science (2014).
http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/trsc.2013.0516

Coordinated Bidding of Ancillary Services for Vehicle-to-Grid Using Fuzzy
Optimization Ansari, M.; Al-Awami, A.T.; Sortomme, E.; & Abido, M.A.
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) can be effectively integrated with the power grid through
vehicle-to-grid (V2G). V2G has been proven to reduce the EV owner cost, support the power
grid, and generate revenues for the EV owner. Due to regulatory and physical considerations,
aggregators are necessary for EVs to participate in electricity markets. The aggregator combines
the capacities of many EVs and bids their aggregated capacity into electricity markets. In this
paper, an optimal bidding of ancillary services coordinated across different markets, namely
regulation and spinning reserves, is proposed. This coordinated bidding considers electricity
market uncertainties using fuzzy optimization. The electricity market parameters are forecasted
using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. The fuzzy set theory is used
to model the uncertainties in the forecasted data of the electricity market, such as ancillary
service prices and their deployment signals. Simulations are performed on a hypothetical group
of 10 000 EVs in the electric reliability council of Texas electricity markets. The results show the
benefit of the proposed fuzzy algorithm compared with previously proposed deterministic
algorithms that do not consider market uncertainties.
Subject Area: Electric vehicles (EVs); electricity market; fuzzy set theory; regulation service;
smart grid; vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
Availability: Ansari, Muhammad, et al. "Coordinated Bidding of Ancillary Services for Vehicleto-Grid Using Fuzzy Optimization."
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6872593

Analysis of fluid-dynamic guidelines in diesel particulate filter sizing for fuel
consumption reduction in post-turbo and pre-turbo placement J.R. Serrano, H.
Climent, P. Piqueras, & E. Angiolini
Abstract: Wall-flow particulate filters are in the present days a standard aftertreatment system
widely used in diesel engines to reduce particle emissions and meet emission regulations. This
paper deals with the analysis of the macro- and meso-geometry definition of the DPF monoliths
from a fluid-dynamic modelling approach. Focus is driven to the analysis of the influence on
pressure drop and hence on engine fuel economy.
The influence of the DPF volume on the engine performance is analysed with a gas dynamic
software including both post-turbo and pre-turbo placement under clean and soot loading
conditions. A swept in cell density is also considered for different thermal integrity factors. This
approach allows analysing the trends in pressure drop and cell unit geometric parameters
defining the monolith thermal and mechanical performance. A discussion considering constant
specific filtration area and constant filtration area is performed providing a comprehensive
understanding of the DPF and engine response as volume and cellular geometry are changed.
Results are leading to rigorously justify known but usually empirical guidelines for DPF design in
post-turbo applications. A discussion on the potential for monolith volume reduction in preturbo applications with respect to the post-turbo baseline is addressed. This is based on the
very low sensitivity of fuel consumption and pressure drop both to volume reduction and soot
and ash loading with pre-turbo DPF configuration.
Subject Area: Diesel engine; DPF sizing; Pressure-drop; Fuel consumption; Pre-turbo
aftertreatment
Availability: Serrano, J. R., et al. "Analysis of fluid-dynamic guidelines in diesel particulate filter
sizing for fuel consumption reduction in post-turbo and pre-turbo placement." Applied Energy
132 (2014): 507-523. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914007259

Adaptive Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination on Distribution Network Hua,
L; Wang, J; & Zhou, C
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) with large battery charging demands may cause detrimental
impact on distribution grid stability without EV charging coordination. This paper proposes an
on-line adaptive EV charging scheduling (OACS) framework to optimize EV charging schedules
and reduce flow limit, voltage magnitude limit, 3-phase voltage imbalance limit, and
transformer capacity violations. EV user convenience is considered and EV charging cost is
optimized. DC power flow based optimizations is proposed for EV charging scheduling
approximation and parallel ac power flow verification is used to verify the scheduling results.
Incremental feasibility improvement procedure is further proposed to correct the scheduling
discrepancy between dc linear model and the ac model. Experiments are performed on a
modified IEEE 34 14.7 kV distribution system with different EV penetration levels to
demonstrate performance comparisons between different scheduling schemes. The result
shows that our proposed OACS framework optimizes the EV charging coordination problem
efficiently.
Subject Area: Demand coordination; distribution grid; electric vehicle (EV); optimization model;
smart grid
Availability: Hua, Lunci, Jia Wang, and Chi Zhou. "Adaptive Electric Vehicle Charging
Coordination on Distribution Network."
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6863680

Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution networks: A review of smart
charging approaches J. García-Villalobos, I. Zamora, J.I. San Martín, F.J. Asensio, & V.
Aperribay
Abstract: Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) are emerging as an efficient and sustainable alternative
for private and public road transportation. From the point of view of electric grids, PEVs are
currently considered as simple loads due to their low market penetration. However, as the PEV
fleet grows, implementation of an intelligent management system will be necessary in order to
avoid large capital expenditures in network reinforcements and negative effects on electric
distribution networks, such as: voltage deviations, transformers and lines saturations, increase
of electrical losses, etc. These issues may jeopardize the safety and reliability of the grid. As a
consequence, this topic has been researched in many papers where a wide range of solutions
have been proposed. This paper presents a review of different strategies, algorithms and
methods to implement a smart charging control system. Also significant projects around the
world about PEVs integration are presented. Finally, on the basis of this review, main findings
and some recommendations are presented.
Subject Area: Plug-in electric vehicles; Smart charging; Distribution networks
Availability: García-Villalobos, J., et al. "Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution
networks: A review of smart charging approaches." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
38 (2014): 717-731. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114004924

Finite Action-Set Learning Automata for Economic Dispatch Considering
Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources Junpeng Zhu, Ping Jiang, Wei Gu,
Wanxing Sheng, Xiaoli Meng and Jun Gao
Abstract: The coming interaction between a growing electrified vehicle fleet and the desired
growth in renewable energy provides new insights into the economic dispatch (ED) problem.
This paper presents an economic dispatch model that considers electric vehicle charging,
battery exchange stations, and wind farms. This ED model is a high-dimensional, non-linear, and
stochastic problem and its solution requires powerful methods. A new finite action-set learning
automata (FALA)-based approach that has the ability to adapt to a stochastic environment is
proposed. The feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated in a modified IEEE 30 bus
system. It is compared with continuous action-set learning automata and particle swarm
optimization-based approaches in terms of convergence characteristics, computational
efficiency, and solution quality. Simulation results show that the proposed FALA-based
approach was indeed capable of more efficiently obtaining the approximately optimal solution.
In addition, by using an optimal dispatch schedule for the interaction between electric vehicle
stations and power systems, it is possible to reduce the gap between demand and power
generation at different times of the day.
Subject Area: economic dispatch; stochastic optimization; electric vehicles; wind power;
learning automata
Availability: Zhu, Junpeng, et al. "Finite Action-Set Learning Automata for Economic Dispatch
Considering Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources." Energies 7.7 (2014): 4629-4647.
http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/7/7/4629/htm

Aggregate modeling and control of plug-in electric vehicles for renewable
power tracking Ebrahimi, B & Mohammadpour, J.
Abstract: A robust strategy is proposed in this paper to control the aggregate charging power of
plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The charging flexibility of PEVs provides the intermittent
renewable power sources with control authority to cope with load fluctuations caused by the
variation of grid-connected PEVs population and their instantaneous power demand. In this
paper, we consider an aggregate model of PEVs power in the form of a partial differential
equation (PDE). A sliding mode control is then developed for the derived PDE load model with
no discretization in the spatial domain. The developed sliding mode controller operates on the
real-time measurable imbalance between source and demand power. To evaluate the closedloop response and demonstrate the controller's robustness against PEVs population variations,
a Monte Carlo simulation is performed for real driving conditions and using renewable power
data.
Subject Area: Aggregates, Load modeling, Mathematical model, Sociology, Statistics, Switches,
Wind power generation
Availability: Ebrahimi, Behrouz, and Javad Mohammadpour. "Aggregate modeling and control
of plug-in electric vehicles for renewable power tracking." American Control Conference (ACC),
2014. IEEE, 2014. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6859169

Optimal Operation and Services Scheduling for an Electric Vehicle Battery
Swapping Station Sarker, M.R., Pandzic, H., & Ortega-Vazquez, M.A.
Abstract: For a successful rollout of electric vehicles (EVs), it is required to establish an
adequate charging infrastructure. The adequate access to such infrastructure would help to
mitigate concerns associated with limited EV range and long charging times. Battery swapping
stations are poised as effective means of eliminating the long waiting times associated with
charging the EV batteries. These stations are mediators between the power system and their
customers. In order to successfully deploy this type of stations, a business and operating model
is required, that will allow it to generate profits while offering a fast and reliable alternative to
charging batteries. This paper proposes an optimization framework for the operating model of
battery swapping stations. The proposed model considers the day-ahead scheduling process.
Battery demand uncertainty is modeled using inventory robust optimization, while multi-band
robust optimization is employed to model electricity price uncertainty. The results show the
viability of the proposed model as a business case, as well as the effectiveness of the model to
provide the required service.
Subject Area: Battery swapping station; electric vehicles; energy storage; robust optimization
Availability: Sarker, Mushfiqur R., H. Pandzic, and Miguel A. Ortega-Vazquez. "Optimal
Operation and Services Scheduling for an Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station."
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6857439

An Illustrative Look at Energy Flow through Hybrid Powertrains for Design
and Analysis Eli Hampton White
Abstract: Throughout the past several years, a major push has been made for the automotive
industry to provide vehicles with lower environmental impacts while maintaining safety,
performance, and overall appeal. Various legislation has been put into place to establish
guidelines for these improvements and serve as a challenge for automakers all over the world.
In light of these changes, hybrid technologies have been growing immensely on the market
today as customers are seeing the benefits with lower fuel consumption and higher efficiency
vehicles. With the need for hybrids rising, it is vital for the engineers of this age to understand
the importance of advanced vehicle technologies and learn how and why these vehicles can
change the world as we know it. To help in the education process, this thesis seeks to define a
powertrain model created and developed to help users understand the basics behind hybrid
vehicles and the effects of these advanced technologies.
One of the main goals of this research is to maintain a simplified approach to model
development. There are very complex vehicle simulation models in the market today, however
these can be hard to manipulate and even more difficult to understand. The 1 Hz model
described within this work aims to allow energy to be simply and understandable traced
through a hybrid powertrain. Through the use of a “backwards” energy tracking method,
demand for a drive cycle is found using a drive cycle and vehicle parameters. This demand is
then used to determine what amount of energy would be required at each component within
the powertrain all the way from the wheels to the fuel source, taking into account component
losses and accessory loads on the vehicle. Various energy management strategies are
developed and explained including controls for regenerative braking, Battery Electric Vehicles,
and Thermostatic and Load-following Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles. After validating this model,
several studies are completed. First, an example of using this model to design a hybrid
powertrain is conducted. This study moves from defining system requirements to component
selection, and then finding the best powertrain to accomplish the given constraints. Next, a
parameter known as Power Split Fraction is studied to provide insight on how it affects overall
powertrain efficiency. Since the goal with advanced vehicle powertrains is to increase overall
system efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption, it is important to understand how all
of the factors involved affect the system as a whole. After completing these studies, this thesis
moves on to discussing future work which will continue refining this model and making it more
applicable for design. Overall, this work seeks to provide an educational tool and aid in the
development of the automotive engineers of tomorrow.
Subject Area: hybrid technology; vehicle powertrain
Availability: White, Eli Hampton. An Illustrative Look at Energy Flow through Hybrid
Powertrains for Design and Analysis. Diss. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
2014. http://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/49433

Development of a Series Parallel Energy Management Strategy for Charge
Sustaining PHEV Operation Peter Christopher Manning
Abstract: The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team of Virginia Tech (HEVT) is participating in the 20122014 EcoCAR 2: Plugging in to the Future Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series
organized by Argonne National Lab (ANL), and sponsored by General Motors Corporation (GM)
and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The goals of the competition are to reduce well-towheel (WTW) petroleum energy consumption (PEU), WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria
emissions while maintaining vehicle performance, consumer acceptability and safety. Following
the EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Development Process (VDP) of designing, building, and refining an
advanced technology vehicle over the course of the three year competition using a 2013
Chevrolet Malibu donated by GM as a base vehicle, the selected powertrain is a Series-Parallel
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with P2 (between engine and transmission) and P4 (rear
axle) motors, a lithium ion battery pack, an internal combustion engine, and an automatic
transmission. Development of a charge sustaining control strategy for this vehicle involves
coordination of controls for each of the main powertrain components through a distributed
control strategy. For example, the algorithm accounts for a variety of system operating points
and will penalize or reward certain operating points for other conditions. These conditions
include but are not limited to rewards for discharging the battery when the state of charge
(SOC) is above the target value or penalties for operating points with excessive emissions.
Development of diagnostics and remedial actions is an important part of controlling the
powertrain safely. In order to validate the control strategy prior to in-vehicle operation,
simulations are run against a plant model of the vehicle systems. This paper details the
development of the controls for diagnostics, major selection algorithms, and execution of
commands and its integration into the Series-Parallel PHEV through the supervisory controller.
This paper also covers the plant model development and testing of the control algorithms using
controller SIL and HIL methods. This paper details reasons for any changes to the control
system, and describes improvements or tradeoffs that had to be made to the control system
architecture for the vehicle to run reliably and meet its target specifications. Test results
illustrate how changes to the plant model and control code properly affect operation of the
control system in the actual vehicle. The VT Malibu is operational and projected to perform well
at the final competition.
Subject Area: PHEV
Availability: Manning, Peter Christopher. Development of a Series Parallel Energy Management
Strategy for Charge Sustaining PHEV Operation. Diss. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, 2014. http://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/49436

Study on the economic and environmental benefits of different EV powertrain
topologies Bin Wang, Min Xu, Li Yang
Abstract: Numerous feasible schemes of powertrain topology can be designed for the electric
vehicles (EVs) based on the distributed configurations of the electric motors. In this study, the
effects of different EV powertrain topologies on the energy efficiency, vehicle ownership cost
and lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of EVs are investigated. Energy-based vehicle
simulation model including the regenerative braking function and battery degradation
prediction method is established firstly. An optimization scheme combining the energy-based
vehicle simulation model is conducted to minimize the electric energy consumption under
various scenarios and driving conditions. Then the vehicle ownership cost and lifecycle GHG
emissions of EVs are evaluated based on Chinese EV market and electricity grid. The sensitivity
analyses of EV powertrain topology are implemented based on the different vehicle weights,
CO2 intensities of electricity and all-electric ranges. Results show that EVs using the powertrain
of wheel-hub drive with the gear reducer have lower energy consumption. Furthermore, the
driving cycles with more aggressive acceleration/deceleration and frequently stop-and-go
conditions can increase both the vehicle ownership cost and lifecycle GHG emissions
simultaneously. Chinese city traffic conditions will help EVs to obtain more benefits in respect
of the economy and environment.
Subject Area: Electric vehicles; EV powertrain topology; Energy economy; Lifecycle analysis
Availability: Wang, Bin, Min Xu, and Li Yang. "Study on the economic and environmental
benefits of different EV powertrain topologies." Energy Conversion and Management 86 (2014):
916-926. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890414004889

Cooperative Dispatch of Wind Generation and Electric Vehicles With Battery
Storage Capacity Constraints in SCUC Shao, C.; Wang, X. ; Wang, X. ; Du, C. ;
Dang, C. ; Liu, S.
Abstract: Load dispatch such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) control of electric vehicles (EVs) is taken
as a promising way to promote the integration of wind power. This paper proposes a
cooperation model of EVs and wind generation based on the security-constrained unit
commitment (SCUC). Different from existing works, it pays special attentions to the model and
constraints of EV aggregators. The distribution pattern of user trips is included and the dynamic
process of stored energy is analyzed in the model. The constraints that EVs can't charge and
discharge simultaneously are proved to be redundant under some conditions on theory and the
necessity of battery storage constraints are explained via numerical examples. The proposed
model is verified in case studies on the IEEE-RTS. The results show that V2G can not only
improve the efficiency of thermal units but also promote the integration of wind power. Factors
influencing storage violations are also analyzed.
Subject Area: Battery storage capacity constraints; EV aggregator model; SCUC; V2G control;
load dispatch
Availability: Shao, Chengcheng, et al. "Cooperative Dispatch of Wind Generation and Electric
Vehicles With Battery Storage Capacity Constraints in SCUC." 1-8.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6837496

The Reign of EVs? An Economic Analysis from Consumer's Perspective Fan, Z.
& Oviedo, R.
Abstract: Traditionally, petroleum (oil) has been the main source of energy for the U.S. national
economy and transportation sector. In 2010, 83% of all the energy required by the United
States was provided by fossil fuel sources. The energy use in the United States can be divided
into four broad sectors: transportation, residential, commercial, and industrial. The
transportation sector accounts for 28% of the total energy demand, and 96% of the energy
used in this particular sector comes from fossil fuel. Based on records for 2011 and 2012, to
satisfy these energy requirements, the United States needs to import, on average, 337,143
Mbbl (1 Mbbl = 1,000 oil barrels) of crude oil and ?petroleum products per month. Nearly 70%
of the imported oil is allocated to the transportation sector to satisfy the fuel demands of cars,
trucks, airplanes, and marine transport. Figure 1 shows the petroleum flow in the United States
in millions of barrels per day. The high U.S. dependency on foreign oil together with the
continually increasing price of oil and its derivatives have encouraged the national policy of
reducing oil dependency by promoting carbon fuel (gasoline) displacement in the transport
sector.
Subject Area: Batteries; Electric vehicles; Electricity supply industry; Energy management;
Fuels; Petroleum; Transportation
Availability: Fan, Z., and R. Oviedo. "The Reign of EVs? An Economic Analysis from Consumer's
Perspective." Electrification Magazine, IEEE 2.2 (2014): 61-71.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6841679

A review on the applications of driving data and traffic information for
vehicles‫ ׳‬energy conservation Abbas Fotouhi, Rubiyah Yusofa, Rasoul Rahmania,
Saad Mekhilefb, & Neda Shateria
Abstract: A large portion of energy consumption in the world is related to transportation. In
recent decades, a variety of technologies have been innovated and applied in order to decrease
vehicles energy consumption. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the use of driving data
and traffic information for vehicles energy conservation is done. The main aim of this paper is
the development of a framework for classification and comparative assessment of various
methods and technologies, in which driving data or traffic information are utilized for vehicles
energy conservation. The applications are classified into three main categories including (1)
traffic monitoring and management systems, (2) intelligent energy management systems in
vehicles and (3) intelligent management of charging issues. Research topics in each category are
explained and their respective effectiveness in vehicles energy consumption reduction is
discussed. The review concludes that the use of the driving data and traffic information leads to
remarkable improvements in vehicles energy consumption reduction.
Subject Area: Driving data; Traffic information; Energy conservation; Vehicle
Availability: Fotouhi, Abbas, et al. "A review on the applications of driving data and traffic
information for vehicles‫ ׳‬energy conservation." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 37
(2014): 822-833. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211400402X

Probability Model and Simulation Method of Electric Vehicle Charging Load on
Distribution Network Niancheng Zhou, Xicong Xiong & Qianggang Wang
Abstract: This article studies the charging characteristics of different kinds of electric vehicles
and, in particular, improves the sampling method of initial state-of-charge for hybrid electric
vehicles. With consideration of the influences that the charging time may exert on a customer
choice of charging start time, and introducing the quantity of simultaneously charging electric
vehicles, a probability model of a hybrid electric vehicle charging load is built. Then an
improved probability simulation method of charging demand is proposed for multiple kinds of
electric vehicles connected with a distribution grid. Finally, the impact of charging electric
vehicles is analyzed based on an IEEE 34-node test feeder.
Subject Area: pure electric vehicle, distribution network, hierarchical classification, hybrid
electric vehicle, state\-of\-charge, charging load, Monte Carlo simulation, probability model,
quick charging, battery swap
Availability: Zhou, Niancheng, Xicong Xiong, and Qianggang Wang. "Probability Model and
Simulation Method of Electric Vehicle Charging Load on Distribution Network." Electric Power
Components and Systems 42.9 (2014): 879-888.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15325008.2014.903537

Stochastic Modeling and Forecasting of Load Demand for Electric Bus BatterySwap Station Dai, Q.; Cai, T.; Duan, s.; & Zhao, F.
Abstract: Electric-vehicle (EV) battery-swap stations (BSSs) have become important
infrastructures for the development of EVs to extend their driving range. Due to the
randomness of batteries' swapping and charging patterns, the load demand of the BSS has a
stochastic nature. It is necessary to investigate the charging load characteristics of BSS to guide
the coordinated battery charging for mitigating the impact of disorderly charging behaviors on
the distribution network. Under the uncontrolled swapping and charging scenario, four
variables are essential: 1) hourly number of EVs for battery swapping; 2) the charging start
time; 3) the travel distance; and 4) the charging duration. Taking these factors into account, a
novel model based on Monte Carlo simulation is presented to estimate uncontrolled energy
consumption of the BSS. Then, a generic nonparametric method for the estimation of
prediction uncertainty of charging load demand is introduced. Adopting an actual typical BSS as
an example, the simulation results show that the proposed prediction methods of the BSS
charging load and probabilistic interval are suitable for forecasting the horizon 24 h ahead.
Subject Area: Battery-swap station (BSS); Monte–Carlo Simulation; charging load forecasting;
charging load model; electric vehicles (EVs); probability interval forecast
Availability: Dai, Qian, et al. "Stochastic Modeling and Forecasting of Load Demand for Electric
Bus Battery-Swap Station." 1-1. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6778111

Potential power system and fuel consumption impacts of plug in hybrid
vehicle charging using Australian National Electricity Market load profiles and
transportation survey data Graham Mills & Iain MacGill
Abstract: Future electric vehicle (EV) deployment raises the potential for opportunities and
challenges for policy makers in both the electricity and transportation sectors. This paper
describes the development of a simple, time based simulation tool for assessing plug-in hybrid
EV charging load and gasoline consumption under a range of standard charging infrastructure
and charge control scenarios. This tool is intended for use by power system planners and other
policy makers in evaluating a range of possible load outcomes arising from EV integration.
Australian vehicle trip data from the New South Wales Household Transport Survey is used with
the introduced model to assess the impact of EV charging load on the 2011 Australian National
Electricity Market load profile. Results are presented which address a gap in existing literature
with respect to EV load profiles in the Australian context with findings which include (1) that
the provision of non-residential (public) charging infrastructure is beneficial for both vehicle
owners and power system load profiles, (2) that fast charging in the residential context
represents a significant risk to the power system if not accompanied by charging control, (3)
that inappropriate Time-of-Use electricity tariffs may lead to poor outcomes at high
penetration levels, and (4) that there are trade-offs between benefits for the power system and
the amount of gasoline consumed by the vehicle fleet when charging is restricted to occur
overnight. Given the current focus on Time-of-Use electricity tariffs as the primary mechanism
for influencing EVs recharging, the finding that inappropriate Time-of-Use electricity tariffs lead
to poor outcomes at high penetration levels is significant for long term EV integration planning.
Subject Area: Electric vehicle; EV; Plug in hybrid electric vehicle; Australia; National Electricity
Market; Demand forecasting
Availability: Mills, Graham, and Iain MacGill. "Potential power system and fuel consumption
impacts of plug in hybrid vehicle charging using Australian National Electricity Market load
profiles and transportation survey data." Electric Power Systems Research 116 (2014): 1-11.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779614001588

Transportation Systems And The Built Environment: A Life-Cycle Energy Case
Study And Analysis Brice G. Nichols and Kara M. Kockelman
Abstract: The built environment can be used to influence travel demand, but very few studies
consider the relative energy savings of such policies in context of a complex urban system. This
analysis quantifies the day-to-day and embodied energy consumption of four different
neighborhoods in Austin, Texas, to examine how built environment variations influence various
sources of urban energy consumption. A microsimulation combines models for petroleum use
(from driving) and residential and commercial power and natural gas use with rigorously
measured building stock and infrastructure materials quantities (to arrive at embodied energy).
Results indicate that the more suburban neighborhoods, with mostly detached single-family
homes, consume up to 320% more embodied energy, 150% more operational energy, and
about 160% more total life-cycle energy (per capita) than a densely developed neighborhood
with mostly low-rise-apartments and duplexes. Across all neighborhoods, operational energy
use comprised 83 to 92% of total energy use, and transportation sources (including personal
vehicles and transit, plus street, parking structure, and sidewalk infrastructure) made up 44 to
47% of the life-cycle energy demands tallied. Energy elasticity calculations across the
neighborhoods suggest that increased population density and reduced residential unit size offer
greatest life-cycle energy savings per capita, by reducing both operational demands from
driving and home energy use, and from less embodied energy from construction. The results
support the notion that transportation and the built environment are strongly linked, and
improving urban energy efficiency must come from policies and designs targeting embodied
sources, not just a household’s travel and daily energy consumption.
Subject Area: Life-cycle energy use, urban systems, neighborhood design, built environment,
vehicle-miles traveled, land use patterns, sustainability levers, smart growth
Availability: Life-Cycle Energy Implications of Different Residential Settings: Recognizing
Buildings, Travel and Public Infrastructure. Brice Nichols, Energy Policy 68: 232-242 (2014).
http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/kockelman/public_html/TRB14neighborhoodsLCA.pdf

Urban Form And Life-Cycle Energy Consumption: Case Studies For Five U.S.
Cities Brice G. Nichols and Kara M. Kockelman
Abstract: This work estimates life-cycle energy demands for residents and workers in different
built environment settings. By combining daily (operations) and embodied energy demands, the
work provides a holistic analysis of energy demands by sector and usage phase, at a large scale.
Pivoting off previous work to develop life-cycle analyses (LCAs) of different neighborhood types
in Austin, Texas, this analysis extends these neighborhood results to fabricate five different city
types, reflecting actual accessibility, resident and employment density profiles. Five residential
and three commercial neighborhood types are distributed across a 10-mile circular model, and
total city life-cycle energy demands are calculated. Results quantify total energy demands for
these city forms (using Austin neighborhood characteristics as the basis) and provide a rare
view of total annual energy demands from the urban residential and commercial sectors.
Results indicate that, as expected, per-capita daily energy demands decrease with increased
resident and employment density. However, results also indicate that embodied energy savings
with increased density are relatively much greater, and therefore life-cycle energy savings
should also be considered when evaluating efficiency benefits of density. Even though results
show that embodied energy makes up only 10-20% of total life-cycle energy, per-capita energy
savings with increased density suggest it may be an aspect important to include in planning
analyses. Average life-cycle per-capita energy use ranges from 140 GJ/year/capita in the least
dense Orlando-style setting to around 90 GJ/year/capita in the maximum-density scenario,
corresponding to a 35% reduction in per-capita energy demand. Energy reductions for other
neighborhood setting (relative to an Orlando-based design) increase with density, at 18, 22, and
24% per-capita demands for Phoenix, Austin, and Seattle settings, respectively. The findings
suggest that urbanization can be controlled in a way that significantly reduces energy demands
if resident and employment density is encouraged.
Subject Area: life-cycle energy demand;
Availability: Nichols, Brice G., and Kara M. Kockelman. "Urban Form And Life-Cycle Energy
Consumption: Case Studies For Five Us Cities." Proceedings of the World Symposium on
Transport and Land Use Research (WSTLUR), Delft, Netherlands (2014).
http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/kockelman/public_html/TRB15wholecitiesLCA.pdf

Research on the Performance of Cooling Module with Fuel Cell Vehicle He
Chang, Xiumin Yu and Jing Hua Lv
Abstract: Cooling-module simulation for the fuel cell car has been built according with CFD and
KULI software. The simulation results are compared with the test data to verify the authenticity
of the module. Based on 3D and 1D calculation of the module is done to analyze the effect on
the performance of the cooling module for fuel cell car.
Subject Area: Cooling module, fuel cell car, performance, simulation
Availability: Chang, He, Y. U. Xiumin, and Jing Hua Lv. "Research on the Performance of Cooling
Module with Fuel Cell Vehicle." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8 (2014): 117-120.
http://www.benthamscience.com/open/tomej/articles/V008/TOMEJ140501003.pdf

Coordinating plug-in electric vehicle charging with electric grid: valley filling
and target load following Li Zhang, Faryar Jabbari, Tim Brown, & Scott Samuelsen
Abstract: Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) shift energy consumption from petroleum to
electricity for the personal transportation sector. This work proposes a decentralized charging
protocol for PEVs with grid operators updating the cost signal. Each PEV calculates its own
optimal charging profile only once based on the cost signal, after it is plugged in, and sends the
result back to the grid operators. Grid operators only need to aggregate charging profiles and
update the load and cost. The existing PEV characteristics, national household travel survey
(NHTS), California Independent System Operator (CAISO) demand, and estimates for future
renewable generation in California are used to simulate PEV operation, PEV charging profiles,
grid demand, and grid net load (demand minus renewable). Results show the proposed
protocol has good performance for overnight net load valley filling if the costs to be minimized
are proportional to the net load. Annual results are shown in terms of overnight load variation
and comparisons are made with grid level valley filling results. Further, a target load can be
approached in the same manner by using the gap between current load and the target load as
the cost. The communication effort involved is quite modest.
Subject Area: plug-in electric vehicle; grid operation; PEV charging; decentralized control; valley
filling
Availability: Zhang, Li, et al. "Coordinating plug-in electric vehicle charging with electric grid:
valley filling and target load following." Journal of Power Sources (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775314005783

Rapid-Charging Navigation of Electric Vehicles Based on Real-Time Power
Systems and Traffic Data Guo, Q., Xin, S.; Sun, H.; Li, Z.; & Zhang, B
Abstract: With recent changes in the availability and diversity of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)
in the United States, there is increasing research interest in the interaction between PEVs and
the electric grid. Extensive work in the literature examines these interactions with the
assumption that the timing of PEV charging will be scheduled, and that charging loads can be
adjusted dynamically at the behest of the utility and the system operator. While it might be
technically feasible to aggregate the data on driver schedules and historical PEV use and
charging decisions, it is unclear whether PEV owners will readily share these data and accept
partial third-party control of their vehicle’s charging. Given the uncertainty in the future
relationships between electric utilities and PEV owners, this study examines the region-level
effects of PEV charging in the absence of the additional data utilities would need to realize
these idealized charging scenarios. In particular, this study focuses on temporally-resolved
prediction of electricity demand needed to serve PEV charging loads if charge scheduling or
control is not widespread. Vehicle trip data from the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS)
were converted into individual vehicle charging profiles. Monte Carlo methods were then used
with these profiles to simulate electricity demand for PEV charging. These simulations include
accounting for the potential demographic characteristics of PEV drivers and the estimated
charging behavior of those drivers. The simulation results were validated using empirical vehicle
charging data collected by the Pecan Street Research Consortium from households in Austin,
Texas. The simulation results compared favorably with the empirical data, estimating charging
behavior to within 7% throughout most of the day. Two different simulation approaches were
considered to show that a reduced-order simulation approach yields similar results. Finally,
having demonstrated the stability of the simulation to assumptions about PEV owner
demographics and PEV type-dependent charging patterns, the simulation results were used to
determine the effect of unscheduled PEV charging on peak load in three different regions,
Texas, New York, and New England, with three PEV fleet growth projections. These results
indicate that for the moderate growth scenario considered, unscheduled charging will increase
peak load by less than 1% by 2025 in each of the three regions.
Subject Area: Charge; distribution network; electric vehicle (EV); traffic control
Availability: Guo, Qinglai, et al. "Rapid-Charging Navigation of Electric Vehicles Based on RealTime Power Systems and Traffic Data." 1-1.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6805663&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexpl
ore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6805663

An empirically-validated methodology to simulate electricity demand for
electric vehicle charging Chioke B. Harris & Michael E. Webber
Abstract: With recent changes in the availability and diversity of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)
in the United States, there is increasing research interest in the interaction between PEVs and
the electric grid. Extensive work in the literature examines these interactions with the
assumption that the timing of PEV charging will be scheduled, and that charging loads can be
adjusted dynamically at the behest of the utility and the system operator. While it might be
technically feasible to aggregate the data on driver schedules and historical PEV use and
charging decisions, it is unclear whether PEV owners will readily share these data and accept
partial third-party control of their vehicle’s charging. Given the uncertainty in the future
relationships between electric utilities and PEV owners, this study examines the region-level
effects of PEV charging in the absence of the additional data utilities would need to realize
these idealized charging scenarios. In particular, this study focuses on temporally-resolved
prediction of electricity demand needed to serve PEV charging loads if charge scheduling or
control is not widespread. Vehicle trip data from the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS)
were converted into individual vehicle charging profiles. Monte Carlo methods were then used
with these profiles to simulate electricity demand for PEV charging. These simulations include
accounting for the potential demographic characteristics of PEV drivers and the estimated
charging behavior of those drivers. The simulation results were validated using empirical vehicle
charging data collected by the Pecan Street Research Consortium from households in Austin,
Texas. The simulation results compared favorably with the empirical data, estimating charging
behavior to within 7% throughout most of the day. Two different simulation approaches were
considered to show that a reduced-order simulation approach yields similar results. Finally,
having demonstrated the stability of the simulation to assumptions about PEV owner
demographics and PEV type-dependent charging patterns, the simulation results were used to
determine the effect of unscheduled PEV charging on peak load in three different regions,
Texas, New York, and New England, with three PEV fleet growth projections. These results
indicate that for the moderate growth scenario considered, unscheduled charging will increase
peak load by less than 1% by 2025 in each of the three regions.
Subject Area: Plug-in electric vehicle; Travel patterns; NHTS; PEV charging; Monte Carlo
simulation
Availability: Harris, Chioke B., and Michael E. Webber. "An empirically-validated methodology
to simulate electricity demand for electric vehicle charging." Applied Energy 126 (2014): 172181. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914003183

Economic Scheduling of Residential Plug-In (Hybrid) Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Charging Maigha and Mariesa L. Crow
Abstract: In the past decade, plug-in (hybrid) electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been widely
proposed as a viable alternative to internal combustion vehicles to reduce fossil fuel emissions
and dependence on petroleum. Off-peak vehicle charging is frequently proposed to reduce the
stress on the electric power grid by shaping the load curve. Time of use (TOU) rates have been
recommended to incentivize PHEV owners to shift their charging patterns. Many utilities are
not currently equipped to provide real-time use rates to their customers, but can provide two
or three staggered rate levels. To date, an analysis of the optimal number of levels and rateduration of TOU rates for a given consumer demographic versus utility generation mix has not
been performed. In this paper, we propose to use the U.S. National Household Travel Survey
(NHTS) database as a basis to analyze typical PHEV energy requirements. We use Monte Carlo
methods to model the uncertainty inherent in battery state-of-charge and trip duration. We
conclude the paper with an analysis of a different TOU rate schedule proposed by a mix of U.S.
utilities. We introduce a centralized scheduling strategy for PHEV charging using a genetic
algorithm to accommodate the size and complexity of the optimization.
Subject Area: electric vehicles; economic dispatch; energy management
Availability: Crow, Mariesa L. "Economic Scheduling of Residential Plug-In (Hybrid) Electric
Vehicle (PHEV) Charging." Energies 7.4 (2014): 1876-1898. http://www.mdpi.com/19961073/7/4/1876/pdf

Ecodrive I-80: A Large Sample Fuel Economy Feedback Field Test Kenneth S.
Kurani; Tai Stillwater; & Matt Jones
Abstract: Energy feedback in the vehicle dashboard is one method to engage drivers in energy
saving driving styles. In contrast to the occasional broadcasting of general driving tips, in-vehicle
energy feedback gives drivers access to accurate information about their specific driving
situation on an ongoing basis. The increasing prevalence of such feedback in new vehicles
suggests a belief that the latter is effective. However, there is little reliable evidence of the
effectiveness of energy feedback in real-word driving in passenger vehicles. This study begins to
fill this gap. This report presents the results of a large sample eco-driving feedback study that
includes 118 drivers (140 driver-vehicle combinations); the drivers reside in selected cities along
the Interstate-80 corridor from San Francisco, CA to Reno and Sparks, NV. Participants are given
a commercially available fuel consumption recording and display device to use in their personal
vehicle for two months. The first month the display was left blank to record a baseline of driving
and fuel consumption: the second month the display was switched on. The devices display one
of three display designs spanning a variety of feedback modes; drivers are randomly assigned
which design they will see. Using a mixed-effects linear model that controls for road grade and
weather conditions, we find a statistically significant decrease of 2.7% in fuel consumption rate
(grams of gasoline per meter) between the without and with-feedback months overall. We also
find that drivers reduced their median trip speeds and mean acceleration rates in response to
feedback. The three display designs ranged from 1.9% to 2.9% impact. Driver sex was an even
greater determinant of savings with men averaging 1.9% and women 5% savings. Finally, the
alignment of pre-feedback driver goals with certain designs resulted in one group achieving a
22% improvement, and we estimate that if each driver had received the optimal screen for his
or her goal (rather than a random assignment) the group would have saved 9.2% overall.
Analysis of households’ exit interviews reveals that while many households claim that achieving
good fuel economy is a goal of their driving, few can name more than three things they could
do or actually do to increase fuel economy. Motivations for higher fuel economy span a range
of cost savings, energy security, conservation, environmental protection, and climate change. A
thematic analysis of the interview text produces a structure of four main themes, i.e., driving
contexts, sense of personal control, learning, and durability over time of behaviors. Feedback
can affect each of these themes and act as a bridge between them, e.g., increasing a sense of
personal control over fuel economy can be accomplished by learning from feedback how
personal actions affect fuel economy across driving contexts.
Subject Area: energy feedback; fuel economy; mixed-effects linear model
Availability: Kurani, Kenneth S., et al. "Ecodrive I-80: A Large Sample Fuel Economy Feedback
Field Test Final Report. "http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/pdfs/EcoDrive%20I-80.pdf

Estimating the HVAC Energy Consumption of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Kiran R.
Kambly & Thomas H. Bradley
Abstract: Plug in electric vehicles are vehicles that use energy from the electric grid to provide
tractive and accessory power to the vehicle. Due to the limited specific energy of energy
storage systems, the energy requirements of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems for cabin conditioning can significantly reduce their range between charges. Factors
such as local ambient temperature, local solar radiation, local humidity, length of the trip and
thermal soak have been identified as primary drivers of cabin conditioning loads and therefore
of vehicle range. The objective of this paper is to develop a detailed systems-level approach to
connect HVAC technologies and usage conditions to consumer-centric metrics of vehicle
performance including energy consumption and range. This includes consideration of stochastic
and transient inputs to the HVAC energy consumption model including local weather, solar
loads, driving behavior, charging behavior, and regional passenger fleet population. The
resulting engineering toolset is used to determine the summation of and geographical
distribution of energy consumption by HVAC systems in electric vehicles, and to identify regions
of US where the distributions of electric vehicle range are particularly sensitive to climate.
Subject Area: plug in electric vehicle; HVAC energy; cabin conditioning; electric range; thermal
comfort model
Availability: Kambly, Kiran R., and Thomas H. Bradley. "Estimating the HVAC Energy
Consumption of Plug-in Electric Vehicles." Journal of Power Sources (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877531400216X

Implementation of battery electric vehicles in ‘la Mancomunidad del Sureste
de Gran Canaria’ Martijn van der Pouw
Abstract: This study comprises the integration of battery-electric vehicles as means of storage
in order to accommodate the increasing fluctuations in the electricity system caused by the
intermittency of renewable energy sources. The study area is ‘la comarca del Sureste de Gran
Canaria’, the southeast county of Gran Canaria. It validates the environmental benefits and the
technical, business-economic and socio-economic feasibility of integrating battery-electric
vehicles as a means of energy storage by comparing different scenarios for the year 2030. A
technical analysis in EnergyPLAN, integrating the electric power system and transport system of
the southeast, compares different battery-electric vehicle-scenarios to a conventional scenario
based on gasoline- and diesel-fired vehicles. In these scenarios, as well more wind and solar
power – cost-effective and abundant resources in the region – is implemented. Conclusions are
drawn on the results of the renewable energy share, amount of CO2-emissions and the
decrease in dependency on imported fossil fuels. A business-economic analysis compares the
newest battery-electric vehicles with the newest gasoline- and diesel-fired vehicles. The
investment, operation and maintenance, and fuel costs are established for the lifetime of each
vehicle, based on various assumptions regarding, for example, the increase of the oil price and
the discount rate. Depending on the annual driven distance, different conclusions are drawn on
the cost-effectiveness of battery-electric vehicles and its fossil fired peers. A socio-economic
analysis compares the different technical year 2030-scenarios in order to conclude on the
regional economic development. The socio-economic consequences of the scenarios are
analysed by (1), analysing the import shares of investment, operation and maintenance and fuel
costs, and (2), analysing the employment effects. An analysis on the implementation of both
more battery-electric vehicles and renewable energy, describes the current situation and future
implications of the radical technological change as introduced in this study. Planning problems
surrounding the expansion of the current wind farms are dealt with.
Subject Area: BEV; CO2 emissions; renewable energy; wind and solar
Availability: van der Pouw, Martijn. "Implementation of battery-electric vehicles in ‘la
Mancomunidad del Sureste de Gran Canaria’."
http://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/72259465/Integration_of_electric_vehicles_Martijn_van_der_Pouw
.pdf

Packetized Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charge Management Rezaei, P.; Frolik, J.; &
Hines, P.D.H.
Abstract: Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging could cause significant strain on residential
distribution systems, unless technologies and incentives are created to mitigate charging during
times of peak residential consumption. This paper describes and evaluates a decentralized and
“packetized” approach to PEV charge management, in which PEV charging is requested and
approved for time-limited periods. This method, which is adapted from approaches for
bandwidth sharing in communication networks, simultaneously ensures that constraints in the
distribution network are satisfied, that communication bandwidth requirements are relatively
small, and that each vehicle has fair access to the available power capacity. This paper
compares the performance of the packetized approach to an optimization method and a firstcome, first-served (FCFS) charging scheme in a test case with a constrained 500 kVA distribution
feeder and time-of-use residential electricity pricing. The results show substantial advantages
for the packetized approach. The algorithm provides all vehicles with equal access to
constrained resources and attains near optimal travel cost performance, with low complexity
and communication requirements. The proposed method does not require that vehicles report
or record driving patterns, and thus provides benefits over optimization approaches by
preserving privacy and reducing computation and bandwidth requirements.
Subject Area: Communication systems; plug-in electric vehicles; smart charging
Availability: Rezaei, Pooya, Jeff Frolik, and Paul Hines. "Packetized Plug-in Electric Vehicle
Charge Management." http://www.uvm.edu/~phines/publications/2014/rezaei_2014.pdf

Randomized PHEV Charging Under Distribution Grid Constraints Zhou, K.; &
Cai, L.
Abstract: Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEV) are promising to improve energy efficiency
and environment friendliness. However, without proper control, their charging will cause
harmful impact on the power distribution grid, including load congestion and voltage drop.
Instead of using centralized optimization which may need accurate predictions on key
parameters, in this paper, a new decentralized random access framework is introduced to
schedule the PHEV charging. The proposed distributed solution does not need accurate
predictions and can be executed online. Simulation on a semi-urban residential medium voltage
grid shows that our algorithm can effectively provide demand response to protect the
distribution grid from bus congestion and voltage drop, and also improve its efficiency. Most
importantly, this algorithm is simple to deploy.
Subject Area: Decentralized/randomized PHEV charging; demand response; distribution grid;
smart grid
Availability: Zhou, Kan, and Lin Cai. "Randomized PHEV charging under distribution grid
constraints." IEEE Trans. Smart Grid (submitted). http://www.ece.uvic.ca/~cai/disgrid.pdf

Risk-Aware Day-Ahead Scheduling and Real-time Dispatch for Electric Vehicle
Charging Yang, L.; Zhang, J.; & Poor, H.V.
Abstract: This paper studies risk-aware day-ahead scheduling and real-time dispatch for
electric vehicle (EV) charging, aiming to jointly optimize the EV charging cost and the risk of the
load mismatch between the forecast and the actual EV loads, due to the random driving
activities of EVs. It turns out that the consideration of the load mismatch risk in the objective
function significantly complicates the risk-aware day-ahead scheduling problem (indeed it
involves nonconvex optimization). A key step taken here is to utilize a hidden convexity
structure to recast this problem as a two-stage stochastic linear program, and then solve it by
using the L-shaped method. Since the computational complexity grows exponentially in the
number of EVs, an estimation algorithm is developed based on importance sampling to mitigate
the computational complexity. Further, a distributed risk-aware real-time dispatch algorithm is
developed, in which the aggregator needs to compute only the shadow prices for each EV to
optimize its own charging strategy in a distributed manner. It is shown, based on real data, that
the proposed risk-aware day-ahead scheduling algorithm using importance sampling can
significantly reduce the overall charging cost with a small number of samples.
Subject Area: Distributed algorithm; electric vehicles; importance sampling; smart charging;
smart grids
Availability: Yang, Lei, Junshan Zhang, and Dajun Qian. "Risk-aware day-ahead scheduling and
real-time dispatch for plug-in electric vehicles." Global Communications Conference
(GLOBECOM), 2012 IEEE. IEEE, 2012.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6503578

Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Demand Estimation based on Queueing
Network Analysis Hao Liang, Isha Sharma, Weihua Zhuang, and Kankar
Bhattacharya
Abstract: Charging stations are critical infrastructure for the integration of plug-in electric
vehicles (PEVs) in the future distribution systems. With a steadily increasing PEV penetration
level, the PEV charging demands of charging stations are expected to constitute a significant
portion of the total electric power demands. An accurate estimation of PEV charging demands
is crucial for the planning and operation of future distribution systems. However, the
estimation remains a challenging issue, as the charging demands of nearby charging stations
are closely correlated to each other and depend on vehicle drivers’ response to charging prices.
The evaluation of charging demands is further complicated by the highly dynamic vehicle
mobility, which results in random PEV arrivals and departures. In order to address these
challenges, a BCMP queueing network model is presented in this paper, in which each charging
station is modeled as a service center with multiple servers (chargers) and PEVs are modeled as
the customers in the service centers. Based on the stationary distribution of the number of
PEVs in each charging station, the statistics of PEV charging demands can be obtained. The
analytical model is validated by a case study based on realistic vehicle statistics extracted from
2009 National Household Travel Survey and New York State Transportation Federation Traffic
Data Viewer.
Subject Area: Charging station, plug-in electric vehicle, queueing network
Availability: Bhattacharya, Kankar. "Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Demand Estimation based
on Queueing Network Analysis." http://bbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~h8liang/conf_14_PESGM_LSZB.pdf

A First Order Estimate of Energy Impacts of Automated Vehicles in the United
States Don MacKenzie, Zia Wadud & Paul Leiby
Abstract: A novel comprehensive calculation bounds the long-term energy implications of road
vehicle automation. We combine multiple engineering estimates of the energy-efficiency
benefits of vehicle automation resulting from traffic flow improvements, intelligent speed
adaptation, vehicle drag reduction through platooning, and possible vehicle size and weight
variations. Many of these advantages can be brought about through relatively low level of
automation and are also applicable for highly automated vehicles, such as self-driving Level
vehicles. However, highly-automated vehicles can have significant behavioural implications that
can increase fuel consumption due to road travel. Higher speeds could offset fuel efficiency
gains. Potentially lower per-mile energy costs and vehicle insurance costs (due to fewer
accidents), plus a possible sharp reduction in the large cost component associated with the
drivers time, can reduce total travel costs per mile. Self-driving vehicles are also hoped to
enhance mobility, enabling new demographic groups travel on personal vehicles. Higher speed
enabled by highly automated vehicles can also make road travel competitive with aviation (for
passenger) and rail (for freight). All of these factors could increase road travel and increase
energy consumption. We estimate the potential energy benefits and rebound effects using an
ASIF or Kaya framework, where travel activity is endogenously determined from an economic
response to estimated shifts in travel cost components, and energy intensity appears both as
separate multiplicative factor and a variable contributing to the cost-based determination of
activity. A wide range of potential energy outcomes highlight potentially urgent policy issues,
and identify key areas for further research.
Subject Area: road vehicle automation; energy efficiency; ASIF; Kaya;
Availability: MacKenzie, Don, Zia Wadud, and Paul Leiby. "A FIRST ORDER ESTIMATE OF
ENERGY IMPACTS OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES IN 1 THE UNITED STATES 2."
http://faculty.washington.edu/dwhm/files/MacKenzie%20Wadud%20Leiby%20142193%20as%20submitted.pdf

Studying the feasibility of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using
photovoltaic electricity in residential distribution systems M.S. ElNozahy, &
M.M.A. Salamaa
Abstract: Recently, interest has grown in using photovoltaic (PV) electricity to charge plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). This paper investigates the feasibility of such a charging
alternative, from a distribution system performance perspective. To achieve this goal, it is first
necessary to determine the resulting aggregated impacts for both technologies when they
operate in parallel. Although extensive research has explored the individual impacts of PHEVs
and PV electricity on distribution networks, far too little study has been made of the interaction
between these two technologies and the resulting aggregated impacts when both operate
together.
This paper fills this gap by developing a probabilistic Monte Carlo (MC)-based benchmark that
can be used to assess the resulting impacts when PV arrays are used to charge PHEVs. Finally,
the authors compare the resulting aggregated impacts with those resulting when PHEV
charging demands are met solely from the medium voltage network, in order to draw
conclusions on the feasibility of such a charging alternative.
Subject Area: Monte Carlo simulation; Photovoltaic arrays; Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
Availability: ElNozahy, M. S., and M. M. A. Salama. "Studying the feasibility of charging plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles using photovoltaic electricity in residential distribution systems."
Electric Power Systems Research 110 (2014): 133-143.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779614000169

Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station: Business Case and Optimization
Model Mushfiqur R. Sarker, Hrvoje Pandˇzi´c, & Miguel A. Ortega-Vazquez
Abstract: In order to increase the adoption rate of electric vehicles, they need to appeal to
customers as much as their fossil fuel equivalents. However, major concerns include long
battery charging times and range anxiety. These concerns can be mitigated if customers have
access to battery swapping stations, where they can meet their motion energy requirements by
swapping batteries for charged ones, in as much time as it takes to fill the gasoline reservoir of
a conventional vehicle. Besides benefiting the customers, the battery swapping station is
beneficial to the power system because it emulates an energy storage station capable of
participating in electricity markets. In this station, the batteries can be scheduled to charge in
grid-to-battery mode, inject power to the grid in battery-to-grid mode, and transfer energy
between batteries in battery-to-battery mode, if there are economic advantages in doing so.
This paper discusses how these various modes can be optimized and the results translated into
a business case for battery swapping stations.
Subject Area: Battery Swapping Station, Electric Vehicles, Energy Storage, Electricity Market
Availability: Sarker, Mushfiqur R., Hrvoje Pandzic, and Miguel A. Ortega-Vazquez. "Electric
Vehicle Battery Swapping Station: Business Case and Optimization Model."
http://www.mushfiqsarker.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/01/SarkerPandzicVazquez_BSSConferencePaper_IEEEcompatible.pdf

Daytime Charging – What is the Hierarchy of Opportunities and Customer
Needs? ─ A Case Study Based on Atlanta Commute Data Danilo Santini, Yan Zhou,
Vetri V. Elango, Xu Yanzi, & Randall Guensler
Abstract: The charging pyramid indicates that residential charging is the foundation, with
workplace charging at the next level, and public charging at the top. For intra-metro driving
both PHEVs and all-electric vehicles (AEVs) can benefit from Level 1 or 2 daytime AC charging
opportunities at the workplace, the house, or other locations. Many U.S. estimates of technical
potential of plug-in vehicles have made use of the National Household Transportation Survey
(NHTS), relying on single day vehicle samples. However, due to day-to-day variability, a similar
German survey has shown that a full week sample implies a significantly smaller share of driving
can be accomplished electrically by AEVs. This study uses the Commute Atlanta data base to
examine a full year of data, contrasting its implications with those previously developed with
NHTS single day data. Financial viability is contrasted with technical viability of plug-in electric
vehicles (PEVs). Within the filtered Commute Atlanta data base used, privately held vehicles are
separated into two categories ― those that commute intensively (>170 days/yr.) and those that
commute less or not at all. It is estimated that the daily and annual average travel of the two
groups are similar. The size of the low/no commute segment of the market are larger than the
intense commute market. Due to similarity of driving, it is observed that similar PHEV designs
might adequately serve both markets. Opportunities to enhance financial viability via addition
of daytime workplace or home charging are examined.
Subject Area: workplace and public charging; AEV; PHEV; commute
Availability: Santini, Danilo, et al. "Daytime Charging–What is the Hierarchy of Opportunities
and Customer Needs?─ A Case Study Based on Atlanta Commute Data 2." Transportation
Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. No. 14-5337. 2014. http://docs.trb.org/prp/14-5337.pdf

Allocation of Intrahousehold Motorized Vehicles Richard H. Nam, Brian H. Y. Lee,
Lisa Aultman-Hall, & Justine Sears
Abstract: This study examines allocation of intrahousehold vehicles to drivers and trips by using
data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey and is motivated by the knowledge that
reallocating household vehicles is a reasonable short-term action to reduce fuel and associated
emissions. Models are developed for households in the national sample and for segmentations
by population and census regions. Binomial logistic regression is used to model whether a
household fleet is optimal and is a high-potential saver (HPS). Of households with two or more
vehicles, 31% are classified as HPS. Linear regression is used to model the number of gallons of
fuel a household can potentially save per year with vehicle reallocation. About 59% of
households can reduce fuel consumption by an estimated 5.2%, or approximately 5 billion
gallons of fuel nationally, if they reallocate their fleet. Household size and lifecycle, travel
behavior, and fleet composition are related to allocation of intrahousehold vehicles. Similar
variables are significant predictors of potential gallons of savings and whether a household is an
HPS. Models are consistent across regions with minor exceptions. Rural areas had differences
from more urban areas. This study has demonstrated that appreciable savings in fuel
consumption and associated emissions are plausible through vehicle reallocation, and the
ability to pursue this countermeasure in the short-term motivates further research to provide
fuller understanding of the causal mechanisms and target households for intervention.
Subject Area: vehicle assignment; emissions; fuel use; binomial logistic regression
Availability: Bolon, Kevin M., Greg A. Keoleian, and Lidia P. Kostyniuk. "Fuel Use and Optimality
of Assignments in Multivehicle Households in 2001 and 2009." Transportation Research Record:
Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2382.1 (2013): 83-91.
http://trb.metapress.com/index/1V6T43L334J7R563.pdf

Fuel Use and Optimality of Assignments in Multivehicle Households in 2001
and 2009 Kevin M. Bolon, Greg A. Keoleian, & Lidia P. Kostyniuk
Abstract: Multivehicle household fleets often consist of vehicles with a wide range of
attributes, including passenger and cargo capacities, towing capability, and fuel consumption.
Decisions for how these vehicles are assigned to trips can have a significant impact on a
household's total fuel use. In this paper, actual vehicle assignments from the 2001 and 2009
National Household Travel Surveys data are compared with the decisions for minimizing fuel
use by using CTRAM, a model that determines optimal vehicle-to-trip assignments while
considering constraints on vehicle availability and capability. Results show that the average
potential reduction in fuel use through optimal assignment for multivehicle households was
10.9% in 2001 and 10.1% in 2009. However, the corresponding increase in assignment
optimality seen in this period does not appear to be the result of a greater prevalence of active,
short-term vehicle assignment decisions, such as a driver's voluntary use of a nonpreferred
vehicle or switching of vehicles midday. This finding provides evidence that the higher level of
assignment optimality in 2009 was influenced by other, possibly longer-term, decisions such as
consideration of fuel consumption in purchase decisions in accordance with the primary driver's
expected usage of the vehicle (e.g., a small, efficient vehicle for long-distance work
commuting). The significance of this conclusion is reinforced by the finding that increases in
assignment optimality are smaller in lower-income households, possibly because of the lack of
efficient vehicles in the secondary market in the years preceding the 2009 survey.
Subject Area: vehicle assignment; vehicle attributes; fuel use
Availability: Bolon, Kevin M., Greg A. Keoleian, and Lidia P. Kostyniuk. "Fuel Use and Optimality
of Assignments in Multivehicle Households in 2001 and 2009." Transportation Research Record:
Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2382.1 (2013): 83-91.
http://trb.metapress.com/index/1V6T43L334J7R563.pdf

Cost analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using GPS-based longitudinal
travel data Xing Wua, Jing Dongb, & Zhenhong Lin
Abstract: Using spatial, longitudinal travel data of 415 vehicles over 3–18 months in the Seattle
metropolitan area, this paper estimates the operating costs of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs) of various electric ranges (10, 20, 30, and 40 miles) for 3, 5, and 10 years of payback
period, considering different charging infrastructure deployment levels and gasoline prices.
Some key findings were made. (1) PHEVs could help save around 60% or 40% in energy costs,
compared with conventional gasoline vehicles (CGVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs),
respectively. However, for motorists whose daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) is significant,
HEVs may be even a better choice than PHEV40s, particularly in areas that lack a public charging
infrastructure. (2) The incremental battery cost of large-battery PHEVs is difficult to justify
based on the incremental savings of PHEVs' operating costs unless a subsidy is offered for largebattery PHEVs. (3) When the price of gasoline increases from $4/gallon to $5/gallon, the
number of drivers who benefit from a larger battery increases significantly. (4) Although quick
chargers can reduce charging time, they contribute little to energy cost savings for PHEVs, as
opposed to Level-II chargers.
Subject Area: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles; Operating cost; Battery cost
Availability: Wu, Xing, Jing Dong, and Zhenhong Lin. "Cost analysis of plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles using GPS-based longitudinal travel data." Energy Policy (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513013189

Plug-In Electric Cars for Work Travel: Evaluation of Four Electric Powertrains
Danilo Santini, Yan Zhou, Namdoo Kim, Kevin Gallagher, & Anant D. Vyas
Abstract: Vehicles with electrified powertrains such as hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEVs), and all-electric vehicles (AEVs, which use grid-supplied battery energy
exclusively) are potentially marketable because of their low operating costs. However, each
vehicle type incurs a significant initial cost penalty compared with a conventional vehicle
powered by an internal combustion engine. Three PHEV cars and an AEV car are selected to
assess cost-effectiveness from the consumers' perspective. Daily travel to and from work is
isolated from other vehicle travel data from the U.S. National Household Travel Survey, and five
daily distance categories are investigated. Three driving cycle runs are used: one developed by
following cars in Los Angeles, California, in 1992, the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test
Cycle, and a real driving record selected from the Kansas City metropolitan area in Kansas and
Missouri. Probable charging patterns for each PHEV and the AEV are investigated for three of
five daily distance categories. Overnight charging and workplace charging also are examined.
The possibility for multiple charges at work is considered, as is the possibility of a charge after
work, before the day's end. The degree of importance of spending a given pool of money to
upgrade a residential (versus workplace) charging station is discussed. Two indicators of
effectiveness of battery pack utilization are developed [a charge-depleting effectiveness factor
and grid kilowatt-hours used per day per dollar of incremental vehicle expense (costeffectiveness)], and target markets for cars used for work for each powertrain type are
suggested.
Subject Area: PHEV; AEV; work commute; powertrain; charging station
Availability: Santini, Danilo, et al. "Plug-In Electric Cars for Work Travel." Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2385.1 (2013): 53-60.
http://trb.metapress.com/index/H164J67237342343.pdf

Charging Choices and Fuel Displacement in a Large-Scale Demonstration of
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Stephen Zoepf, Don MacKenzie, David Keith, &
William Chernicoff
Abstract: Because relatively few plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been deployed to
date, existing analyses of the effects of PHEVs on gasoline and electricity demand have been
based on the travel patterns of conventional vehicles and assumption-driven charging
scenarios. A comprehensive analysis of a real-world fleet of 125 instrumented PHEV prototypes
deployed in the United States over a 1-year period—likely the first application of a discrete
choice model to the empirical analysis of plug-in vehicle charging—is presented. First, the trial
is introduced, and the patterns of travel, charging behavior, and observed energy consumption
are analyzed. Then, a mixed logit model of the decision to charge at the end of each trip is
estimated. Results indicate that charging usually is done after the day's last trip when ending at
home and when the next trip will occur in more than 3 h, even though significant heterogeneity
exists between drivers. Finally, the performance of this fleet is simulated with different vehicle
designs and charging patterns. Results indicate that aggressive opportunistic charging after
every trip results in approximately the same fuel savings as increasing the battery size by a
factor of five. However, fast charging provides only marginal changes in energy use for the
observed use patterns.
Subject Area: PHEV; mixed logit; charging
Availability: Zoepf, Stephen, et al. "Charging Choices and Fuel Displacement in a Large-Scale
Demonstration of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of
the Transportation Research Board 2385.1 (2013): 1-10.
http://trb.metapress.com/content/l21x6h844t652l55/

PV Integrated Smart Charging of PHEVs Based on DC Link Voltage Sensing Goli,
P. & Shireen, W.
Abstract: With the proliferation in the number of PHEVs the demand on the electric grid
increases appreciably. A smart charging station is proposed in which the charging of the PHEVs
is controlled in such a way that the impact of charging during peak load period is not felt on the
grid. The power needed to charge the plug in hybrids comes from grid-connected photovoltaic
(PV) generation or the utility or both. The three way interaction between the PV, PHEVs and the
grid ensures optimal usage of available power, charging time and grid stability. The system
designed to achieve the desired objective consists of a photovoltaic system, DC/DC boost
converter, DC/AC bi-directional converter and DC/DC buck converter. The output of DC/DC
boost converter and input of DC/AC bi-directional converter share a common DC link. A unique
control strategy based on DC link voltage sensing is proposed for the above system for efficient
transfer of energy.
Subject Area: Battery management system; energy storage unit; photovoltaic; plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle; smart grid
Availability: Goli, Preetham, and Wajiha Shireen. "PV Integrated Smart Charging of PHEVs
Based on DC Link Voltage Sensing." 1-8.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6714516

Design and Control of a Unique Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug-In Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Michael Giannikouris
Abstract: The University of Waterloo Alternative Fuels Team (UWAFT) is a student team that
designs and builds vehicles with advanced powertrains. UWAFT uses alternatives to fossil fuels
because of their lower environmental impacts and the finite nature of oil resources. UWAFT
participated in the EcoCAR Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition (AVTC) from 2008 to
2011. The team designed and built a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCPHEV) and placed 3rd out of 16 universities from across North America.
UWAFT design projects offer students a unique opportunity to advance and augment their core
engineering knowledge with hands-on learning in a project-based environment. The design of
thermal management systems for powertrain components is a case study for design
engineering which requires solving open ended problems, and is a topic that is of growing
importance in undergraduate engineering courses. Students participating in this design project
learn to develop strategies to overcome uncertainty and to evaluate and execute designs that
are not as straightforward as those in a textbook. Electrical and control system projects require
students to introduce considerations for reliability and robustness into their design processes
that typically only focus on performance and function, and to make decisions that balance
these considerations in an environment where these criteria impact the successful outcome of
the project. The consequences of a failure or unreliable design also have serious safety
implications, particularly in the implementation of powertrain controls. Students integrate
safety into every step of control system design, using tools to identify and link together
component failures and vehicle faults, to design detection and mitigation strategies for safetycritical failures, and to validate these strategies in real-time simulations.
Student teams have the opportunity to offer a rich learning environment for undergraduate
engineering students. The design projects and resources that they provide can significantly
advance student knowledge, experience, and skills in a way that complements the technical
knowledge gained in the classroom. Finding ways to provide these experiences to more
undergraduate students, either outside or within existing core courses, has the potential to
enhance the value of program graduates.
Subject Area: alternative fuels, environmental impacts, safety
Availability: Giannikouris, Michael. "Design and Control of a Unique Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug-In
Hybrid Electric Vehicle." (2014). https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/8144

Hierarchical Agent-based Integrated Modelling Approach for Micro-grids with
Adoption of EVs and HRES Peng Han, Jinkuan Wang, Yinghua Han, & Yan Li
Abstract: The large adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
(HRESs), and the increasing power requirements of residential, commercial and industrial loads
shall bring significant challenges to the construction and operation of the micro-grid systems.
The methodology to model micro-grid with high EVs and HRESs penetrations is the key to EVs
adoption assessment and optimized HRESs deployment in the micro-grid. However, considering
various characters, hierarchical components and complex interactions of the micro-grid
containing massive EVs and HRESs, previous models built by any single modelling approaches
are insufficient. Therefore in this paper, the methodology named Hierarchical Agent-based
Integrated Modelling Approach (HAIMA) is proposed. With the effective integration of the
agent-based modelling with other advanced modelling approaches, the proposed approach
theoretically contributes to a new micro-grid model hierarchically constituted by micro-grid
management layer, component layer, and event layer. In the management layer, the System
Dynamics Modelling (SDM) is adopted to model the load on the micro-grid bus with multi
energy inflows and outflows from the component layer, in which the object-oriented AgentBased Modelling (ABM) is adopted to generate the main components of the micro-grid
including HRES, original electricity consumers, EVs and service stations. And in the event layers,
the detailed EV operation in the service stations, i.e. EV-Recharging Stations (ERS) and batterychanging stations (BCS) are modelled with the process-oriented Discrete Event Modelling (DEM)
approach. Then the HAIMA further links the key parameters between models in different layers
and interconnects them to achieve the interactions of the whole model while utilizing each of
their features. With the combination of the hierarchical model and simulation system, the
proposed HAIMA methodology will be beneficial for the study of the micro-grid and EV’s
operation assessment, and shall be further utilized for the energy management policy
evaluation, electricity consumption prediction, the EV scheduling control, and HRES
deployment optimization, assisting micro-grid utilities with a better understanding of real-time
HRES generations and shall eventually help with a better short-and long-term planning of future
micro-grids.
Subject Area: EV charging stations; HRES; agent based modelling; hierarchical agent-based
integrated modelling approach (HAIMA)
Availability: Han, Peng, et al. "Hierarchical Agent-based Integrated Modelling Approach for
Micro-grids with Adoption of EVs and HRES."
http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/aip/808549.pdf

Charging Behavior Impacts on Electric VMT: Evidence from a 2013 California
Drivers Survey Gil Tal, Michael A. Nicholas, Jamie Davies, & Justin Woodjack
Abstract: The growing plug-in electric vehicle (PEVs) market features new models of battery
electric vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) with varying battery sizes and
electric driving range. How are these different models being used in the real world? A common
assumption in PEV impact analysis is that PEV owners will maximize their vehicle utility by
appropriately sizing their battery to their driving needs and by charging their vehicles as much
as possible to recover the cost of the vehicle purchase. Based on these assumptions we expect
PHEV owners who drive more to plug-in more and drivers of PHEVs with small battery to plug in
more than owners of vehicles with a larger battery and similar driving patterns. This paper
examines the assumptions presented using a survey of more than 3,500 PEV owners conducted
in California in May and June 2013. The online survey includes extensive data on driving and
charging behavior using web-map questions and includes owners of all PEV models in the
market including more than 600 Volts and 800 Plug-in Priuses. The results show that small
battery PHEV electric vehicle miles traveled (eVMT) are lower than larger range PHEV or BEVs
not only because of the battery size but also as a result of the public charging availability and
charging behavior. Higher electric range PHEV drivers and BEV drivers charge more often and
report more charging opportunities in the same areas that smaller battery PHEVs could not find
chargers.
Subject Area: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; battery electric vehicle; eVMT; battery size
Availability: Tal, Gil, et al. "Charging Behavior Impacts on Electric VMT: Evidence from a 2013
California Drivers Survey." http://assets.conferencespot.org/fileserver/file/64258/filename/143556.pdf

PV powered smart charging station for PHEVs P. Goli & W. Shireen
Abstract: A huge inrush of PHEVs is envisioned in the future. There is a growing risk that, this
proliferation in the number of PHEVs will trigger extreme surges in demand while charging
them during rush hours. To mitigate this impact, a smart charging station is proposed in which
the charging of the PHEVs is controlled in such a way that the impact of charging during peak
load period is not felt on the grid. The power needed to charge the plug in hybrids comes from
grid-connected photovoltaic generation or the utility or both. The three way interaction
between the PV, PHEVs and the grid ensures optimal usage of available power, charging time
and grid stability. The system designed to achieve the desired objective consists of a
photovoltaic system, DC/DC boost converter, DC/AC bi-directional converter and DC/DC buck
converter. The output of DC/DC boost converter and input of DC/AC bi-directional converter
share a common DC link. A unique control strategy based on DC link voltage sensing is proposed
for the above system for efficient transfer of energy.
Subject Area: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; Photovoltaic; DC link; Battery management
system; Energy storage unit
Availability: Goli, P., and W. Shireen. "PV powered smart charging station for PHEVs."
Renewable Energy 66 (2014): 280-287.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096014811300654X

Battery Electric Vehicles: Range Optimization and Diversification for US
Drivers Zhenhong Lin
Abstract: Properly determining the driving range is critical for accurately predicting the sales
and social benefits of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). This study proposes a framework for
optimizing the driving range by minimizing the sum of battery price, electricity cost, and range
limitation cost— referred to as the “range-related cost”— as a measurement of range anxiety.
The objective function is linked to policy-relevant parameters, including battery cost and price
markup, battery utilization, charging infrastructure availability, vehicle efficiency, electricity and
gasoline prices, household vehicle ownership, daily driving patterns, discount rate, and
perceived vehicle lifetime. Qualitative discussion of the framework and its empirical application
to a sample (N=36664) representing new car drivers in the United States is included. The
quantitative results strongly suggest that ranges of less than 100 miles are likely to be more
popular in the BEV market for a long period of time. The average optimal range among US
drivers is found to be largely inelastic. Still, battery cost reduction significantly drives BEV
demand toward longer ranges, whereas improvement in the charging infrastructure is found to
significantly drive BEV demand toward shorter ranges. The bias of a single-range assumption
and the effects of range optimization and diversification in reducing such biases are both found
to be significant.
Subject Area: electric vehicle, range optimization, transportation energy, charging
infrastructure
Availability: Lin, Zhenhong. "Battery Electric Vehicles: Range Optimization and Diversification
for the US Drivers." Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting. No. 12-4477. 2012.
http://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub32211.pdf

Probabilistic Assessment of the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Power
Quality in Electric Distribution Systems Matt Gray
Abstract: The electrification of the transportation sector may have socio-economic benefits
such as reducing greenhouse gases, lowering the soaring gas prices, and ending the reliance on
imported oil. The integration of plug-in electric vehicles into the electric distribution system
may pose potential power quality problems due to the uncertainties in the number of these
vehicles, their charging time and locations. Several power quality phenomena such as voltage
deviations, voltage imbalance, transformer overload and unbalance are investigated in this
thesis. Since the problem is of a stochastic nature, a probabilistic approach using Monte Carlo
simulation is adopted in this work to assess potential impact on power quality in the
distribution system and hence addressing the uncertainties associated with integrating those
electric vehicles. The analysis presented in this work also considers different vehicle types (i.e.,
plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles) for automobiles and pick-up trucks, vehicle
penetration and vehicle charging levels. The results of Monte Carlo simulation reveal that Plugin Battery Electric Vehicles and level 2 charging contribute most impact on undervoltage and
transformer overloading, whereas level 1 charging contributes most impact to load unbalance
on transformers. Recommendations are made to mitigate such impacts for future work.
Subject Area: plug-in electric vehicles; battery electric vehicle; undervoltage; transformer
overloading
Availability: Gray, Matt. Probabilistic assessment of the impact of plug-in electric vehicles on
power quality in electric vehicles on power quality in electric distribution systems. Diss. 2013.
https://ir.library.dc-uoit.ca/bitstream/10155/369/1/Gray_Matthew.pdf

4. Environment
Development and Applications of an Emissions Micro-Simulation Tool for
Transportation Infrastructure Design Daniel Handford
Abstract: Transportation emissions constitute a significant portion of overall emissions
inventories, and contribute to air quality health concerns. Reductions in transportation
emissions can be achieved through efficient design of infrastructure, effective policy and
regulation, and informed planning decisions. However, current transportation emissions
models cannot accomplish all of these goals efficiently, and as a result such reduction
opportunities are missed. This work presents a transportation micro-simulation tool that
resolves emissions at the link level and efficiently models the effects of traffic congestion,
traffic shifting, and mode shifting. This tool can be used for iterative design studies using
conventional computing hardware. The model is described in detail, and a confidence
assessment tests the model credibility. Several application studies illustrate the usefulness of
the approach, and a comparison to an interaction-based microsimulation demonstrates the
efficiency and limitations of the approach.
Subject Area: emissions; micro-simulation tool
Availability: Handford, Daniel. Development and Applications of an Emissions Micro-Simulation
Tool for Transportation Infrastructure Design. Diss. University of Alberta, 2014.
https://era.library.ualberta.ca/public/view/item/uuid:482dedc4-cf8d-48bb-b1be26ac96f46dca/DS2/Handford_Daniel_I_201406_PHD.pdf

Air Quality Impacts Of Electric Vehicle Adoption In Texas Brice G. Nichols, Kara
M. Kockelman & Matthew Reiter
Abstract: Widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) may substantially reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases while improving regional air quality, increasing energy security,
and taking advantage of inexpensive solar power. However, outcomes depend heavily on the
electricity generation process, power plant locations, and vehicle use decisions. This paper
provides a clear methodology for predicting PEV emissions impacts by anticipating batterycharging decisions and power plant energy sources across Texas. Life-cycle impacts of vehicle
production and use and Texans’ exposure to emissions are also computed and monetized. This
study reveals to what extent PEVs are more environmentally friendly, for most pollutant
species, than conventional passenger cars in Texas, after recognizing the emissions and energy
impacts of battery provision and other manufacturing processes. Results indicate that PEVs on
today’s grid can reduce GHGs, NOx, PM10, and CO in urban areas, but generate significantly
higher emissions of SO2 than existing light-duty vehicles. Use of coal for electricity production is
a primary concern for PEV growth, but the energy security benefits of electrified vehicle-miles
endure. As conventional vehicle emissions rates improve, it appears that the power grids must
follow suit (by improving emissions technologies and/or shifting toward cleaner generation
sources) to compete on an emissions-monetized basis with PEVs in many locations. Moreover,
while PEV pollution impacts may shift to more remote (power-plant) locations, dense urban
populations remain most strongly affected by local power plant emissions in many Texas
locations.
Subject Area: PEV; GHG; Solar power; coal; power plant emissions
Availability: Nichols, Brice G., Kara M. Kockelman, and Matthew Reiter. "Air quality impacts of
electric vehicle adoption in Texas." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
34 (2015): 208-218. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920914001576

Improving the Accuracy of Vehicle Emissions Profiles for Urban
Transportation Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Inventories Janet L. Reyna,
Mikhail V. Chester, Soyoung Ahn, and Andrew M. Fraser
Abstract: Metropolitan greenhouse gas and air emissions inventories can better account for the
variability in vehicle movement, fleet composition, and infrastructure that exists within and
between regions, to develop more accurate information for environmental goals. With
emerging access to high quality data, new methods are needed for informing transportation
emissions assessment practitioners of the relevant vehicle and infrastructure characteristics
that should be prioritized in modeling to improve the accuracy of inventories. The sensitivity of
light and heavy-duty vehicle greenhouse gas (GHG) and conventional air pollutant (CAP)
emissions to speed, weight, age, and roadway gradient are examined with second-by-second
velocity profiles on freeway and arterial roads under free-flow and congestion scenarios. By
creating upper and lower bounds for each factor, the potential variability which could exist in
transportation emissions assessments is estimated. When comparing the effects of changes in
these characteristics across U.S. cities against average characteristics of the U.S. fleet and
infrastructure, significant variability in emissions is found to exist. GHGs from light-duty vehicles
could vary by −2%–11% and CAP by −47%–228% when compared to the baseline. For heavyduty vehicles, the variability is −21%–55% and −32%–174%, respectively. The results show that
cities should more aggressively pursue the integration of emerging big data into regional
transportation emissions modeling, and the integration of these data is likely to impact GHG
and CAP inventories and how aggressively policies should be implemented to meet reductions.
A web-tool is developed to aide cities in improving emissions uncertainty.
Subject Area: greenhouse gas emissions; vehicle inventories;
Availability: Reyna, Janet Lorel, et al. "Improving the Accuracy of Vehicle Emissions Profiles for
Urban Transportation Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Inventories." Environmental science &
technology (2014). http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es5023575

Fleet view of electrified transportation reveals smaller potential to reduce
GHG emissions Christoph J. Meinrenken, & Klaus S. Lackner
Abstract: Plugin and hybrid vehicles have been shown to offer possible reductions in
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, depending on grid-carbon-intensity, range and thus life-cycle
battery emissions and vehicle weight, and on trip patterns. We present a framework that
enables GHG comparisons (well-to-wheel plus storage manufacturing) for three drivetrains
(pure-electric, gasoline-hybrid, and plugin-hybrid), both for individual vehicles and for fleets.
The framework captures effects of grid- versus vehicle-based electricity generation, grid
transmission and charging losses, and manufacturing and carrying batteries. In contrast to
previous work, GHG comparisons can be obtained for heterogeneous fleets of varying vehicle
sizes (cars, vans, buses, trucks) and performances, without requiring forecasting of such vehicle
specs and their respective market penetrations. Further, we show how a novel adaptation of
the Utility Factor concept from plug-in-hybrids to mixed fleets of battery-only and gasolinehybrids is crucial to quantifying battery-only-vehicles’ impact on fleet-wide GHG. To account for
regional variations and possible future technology improvements, we show scenarios over a
wide spectrum of grid-carbon-intensities (50–1200 g CO2e/kW h at wall), vehicle range (∼5–
500 km), battery energy densities, and battery life-cycle GHG. Model uncertainties are
quantified via sensitivity tests. Applying the framework to trip patterns of US passenger
transportation, we find that owing to the interplay of GHG/km, battery size, all-electric range,
and trip patterns, GHG reductions achievable from electrified transportation are smaller than
previously considered (e.g., 55% reduction instead of 80%; scenario-dependent), even when
assuming largely decarbonized grid-electricity. Optimal battery range that achieves lowest GHG
for partially electrified fleets is different for plug-in hybrids versus pure electrics and
furthermore varies strongly (∼35 to ∼200 km) with the predominant carbon-intensity of the
grid.
Subject Area: Electrified transportation; Battery vehicle; Greenhouse gases; Range; Fleet; Life
cycle assessment
Availability: Meinrenken, Christoph J., and Klaus S. Lackner. "Fleet view of electrified
transportation reveals smaller potential to reduce GHG emissions." Applied Energy 138 (2015):
393-403. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914011325

Who Pollutes? A Household-Level Database of America’s Greenhouse Gas
Footprint Kevin Ummel
Abstract: This paper describes the creation of a database providing estimated greenhouse gas
(GHG) footprints for 6 million US households over the period 2008-2012. The database allows
analysis of footprints for 52 types of consumption (e.g. electricity, gasoline, apparel, beef, air
travel, etc.) within and across geographic regions as small as individual census tracts. Potential
research applications with respect to carbon pricing and tax policy are discussed. Preliminary
analysis reveals: • The top 10% of US polluters are responsible for 25% of the country’s GHG
footprint. The least polluting 40% of the population accounts for only 20% of the total. The
average GHG footprint of individuals in the top 2% of the income distribution is more than four
times that of those in the bottom quintile. • The highest GHG footprints are found in America’s
suburbs, where relatively inefficient housing and transport converge with higher incomes. Rural
areas exhibit moderate GHG footprints. High density urban areas generally exhibit the lowest
GHG footprints, but location-specific results are highly dependent on income. • Residents of
Republican-held congressional districts have slightly higher average GHG footprints than those
in Democratic districts – but the difference is small (21.8 tCO2e/person/year in Republican
districts; 20.6 in Democratic). There is little relationship between the strength of a district’s
party affiliation and average GHG footprint.
Subject Area: air pollution, greenhouse gases, climate change, environment
Availability: Ummel, Kevin. "Who Pollutes? A Household-Level Database of America’s
Greenhouse Gas Footprint." (2014).
http://cgdev.org.488elwb02.blackmesh.com/sites/default/files/who-pollutes-databasegreenhouse-gas-footprint.pdf

Passenger travel CO2 emissions in US urbanized areas: Multi-sourced data,
impacts of influencing factors, and policy implications Rabi G. Mishalani, Prem K.
Goel, Andrew J. Landgraf, Ashley M. Westra, & Dunke Zhou
Abstract: Policies that encourage reduced vehicle-miles traveled and the use of more efficient
transportation modes are typically considered as means to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. In support of motivating, developing, and evaluating such policies, the impacts
various transportation infrastructure and use, population density, and policy variables have on
passenger travel related carbon dioxide (CO2) – the primary GHG – emissions are assessed and
resulting policy implications are discussed. A methodology for integrating data from multiple
sources in a consistent manner is developed and implemented, producing a rich dataset
consisting of 146 of the largest urbanized areas in the US. The magnitudes of the impacts that
changes in certain variables have on CO2 emissions in select urbanized areas are quantified.
The results indicate that the variable used as a proxy for the presence of policies aimed at
addressing environmental concerns and travelers’ attitudes and behaviors towards such
concerns influences the impacts changes in transportation characteristics and population
density have on CO2 emissions. Depending on these effects, the impacts of changes in average
private vehicle occupancy and freeway lane-miles per capita are found to be the largest. In
addition, changes in average travel time have a substantial impact on CO2 emissions. While the
explanatory effect of transit share is found to be statistically significant, the magnitudes of the
impacts of changes in this variable are less appreciable in comparison to those of the above
variables, which is understandable in light of the fairly low values of transit share and transit
service utilization across most US urbanized areas. Furthermore, the impacts of changes in
population density are the smallest among all the variables that are found to have statistically
significant explanatory effects. However, this finding does not undermine the role land-use
policies could play as increased density could have a direct or an indirect effect on reduced
travel times and increased transit use, which in turn contribute to reduced CO2 emissions. In
addition to quantifying the impacts, several policy implications stemming from the findings are
identified and discussed. Notably, the relative magnitudes of the impacts corresponding to the
different variables are found to vary appreciably across urbanized areas, implying that policies
aimed at reducing CO2 emissions should focus on different sets of variables depending on the
overall characteristics of the specific urbanized area and any existing policies aimed at reducing
CO2 emissions.
Subject Area: Urban passenger transportation; CO2 emissions; Transportation supply and
demand variables; Population density; Automobile emissions inspection
Availability: Mishalani, Rabi G., et al. "Passenger travel CO< sub> 2 emissions in US
urbanized areas: Multi-sourced data, impacts of influencing factors, and policy implications."
Transport Policy 36 (2014): 231-241.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X14001450

Public Health and Sustainability Cindy Klein-Banai
Abstract: In this module, the following topics will be covered: 1) definition of public health, 2)
public health impacts of non-sustainable development, 3) key public health impacts of climate
change.
Subject Area: sustainability; public health
Availability: Klein-Banai, Cindy. "Public Health and Sustainability."
http://cnx.org/exports/[email protected]/public-health-andsustainability-2.pdf

Potential for mitigating greenhouse gases through expanding public transport
services: A case study for Gauteng Province, South Africa Steffen Bubeck, Jan
Tomaschek,& Ulrich Fahl
Abstract: South Africa’s Province of Gauteng is a fast growing megacity region including the
cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane. Increasing population and prosperity lead to a steadily
growing energy demand and thereby increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One third of
the province’s final energy consumption comes from the transport sector, dominated by
motorized individual transport. Due to the limited financial resources to fund public transport
initiatives, the most cost-effective means to reach the GHG mitigation targets are intended,
without jeopardizing the economic growth. Recently, a bus rapid transit (BRT) system (Rea
Vaya) and a rapid rail link (Gautrain) have been introduced to enforce the public transport
system. In this paper, we investigate planned and possible future network expansions of the
BRT and the Gautrain in terms of transport performance, costs of network expansions and GHG
mitigation potential. Based on a trip rate model, we show that extensions of the current
network can increase passenger numbers significantly (between 320% and 660% between 2013
and 2040 depending on the framework conditions). However, despite these expansions, the
modal share of the BRT and the Gautrain in total passenger-kilometres travelled remains below
4% until 2040. This results in a decrease of cumulated GHG emissions of less than 1% until 2040
and relatively high GHG mitigation costs (4948–30045 ZAR2013/t CO2e). Nevertheless, a better
integration of all public transport systems can increase the attractiveness of the services, which
can result in a higher modal shift from private cars and thereby higher GHG emissions
reductions at lower costs.
Subject Area: Public transport; Greenhouse gas emissions; Mitigation costs; BRT; Rapid rail;
Megacity
Availability: Bubeck, Steffen, Jan Tomaschek, and Ulrich Fahl. "Potential for mitigating
greenhouse gases through expanding public transport services: A case study for Gauteng
Province, South Africa." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 32 (2014):
57-69. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192091400087X

A geography of moral hazard: Sources and sinks of motor-vehicle commuting
externalities Niko Yiannakoulias, Widmer Bland, & Darren M. Scott
Abstract: Motor-vehicles are responsible for harms to health that are not directly experienced
by individual drivers – such as air pollution and risk of injury to pedestrians. In addition to their
direct effects on health, these harms also represent a moral hazard since drivers are not
required to consider their effects as part of their decision to drive. We describe an approach for
estimating sources of motor-vehicle commuter externalities as a means of understanding the
geography of moral hazard, and in particular, the spatial displacement of negative health
externalities associated with motor-vehicle commuting. This approach models motor-vehicle
commuter traffic flow by trip origin for small geographic areas within the City of Toronto,
Ontario. We find that most health-related externalities associated with motor-vehicle
commuters are not locally generated, with a large share coming from outside Toronto. Low
income is associated with externalities originating outside the municipal boundary, but not with
locally sourced externalities. We discuss the impact of geographical moral hazard on the agency
of citizens as well as policy options aimed at addressing motor-vehicle externalities.
Subject Area: Motor-vehicle commuting; Environmental externalities; Health inequality; Spatial
justice
Availability: Yiannakoulias, Niko, Widmer Bland, and Darren M. Scott. "A geography of moral
hazard: sources and sinks of motor-vehicle commuting externalities." Health & place 29 (2014):
161-170. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829214001002

The Problem Of Cold Starts: 2 A Closer Look At Mobile Source Emissions Levels
Matthew S. Reiter & Kara M. Kockelman
Abstract: While the phenomenon of excess vehicle emissions from cold-start conditions is well
known, the magnitude and duration of this phenomenon is often unclear due to the complex
chemical processes involved and uncertainty in the literature on this subject. This paper
synthesizes key findings regarding the influence of ambient and engine temperatures on lightduty vehicle (LDV) emissions. Results to date and analytical tools, like the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency’s Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), indicate that vehicle-start
emissions can constitute up to 80% of total LDV emissions, though they are 20% or less of the
total for most species. Starting emissions are consistently found to make up a high proportion
of total transportation-related methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). After three to four minutes of vehicle operation, both the engine coolant
and the catalytic converter have generally warmed, and emissions are significantly lower. This
effect lasts roughly 45 minutes after the engine is shut off, though the cooling rate depends
greatly on the emission species and ambient temperature. Electrically (pre-)heated catalysts,
using the bigger batteries available on hybrid drivetrains and plug-in vehicles, may be the most
cost-effective technology to bring down a big6 share of mobile source emissions. Trip chaining
(to keep engines warm) and shifting to non-motorized modes (for shorter trips, where the cold
start can dominate emissions) are also valuable tactics.
Subject Area: cold start; emissions; MOVES
Availability: trb 2015; Transportation Research Record
http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/kockelman/public_html/TRB15coldstarts.pdf

Impacts of travel activity and urbanicity on exposures to ambient oxides of
nitrogen and on exposure disparities Sashikanth Gurram, Amy Lynette Stuart, Abdul
Rawoof Pinjari
Abstract: Daily exposures to ambient oxides of nitrogen were estimated here for residents of
Hillsborough County, FL. The 2009 National Household Travel Survey provided geocoded data
on fixed activity locations during each person-day sampled. Routes between activity locations
were calculated from transportation network data, assuming the quickest travel path. To
estimate daily exposure concentrations for each person-day, the exposure locations were
matched with diurnally and spatially varying ambient pollutant concentrations derived from
CALPUFF dispersion model results. The social distribution of exposures was analyzed by
comparing frequency distributions of grouped daily exposure concentrations and by regression
modeling. To investigate exposure error, the activity-based exposure estimates were also
compared with estimates derived using residence location alone. The mean daily activity-based
exposure concentration for the study sample was 17 μg/m3, with values for individual personday records ranging from 7.0 to 43 μg/m3. The highest mean exposure concentrations were
found for the following groups: black (20 μg/m3), below poverty (18 μg/m3), and urban
residence location (22 μg/m3). Urban versus rural residence was associated with the largest
increase in exposure concentration in the regression (8.3 μg/m3). Time in nonresidential
activities, including travel, was associated with an increase of 0.2 μg/m3 per hour. Time spent
travelling and at nonresidential locations contributed an average of 6 and 24 %, respectively, to
the daily estimate. A mean error of 3.6 %, with range from −64 to 58 %, was found to result
from using residence location alone. Exposure error was highest for those who travel most, but
lowest for the sociodemographic subgroups with higher mean exposure concentrations
(including blacks and those from below poverty households). This work indicates the
importance of urbanicity to social disparities in activity-based air pollution exposures. It also
suggests that exposure error due to using residence location may be smaller for more exposed
groups.
Subject Area: Traffic pollution; Human activity patterns; Environmental inequality; Urban form;
Exposure error
Availability: Gurram, Sashikanth, Amy Lynette Stuart, and Abdul Rawoof Pinjari. "Impacts of
travel activity and urbanicity on exposures to ambient oxides of nitrogen and on exposure
disparities." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health (2014): 1-18.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-014-0275-6

Household Carbon Emissions From Driving And Center City Quality Of Life
Matthew J. Holian and Matthew E. Kahn
Abstract: In metropolitan areas with a vibrant center city, residents are more likely to spend
time downtown for work, shopping and leisure. In the dense downtown, there are more
opportunities to walk and to use public transit. We test whether households who live in
metropolitan areas with more vibrant downtowns have a smaller transportation carbon
footprint. We document that carbon emissions for a standardized household are lower in
metropolitan areas featuring a higher concentration of college graduates living downtown.
Over time, public transit use is rising more in cities featuring a higher downtown college
graduate share.
Subject Area: carbon emissions; walking; transit; center city
Availability: Holian, Matthew J., and Matthew E. Kahn. "Household Carbon Emissions From
Driving And Center City Quality Of Life." (2014).
http://marroninstitute.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/Household%20Carbon%20Emissions%20fro
m%20Driving%20and%20Center%20City%20Quality%20of%20Life.pdf

The potential of carbon dioxide emission reductions in German commercial
transport by electric vehicles T. Ketelaer, T. Kaschub, P. Jochem, & W. Fichtner
Abstract: Climate change is a serious challenge of today. In order to reach the ambiguous
mitigation scenarios for greenhouse gases, strong efforts are to be undertaken. Electric vehicles
are seen as a potential mean to reduce emissions and energy import dependencies of most
western societies. So far, the progress toward more electric vehicles in individual passenger
transport is still slow. The objective to increase the share of electric vehicles of many national
governments seems to be rather ambitious. In commercial transport, mileage is usually higher,
trips are planned more precisely, and driving patterns are more regular than those of private
vehicles. With these and other promising factors, we assume a high potential of electric
vehicles in commercial transport. Therefore, we analyze in this paper the commercial transport
in Germany and especially the large share of light commercial vehicles in order to make these
potentials explicit. Based on German survey data, we analyze the heterogeneous German
economic sectors with top-down statistical values like daily distance categories and bottom-up
values like driving and parking behaviors. By way of example, German postal services are
evaluated in detail, which leads to an electrification potential of between 60,750 and 105,550
vehicles. In case of “green” electricity for charging, postal services can avoid up to 882,000 t CO
2 /a , which is about 40–70 %.
Subject Area: Emission reduction potential; Electric mobility; Commercial transport in
Germany; Sectoral analysis; Postal services
Availability: Ketelaer, T., et al. "The potential of carbon dioxide emission reductions in German
commercial transport by electric vehicles." International Journal of Environmental Science and
Technology: 1-16. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-014-0631-y

Locating human resources to reduce the cost of managing networks of
protected areas G Christine E. Dumoulin, Tyler Macmillan, Rob Stoneman and Paul R.
Armsworth
Abstract: Conservation organizations that manage networks of protected areas commonly
require staff to travel to those areas for management and monitoring purposes. We examine
how conservation organizations can reduce the resulting travel costs by locating human
resources effectively. Specifically, we focus on the problem of siting the home offices of
management staff, in a way that minimizes the travel costs involved. We illustrate the
importance of travel cost using two case study applications, the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust (YWT),
U.K., and the Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWF), USA. For YWT, siting an
additional office effectively could save $43,000 in annual travel costs. Optimally, siting NWF's
four existing offices could save $95,000 annually. These savings are sufficient for each
organization to acquire 171–360 additional hectares of protected area or to hire an additional
protected area manager. We also calculated the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions made
possible by optimizing office locations.
Subject Area: Costs of conservation; conservation planning; location-allocation; p-median;
protected areas; road network
Availability: Dumoulin, Christine Elise, et al. "Locating human resources to reduce the cost of
managing networks of protected areas." Conservation Letters (2014).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12115/abstract

Cost effectiveness of introducing a new European evaporative emissions test
procedure for petrol vehicles Gary Haq, Giorgio Martini, & Giorgos Melliosb
Abstract: Evaporative emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) arise
from the vehicle’s fuel system due to changes in ambient and vehicle temperatures, and
contribute to urban smog. This paper presents an economic analysis of the societal costs and
benefits of implementing a revised European evaporative emission test procedure for petrol
vehicles under four scenarios for the period 2015–2040. The paper concludes that the most
cost-effective option is the implementation of an aggressive purging strategy over 48 h and
improved canister durability (scenario 2+). The average net benefit of implementing this
scenario is €146,709,441 at a 6% discount rate. Per vehicle benefits range from €6–9 but when
fuel savings benefits are added, total benefits range from €13–18. This is compared to average
additional cost per vehicle of €9.
Subject Area: Petrol vehicles; Non-methane volatile organic compounds; Test procedure; Cost
effectiveness
Availability: Haq, Gary, Giorgio Martini, and Giorgos Mellios. "Cost effectiveness of introducing
a new European Evaporative Emissions Test Procedure for petrol vehicles." Atmospheric
Environment (2014). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135223101400435X

Transit-oriented smart growth can reduce life-cycle environmental impacts
and household costs in Los Angeles Matthew J. Nahlik & Mikhail V. Chester
Abstract: The environmental and economic assessment of neighborhood-scale transit-oriented
urban form changes should include initial construction impacts through long-term use to fully
understand the benefits and costs of smart growth policies. The long-term impacts of moving
people closer to transit require the coupling of behavioral forecasting with environmental
assessment. Using new light rail and bus rapid transit in Los Angeles, California as a case study,
a life-cycle environmental and economic assessment is developed to assess the potential range
of impacts resulting from mixed-use infill development. An integrated transportation and land
use life-cycle assessment framework is developed to estimate energy consumption, air
emissions, and economic (public, developer, and user) costs. Residential and commercial
buildings, automobile travel, and transit operation changes are included and a 60-year forecast
is developed that compares transit-oriented growth against growth in areas without close
access to high-capacity transit service. The results show that commercial developments create
the greatest potential for impact reductions followed by residential commute shifts to transit,
both of which may be effected by access to high-capacity transit, reduced parking
requirements, and developer incentives. Greenhouse gas emission reductions up to 470 Gg
CO2-equivalents per year can be achieved with potential costs savings for TOD users. The
potential for respiratory impacts (PM10-equivalents) and smog formation can be reduced by
28–35%. The shift from business-as-usual growth to transit-oriented development can decrease
user costs by $3100 per household per year over the building lifetime, despite higher rental
costs within the mixed-use development.
Subject Area: Transit-oriented development; Life-cycle assessment; Transportation and landuse planning; Los Angeles; Greenhouse gas emissions; Energy and air quality
Availability: Nahlik, Matthew J., and Mikhail V. Chester. "Transit-oriented smart growth can
reduce life-cycle environmental impacts and household costs in Los Angeles." Transport Policy
35 (2014): 21-30. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X14001036

The impact of telecommuting on personal vehicle usage and environmental
sustainability P. Zhu, & S. G. Mason
Abstract: To understand whether telecommuting could be part of the policy solutions for
greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction in the transportation sector, this study uses instrumental
variable Tobit models and data from 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys to
explore whether telecommuting reduces or increases the daily work and non-work vehicle
miles traveled (VMT). Our findings suggest telecommuters have more VMT for both daily work
and non-work trips than non-telecommuters. Adding the findings that telecommuting has no
impact on other non-working household member’s daily total (non-work) trips, we can possibly
argue that households with telecommuter(s) tend to have higher daily total VMT. Our
estimated marginal effect of telecommuting on worker’s daily total trips indicates that a
telecommuter on average travels 38 vehicle miles more on a daily basis in 2001 and 45 vehicle
miles more in 2009 compared with a non-telecommuter. These increases in VMT translate into
a rather large increase in GHG emissions in the US equivalent to adding 7,248,845 cars in 2001
and 8,808,165 in 2009 to the road. Moreover, the difference of this marginal effect between
2001 and 2009 suggests the impact of telecommuting on worker’s daily total VMT had
increased over time. With the emerging work arrangements to work from home,
telecommuting has been welcomed in this changing environment, not only by individual
workers and employers but also policymakers. But the outcomes seem to be opposite to what
policy makers may have expected for GHG emission reductions.
Subject Area: Greenhouse gas; Sustainability; Telecommuting; Vehicle miles traveled
Availability: Zhu, P., and S. G. Mason. "The impact of telecommuting on personal vehicle usage
and environmental sustainability." International Journal of Environmental Science and
Technology: 1-16. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-014-0556-5

A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Hedonomic Sustainability Design Stephen M.
Fiore, Elizabeth Phillips, & Brittany C. Sellers
Abstract: The impact of climate change should be a key concern of those in the human
factors/ergonomics (HF/E) discipline. Our specialized knowledge and expertise can be applied
toward mitigating the effects of climate change. In this article, we unite two perspectives to
illustrate how HF/E can more productively contribute to the research and practice of
sustainability. First, we describe differing forms of cross-disciplinary research, with a particular
focus on the notion of transdisciplinary research and the concept of hedonomic design. Second,
we unite these ideas to illustrate how they provide a set of complementary concepts that can
guide HF/E sustainability research.
Subject Area: environmental sustainability; transdisciplinary research; sustainable design;
hedonomics; environmental efficacy
Availability: Fiore, Stephen M., Elizabeth Phillips, and Brittany C. Sellers. "A Transdisciplinary
Perspective on Hedonomic Sustainability Design." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of
Human Factors Applications 22.2 (2014): 22-29. http://erg.sagepub.com/content/22/2/22.short

Housing location in a Philadelphia metro watershed: Can profitable be green?
John A. Sorrentino, Mahbubur R. Meenar, Alice J. Lambert, & Donald T. Wargo
Abstract: The objective of this paper was to examine the profit levels, energy use and
environmental impacts of two residential development scenarios in a watershed in the
Philadelphia region under two zoning assumptions. The two scenarios were based on economic
suitability and environmental suitability. A key question was whether these occurred together
in the Pennypack Creek Watershed. Suitability analyses in ArcGIS using criteria for profit and for
local sustainability parsed out two sets of developable areas. Buildouts to satisfy 2035
population projections in these areas using CommunityViz software were based on actual
municipal zoning ordinances. In a unified zoning scheme created by the authors, a densityadjusted number of housing units are placed watershed-wide without municipal restrictions.
Profit data for buildings in each zip code were used to compute a Weighted Profit per Square
Meter. Household units were associated with a particular type of automobile and average
Vehicle Kilometers Traveled in the relevant census tracts. The GREET program was used to
compute energy use, air pollution emissions and greenhouse gas emissions. A Weighted Water
Quality Index and Index of Biological Integrity were used to assess water-related impacts based
on recent monitoring data supplied by the Philadelphia Water Department. It was no surprise
that ECON-UNI and ECON-MUNI generated higher profit than ENV-MUNI and ENV-UNI. ENVUNI had lower energy use and environmental impacts than all others. That ECON-MUNI had the
second lowest energy use and environmental impacts, and the highest water quality, was
unexpected. Some policy proposals and conclusions end the paper.
Subject Area: Housing; Location; Profitability; Sustainability; Watershed planning
Availability: Sorrentino, John A., et al. "Housing location in a Philadelphia metro watershed:
Can profitable be green?." Landscape and Urban Planning 125 (2014): 188-206.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204614000292

Multi-Pollutant Analysis and Cost Effectiveness Evaluation of Voluntary Mobile
Source Measures Christian E. Lindhjem, Barbara Joy, Earth Matters &Hazel Barbour
Abstract: H-GAC has contracted with the ENVIRON team to complete an analysis of current and
potential mobile source emission programs that includes expected reductions for multiple
pollutants affecting air quality. Therefore this analysis attempts to quantify the annual
emission reductions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) that affect
ozone from on-going programs and reduction potential from likely programs. In addition,
emission reductions of VOC, NOx, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affect ambient levels of
PM2.5, so we also estimate emission reductions of PM2.5 from mobile sources.
We did not include an evaluation of sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions that affect ambient levels of
SO2 and PM2.5 because mobile sources based and fueled in the United States are required to
use 15 ppm sulfur fuel and produce insignificant amounts of sulfur dioxide or sulfate particulate
emissions.
This report is intended to provide a review of the progress of current programs, evaluate
programs that may be implemented, and suggest additional programs that may have the
potential to reduce emissions cost effectively. In Section 2, we evaluate current programs using
participation and cost data through calendar year 2013. In Section 3, we evaluate the emission
reduction potential of programs yet to be implemented using the expertise of team members
and published accounts of similar programs. Finally in Section 4, we list and qualitatively
evaluate programs that may have potential to reduce emissions cost effectively.
Subject Area: mobile source emissions reductions programs;
Availability: Council, Houston-Galveston Area, et al. "Multi-Pollutant Analysis and Cost
Effectiveness Evaluation of Voluntary Mobile Source Measures." https://www.hgac.com/taq/airquality/raqpc/documents/2014/PMTF-Apr10/HGAC_Mobile_Source_Control_Measures_DRAFT_09Apr2014.docx

Transport Sector Greenhouse Gas Inventory for South Africa for the base year
2009 Mphethe Tongwane
Abstract: The transport sector is responsible for a quarter of global CO2 emissions and the
emissions continue to grow rapidly. The overall objective of this study was to calculate the
following greenhouse gas emissions (GHG); CO2, CH4 and N2O from the transport sector in
South Africa in the base year 2009. However, in addition to the calculations of the emissions for
this base year, emissions from road transport were recalculated since 2000. The available data
allowed only Tier 1 method to calculate all the GHG emissions. Vehicles per type, province and
distances they travelled were used to estimate the emissions, while fuel used at various
airports in the country was used to determine aviation emissions. Emissions from other modes
of the transport sector were calculated using the data from the national energy balances. It was
estimated that 54,296 Giga grams (Gg) of CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions were emitted in
2009. Road, off- road, aviation and rail transports accounted for 80%, 13%, 6% and 1% of the
emissions, respectively. Motorcars and trucks produced more than 70% of the road transport
emissions. Road transport emissions increased at approximately 2.66% per year between 2000
and 2009. Gauteng province had the highest emissions. Minibus taxis were the most efficient
transport mode on the basis of load carried.
Subject Area: CO2 emissions; GHG; South Africa
Availability: Tongwane, Mphethe. Transport sector greehouse gas inventory for South Africa
for the base year 2009. Diss. 2014. http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/14038

Travel Emission Profile of Iskandar Malaysia Neighbourhoods from Pre-1980s
to 2000s M. R. Majid, A. N. Nordin, F. Johar and H. Y. Tifwa
Abstract: Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT), an indicator of travel levels on the roadway system
mainly by private vehicles, has been widely used in urban planning to help indicate CO2
emission due to changes in built environment. Bordering Singapore to the south,
neighbourhood development has been constantly happening in Johor Bahru since 1980's. These
neighbourhood developments are believed to have undergone a continuous layout design
evolution affecting its land use distribution, road network design, and density. Thus, this paper
investigates the quiet influence of neighbourhood design, as it evolves over the decades on
VMT and eventually travel carbon emission. Twenty two residential neighbourhoods
representing several decades from pre-1980s to the 2010s were selected and travel diaries of
their randomly selected households were recorded. Findings from this study reveal that travel
carbon emission for pre-1980s residential areas is only 8.7 kilograms/household/day with a
daily travel range of 40 km/day. However, the amount increases up to 21.8
kilograms/household/day for 2010s houses with daily travel range of 100 km/day. Car usage
among residents in Iskandar Malaysia is undoubtly increasing as car ownership proportion
increases from 0.8 in pre-1980s to 2.37 in 2010s. Number and distance of vehicles trip can be
reduced by organizing activities in compact communities rather than in auto dependent
suburbs. In addition, a carbon emission reduction of up to 10 percent may result from a change
in land use approach alone while additional reductions will result from employing other
strategies such as transit investment, fuel pricing, and parking charges.
Subject Area: carbon emissions; VMT; land use; vehicle ownership; Malayasia
Availability: Majid, M. R., et al. "Travel Emission Profile of Iskandar Malaysia Neighbourhoods
from Pre-1980s to 2000s." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 18. No.
1. IOP Publishing, 2014. http://iopscience.iop.org/1755-1315/18/1/012161

The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S. household sector
Sungwon Lee, & Bumsoo Lee
Abstract: To better understand the role of sustainable urban development in greenhouse gas
(GHG) mitigation, this study examines the paths by which urban form influences an individual
household‫׳‬s carbon dioxide emissions in the 125 largest urbanized areas in the U.S. Our
multilevel SEM analyses show that doubling population-weighted density is associated with a
reduction in CO2 emissions from household travel and residential energy consumption by 48%
and 35%, respectively. Centralized population and polycentric structures have only a moderate
impact in our analyses. Given that household travel and residential energy use account for 42%
of total U.S. carbon dioxide emissions, these findings highlight the importance of smart growth
policies to build more compact and transit friendly cities as a crucial part of any strategic efforts
to mitigate GHG emissions and to stabilize climate.
Subject Area: Greenhouse gas emissions; Urban form; Household sector
Availability: Lee, Sungwon, and Bumsoo Lee. "The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in
the US household sector." Energy Policy (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421514000299

Simulation-Based Approach for Analyzing the Regional and Local Impact of
Transit Oriented Development on Congestion and Emissions Arefeh Nasri,
Zheng Zhu, Kiana Roshan Zamir, Chenfeng Xiong, & Lei Zhang
Abstract: The effects of transit-oriented development (TOD) on congestion reduction and its
environmental benefits have not been extensively tested in the current literature. This paper
proposes a mathematically rigorous definition for TOD and develops advanced tools to
investigate the various benefits of TOD. A large-scale microscopic traffic simulation model and
the EPA’s MOVES model have been employed to evaluate TOD performance in the
transportation system and investigate its environmental benefits.
Results suggest that TOD reduces total delay in the whole simulated network by 4 percent and
by 35 percent for the trips originating from TOD zones. By converting the amount of travel time
and fuel consumption savings into equivalent monetary values, the TOD scenario provides a
total of $20,586,800 from travel time savings ($20 value of time) and $604,074 savings in fuel
consumption annually for the PM peak period. However, the effect of TOD on travel time and
fuel savings is more significant in the local surroundings of TOD zones.
Subject Area: Transit-Oriented Development, Congestion Reduction, Traffic Simulation, MOVES,
Environmental Emissions
Availability: Nasri, Arefeh, et al. "Simulation-Based Approach for Analyzing the Regional and
Local Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Congestion and Emissions 2." TRB2014
http://assets.conferencespot.org/fileserver/file/65937/filename/14-3696.pdf

Should policy-makers allocate funding to vehicle electrification or end-use
energy efficiency as a strategy for climate change mitigation and energy
reductions? Rethinking electric utilities efficiency programs Brinda A. Thomas
and Inês L. Azevedo
Abstract: In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the United States by an order of
magnitude, a portfolio of mitigation strategies is needed. Currently, many utilities pursue
energy efficiency programs. We study a case where utilities could choose whether to allocate
their energy efficiency budget to either end-use efficiency or vehicle electrification as a means
to reduce CO2 emissions. We build a decision space that displays the conditions under which
utilities should pursue either strategy. To build such decision space, assumptions are needed on
how consumers respond to electric vehicle incentives, and what would be the baseline vehicle
selected by consumers if no incentives were in place. Since these two aspects are highly
uncertain, we treat them parametrically: if consumers are replacing a conventional vehicle with
a PHEV, utility incentive programs to induce PHEV adoption appear to be cost-effective for a
wide range of efficiency program costs and grid emissions factors.
Subject Area: Energy efficiency; PHEV; Cost-effectiveness
Availability: Thomas, Brinda A., and Inês L. Azevedo. "Should policy-makers allocate funding to
vehicle electrification or end-use energy efficiency as a strategy for climate change mitigation
and energy reductions? Rethinking electric utilities efficiency programs." Energy Policy (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513011221

Residential Location, High Capacity Transportation Infrastructure and their
Influences on Emissions and Travel Dispersal Zachary Patterson, Christopher
Harding, Luis F. Miranda-Moreno and Seyed Amir H. Zahabi
Abstract: There is a large literature on the link between transportation and the built
environment. This literature has tended to concentrate on the effect of the built environment
on a few transportation demand indicators. Recently, there has been some literature to look at
the impact of the urban built environment on transport-related CO2. It has tended to use
relatively coarse calculations for transport-related CO2 and the built environment. This paper
uses an approach developed by Beckman, Golob and Zahavi (1983) to analyze the effect of
proximity to high capacity transport infrastructure on activity spaces and extends it to include
more types of infrastructure, as well as to analyze the effect of infrastructure access on
transport-related CO2. Data from the region of Montreal is used to generate activity spaces and
transport-related CO2 emissions for groups of households at different distances from the CBD
close to different types of transport infrastructure. Results indicate that both activity spaces
and CO2 are related to transport infrastructure in predictable ways: emissions are on average
higher for households living close to expressways, and activity spaces and emissions are smaller
for those close to metros and commuter rail. We also find that emissions (and more weakly
activity spaces) exhibit an inverted U-shape (for households near all infrastructure types apart
from expressways)- at first increasing with distance from the CBD and then decreasing. We
argue that this is related to households “falling out of the orbit” of the city.
Subject Area: Residential location, CO2 emissions, transportation infrastructure, travel
dispersal, built environment
Availability: Patterson, Zachary, et al. "Residential Location, High Capacity Transportation
Infrastructure and their Influences on Emissions and Travel Dispersal." (2013).
https://www.cirrelt.ca/DocumentsTravail/CIRRELT-2013-81.pdf

How Much Do Electric Drive Vehicles Matter to Future U.S. Emissions? Samaneh
Babaee , Ajay S. Nagpure , and Joseph F. DeCarolis
Abstract: Hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles—known collectively as electric
drive vehicles (EDVs)—may represent a clean and affordable option to meet growing U.S. light
duty vehicle (LDV) demand. The goal of this study is 2-fold: identify the conditions under which
EDVs achieve high LDV market penetration in the U.S. and quantify the associated change in
CO2, SO2, and NOX emissions through midcentury. We employ the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM
System (TIMES), a bottom-up energy system model, along with a U.S. data set developed for
this analysis. To characterize EDV deployment through 2050, varying assumptions related to
crude oil and natural gas prices, a CO2 policy, a federal renewable portfolio standard, and
vehicle battery cost were combined to form 108 different scenarios. Across these scenarios, oil
prices and battery cost have the biggest effect on EDV deployment. The model results do not
demonstrate a clear and consistent trend toward lower system-wide emissions as EDV
deployment increases. In addition to the trade-off between lower tailpipe and higher electric
sector emissions associated with plug-in vehicles, the scenarios produce system-wide emissions
effects that often mask the effect of EDV deployment.
Subject Area: plug-in hybrid; battery electric vehicles; emissions; electric drive vehicles; light
duty vehicle demand
Availability: Babaee, Samaneh, Ajay Singh Nagpure, and Joseph F. DeCarolis. "How Much Do
Electric Drive Vehicles Matter to Future US Emissions?." Environmental science & technology
(2014). http://www.urop.uci.edu/journal/journal11/03_naviaux.pdf

Smart Microgrids: Optimal Joint Scheduling for Electric Vehicles and Home
Appliances Tushar, M.H.K., Assi, C., Maier, M. & Uddin, M.F.
Abstract: The integration of renewable energy sources and electrical vehicles (EVs) into
microgrids is becoming a popular green approach. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, several
incentives are given to use renewable energy sources and EVs. By using EVs as electricity
storage and renewable energy sources as distributed generators (DGs), microgrids become
more reliable, stable, and cost-effective. In this paper, we propose an optimal centralized
scheduling method to jointly control the electricity consumption of home appliances and plugin EVs as well as to discharge the latter ones when they have excess energy, thereby increasing
the reliability and stability of microgrids and giving lower electricity prices to customers. We
mathematically formulate the scheduling method as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP)
problem and solve it to optimality. We compare the optimal solution to that obtained from a
scheduling framework, where EVs do not have discharge capabilities, decentralized charge
control using game theory and to a solution obtained from a naive scheduling framework.
Subject Area: distributed power generation, domestic appliances, electric vehicles, integer
programming, linear programming, scheduling, & smart power grids
Availability: Tushar, Mosaddek Hossain Kamal, et al. "Smart Microgrids: Optimal Joint
Scheduling for Electric Vehicles and Home Appliances." Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on 5.1
(2014): 239-250. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6693776

5. Policy and Mobility
Point-of-Dispensing Location and Capacity Optimization via a Decision
Support System Adrian Ramirez-Nafarrate, Joshua D. Lyon, John W. Fowler, and
Ozgur M. Araz
Abstract: Dispensing of mass prophylaxis can be critical to public health during emergency
situations and involves complex decisions that must be made in a short period of time. This
paper presents a model and solution approach for optimizing Point-of-Dispensing (POD)
location and capacity decisions. This approach is part of a Decision Support System (DSS)
designed to help officials prepare for and respond to public health emergencies. The model
selects PODs from a candidate set and suggests how to staff each POD so that average travel
and waiting times are minimized. A genetic algorithm (GA) quickly solves the problem based on
travel and queuing approximations and it has the ability to relax soft constraints when the
dispensing goals cannot be met. We show that the proposed approach returns solutions
comparable with other systems and it is able to evaluate alternative courses of action when the
resources are not sufficient to meet the performance targets.
Subject Area: Emergency response; point-of-dispensing; facility location and resource
allocation problems; genetic algorithms; queuing theory
Availability: Ramirez­Nafarrate, Adrian, et al. "Point­of­Dispensing Location and Capacity
Optimization via a Decision Support System." Production and Operations Management (2014).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/poms.12323/abstract

Travel Costs Associated With Flood Closures Of State Highways Near
Centralia/Chehalis, Washington Mark E. Hallenbeck, Anne Goodchild, & Jerome
Drescher
Abstract: This report discusses the travel costs associated with the closure of roads in the
greater Centralia/Chehalis, Washington, region due to 100-year flood conditions starting on the
Chehalis River. The costs were computed for roadway closures on I-5, US 12, and SR 6, and are
based on estimated road closure durations supplied by WSDOT. The computed costs are only
those directly related to travel that would otherwise have occurred on the roads affected by
the flooding closures. The computed costs do not include the economic losses associated with
delayed delivery of goods or services, losses in economic activity attributable to travelers being
unable to reach their intended destinations, or economic losses associated with the loss of
goods because they could not be delivered. The reported costs do include the added costs of
time and vehicle mileage associated with available detour routes. Costs were also estimated for
each trip that will be abandoned. That is, this study estimated the number of trips that will not
be made as a result of road closures. The researchers also conducted a sensitivity analysis of
the findings for the I-5 cost computation. Sensitivity tests were conducted for the value of time,
the speeds and level of congestion assumed to occur on the routes used for detours, the values
associated with trips that are not made via the expected detours, the percentage of personal
trips made for work/business purposes versus those being made for personal reasons, the
fraction of cars and trucks willing to detour, the effects of flood closure during the weekend or
the summer, and growth in traffic volumes on I-5.
Subject Area: Road closure impacts, flooding traffic impacts, detour costs
Availability: Hallenbeck, Mark E., Anne Goodchild, and Jerome Drescher. Travel Costs
Associated with Flood Closures of State Highways Near Centralia/Chehalis, Washington. No.
WA-RD 832.1. 2014. http://depts.washington.edu/trac/bulkdisk/pdf/832.1.pdf

Smart Growth’s Positive Impact on the Environment, Public Health, and
Society Jenna Kersten
Abstract: Explaining how and why mid-twentieth century American cities and their surrounding
areas were organized and highlighting the damaging effects of sprawl, the student writer makes
a strong case for implementing smart growth initiatives in this research-based essay.
Subject Area: smart growth; sprawl
Availability: Kersten, Jenna. "Smart Growth’s Positive Impact on the Environment, Public
Health, and Society." Gleanings: 75.
https://www2.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/Gleanings%20Final.pdf#page=76

Effect of Smart Growth Policies on Travel Demand Maren Outwater, Colin Smith,
Jerry Walters, Brian Welch, Robert Cervero, Kara Kockelman, and J. Richard Kuzmyak
Abstract: The Smart Growth Network, a partnership of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and other government and business and environmental organizations, defines smart
growth in terms of 10 basic principles: 1. Provide mixed land uses. 2. Take advantage of
compact building design. 3. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices. 4. Create
walkable neighborhoods. 5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of
place. 6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas.
7. Strengthen and direct development toward existing communities. 8. Provide a variety of
transportation choices. 9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective. 10.
Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions. These
characteristics of the urban form and built environment are generally associated with a variety
of benefits to environmental protection, public health, and quality of life and economic and
social benefits. One of the better-established benefits of smart growth is the reduction in
unnecessary travel, the resulting reductions in impacts on congestion and delay and their costs
to business and households and reduced infrastructure expansion, energy consumption, and
greenhouse gas and other emissions. Comparisons of travel data among regions of different
urban forms, among communities within those regions, and among development areas within
those communities all demonstrate that smart growth development vehicle travel rates are
lower than rates in conventional suburban forms. The comparisons show that the extent of
reduction is proportional to the degree to which the development is compact, diverse, location
efficient, served with a variety of transportation choices, and endowed with a sense of place.
Subject Area: smart growth; travel rates
Availability: Outwater, Maren, et al. Effect of Smart Growth Policies on Travel Demand.
Transportation Research Board.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nPdxBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR12&dq=Maren+
Outwater,+Colin+Smith,+Jerry+Walters,+Brian+Welch,+Robert+Cervero,+Kara+Kockelman,+and
+J.+Richard+Kuzmyak&ots=UScLlrHixF&sig=OQw-UwTVB3ranPdDBio8fV8dx3g

Switching and Sharing: Gasoline Prices and Household Fleet Utilization
William Leung
Abstract: I investigate the effect of gasoline prices on behaviors within the household, offering
a new view of the mechanisms behind the short-run elasticity of gasoline use. I decompose the
fuel use elasticity into changes in distance traveled and changes in fuel efficiency coming from
the reallocation of driving within the household fleet. My approach allows me to examine the
specific mix of trips and vehicles used on a particular day, considering the tendency of
households to swap vehicles with others and select more fuel efficient vehicles on shared trips.
I find that approximately 17% of short run changes in gasoline use come through vehicle
utilization, and that trip length (as opposed to the number of trips) accounts for nearly all of the
effect on miles driven. These responses have important welfare implications for gasoline policy
choice and for driving-related externalities. I examine the safety implications of the short-run
change in vehicle choice and the role that fleet heterogeneity played in a household's ability to
adjust to gasoline price shocks during the housing crisis as two applications.
Subject Area: gas price; fuel use elasticity;
Availability: Leung, William. "Switching and Sharing: Gasoline Prices and Household Fleet
Utilization." (2014).
http://econweb.ucsd.edu/~w2leung/pdfs/leung_switching_and_sharing.pdf

Congestion, Gas Taxes And Vehicle Choice Sam Flanders And Melati Nungsari
Abstract: Road congestion imposes large costs on individuals since long commutes yield
significant decreases in productivity and leisure times. Congestion may also have ambiguous
impacts on environmental pollution, either increasing it relative to a congestion-free regime
through more frequent and longer vehicle usage, or decreasing it due to forgone travel. In this
paper, we study the effects of gasoline tax policies on road congestion. To do this, we develop a
model of household vehicle choice utilizing individual-level data from the 2009 National
Household Travel Survey and combine it with a model of congestion, measured by average road
speeds, which utilizes road-level data on traffic congestion collected by state and national-level
departments of transportation. We estimate counterfactual regimes in which gas taxes are at
different levels in order to answer questions regarding optimal gas taxes for a fixed
geographical area.
Subject Area: gas tax, congestion, environmental pollution
Availability: Flanders, Sam, And Melati Nungsari. "Congestion, Gas Taxes And Vehicle Choice."
http://melatinungsari.web.unc.edu/files/2012/01/congestion_gas_taxes_and_vehicle_choice.p
df

Even Smarter Growth? Land Use Policy Impact On Transportation And
Emissions In Maryland Uri Avin, Timothy F. Welch, Gerrit Knaap, Fred Ducca,
Sabyasachee Mishra, Yuchen Cui & Sevgi Erdogan
Abstract: Urban form studies have generally used regional density vs. sprawl land use scenarios
to assess travel behavior outcomes. The more nuanced but nonetheless important allocation of
jobs and housing and their relationship to each other as a factor in travel behavior has received
much less attention. That relationship is explored in this statewide urban form study for
Maryland. This is a state where county land use has a long tradition of growth management,
but one whose regional and statewide implications have not been evaluated. How does a
continuation of the County level smart growth regime play out statewide compared to other
scenarios of job and housing distribution that are driven by higher driving costs or transit
oriented development goals or local zoning rather than local policy-driven projections? Answers
are provided through the application of a statewide travel demand model, the Maryland
Statewide Transportation Model (MSTM). The findings suggest that the debate should move
beyond walkability, density and compact growth and towards a more productive dialog about
how we organize whole cities and regions
Subject Area: Land use, transit oriented development, travel behavior, smart growth,
greenhouse gases, VMT
Availability: Welch, Timothy F., et al. "Even Smarter Growth? Land Use Policy Impact On
Transportation And Emissions In Maryland."
http://smartgrowth.umd.edu/assets/documents/research/even_smarter_growth_dc_paris_sy
mp.pdf

Distributional and Efficiency Impacts of Gasoline Taxes: An Econometrically
Based Multi-market Study Antonio M Bento, Lawrence H Goulder, Emeric Henry,
Mark R Jacobsen, & Roger H. Von Haefen
Abstract: Because of its potential to improve the environment and enhance national security,
reducing automobile-related gasoline consumption has become a major U.S. public policy issue.
Recently, many analysts have called for new or more stringent policies to discourage gasoline
consumption. Proposals include a tightening of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)
standards and subsidies to retirements of older (gas guzzling) vehicles, as well as increments to
the federal gasoline tax. This paper examines the gas tax option, employing an econometrically
based multi-market simulation model to explore the policy’s efficiency and distributional
implications.
This study differs from earlier work in several ways. Some prior studies have
investigated gasoline consumption either by employing a demand function for gasoline or by
deriving this demand from households’ vehicle-miles traveled (VMT).1 These studies treat the
composition of the automobile fleet as fixed. However, a gasoline tax can be expected to
influence the fleet composition (e.g., the market share of more fuel-efficient cars) as well as the
amount of driving. This study allows for both impacts. As in Steven Berry et al. (1995), Pinelopi
Goldberg (1995), and Amil Petrin (2002), we account for the imperfectly competitive nature of
the new-car market. However, in contrast with these studies, we consider interactions between
the markets for new, used, and scrapped cars. The impacts of a gasoline tax can importantly
depend on such interactions. Higher gasoline taxes could stimulate higher rates of scrappage of
older, fuel-inefficient cars and could also promote shifts in demand from used cars to especially
fuel-efficient new cars. Studies that ignore these adjustments could understate a gas tax’s
impacts on fuel consumption
Subject Area: Level of Service; bicycle; pedestrian;
Availability: Brozen, Madeline. Exploration And Implications Of Multimodal Street Performance
Metrics: What’sa Passing Grade?. Diss. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 2014.
http://www.lewis.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/Exploration-AndImplications-Of-Multimodal-Street-Performance-Metrics.pdf

Exploration And Implications Of Multimodal Street Performance Metrics:
What’s A Passing Grade? Madeline Brozen, Herbie Huff, Robin Liggett, Rui Wang &
Michael Smart
Abstract: Scholars, municipalities and federal agencies have proposed new measures for
evaluating street performance for non-automobile modes including transit service, bicyclists
and pedestrians. This is in response to the critique that the current street performance
measure, traditional level of service (LOS), overemphasizes the free flow of automobile traffic
while neglecting other users of the transportation system. We examine four often-cited
multimodal level of service (LOS) metrics. We provide a literature review with an overview of
each metric’s development and the variables used to calculate performance scores, as well as
their ease of use and threats to their validity. Finally, our literature review closes by offering our
critique of the metrics, focusing on how the use of single-outcome metrics (even differentiated
by mode) may skew our understanding of street performance by masking considerable
variation among users. Beyond describing the tools, we analyze the scores produced by these
measures to document how these metrics compare to one another. We then illustrate the
contribution of specific variables to the overall score for each measure and mode to explain
these scoring differences. We selected five street segments with different physical and
operational characteristics and calculated the bicycle and pedestrian scores for each street
segment using the three different tools (Charlotte, BEQI/PEQI, and HCM 2010). Overall, we
found that if a street is performing “well” for cyclists and pedestrians, the tools produced fairly
similar scores. But as the quality of the street deteriorated, the scores from each tool became
increasingly different from each other. Lastly, we turned our analysis towards understanding
how sensitive each tool is to on-the ground change. The level of service calculation, regardless
of mode, is used both to assess current conditions and to evaluate proposed future changes.
We wanted to understand how the tools score realistic changes in the built environment. We
selected one street segment (from the five in the comparative analysis) and proposed five
different scenarios of improvements to both the bicycle and pedestrian environment. We found
that all of the scoring mechanisms recommended a road diet scenario with a painted buffer
next to a bicycle lane. But we also found that newer bicycle configurations and treatments were
often difficult and sometimes impossible to evaluate using these tools. Overall, the results
demonstrate that these tools can evaluate changes to the street and guide future
improvements. However, their ability to measure the effectiveness of innovative treatments is
limited.
Subject Area: Level of Service; bicycle; pedestrian;
Availability: Brozen, Madeline. Exploration And Implications Of Multimodal Street Performance
Metrics: What’sa Passing Grade?. Diss. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 2014.
http://www.lewis.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/Exploration-AndImplications-Of-Multimodal-Street-Performance-Metrics.pdf

How does fuel economy of vehicles affect urban motor vehicle travel in the
USA? Qing Su
Abstract: This paper applies the ordinary quantile regression approach to examine the impact
of fuel economy of vehicles and gasoline prices on motor vehicle travel. The dataset used
includes observations with a survey date before September 2008 from the 2009 National
Household Travel Survey to avoid potential problems from the wild volatility of gasoline prices
in late 2008 and early 2009. The regression results indicate that for every 10 % increase in fuel
economy of vehicles, annual vehicle miles traveled increase by 0.9 to 1.7 % along its
distribution. For every 10 % increase in average gasoline prices, annual vehicle miles decline by
0.86 to 2.65 % along the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) distribution.
Subject Area: Fuel economy of vehicles, Quantile regression, Vehicle miles traveled, Impact of
gasoline prices
Availability: Su, Qing. "How does fuel economy of vehicles affect urban motor vehicle travel in
the USA?." Energy Efficiency (2014): 1-13. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-0149302-6

Health and transportation: Small scale area association Mehran Fasihozaman
Langerudi, Mohammadian Abolfazl (Kouros)& P.S. Sriraj
Abstract: Public health, as a major factor influencing the livability and well-being of a
community has been a subject of interest in many academic fields. It is postulated that public
health has strong correlations with various factors including land development, urban form, and
transportation system elements. However, due to scarcity of individual level and confidential
health data, such analysis has been typically conducted in an aggregate level resulting in less
accurate results due to aggregation bias. In this paper, a methodology is developed and applied
to disaggregate an individual-level health data in county scale into smaller geography by using
an iterative proportional fitting approach while maintaining the marginal distributions of the
controlled variables. Then, the disaggregated data is used to estimate various models of
individual health condition as a function of socio-demographic, built environment, and
transportation system attributes. It is noteworthy that the proposed approach can be applied
to disaggregate any aggregate data in an efficient way.
Subject Area: Health and transportation; Data disaggregation; Synthetic population; Choice
modeling
Availability: Langerudi, Mehran Fasihozaman, Mohammadian Abolfazl, and P. S. Sriraj. "Health
and transportation: Small scale area association." Journal of Transport & Health (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140514000590

Comparison of Socioeconomic Impacts of Market-Based Instruments for
Mobility Management Md Shahid Mamun, Dimitra Michalaka, Yafeng Yin &
Siriphong Lawphongpanich
Abstract: This paper presents a hypothetical case study built upon empirical data from Florida
to compare socioeconomic impacts of three market-based instruments, i.e., gasoline tax,
mileage fee and tradable mobility credits or permits, in regulating the vehicle miles traveled in
Florida. Our empirical analysis shows that all three instruments are equally effective in
achieving the control target, but yield different magnitudes of socioeconomic impacts. An
increased gasoline tax leads to the most adverse changes in consumers’ surplus and social
welfare. In contrast, the changes caused by a tradable credit scheme are much minor.
Meanwhile, the distributional effects of the gasoline tax and flat mileage fee are the most
regressive, and a well-designed step fee structure can make the mileage fee policy less
regressive. On the other hand, a tradable credit scheme is the most equitable in achieving the
control target while maintaining the current level of revenue. When credits are allocated
uniformly or in proportion to household size, the scheme is mostly progressive. When the
credits are allocated with respect to existing household travel demands, the impacts are fairly
uniform among different income groups.
Subject Area: distributional impacts and equity, gas tax, mileage fee, mobility management,
tradable permits
Availability: Mamun, Md Shahid, et al. "Comparison of Socioeconomic Impacts of MarketBased Instruments for Mobility Management." International Journal of Sustainable
Transportation just-accepted (2014).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15568318.2013.859335

Developing a Total Peak Period Travel Time Performance Measure Philip
Lasley, Timothy J. Lomax, William L. Eisele, David L. Schrank
Abstract: Transportation performance measures based on travel time quantities satisfy a range
of mobility purposes. The measures can show the effect of many transportation and land use
solutions, and they are relatively easy to communicate to a range of audiences. The concept of
total travel time has been discussed since the early 1950s, but because of data inaccessibility,
the planning community has rarely used total travel time as a measure. For the initial
implementation of the total peak period travel time measure in the Urban Mobility Report,
data from the report's primary data sets were combined in a new way to estimate road users'
total travel time during the peak period. Data shortcomings were addressed with simplifying
assumptions to create a calculation method that would offer a more refined value than would
the use of raw or incomplete data. Total peak period travel time can provide additional
explanatory power to a set of mobility performance measures and bridge the gap between
traditional delay-based measurement and accessibility.
Subject Area: travel time, peak travel, delay-based measurement and accessibility
Availability: Lasley, Philip, et al. "Developing a Total Peak Period Travel Time Performance
Measure." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
2420.1 (2014): 15-22. http://trb.metapress.com/index/B28154117511113V.pdf

A framework for determining road pricing revenue use and its welfare effects
Timothy F. Welcha, & Sabyasachee Mishra
Abstract: In the last five decades, much of the focus on travel cost has been on what form
pricing should take, whether it should be a direct road toll, in the form a Vehicle Miles Traveled
(VMT) tax, encapsulated in the gas tax, or by some other mechanism. An area that has received
much less attention, but is nonetheless important when considering any pricing change, is the
impact of such mechanisms on traveler welfare and travel time savings. While an increase in
the cost of travel may achieve traffic flow efficiencies, it may also unduly burden low-income
travelers or unjustly benefit higher-income drivers. An important aspect of the road pricing
debate is not just whether pricing will produce an efficient market, but also if such pricing is
implemented, how the generated revenue will be managed. We propose a model to analyze
transport equity by measuring change in traveler welfare and travel time savings as a result of a
mix of road pricing, revenue recycling (tax cuts) and transit subsidies. In this paper we introduce
a multimodal travel demand model to incorporate road pricing mechanisms with various
subsidy options. A base case and five scenarios are developed to address various hypothetical
pricing scenarios. We find the structure of the road pricing mechanism on average has a small
impact on annual per capita traveler welfare. Replacing the state gas tax with a VMT tax can
have a positive impact on traveler welfare, particularly for lower-income groups and rural
residents. A VMT tax increase would be the least detrimental to welfare, especially for lowincome groups.
Subject Area: Pricing; VMT tax; Traveler welfare; Travel time savings; Travel demand model
Availability: Welch, Timothy F., and Sabyasachee Mishra. "A framework for determining road
pricing revenue use and its welfare effects." Research in Transportation Economics 44 (2014):
61-70. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885914000079

Mobility towers: Improving transportation efficiency policy by persistent
evaluation of city-wide travel behavior Laura Schewel, Amol Phadke & Anand
Gopal
Abstract: Transportation from personal vehicles is the primary source of urban air pollution
worldwide and is one of the fastest growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions (Metz et al.
2007). Coordinated deployment of Avoid-Shift-Improve policies to reduce personal vehicle
usage (measured in vehicle kilometres travelled or VKT) is essential to mitigate the worsening
impact of these emissions. In this paper, we describe an innovative, longitudinal method to
measure key transportation behavioural metrics over time, and thus evaluate the impact of
efficiency measures that aim to reduce VKT in cities. Urban planners seeking to implement new
transport measures and infrastructure (roads, public transportation, bike lanes, etc.) find it
difficult to quantify the ex-ante and ex-post effectiveness of such measures. In the Global
South, policy makers frequently cannot measure the baseline, much less measure change. In
this paper, we will show how analyzing archival (day old to years old) records from cellular
tower networks that include robust safeguards for personal information, may allow
measurement of key transportation metrics in a manner that can be updated constantly with
low marginal cost. Thus, this method can allow quantification of the effectiveness of urban
transport efficiency measures. Much of the existing literature describes progress in utilization
of mobile devices for transportation data collection depending on more extensive supporting
geospatial data. Our approach, which does not require such supporting data, has important
implications for cities in the Global South. We propose that our cellular tower methodology is
even more useful in such cities due to three factors: (1) these cities lack even basic data on the
mobility behaviour of its residents, many of which can be calculated at reasonable accuracy
with cellular data alone, (2) transportation behaviour is changing more rapidly, requiring more
frequent measurement, and (3) mobile telephony infrastructure is at par or frequently superior
to that found in the Global North.
Subject Area: urban transport, transport policies and measures, urban planning, information
and communication technologies, transportation data
Availability: Schewel, Laura. "Mobility towers: improving transportation efficiency policy by
persistent evaluation of city-wide travel behaviour."
http://eetd.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/mobility_towers.pdf

Missouri Livable Streets Advocacy Guide PedNet Coaliation in cooperation with
Trialnet and BikeWalkKC
Abstract: n/a
Subject Area: livable streets; strategies for advocacy; campaign; public meetings; design; role
play
Availability: http://livablestreets.missouri.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/advocacymanualv2.pdf

Incorporating spatial equity into interurban road network design Mostafa
Mollanejad, & Lei Zhang
Abstract: Methods for the road network design problem, typically, are based on optimization of
the network efficiency measures (e.g. network-wide travel time) under a predefined budget. In
these approaches, equity issues are not taken into account and, consequently, most of the road
improvements are planned next to large cities. Thus, disparities between large and small cities
increase, which does not conform to sustainable development objectives. In this paper, to
overcome concerns associated with traditional methods, equity is incorporated into the
interurban road network design problem. To this end, accessibility concepts are employed.
However, unlike previous studies, instead of maximizing the total accessibility, a new definition
is proposed for inaccessibility, and total inaccessibility is minimized throughout the network.
Using this new definition not only is more compatible with the equity issue, but also helps to
eliminate the nonlinearity of the problem. Average travel time to neighboring opportunities is
utilized to propose this definition for inaccessibility, which captures the reality more effectively.
With the aim of this definition, equity is incorporated into the road network design problem
implicitly. This is another improvement over previous methods, where a new term in the
objective function or a new constraint is added to include the equity. The proposed model is
formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem, where the objective is to
minimize the aggregate inaccessibility over all the population centers in the network. To
illustrate the application of the model, the Northwest region of the United States is used as the
case study. The respective exact solution of the example is found using a commercial solver
(CPLEX). This new solution is also compared with the solutions from the traditional methods.
Subject Area: Spatial equity; Accessibility; Transportation network design; Interurban
Availability: Mollanejad, Mostafa, and Lei Zhang. "Incorporating spatial equity into interurban
road network design." Journal of Transport Geography 39 (2014): 156-164.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692314001379

The Water, Energy, and Infrastructure Co-benefits of Smart Growth Planning
in Phoenix, Arizona Matthew J. Nahlik
Abstract: Phoenix, Arizona is an auto-dependent metropolitan area of close to 5 million people
in 28 cities in the subtropical Sonoran desert climate of the Southwest United States. Currently,
Valley Metro operates one light-rail line in the region, but additional extensions are under
construction and in planning which will create a larger network of high-capacity transit. The
local planning organization, Maricopa Association of Governments, has projected a demand for
485,000 households and nearly 130 million ft2 of commercial space by 2040 immediately
around this network of transit to partially support the projected population growth of the
region.
During the Spring 2014 semester at Arizona State University, the multi-disciplinary
course “Urban Infrastructure Anatomy and Sustainable Development” brought together
students from engineering, sustainability, life sciences and urban planning to estimate the
water, energy, and transportation changes of residents who live within walking distance of
high-capacity transit in Phoenix and the potential barriers which currently oppose smart growth
development. By comparing the results of this assessment to business-as-usual development,
we find that the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from smart growth
can be up to 42% lower than an equivalent amount of sprawl development and require nearly
70% less funding for infrastructure construction. Additionally, water consumption can be
reduced by 37% and would be a major benefit to the desert region as population continues to
grow adding stress on provisions from the Colorado River Basin. While water, energy, and
infrastructure co-benefits of smart growth are found to be likely, institutional barriers exist that
may prevent development from occurring and these barriers must be overcome to enable this
type of development in the future.
Subject Area: land use; energy consumption; water consumption
Availability: Chester, Mikhail V., et al. "The Water, Energy, and Infrastructure Co-benefits of
Smart Growth Planning in Phoenix, Arizona." (2014).
http://repository.asu.edu/attachments/134588/content/asu-cobenefits-phoenix-smartgrowth.pdf

The effects of road user charges in the context of weak parking policies: The
case of Malta Maria Attard, & Stephen Ison
Abstract: Road user charging is often thought of as a first best travel demand management
solution for dealing with the issue of congestion, when compared to the use of parking charges.
The case for this is that parking charges are more likely to result in improvements in the
situation rather than an optimal outcome. One of the reasons is that parking can be seen as a
complement to vehicle travel impacting on the termination point of a journey as opposed to
charging directly for the use of road space as in the case of road user charging. In saying this
parking charges are used extensively as a demand management measure and there are still only
a few road user charging schemes worldwide. One scheme that has moved from a parking
charge to a road user charge is the Controlled Vehicular Access system in Valletta, Malta where
a fixed annual charge (V-licence) for access and parking into the city was replaced by a timebased road user charge implemented in May 2007. The aim of this paper is to assess the effects
of road user charging in the context of ineffective parking policies, using the case of Valletta.
The paper is based on scheme documentation, semi-structured interviews with key
stakeholders, supplemented by personal observations of one of the authors directly involved in
the process of developing and implementing the road user charging system. The research
concludes that the overall impacts of the road user charge in the City were positive but more
effort will have to be made to strengthen the road charging scheme and parking policy to
effectively manage the travel demands of the islands’ population.
Subject Area: Road pricing; Parking; Malta
Availability: Attard, Maria, and Stephen Ison. "The Effects of road user charges in the context of
weak parking policies: The case of Malta." Case Studies on Transport Policy (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X14000273

Does the income elasticity of road traffic depend on the source of income?
Scott Le Vinea, Bingqing (Emily) Chenb, & John Polak
Abstract: An extensive body of literature addresses the income elasticity of road traffic, in
which income is typically treated as a homogenous quantity. Here we report evidence of
heterogeneity in cross-sectional estimates of the elasticity of vehicle-kilometres of travel (VKT)
with respect to income, when household income is disaggregated on the basis of income
source.
The results are generally intuitive, and show that the cross-sectional income elasticity of
road traffic is not homogeneous as is typically specified in transport planning models. We show
that in a number of circumstances the cross-sectional elasticity with respect to aggregate
household income is of the opposite sign in comparison to more refined estimates of elasticity
disaggregated by income source. If further research confirms that the elasticities we report
here are causal in nature, neglecting the elemental effects could result in misleading results
affecting practical infrastructure-investment and policy decisions, particularly as the mix of
income sources shifts (e.g. if, as society ages, pension income increases as a share of all
income).
These results are of interest to both researchers and forecasters of travel demand, as
well as designers of future travel survey instruments; the latter group must decide how to
generate data about respondents’ income. Current expert guidance is to collect a single
estimate of aggregate income at the household level. Future travel survey design choices will
bound the analyses that can be supported by the resulting survey data, and therefore
methodological research to re-visit the trade-offs associated with such choices is warranted.
Subject Area: Income elasticity; Road traffic; Income source; Travel survey methods
Availability: Le Vine, Scott, Bingqing Emily Chen, and John Polak. "Does the income elasticity of
road traffic depend on the source of income?." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and
Practice 67 (2014): 15-29.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856414001438

Effects of Natural Gas Vehicles and Fuel Prices on Key Transportation
Economic Metrics Kevin Heaslip, Ryan Bosworth, Ryan Barnes, Ali Soltani Sobh,
Michael Thomas, Ziqi Song
Abstract: The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) is responsible for
planning, operating, and maintaining a highway network consisting of over 18,500 lane-miles of
highway. Planning and building highways is, by nature, a long-range enterprise. It requires
making many assumptions about future travel demand as well as estimating future fuel tax
revenue. In recent years the growing uncertainty about oil prices and availability has made
long-range transportation planning even more challenging. Rather than relying on trend
extrapolation, this study uses market mechanisms to shed light on key long-range
transportation planning assumptions. Although WSDOT is pursuing a variety of alternative fuels
and energy sources including Electric Vehicles (EV), biofuels, propane, natural gas, etc. and their
respective infrastructures, this study focuses primarily on natural gas. In particular, this study
will help WSDOT assess the likelihood natural gas will substitute for petroleum fuels and
estimate the impacts changes in fuel prices will have on travel demand, fuel consumption,
Greenhouse Gas emissions, and fuel tax revenues.
The results of the modeling show that the potential impacts of Natural Gas Vehicles
(NGV) have the potential to have effects on vehicle miles traveled (VMT), emissions, and fuel
tax revenue. The effects of these vehicles are muted by the current lack of natural gas vehicles
in the fleet. The usage of natural gas vehicles is limited to fleet vehicles and vehicles with high
mileage usage. Challenges with widespread integration currently include the increased upfront
capital costs associated with vehicles with natural gas, decreased power for heavy vehicles, and
range anxiety in locations without developed natural gas fueling infrastructure. Currently the
NGV market in the state of Washington is hampered by these factors. The modeling and
analysis provided in the document can be used to analyze changing conditions in the NGV
market and the effects on key transportation metrics.
Subject Area: Alternative Fuels, Transportation Economics, Vehicle Miles Travelled
Availability: Bosworth, Ryan, et al. "Effects of Natural Gas Vehicles and Fuel Prices on Key
Transportation Economic Metrics." (2014).
http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/829.1.pdf

Expansive Urban Growth Boundary Hiramatsu, Tomoru
Abstract: Intuitively, increasing the available land, which is an economic resource, should
improve social welfare. However, traditional economic models of urban economy show that an
urban growth boundary (UGB) policy, which restricts land availability, actually improves social
welfare by reducing the negative externalities imposed by congestion. Nevertheless, recent
studies have found that a UGB policy is not always welfare improving. This paper examines both
expansive and restrictive UGB regimes using the Chicago metropolitan statistical area as an
example. The simulation results presented herein show that an expansive UGB positively affects
social welfare, while a restrictive UGB improves social welfare if open spaces are considered
and vacant land outside the UGB registers a moderate fall in value. Further, the proportion of
absentee landlords is an important determinant of welfare gains, since their gain (or loss) from
a UGB policy in the real estate market is a drain from the urban economy. Moreover, a
restrictive UGB leads to centralized land use, while an expansive UGB results in moderate
suburbanization. Finally, gasoline consumption decreases under a restrictive UGB but increases
under an expansive UGB because vehicle miles travelled increase as the city expands outward.
Subject Area: Urban Growth Boundary, Centralization and Suburbanization, Computable
General Equilibrium
Availability: Hiramatsu, Tomoru. "Expansive Urban Growth Boundary." Modern Economy 2014
(2014). http://file.scirp.org/Html/8-7200821_47288.htm

Automobile Path Dependence in Phoenix: Driving Sustainability by Getting Off
of the Pavement and Out of the Car Mindy Kimball
Abstract: A methodology is developed that integrates institutional analysis with Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) to identify and overcome barriers to sustainability transitions and to bridge
the gap between environmental practitioners and decision makers. LCA results are rarely joined
with analyses of the social systems that control or influence decision making and policies. As a
result, LCA conclusions generally lack information about who or what controls different parts of
the system, where and when the processes’ environmental decision making happens, and what
aspects of the system (i.e. a policy or regulatory requirement) would have to change to enable
lower environmental impact futures.
The value of the combined institutional analysis and LCA (the IA-LCA) is demonstrated using a
case study of passenger transportation in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. A
retrospective LCA is developed to estimate how roadway investment has enabled personal
vehicle travel and its associated energy, environmental, and economic effects. Using regional
travel forecasts, a prospective life cycle inventory is developed. Alternative trajectories are
modeled to reveal future “savings” from reduced roadway construction and vehicle travel. An
institutional analysis matches the LCA results with the specific institutions, players, and policies
that should be targeted to enable transitions to these alternative futures.
The results show that energy, economic, and environmental benefits from changes in passenger
transportation systems are possible, but vary significantly depending on the timing of the
interventions. Transition strategies aimed at the most optimistic benefits should include 1)
significant land-use planning initiatives at the local and regional level to incentivize transitoriented development infill and urban densification, 2) changes to state or federal gasoline
taxes, 3) enacting a price on carbon, and 4) nearly doubling vehicle fuel efficiency together with
greater market penetration of alternative fuel vehicles. This aggressive trajectory could
decrease the 2050 energy consumption to 1995 levels, greenhouse gas emissions to 1995,
particulate emissions to 2006, and smog-forming emissions to 1972. The potential benefits and
costs are both private and public, and the results vary when transition strategies are applied in
different spatial and temporal patterns.
Subject Area: transition strategy; Life Cycle Assessment
Availability: Kimball, Mindy. Automobile Path Dependence in Phoenix: Driving Sustainability by
Getting Off of the Pavement and Out of the Car. Diss. ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, 2014.
http://repository.asu.edu/attachments/134923/content/Kimball_asu_0010E_13822.pdf

Cash for Corollas: When Stimulus Reduces Spending Mark Hoekstra Steven L.
Puller & Jeremy West
Abstract: Cash for Clunkers was an economic stimulus program aimed at increasing new
vehicle spending by subsidizing the replacement of older vehicles. Using a regression
discontinuity design, we show the increase in sales during the two month program was
completely offset during the following seven to nine months, consistent with previous research.
However, we also find the program’s fuel efficiency restrictions induced households to
purchase more fuel efficient but less expensive vehicles, thereby reducing industry revenues by
three billion dollars over the entire nine to eleven month period. This highlights the conflict
between the stimulus and environmental objectives of the policy.
Subject Area: Cash for Clunkers; economic stimulus; fuel efficiency
Availability: Hoekstra, Mark, Steven L. Puller, and Jeremy West. "Cash for Corollas: When
Stimulus Reduces Spending." (2014).
http://econweb.tamu.edu/puller/AcadDocs/HPW_stimulus_latest.pdf

Minnesota Cost Of Living Study 2014 Annual Report Steve Hine, Rachel Vilsack, &
John Clay
Abstract: The mission of the Cost of Living Study is to estimate a basic-needs cost of living in
Minnesota and specifically the cost of basic needs for individuals and for various family sizes, by
county and aggregated to regional and statewide estimates. The study examines living costs in
seven cost categories: food, housing, health care, transportation, child care, other necessities,
and net taxes.
Rather than constituting a description of what income families today are earning, the study
estimates the cost of living which families would need to meet through full-time income in
order to meet basic needs. It is assumed that the resulting estimates will represent neither a
poverty-level living nor a middle-class living but rather a safe, healthy, sufficient living.
The study results will constitute an additional economic indicator which may be utilized by
public and private institutions and by individuals.
Beyond providing the raw data of these cost of living estimates, the Department of
Employment and Economic Development will, as mandated by the Statute, also offer analyses
and recommendations, based on the cost of living study findings, to aid in the assessment of
employment and economic development planning needs throughout the state.
Subject Area: cost of living; Minnesota;
Availability: Alexandra Forter Sirota, Tazra Mitchell, and Cedric Johnson -NCBudget & Tax
Center . "LIVING INCOME STANDARD 2014: Boom in Low-Wage Work Means Many North
Carolinians Don't Make an Adequate Income." (June 2014).
http://www.ncjustice.org/?q=budget-and-tax/living-income-standard-2014-boom-low-wagework-means-many-north-carolinians-dont-make

Living Income Standard 2014: Boom in Low-Wage Work Means Many North
Carolinians Don't Make an Adequate Income Alexandra Forter Sirota, Tazra
Mitchell, and Cedric Johnson
Abstract: One in five North Carolina families earn too little to afford life’s essentials and move
up the economic ladder. A North Carolina family of two adults and two children must earn
$52,275 annually to afford housing, food, child care, health care, transportation, taxes and
other necessities, based on the Budget & Tax Center’s Living Income Standard (LIS) for 2014.
Subject Area: budget; living income
Availability: Alexandra Forter Sirota, Tazra Mitchell, and Cedric Johnson -NCBudget & Tax
Center . "LIVING INCOME STANDARD 2014: Boom in Low-Wage Work Means Many North
Carolinians Don't Make an Adequate Income." (June 2014).
http://www.ncjustice.org/?q=budget-and-tax/living-income-standard-2014-boom-low-wagework-means-many-north-carolinians-dont-make

The Global Effects of Housing Policy Kyle Mangum
Abstract: This paper studies the links between housing policies and aggregate energy use in
the U.S. I connect two strands of literature on cities–that cities vary in their per capita energy
use and in terms of housing supply elasticity–to measure the effects of location choice and
housing consumption on aggregate energy use. I build a dynamic spatial equilibrium model of
U.S. metropolitan areas, accounting for local heterogeneity in housing demand and supply.
Importantly, I decompose the supply restrictions into those naturally-occurring and those
policy-induced. After matching the model to data on housing prices, construction activity, and
building density, I conduct policy simulations to quantify the effect of various housing policies
on energy use. Results indicate that removing the federal tax subsidy for housing would result
in a lower aggregate energy use, as would increasing land use regulations in high energy use
locations. The primary channel is reducing the amount of housing consumed per person, and
the secondary channel is in reallocating population from inefficient to more efficient locations.
Subject Area: land use, energy use, housing supply, dynamic spatial equilibrium
Availability: Mangum, Kyle. "The Global Effects of Housing Policy." (2014).
http://www.ieb.ub.edu/files/PapersWSUE2014/Mangum.pdf

Does Obesity Matter for the Environment? Evidence from Vehicle Choices and
Driving Hocheol Jeon
Abstract: The rising rate of obesity has become a prominent social concern in the U.S. and
throughout the world. Several recent literature examines how obesity influences households
driving or vehicle choice behavior. While the results in prior studies are compelling, the studies
suffer from two shortcomings. First, the researches rely on aggregate data (national or county
level), rather than individual level observations, potentially masking important factors
determining individual choices on vehicles and driving. Second, while they are able to establish
a link between obesity and vehicle choice or driving, linking vehicle choice in turn to overall
emissions requires information regarding vehicle miles driven. The objective of this study is to
address these two limitations using household observations from the Panel Study of Income
Dynamics (PSID), jointly modeling the impact of obesity on the vehicle choice and vehicle miles
traveled (VMT). In particular, we investigate the impact of obesity and overweight by employing
both reduced form (linear panel model) and structural model (joint discrete/continuous choice
model). Our empirical study suggests that the comprehensive impacts of obesity and
overweight on gasoline consumption are little or ambiguous. In other words, the effect of the
policy to reduce the rate of obesity and overweight are not as rosy as prior studies expect.
Subject Area: obesity; vehicle choice behavior;
Availability: Jeon, Hocheol. "Does Obesity Matter for the Environment? Evidence from Vehicle
Choices and Driving." (2014).
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/170550/2/2014AAEA_Slected_Paper_JEON.pdf

Advanced and Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies: Regulations and Incentives in
the United States Alan Theodore Jenn
Abstract: Transportation policy is playing an increasingly important role in the transition
towards more fuel-efficient vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). Whether the policy
seeks to promote adoption through mandatory requirements or through monetary incentives,
or to address issues related to adoption of AFVs, it is clear that such policies can have large
ranging impacts on the future of the US transportation system. The work I conduct in my
dissertation seeks to understand these policies, in the past, present, and future. I evaluate the
effects of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT) on the adoption of HEVs. As part of EPACT, a
tax credit incentives program was implemented for consumers purchasing HEVs. Using a unique
fixed effects regression approach with lagged instrumental variables, I am able to estimate the
effects of the incentives. I go on to examine the effects of the adoption of electric vehicles on
funding for transportation infrastructure. A significant portion of revenue for transportation
infrastructure comes from taxes on gasoline, these funds will likely be diminished to some
extent as electric vehicles are adopted as they consume little to no gasoline as fuel. The total
annual revenue generation at the federal level could decrease by as much as $200 million by
2025, though this is quite a small portion of total revenues for transportation infrastructure. I
demonstrate that the revenue decrease can easily be made up through small policy fee changes
in either at fixed or through incremental increases in use fees, though implementation of such
policies can be difficult politically. I also focus on the recent implementation of alternative fuel
vehicle incentives in the v2009 update of the CAFE standards. I demonstrate that while the AFV
incentives help spur the production and adoption of AFVs, there is a short-term emissions
penalty due to the structure of the policy. I find that every AFV sold results in an increase in
emissions rate for another vehicle of 50-400 grams of CO2 per mile, comparable to adding an
additional conventional vehicle onto the road. I further extends this work by investigating how
other policies promoting AFV sales interact with the CAFE policy. I focus specifically on the
California ZEV mandate interaction and find that there is an increase of 120 million metric tons
of CO2 for new cars sold between 2012 and 2025. Finally I examine the response of driving
behavior response to changes in gasoline prices. Using a unique dataset obtained from
Pennsylvanias Department of Transportation, we are able to observe annual driving behavior at
the individual vehicle level from 2000 through 2010. We observe heterogeneity of price
elasticities using two methods: separating data by quantiles over the factors of interest and by
interacting the factors of interest as categorical variables with gasoline prices.
Subject Area: Alternative Fuels Vehicle; gasoline prices; travel behavior
Availability: Jenn, A. T. (2014). Advanced and Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies: Regulations and
Incentives in the United States (Doctoral dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University).
http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~ajenn/wordpress/wp-content/papercitedata/pdf/phdthesis-full.pdf

Online Appendix For “Pareto Improvements From Lexus Lanes: The Case For
Pricing A Portion Of The Lanes On Congested Highways” Jonathan D. Hall
Abstract: This appendix contains a brief discussion of other barriers to congestion pricing as
well as evidence that the received wisdom among academics, policy makers, and the public is
that congestion pricing is a Kaldor-Hicks improvement that while effecient, hurts many road
users. Other barriers to implementing congestion pricing include the belief that it is unfair to let
some pay with money to get faster travel times, concern that since tolling brings in more
revenue for the government it will lead to increased government spending, and worry that it
will hurt downtown retail. For an example of the first belief see Malady, Matthew. 2013. “Want
to Save Civilization? Get in Line,” New York Times, May 31, 2013. When drivers in Southern
California were asked why they oppose congestion pricing, in the specific form of allowing solo
drivers to pay to travel in carpool only lanes, 40% responded that either the government will
waste the money or it will increase government bureaucracy (Fall 1999 Commuter Survey from
Sullivan [1999]). For evidence on the downtown retail store’s opposition to congestion pricing
see De Borger and Russo [2013] As evidence for the received wisdom being that congestion
pricing is a Kaldor-Hicks improvement, consider the following examples. Starting with
academics, Lindsey and Verhoef [2008] suggest that “most likely, these losses are the root of
the longstanding opposition to congestion tolling in road transport,” a view echoed in Starkie
[1986], Cohen [1987], Giuliano [1992], Arnott et al. [1994], Lave [1994], Small et al. [2005] and
Small and Verhoef [2007]. Turning to the views of policy makers, Ison [2000, p. 276] finds that
in the United Kingdom 80% of local politicians with responsibility for transportation issues,
academics who studied such issues, and transport interest groups “view urban road pricing as
being publicly unacceptable.” Furthermore, the public almost always oppose congestion
pricing. For example, Jones [1991] reports on twelve polls in the United Kingdom and finds
widespread opposition to congestion pricing; Harrington et al. [2001] cites a number of surveys
in the United States finding opposition to congestion pricing as well as finding 57% of their
survey respondents oppose congestion pricing; and Podgorski and Kockelman [2006] find that
70% of Texans oppose pricing existing roads. The notable counter-example is that after
congestion pricing has been implemented it generally finds widespread support. For example,
in Stockholm they voted to keep congestion pricing after a seven month trial [Hårsman and
Quigley, 2010]. As one voter put it, “Turkeys don’t vote for Christmas–and motorists won’t vote
for more taxes to drive.”1
Subject Area: Pricing; VMT tax; Traveler welfare; Travel time savings; Travel demand model
Availability: Hall, Jonathan D. "Online Appendix For “Pareto Improvements From Lexus Lanes:
The Case For Pricing A Portion Of The Lanes On Congested Highways”." (2014).
http://www.tinbergen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/PI_from_LL-Appendix1.pdf

A framework for determining road pricing revenue use and its welfare effects
Timothy F. Welcha, & Sabyasachee Mishra
Abstract: In the last five decades, much of the focus on travel cost has been on what form
pricing should take, whether it should be a direct road toll, in the form a Vehicle Miles Traveled
(VMT) tax, encapsulated in the gas tax, or by some other mechanism. An area that has received
much less attention, but is nonetheless important when considering any pricing change, is the
impact of such mechanisms on traveler welfare and travel time savings. While an increase in
the cost of travel may achieve traffic flow efficiencies, it may also unduly burden low-income
travelers or unjustly benefit higher-income drivers. An important aspect of the road pricing
debate is not just whether pricing will produce an efficient market, but also if such pricing is
implemented, how the generated revenue will be managed. We propose a model to analyze
transport equity by measuring change in traveler welfare and travel time savings as a result of a
mix of road pricing, revenue recycling (tax cuts) and transit subsidies. In this paper we introduce
a multimodal travel demand model to incorporate road pricing mechanisms with various
subsidy options. A base case and five scenarios are developed to address various hypothetical
pricing scenarios. We find the structure of the road pricing mechanism on average has a small
impact on annual per capita traveler welfare. Replacing the state gas tax with a VMT tax can
have a positive impact on traveler welfare, particularly for lower-income groups and rural
residents. A VMT tax increase would be the least detrimental to welfare, especially for lowincome groups.
Subject Area: Pricing; VMT tax; Traveler welfare; Travel time savings; Travel demand model
Availability: Welch, Timothy F., and Sabyasachee Mishra. "A framework for determining road
pricing revenue use and its welfare effects." Research in Transportation Economics (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885914000079

Household Demand and Willingness to Pay for Hybrid Vehicles Yizao Liu
Abstract: This paper quantitatively evaluates consumers’ willingness to pay for hybrid vehicles
by estimating the demand of hybrid vehicles in the U.S. market. Using micro-level data on
consumer purchases of hybrid and non-hybrid vehicles from National Household Travel Survey
2009, this paper formulates a mixed logit model of consumers’ vehicle choices. Parameter
estimates are then used to evaluate consumers’ willingness to pay for hybrids. Results suggest
that households’ willingness to pay for hybrids ranges from $963 to $1,718 for different income
groups, which is significantly lower than the average price premium (over $5,000) of hybrid
vehicles, even when taking the fuel costs savings of hybrid vehicles into consideration. The
differences reveal that although the market has shown increasing interest in hybrid vehicles,
consumers’ valuation of the hybrid feature is still not high enough to compensate for the price
premium when they make new purchases. Policy simulations are conducted to examine the
effects of raising federal tax incentives on the purchase of hybrid vehicles.
Subject Area: Willingness to Pay; Fuel Economy; Hybrid Vehicles; Tax Incentives
Availability: Liu, Yizao. "Household Demand and Willingness to Pay for Hybrid Vehicles." Energy
Economics (2014). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988314000747

No Californian Left Behind: Clean and affordable transportation options for all
through vehicle replacement Cole Wheeler, Jesse Morris, and Kate Gordon
Abstract: In this report, we discuss the contribution made by these highly polluting vehicles to
the state’s air quality problems; we also discuss the serious drag that driving these vehicles can
have on household budgets. After outlining these problems, we discuss the state’s current
policies aimed at promoting vehicle retirement and replacement and offer some
recommendations for improving those programs. We have specific recommendations to
maximize the impact of the current Enhanced Fleet Modernization Program (EFMP). California
is already a leader in advanced and high-tech transportation and transit solutions. It is time we
also became a leader in pragmatic solutions for a population that is sometimes left behind in
these discussions: non-urban, low-income, car dependent households. Bringing solutions to
these communities will have a huge impact on our current air quality and family budgets; it will
also widen the circle of Californians who play an active part in moving this state toward a
cleaner, less oil dependent future.
Subject Area: Fleet Modernization; CAFÉ, California; vehicle replacement
Availability: Wheeler, Cole, Jesse Morris, and Kate Gordon. "No Californian Left Behind."
(2014). http://thenextgeneration.org/files/No_Californian_Left_Behind_FINAL.pdf

The Effect of Urban Form on Residential Relocation and Non-work Travel
Patterns: A Case of Florida Households Concas, Sisinnio & DeSalvo, Joseph S
Abstract: The authors investigate the impact of polycentric urban form and decentralized
employment on residential location decisions and non-work motor vehicle travel. The authors
first present empirically testable models of the interaction between urban form and motor
vehicle travel demand drawn from urban economic theory. Then travel behavior responses are
modeled at the household level using a dataset that combines tour-based activity-travel data
with land-use measures at the United States Census block group level. The travel behavior data
comes from a sample of 15,884 households from the Florida add-on version of the 2009
National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), as provided by the Florida Department of
Transportation System Planning Office. Using geographic information system mapping
software, the authors merge the NHTS data with parcel-level housing data to estimate
accessibility measures. Preliminary findings provide evidence linking measures of polycentric
urban form to changes in home-work commuter patterns and changes in non-work motor
vehicle travel. The authors observe that residency status positively affects residential location
choices, as indicated by selected residency tenure variables. Households residing in the State
for less than two years have a 10-percent longer home-work commuting pattern. These
households tend to have a more disperse activity space (a realization of the time-space prism),
resulting in increased miles traveled and longer home-work distance. The combined effect of
relocation patterns on the demand of travel results in an increase of about 21 percent in daily
tour-level vehicle miles of travel and an increase of about 5.7 percent in the size of the activity
space. These results provide evidence to support policies that would reduce the spatial
allocation of activities and improve connectivity to other modes of transport at and around
subcenters.
Subject Area: Commuting; Geographic information systems; Households; Land use; Residential
location; Travel demand; Travel patterns; Vehicle miles of travel
Availability: Concas, Sisinnio, and Joseph S. DeSalvo. "The Effect of Urban Form on Residential
Relocation and Non-work Travel Patterns: A Case of Florida Households." Transportation
Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. No. 14-3543. 2014.
http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1288880

Network Structure and Travel Pavithra Kandadai Parthasarathi
Abstract: Changing the design aspects of urban form is a positive approach to improving
transportation. Land use and urban design strategies have been proposed to not only to bring
about changes in travel behavior but as a way of providing a better quality of life to the
residents. While the research on the relationship between urban form and travel behavior has
been pretty extensive, there is a clear gap in the explicit consideration of the underlying
transportation network, even though researchers acknowledge its importance. This dissertation
aims to continue on the research interest in understanding travel behavior while explicitly
accounting for the underlying transportation network structure.
Transportation networks have an underlying structure, defined by the layout, arrangement and
the connectivity of the individual network elements, namely the road segments and their
intersections. The differences in network structure exist among and between networks. This
dissertation argues that travelers perceive and respond to these differences in underlying
network structure and complexity, resulting in differences in observed travel patterns. This
hypothesized relationship between network structure and travel is analyzed in this dissertation
using individual and aggregate level travel and network data from metropolitan regions across
the U.S. Various measures of network structure, compiled from existing sources, are used to
quantify the structure of street networks. The relation between these quantitative measures
and travel is then identified using econometric models.
The underlying principle of this research is that while the transportation network is not the only
indicator of urban form and travel, an understanding of the transportation network structure
will provide a good framework for understanding and designing cities. The importance of such
an understanding is critical due to the long term and irreversible nature of transportation
network decisions. The comprehensive analyses presented in this dissertation provide a clear
understanding of the role of network design in influencing travel.
Subject Area: land use; transportation network
Availability: Parthasarathi, Pavithra Kandadai, and David Levinson. "A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA."
http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1248222

The Effect of Smart Growth Policies on Travel Demand Cervero, Robert &
Kockelman, Kara
Abstract: Smart growth policies are often considered by planning agencies as a strategy to
reduce congestion, emissions and other impacts on travel demand, but most of the current
planning application tools are not sufficiently sensitive to the aspects of smart growth policies
needed to determine travel demand. This project reviewed available research to determine the
underlying relationships between households, firms and travel demand and then turned these
relationships into a regional scenario planning tool that can be used to evaluate the impacts of
various smart growth policies. The Smart Growth Area Planning (SmartGAP) tool synthesizes
households and firms in a region and determines the travel demand characteristics of these
households and firms based on the characteristics of their built environment and transportation
policies affecting their travel behavior. The software has been developed with a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) to allow non-technical users to be able to use the tool for planning activities
more easily. Three pilot tests were completed to demonstrate the usefulness and
reasonableness of SmartGAP to evaluate how smart growth policies affect travel demand,
environmental, financial and economic, location and community impacts.
Subject Area: Graphical user interfaces; Impact studies; Regional planning; Smart growth;
Software; Transportation policy; Travel behavior; Travel demand
Availability: Cervero, Robert, and Kara Kockelman. The Effect of Smart Growth Policies on
Travel Demand. No. SHRP 2 Capacity Project C16. 2013.
http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1248222

The Elder Economic Security Standard Index: A New Indicator for Evaluating
Economic Security in Later Life Jan E. Mutchler, Yao-Chi Shih, Jiyoung Lyu, Ellen A.
Bruce, & Alison Gottlieb
Abstract: Efforts to evaluate the impact of programs designed to safeguard the well-being of
older adults in the US are stymied by the absence of adequate tools to answer a key question:
how much income is “enough” in later life? The purpose of this paper is to report on a new
indicator of income adequacy designed to correct this measurement gap. The Elder Economic
Security Standard Index (Elder Index) is a geographically specific measure of the cost of living
independently for older adults aged 65 and over. This paper provides an overview of the
development of the Elder Index, demonstrates the variability in Elder Index values both
geographically and across different residential settings, and provides an illustration of how the
Elder Index may be used in establishing differences in economic hardship across subgroups of
older adults. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential research and policy uses of
this new measure.
Subject Area: elderly; income adequacy; Elder Economic Security Standard Index; Cost of Living
Availability: Mutchler, Jan E., et al. "The Elder Economic Security Standard Index™: A New
Indicator for Evaluating Economic Security in Later Life." Social Indicators Research: 1-20.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-014-0577-y

Measuring community completeness: jobs–housing balance, accessibility, and
convenient local access to nonwork destinations Louis A Merlin
Abstract: Using 2007 travel-diary data from metropolitan Chicago, I investigate what aspects of
urban form contribute most to community completeness, as defined by internal tour capture
for nonwork tours. I examine two distinct geographic scales: census-defined ‘places’, and
synthetically constructed ‘centered communities’. Centered communities are defined as
nonwork travel sheds centered upon well-defined concentrations of activity. Higher
accessibility share (a new urban form measure defined in the paper) and higher mixed use both
significantly predict greater community completeness, as do higher levels of residential or
employment density. Furthermore, I find that mixed‑use measures describe something other
than simple proximity to job-based attractions; these measures also address the appropriate
balance of activities necessary for a complete community. To build more-complete
communities, planners need to ensure that local accessibility to a variety of destinations of
interest is high relative to the regional accessibility to these same types of destinations outside
the community.
Subject Area: complete communities, jobs–housing balance, internal trip capture, mixed use,
accessibility, nonwork travel
Availability: Merlin L A, 2014, "Measuring community completeness: jobs–housing balance,
accessibility, and convenient local access to nonwork destinations" Environment and Planning
B: Planning and Design advance online publication, doi:10.1068/b120010p
http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b120010p

Time Dependent Accessibility Nikhil Kaza
Abstract: Many place based accessibility studies ignore the time component. Relying on
theoretical frameworks that treat distance between two fixed points as constant, these
methods ignore the diurnal and seasonal changes in accessibility. Furthermore, network
distances between two nodes are dependent on the network structure and weight distribution
on the edges. These weights can change quite frequently and the network structure itself is
subject to modification because of availability and unavailability of links and nodes. All these
reasons, point to considering the implications of time variation in accessibility of a place. Using
the case of transit, where all these feature are readily apparent simultaneously, I demonstrate
the volatility in accessibility for two counties in North Carolina. Significant diurnal changes are
observed in quarter of the locations and in the rest the changes are minimal mostly because of
low levels of transit accessibility. I argue not for minimizing the volatility, but acknowledging its
impacts on mode choices, location choices and therefore on spatial structure of cities.
Subject Area: diurnal and seasonal changes; accessibility
Availability: Kaza, Nikhil. "Time Dependent Accessibility."
http://sia.planning.unc.edu/uploads/publications/Time_Dependent_Transit_Accessibility_v1.pd
f

User Guide of the ORNL MA3T Model (V20130729) Zhenhong Lin, David Greene &
Jake Ward
Abstract: The Market Acceptance of Advanced Automotive Technologies (MA3T) model has
been developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as a tool for analyzing scenarios of
demand for various automotive powertrain technologies in response to changes in
technologies, infrastructure, energy prices, consumer preferences, and policies. Implemented
using Microsoft® Excel for Windows, MA3T simulates market demand by representing relevant
attributes of technologies and consumer behavior, such as technological learning by doing,
range anxiety, access to recharging points, daily driving patterns and willingness to accept
technological innovation. Much remains to be learned about how consumers will evaluate
novel vehicle technologies, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), extended-range
electric vehicle (EREV), battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell vehicles (FCV), as well as how
these vehicles are likely to be operated. Due to data limitation, the approach taken in
developing the MA3T model is to create a framework for integrating data and behavioral
models at an appropriate level of detail, whether or not the data are fully available or the
behaviors are fully understood at the present time. As more is learned about the advanced
vehicle technologies and consumers’ preferences towards them, the model will be continuously
updated and improved.
This report is intended to provide general instructions regarding how to use MA3T. For a more
detailed description of the methodology and applications, readers are encouraged to refer to
Lin and Greene (2010, 2011). The rest of the report is organized as follows. In Section 2, the file
structure of MA3T is introduced, followed by the description of the procedures to run the
model in Section 3. After running the model, a result file will be generated, which is explained in
Section 4. Finally, the last two sections describe how to change input assumptions and generate
new scenarios.
Subject Area: Market Acceptance of Advanced Automotive Technologies model; MA3T;
automotive powertrain technologies; PHEV; EREV; BEF; FCV;
Availability: Lin, Zhenhong, David Greene, and Jake Ward. "User Guide of the ORNL MA 3 T
Model (V20130729)." http://cta.ornl.gov/ma3t/MA3T%20User%20Guide%20v20130729.pdf

Synthesis of a High Resolution Social Contact Network for Delhi With
Application to Pandemic Planning Huadong Xia, Kalyani Nagaraj, Jiangzhuo Chen,
& Madhav V. Marathe
Abstract: We analyze targeted-layered containment (TLC) strategies to contain an influenza
pandemic in Delhi, India. A key contribution of our work is a methodology for the synthesis of a
realistic individual-based social contact network for Delhi using a wide variety of open source
and commercial data. New techniques were developed to infer daily activities for individuals
using aggregate data published in transportation science literature in combination with human
development surveys and targeted local surveys. The resulting social contact network is the
first such network constructed for any urban region of India. This time varying, spatially explicit
network has over 13 million people and more than 200 million people-people contacts. The
network has several interesting similarities and differences as compared to similar networks for
US cities. As a second step, we use a high performance agent-based modeling environment to
study how an influenza-like illness would spread over the Delhi network. We also analyze well
understood pharmaceutical and non- pharmaceutical containment strategies to control a
pandemic outbreak. The results suggest: (i) targeted layered containment strategies perform
better than any of the individual interventions; (ii) the epidemic dynamics of the region are
strongly influenced by the activity patterns and the demographic structure of its local residents;
and (iii) a high resolution social contact network helps in analyzing effective public health
policies. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind in the Indian subcontinent.
Subject Area: networked-epidemiology, high performance computing, synthetic contact
network, targeted-layered containment, pandemic response, sensitivity test
Availability: Xia, Huadong, et al. "Synthesis of a High Resolution Social Contact Network for
Delhi With Application to Pandemic Planning."
http://staff.vbi.vt.edu/chenj/nonpub/2014_AI_Delhiv2_Submitted.20140120.pdf

Three Essays in Urban Economics Victor Couture
Abstract: This thesis studies the benefits and costs of urban living. Chapter 1 is a theoretical and
empirical analysis of the benefits of urban density for consumers, while Chapter 2 proposes a
model of how cities enhance the incentives for knowledge diffusion. Chapter 3 investigates the
costs of congestion and the determinants of car travel speed across us cities.
In Chapter 1, I study the consumption value of urban density by combining Google’s local
business data with microgeographic travel data. I show that increased density enables
consumers to both realize welfare gains from variety and save time through shorter trips. I
estimate the gains from density in the restaurant industry, identifying willingness to pay for
access to a slightly preferred location from the extra travel costs incurred to reach it. The
results reveal large but very localized gains from density. Increasing the density of destinations
generates little reduction in trip times, so most of these gains from density are gains from
variety, not savings on travel time.
In Chapter 2, I propose a new micro-foundation for knowledge spillovers. I model a city in which
uncompensated knowledge transfers to entrepreneurs are bids by experts in auctions for jobs.
The model derives from the key ways in which knowledge differs from other inputs of
production, namely that knowledge must be possessed for its value to be assessed, and that
knowledge is freely reproducible. Agglomeration economies result from growth in the number
of meetings between experts and entrepreneurs, and from heightened competition for jobs
among experts.
In Chapter 3, written jointly with Gilles Duranton and Matt Turner, we investigate the
determinants of driving speed in large us cities. We first estimate city-level supply functions for
travel in an econometric framework where both the supply and demand for travel are explicit.
These estimations allow us to calculate a city-level index of driving speed. Our investigation of
the determinants of speed provides the foundations for a welfare analysis. This analysis
suggests large gains in speed if slow cities can emulate fast cities, and sizable deadweight losses
from congestion.
Subject Area: urban living; urban density; knowledge diffusion; congestion
Availability: Couture, Victor. Three Essays in Urban Economics. Diss. University of Toronto,
2013.
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/43494/3/Couture_Victor_201311_PhD_thes
is.pdf

Consumer Heterogeneity and the Energy Paradox Benjamin Leard
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the energy paradox -the idea that consumers
undervalue cost savings from investments in energy efficiency -with a focus on how consumers
vary in their preferences for energy cost savings. By formulating a mixed logit discrete choice
model of new vehicle demand that accounts for unobserved product characteristics, I estimate
the distribution of household willingness-to-pay (WTP) for reducing gasoline costs by one
dollar. While I find that the average household puts equal weight on vehicle price and fuel cost,
I find significant heterogeneity in WTP where a non-trivial fraction of households appear to be
inattentive to fuel cost differences. Encouraging these households to fully value fuel costs
generates welfare gains that are on the same order of magnitude as the cost of increasing fuel
economy standards. By calibrating a simple model of the new vehicle market, I find, however,
that existing policies for increasing fuel economy fall short of realizing these gains because the
policies influence the purchase decisions of all households, including those that fully or
overvalue fuel costs. I also find tremendous variation in the ability of existing policies to
preferentially encourage households that undervalue fuel costs to buy more fuel efficient
vehicles, which highlights the importance of understanding and evaluating how energy
efficiency programs target different consumer types.
Subject Area: jobs; housing; travel behavior; growth management
Availability: Leard, Benjamin. "Consumer Heterogeneity and the Energy Paradox."
http://www.econ.iastate.edu/sites/default/files/benjamin_leard_jmp_0.pdf

Comprehensive Equity Analysis of Mileage Based User Fees: Taxation And
Expenditures For Roadways And Transit Justin David Carlton
Abstract: Lack of sustainable revenue generation for transportation infrastructure has created a
need for alternative funding sources. The most prominent of which is the Mileage Based User
Fee (MBUF), where drivers would be charged based on the number of miles they drive, thus
holding them accountable for their use of the roadway. While numerous equity related issues
have been addressed, the interrelation of transportation taxation and expenditures on all levels
of government (State, County, and Local) is not well understood. Using National Household
Travel Survey data and information collected from over one hundred agencies, roadway
taxation and expenditures were assigned to individual households in the Houston core based
statistical area (CBSA). Using both Gini Coefficients and Theil Indices to analyze equity
relationships, the research demonstrated that implementation of a MBUF would not have a
pronounced effect on the current distribution of transportation taxation and expenditures, with
the number of miles traveled and the total transit ridership remaining mostly unchanged. This
also means that the equity of a MBUF is mostly equivalent to the current fuel tax. The relative
winners of the current system are rural and high income urban households, while the relative
losers are all other urban households. Increasing the MBUF to meet the Texas 2030 Committee
recommendations would decrease the average benefit to taxation ratio, causing households to
receive less than they pay into the system. Additionally, it would decrease the total number of
miles traveled by 22.8% and increase transit ridership by as much as 10.2%. Still, equity of this
scenario changed little from the equity of the current transportation funding system. However,
excluding public transit expenditures resulted in a statistically significant and undesirable
change in the Gini Coefficient, indicating that public transit has a positive impact on equity
when considering the transportation system as a whole. Due to relatively flat rate taxes (vehicle
registration, property tax, sales tax, etc.), the higher the miles driven, the lower the effective
tax is per mile. When miles traveled are decreased by 22.8%, the effective tax per mile
increases, which is the reason why the average benefit to taxation ratio was reduced. If
transportation related taxation were to shift towards user based methods, then the benefit to
taxation ratio should tend towards a value of one, indicating that all users receive exactly the
value they pay for. If revenues are increased while the methods of taxation remain the same,
low income urban households will be negatively impacted to the greatest degree.
Subject Area: mileage based user fee;
Availability: CARLTON, JUSTIN DAVID. COMPREHENSIVE EQUITY ANALYSIS OF MILEAGE BASED
USER FEES: TAXATION AND EXPENDITURES FOR ROADWAYS AND TRANSIT. Diss. Texas A&M
University, 2014. https://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/mburris/Papers/Carlton_Justin_Thesis.pdf

Even Smarter Growth? Land Use, Transportation and Greenhouse Gas in
Maryland Uri Avin, Timothy F. Welch, Gerrit Knaap, Fred Ducca, Sabyasachee Mishra,
Yuchen Cui and Sevgi Erdogan
Abstract: Urban form studies have generally used regional density vs. sprawl land use scenarios
to assess travel behavior outcomes. The more nuanced but nonetheless important allocation of
jobs and housing and their relationship to each other as a factor in travel behavior has received
much less attention. That relationship is explored in this state-wide urban form study for
Maryland. This is a state where county land use has a long tradition of growth management,
but one whose regional and statewide implications have not been evaluated. How does a
continuation of the County level smart growth regime play out statewide compared to other
scenarios of job and housing distribution that are driven by higher driving costs or transit
oriented development goals or local zoning rather than local policy-driven projections? Answers
are provided through the application of a new statewide travel demand model. The findings
suggest that the debate should move beyond walkability, density and compact growth and
towards a more productive dialog about how we organize whole cities and regions.
Subject Area: jobs; housing; travel behavior; growth management
Availability: Avin, Uri; Timothy F. Welch; Gerrit Knaap; Fred Ducca; Sabyasachee Mishra;
Yuchen Cui and Sevgi Erdogan; “Even Smarter Growth? Land Use, Transportation and
Greenhouse Gas in Maryland” TRB January 2014
http://assets.conferencespot.org/fileserver/file/64198/filename/14-5306.pdf

The Effect of Gasoline Taxes and Public Transit Investments on Driving
Patterns Elisheba Spiller, Heather Stephens, Christopher Timmins & Allison Smith
Abstract: This paper analyzes how driving patterns are affected by gasoline taxes and the
availability of a substitute for driving—public transportation. We develop a measure of
transportation substitutability based on the difference between individuals’ predicted
commute times by private and public transit, conditional upon their demographic
characteristics and geographic location. Improved substitutability decreases annual vehicle
miles traveled (VMT) by inducing modal shifts to public transit, though gasoline taxes are found
to have a much larger impact on VMT. Our results imply that a policy that raises gasoline taxes
and recycles the revenues into public transit improvements can have even larger impacts on
driving patterns than either policy alone.
Subject Area: gas tax; public transportation; commute time; VMT
Availability: Spiller, Elisheba, et al. "The Effect of Gasoline Taxes and Public Transit Investments
on Driving Patterns." Environmental and Resource Economics (2012): 1-25.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10640-013-9753-9

6. Special Population Groups
Connecting Low-Income People to Opportunity with Shared Mobility Michael
Kodransky & Gabriel Lewenstein
Abstract: In the last decade, shared mobility services have taken off across the United States as
a complement to local public transit and an alternate to private car ownership.
These services, which include car-share, bike-share and ride-share, maximize the use of vehicles
by sharing them among multiple users, encourage more transport options, and aim to reduce
transportation costs for users. While mass rapid transit moves the most people most efficiently
and is the backbone for urban development, this paper is concerned mostly with recent
advances in low-volume passenger carrier models in the United States. The purpose of this
report is to highlight the potential for shared mobility systems such as bike-share and car-share
to benefit low-income individuals.
As these models have developed, advocates, policymakers and shared mobility operators have
explored how the emerging field can more directly benefit low-income individuals, who often
face longer and more costly commute times, through pilot programs, research, and other
strategies. However, current usage of shared mobility systems among low-income communities
remains lower than usage by the general population.
Current usage of shared mobility systems among low-income communities remains lower than
usage by the general population.
This report is a survey of existing shared mobility strategies and their attempt to expand
services to low-income individuals. It is our hope that the findings can inform operators,
government agencies, funders, non-profit organizations and others as they try to tap into the
potential of shared mobility strategies to improve the lives of low-income individuals.
Subject Area: public transit; sharing economy; shared mobility systems;
Availability: Kodransky, Michael, and Gabriel Lewenstein. "Connecting Low-Income People to
Opportunity with Shared Mobility." (2014).
https://livingcities.s3.amazonaws.com/resource/284/download.pdf

Video: This Minnesota man travels 6 hours to New York for work each week
Adam Uren
Abstract: In fall, the Minneapolis family man published a time lapse video of his six-hour
journey to his job in Manhattan – yes, the one in New York – where he works at a visual effects
production company.
Subject Area: super commuter; work commute
Availability: Rick Kupchella’s BringMeTheNews December 17, 2014; "Video: This Minnesota
man travels 6 hours to New York for work each work"
http://bringmethenews.com/2014/12/16/video-this-minnesota-man-travels-6-hours-to-newyork-for-work-each-week/

The impact of millennials' travel behavior on future personal vehicle travel
Steven E. Polzin, Xuehao Chu, & Jodi Godfrey
Abstract: The millennial generation, born between 1980 and 2000, is exhibiting different travel
behavior trends than previous generations, which are shaped by several different yet correlated
characteristics such as; place of residence, race/ethnicity, labor force participation, education
level, income, living arrangements, lifecycle status, licensure status, vehicle
ownership/availability, values, and propensity to substitute technology for travel. Many
millennials are living with their parents longer, obtaining drivers licenses at older ages,
postponing marriage and procreation, and substituting travel for work and socializing with
telecommuting and social media. Millennials are currently shaping the nation's changing
demographics, which in turn directly affect future travel behavior trends and their
consequences on energy consumption and the environment.
Subject Area: Millennials; Vehicle travel; Travel behavior; Travel demand
Availability: Polzin, Steven E., Xuehao Chu, and Jodi Godfrey. "The impact of millennials' travel
behavior on future personal vehicle travel." Energy Strategy Reviews (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X14000431

Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors Megan Elizabeth Slater
Abstract: Background: Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at high risk of developing
treatment related late effects, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, which can be
exacerbated by inadequate physical activity (PA). Relationships between PA, physical fitness,
and cardiometabolic risk factors in CCS have not been well described. Furthermore, active
transportation, a specific domain of PA, has not been previously studied in CCS. The primary
aims of this dissertation were to examine associations between PA/fitness and cardiometabolic
risk factors and to identify active transportation behaviors and barriers in CCS. Methods: In
Project 1, associations between PA and cardiometabolic risk factors were examined in 319 CCS
and 208 sibling controls aged 9-18 years. In Project 2, associations between PA/fitness and
cardiometabolic risk factors were examined in 119 adult CCS with a history of hematopoietic
cell transplantation and 66 adult sibling controls. In Project 3, we recruited 158 adult CCS and
153 controls matched on age, sex, and location to complete a survey regarding active
transportation behaviors and perceptions. Linear and logistic regression models accounting for
correlation among siblings or matched participants were used to address research questions.
Results: Higher levels of PA in CCS aged 9-18 (Project 1) and higher levels of endurance in adult
CCS (Project 2) were associated with a favorable cardiometabolic profile. In Project 3, adult CCS
engaged in similar levels of active transportation as controls despite perceiving greater healthrelated barriers. Marital/relationship status, planning/psychosocial barriers, and perceived
neighborhood walkability were the strongest correlates of active transportation among CCS,
while objective neighborhood walkability was the strongest correlate among controls.
Conclusions: Findings suggest that efforts to increase PA and endurance in CCS may reduce the
risk of future cardiovascular disease. Interventions might consider promoting active
transportation as a moderate intensity PA option, since it appears to be as well accepted in CCS
as in healthy adults. Such interventions will not be successful, however, without existing or
improved pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, safety, and access to local amenities. Additional
research is needed to confirm results and explore the feasibility and efficacy of active
transportation interventions in this population.
Subject Area: childhood cancer survivors; active transportation; cardiometabolic risk factors
Availability: Slater, Megan Elizabeth. Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Diss.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, 2014.
http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167573/Slater_umn_0130E_15316.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Evaluating Household Chauffeuring Burdens, Understanding Direct and
Indirect Costs of Transporting Non-Drivers Todd Litman
Abstract: Household chauffeuring refers to personal motor vehicle travel specifically made to
transport independent non-drivers (people who could travel on their own if they had suitable
travel options). This additional vehicle travel imposes various direct and indirect costs. This
paper identifies factors that affect the amount of chauffeuring that occurs in a community. It
develops a Chauffeuring Burden Index which can be used to quantify chauffeuring costs and
therefore the savings and benefits of transport improvements that reduce chauffeuring
burdens. This analysis indicates that in automobile dependent communities, chauffeuring costs
often exceed congestion costs. Motorists often benefit from improved transport options which
reduce their chauffeuring burdens, even if they do not use those options themselves.
Subject Area: chauffeuring, ridesharing, transit, burden
Availability: Litman, Todd. "Evaluating Household Chauffeuring Burdens." Victoria Transport
Policy Institute (2014). http://www.vtpi.org/chauffeuring.pdf

The role of household members in transporting adults with disabilities in the
United States Devajyoti Deka
Abstract: Because of certain requirements under US federal law, many studies have been
published in recent years on the role of fixed-route transit and paratransit in meeting the travel
needs of persons with disabilities. Although persons with disabilities are several times more
likely to take rides from household members than to take public transit, little research has been
conducted to explore the circumstances under which such rides are given or taken. To address
this gap in literature, this study examines the role of household members in transporting
persons with disabilities in contemporary America. It explores how the circumstances for the
ride takers may change in the future, identifies future challenges in providing mobility to
persons with disabilities, and examines ways to meet those challenges. Using nationwide data
from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey, the study compares the rides taken by
persons with disabilities from household members with trips made by other travel modes, the
persons who take rides with those who do not take rides, and the drivers who provide rides
with those who do not provide rides. Probit models are used for the comparisons. Implications
of the findings are discussed in light of potential demographic changes in the future, especially
the growth of single-person households and the consequent loss of household support for
transportation. Due to similarities in circumstances in other developed countries, an
international context to the study is also provided.
Subject Area: Disability; Disabilities; Mobility; Automobile passenger; Household transportation
Availability: Deka, Devajyoti. "The role of household members in transporting adults with
disabilities in the United States." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 69 (2014):
45-57. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856414001906

Younger Teens Mode Choice for School Trips: Do Parent's Attitudes Towards
Safety and Traffic Conditions along the School Route Matter? Mintesnot
Woldeamanuel
Abstract: Walking, bicycling, and all other alternative-to-driving modes of transportation used
by teenagers promote physical activity, which is important for creating a healthy and
sustainable community. On the other hand, most of the US's younger teens are being driven by
their parents to and from school and other activities by their parents, which give them fewer
opportunities for physical activities. This research investigates factors affecting the mode choice
of younger teens. The focus of the study is to analyze the effect parents’ views of the safety and
traffic conditions along school routes have on younger teens’ mode choice. The study uses the
2009 U.S. National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). Younger teens in this study are defined as
the age group from 12 to 16 years old, which is a non-driving, active age group. The results of
the study show that there is a strong correlation between parental attitude and younger teens’
mode choice. Factors that affect parents’ decisions to drive their teens to and from school
include distance between home and school, traffic congestion and crime along school routes.
Subject Area: mode choice, NHTS 2009, parents’ attitude, travel behavior, younger teens
Availability: Woldeamanuel, Mintesnot. "Younger Teens Mode Choice for School Trips: Do
Parent's Attitudes Towards Safety and Traffic Conditions along the School Route Matter?."
International Journal of Sustainable Transportation just-accepted (2014).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15568318.2013.871664

A nationwide look at the immigrant neighborhood effect on travel mode
choice Michael J. Smart
Abstract: Immigrants to the United States walk, bicycle, and use transit and carpools more than
U.S.-born residents do. These differences persist over time and across income groups. The
differences appear strongest when immigrants reside in immigrant neighborhoods with high
concentrations of other immigrants. This analysis uses a large, geocoded national dataset to
analyze these differences and finds that living in an immigrant neighborhood has a strong
influence on mode choice for immigrant residents and a much weaker effect on non-immigrant
residents of immigrant neighborhoods. These effects are strongest for walking and bicycling,
and particularly for shopping-related travel, and they persist after controlling for a number of
variables. That these effects are considerably stronger for immigrants than for their U.S.-born
neighbors suggests that social factors of the neighborhoods may play a role in structuring travel
decisions.
Subject Area: Immigration, Mode choice, Neighborhood effects, Built environment
Availability: Smart, Michael J. "A nationwide look at the immigrant neighborhood effect on
travel mode choice." Transportation (2014): 1-21.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-014-9543-4

Non-compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL) requirements:
Changes in GDL-related conviction rates over time among 16–17-year-old
California drivers Scott V. Masten, Eric A. Chapman, Debra B. Atkinson, & Kelly K.
Browning
Abstract: Introduction: Self-reports by novice teen drivers in California and elsewhere suggest
that many violate graduated driver licensing (GDL) nighttime and passenger restrictions, and to
a lesser extent, drive on learner permits without being supervised. Is this corroborated by their
traffic conviction records? Method: We examined historical aggregated conviction rates for
GDL-related violations before and after GDL, and Poisson regressions of conviction rates over
time among 16–17-year-old California novices. Results: During the year before they received
their provisional licenses, <1% of 16-year-old novices and <2% of 17-year-old novices were
convicted of driving unlicensed or unsupervised on their learner permits. Statewide historical
conviction rates for these offenses were not higher after GDL was implemented, despite the
longer holding period. Convictions for violating GDL nighttime or passenger restrictions were
highest almost immediately after provisional licensure, though only about 3% of 16-year-old
novices and 2% of 17-year-old novices were ever convicted of violating either restriction.
Discussion: California 16–17-year-old novice drivers were very rarely convicted of GDL-related
violations. The contradictive, large differences between the current findings and self-report
surveys are likely due in part to the fact that most self-reports assessed only whether teens had
ever violated a GDL-related requirement, which exaggerates prevalence. Our conviction
findings are more similar to estimates of non-compliance with GDL-related requirements from
naturalistic driving studies that monitor actual driving behavior and take exposure into account,
but are lower likely due to issues related to detection, enforcement, and adjudication of
violations, as well as limitations of existing naturalistic studies
Subject Area: GDL restrictions; Conviction rates; Prevalence; Learner permits; Nighttime
restrictions; Passenger restrictions
Availability: Masten, Scott V., et al. "Non-compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL)
requirements: Changes in GDL-related conviction rates over time among 16–17-year-old
California drivers." Accident Analysis & Prevention 72 (2014): 230-243.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457514002115

Factors Which Predict the Use of Active Transportation to School Among
Children in Clark County, NV Sheila G. J. Clark
Abstract: Active transportation to school (ATS) shows promise for increasing activity levels in
children, but prevalence and correlates vary widely in cities and regions with different barriers
and supports for active travel. Classification of ATS users is a current issue in the field. The
purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ATS use and develop a predictive
model of ATS for the novel population of children enrolled in grades K­8 in Clark County School
District, a large metropolitan school district in Southern Nevada. Methods: This study used a
secondary data from the National Center for Safe Routes to School’s Parent Survey collected in
17 school communities by Clark County School District in 2013 (n=2,054). Variables
representing demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, distance from school, and
barriers to the use of ATS were assessed for correlations and normality Logistic Regression for
survey data was used to develop predictive models for two measures of ATS. Results: The
returned surveys represent a response rate of 13.5%. ATS use was categorized as some use (use
of active methods of transportation for either the morning or afternoon commute or both on
most days) and exclusive use (use of ATS for both trips on most days). Logistic regression
revealed that some ATS use was predicted by distance from school, parental level of education,
child’s request to use ATS, and the number of barriers reported by the parent. Exclusive ATS use
was also predicted by these characteristics, but was also predicted by the number of children in
grades K-8 in the family. Both models explained about one third of the variation in ATS use in
the sample. Discussion: Results suggest that ATS use among K­8 students in Clark County is
predicted by distance and socioeconomic status, as with other populations. Requesting
permission to use ATS and the number of K-8 students in the family also predicted the use of
ATS, but the implications of these findings require further analysis.
Subject Area: active transportation; school;
Availability: Clark, Sheila GJ. "Factors Which Predict the Use of Active Transportation to School
Among Children in Clark County, NV." University of Nevada Las Vegas (2014).
http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/2064/

Trends in older driver crash involvement rates and survivability in the United
States: An update Jessica B. Cicchino & Anne T. McCartt
Abstract: Previous research has shown that fatal crash involvement rates per licensed driver
aged 70 and older declined significantly more per year in the United States than rates for
middle-aged drivers aged 35–54 during 1997–2008, and per vehicle mile traveled from 1995–
1996 to 2001–2002. Analyses of police-reported crash data during 1997–2005 indicated that
the greater declines for older drivers were due to decreases in crash involvement and in the risk
of dying in the crashes that occurred. The current study examined if trends in crash rates, crash
involvements, and survivability persisted into more recent years.
Although declines in fatal crash involvement rates in recent years have not differed
between older and middle-aged drivers, this did not undo earlier gains for older drivers. The
recent slowing in the relative magnitude of the decline for older drivers may be related to the
differential effect of the U.S. recession on fatal crash involvements of drivers in these age
groups. The decreased likelihood of being involved in a crash of any severity and increased
survivability when a crash occurred held when examining data through 2008, and for drivers 80
and older, significant declines in crash involvement relative to middle-aged drivers extended to
non-fatal injury crashes.
Subject Area: Older drivers; crash trends
Availability: Cicchino, Jessica B., and Anne T. McCartt. "Trends in older driver crash involvement
rates and survivability in the United States: an update." Accident Analysis & Prevention 72
(2014): 44-54. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457514001845

Estimation of Truck Trips on Large-Scale Irrigation Project: A Combinatory
Input-Output Commodity-Based Approach Ackchai Sirikijpanichkul, Sarintorn
Winyoopadit, and Chavalek Vanichavetin
Abstract: For the agricultural-based countries, the requirement on transportation infrastructure
should not only be limited to accommodate general traffic but also the transportation of crop
and agricultural products during the harvest seasons. Most of the past researches focus on the
development of truck trip estimation techniques for urban, statewide, or nationwide freight
movement but neglect the importance of rural freight movement which contributes to
pavement deterioration on rural roads especially during harvest seasons. Recently, the Thai
Government initiated a plan to construct a network of reservoirs within the northeastern
region, aiming at improving existing irrigation system particularly in the areas where a more
effective irrigation system is needed. It is expected to bring in new opportunities on expanding
the cultivation areas, increasing the economy of scale and enlarging the extent market of area.
As a consequence, its effects on truck trip generation needed to be investigated to assure the
service quality of related transportation infrastructure. This paper proposes a combinatory
input-output commodity-based approach to estimate truck trips on rural highway infrastructure
network. The large-scale irrigation project for the northeastern of Thailand is demonstrated as
a case study.
Subject Area: Input-output, commodity-based, truck trips, rural roads
Availability: Sirikijpanichkul, Ackchai, Sarintorn Winyoopadit, and Chavalek Vanichavetin.
"Estimation of Truck Trips on Large-Scale Irrigation Project: A Combinatory Input-Output
Commodity-Based Approach."
http://www.ppml.url.tw/EPPM_Journal/volumns/accepted_papers/ID_96_04_author_proofed.
pdf

Neighbourhood parks and reduction in stress among adolescents: results from
Buffalo, New York D. M. Feda, A. Seelbinder, S. Baek, S. Raja, L. Yin, & J. N. Roemmich
Abstract: Planners and landscape architects have long recognized the critical role of green
space in urban environments. This cross-sectional field study of 68 adolescents determined the
association between percent neighbourhood park area and perceived stress among
adolescents, while controlling for physical activity. This study is the first to examine this
association using objective measures of park area and adolescents’ physical activity. A
multivariate regression model indicated that percentage of park area (β = −62.573, p < 0.03)
predicts perceived stress among adolescents. Access to neighbourhood parks buffers
adolescents against perceived stress after controlling for socio-economic status and physical
activity. Policy recommendations for incorporating parks into neighbourhood design are given.
Subject Area: Perceived stress; adolescent; neighborhood environment; parks, physical activity
Availability: Feda, D. M., et al. "Neighbourhood parks and reduction in stress among
adolescents: results from Buffalo, New York." Indoor and Built Environment (2014):
1420326X14535791.
http://ibe.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/05/19/1420326X14535791.abstract

Gaming to Sit Safe: The Restricted Body as an Integral Part of Gameplay Petra
Sundström, Axel Baumgartner, Elke Beck, Christine Döttlinger, Martin Murer, Ivana
Randelshofer, David Wilfinger, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, & Manfred Tscheligi
Abstract: This paper presents a design exploration of full-body interaction games played in cars.
It describes how we have designed, implemented, and evaluated the core experiences of three
different games, which were all aimed at making sitting properly more fun for players/children
while travelling by car. By making the restricted body an integral part of gameplay, we hope to,
as a side product of gameplay, bring about the best and also most safe body posture for young
players/children travelling by car, i.e., sitting reasonably upright and still in their child seat with
their head leaning back on the neck rest. Another outcome of this could also be an overall safer
situation in the car, in that children not sitting still in their child seats while being driven might
be stressful for the driver. By presenting the details of our design efforts in this particular
design context, we hope to add also to the knowledge we, in HCI, have for how to design bodily
experiences with technology at large.
Subject Area: Restricted; Still; Calm; Bodily; Core; Experiences; Automotive; Gameplay;
Explorative; Grounded; Design
Availability: Sundström, Petra, et al. "Gaming to Sit Safe: The Restricted Body as an Integral
Part of Gameplay." (2014).
http://www.mobilelifecentre.org/sites/default/files/Gaming%20to%20Sit%20Safe.pdf

How many walking and cycling trips made by elderly are beyond commonly
used buffer sizes: Results from a GPS study R.G. Prins, F. Pierika, A. Etmanb, R.P.
Sterkenburga, C.B.M. Kamphuisb, F.J. van Lenthe
Abstract: In choosing appropriate buffer sizes to study environmental influences on physical
activity, studies are hampered by insufficient insight into the distance elderly travel actively.
This study aims at getting insight into the number of trips walked and cycled within various
buffer sizes using GPS measures. Data were obtained from the Elderly And their Neighborhood
study (Spijkenisse, the Netherlands (2011–2012)). Trip length and mode of transport were
derived from the GPS data (N=120; total number of trips=337). Distance decay functions were
fitted to estimate the percentage of trips to grocery stores within commonly used buffer sizes.
Fifty percent of the trips walked had a distance of at least 729 m; for trips cycled this was 1665
m. Elderly aged under 75 years and those with functional limitations walked and cycled shorter
distances than those over 75 years and those without functional limitations. Males cycled
shorter distances than females. Distance decay functions may aid the selection of appropriate
buffer sizes, which may be tailored to individual characteristics.
Subject Area: Active transport; Buffer; GIS; Distance; Demographic differences
Availability: Prins, R. G., et al. "How many walking and cycling trips made by elderly are beyond
commonly used buffer sizes: Results from a GPS study." Health & Place 27 (2014): 127-133.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829214000240

Car use in the leisure lives of adolescents. Does household structure matter?
Kristin Ystmark Bjerkan, & Marianne Elvsaas Nordtømme
Abstract: Travel is becoming an increasingly essential part of adolescents‫ ׳‬leisure. As a large
part of organized leisure activities takes place beyond the local neighborhood, access to
transport becomes a prerequisite for participation. This article investigates transport mode
choices in the leisure lives of Norwegian adolescents and the potential influence of household
structures. The study finds that car use is less prominent in the leisure activities of adolescents
from single-parent households, and that living in households with unemployed parents reduces
the probability of leisure travels by car.
Subject Area: Adolescents; Leisure; Transport mode; Travel survey; Household structure
Availability: Bjerkan, Kristin Ystmark, and Marianne Elvsaas Nordtømme. "Car use in the leisure
lives of adolescents. Does household structure matter?." Transport Policy 33 (2014): 1-7.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X14000341

Physical Activity, Length of Residence, And Vehicle Ownership Among U.S.
Immigrants: An Analysis of The 2003 New Immigrant Survey Dale Terasaki
Abstract: BACKGROUND: As immigrants’ length of residence in the U.S. increases, it is unclear
how their levels of physical activity change. Vehicle ownership may play a role by discouraging
active transportation.
METHODS: Using data from the 2003 New Immigrant Survey, a nationally representative
questionnaire of recent, documented immigrants (n=7240), we assessed the cross-sectional
relationship between length of U.S. residence and levels of light (LPA) and vigorous (VPA)
physical activity with descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression. We also assessed
the impact of vehicle ownership on this relationship.
RESULTS: Some 38.8% reported engaging in LPA five or more times per week, 31.2% reported
VPA at least once per week, and 56.9% reported either LPA or VPA beyond thresholds. During
the first ten years of residence, there was a small decrease in average LPA and small increase in
average VPA. Most of the decline in LPA occurred within three years after arrival. In regression
models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors, those living in the U.S. more than
one year were less likely to engage in LPA five or more times per week than the newest arrivals
(e.g. 1 to <5 vs. <1y of residence, OR: 0.82 95% CI: 0.71-0.96). This relationship was not
significant after controlling for vehicle ownership. In models adjusting for demographic and
socioeconomic factors, those living in the U.S. five to less than ten years and fifteen or more
years were more likely to engage in VPA at least once per week than those living in the U.S. less
than one year. This relationship did not change when vehicle ownership was added to the
model.
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that many immigrants participate in high levels of light
physical activity upon arrival, but this percentage decreases within the first three years of
residence. Curbing the decline in may require an understanding of how vehicle ownership
decreases light physical activity, particularly active transportation. Levels of vigorous activity
may increase slightly over time but remain relatively low regardless of length of residence.
Subject Area: immigrant physical activity; vehicle ownership
Availability: Terasaki, Dale. Physical Activity, Length Of Residence, And Vehicle Ownership
Among Us Immigrants: An Analysis Of The 2003 New Immigrant Survey. Diss. University of
Washington, 2013. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/xmlui/handle/1773/25061

Factors Influencing Children’s Mode Of Travel: A Case Study Of Walking And
Biking To School At Paradise Elementary, Paradise, California Paul R. Muse
Abstract: The increasing rate of childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States is a big
concern. From 1980 to 2008 obesity rates in children age 6 to 11 increased from 6.5% to 19.6%
and in adolescents age 12 to 19 from 5% to 18%. Also of concern is the decrease in the number
of children and adolescents who walk and bike (actively commute) to school. In 1969, 40.7% of
children actively commuted to school and by 2001 only 12.9% actively commuted. Many
researchers believe that the decrease in the number of children that actively commute to
school and the increase in childhood and adolescent obesity are connected. Research shows
that in general, people who are more physically active are less likely to become obese. Since
actively commuting to school increases daily physical activity, children that participate in it
lower their chances of becoming obese. This study focuses on an elementary school in Paradise,
California. A parent survey was administered to find out what modes of transportation their
children used most frequently and what factors were most influential when deciding how their
children get to school. Results showed that almost all students (93.5%) never actively
commuted to school. The lack of sidewalks and distance to school proved to be the two main
reasons parents drove their children rather than let them actively commute. Seven streets
within close proximity to the school were analyzed and given safety recommendations to help
increase the number of children that actively commute to the school in the future.
Subject Area: student travel; obesity; active commute
Availability: Muse, Paul R. Factors Influencing Children’s Mode Of Travel: A Case Study Of
Walking And Biking To School At Paradise Elementary, Paradise, California _. Diss. California
State University, Chico, 2013. http://csuchico-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/115640

Does urban living influence baby boomers’ travel behavior? Jae Seung Lee, P.
Christopher Zegras, Eran Ben-Joseph, & Sungjin Park
Abstract: We compare the travel behavior of urban versus suburban baby boomers in the
Boston metropolitan area. Using propensity score matching to attempt to control for selfselection and data from two surveys implemented in 2008 and 2010, we find that the urban
boomers tend to be less automobile-dependent than suburban baby boomers. Urban baby
boomers also make more recreational non-motorized transport (NMT), social, utilitarian, and
transit commute trips. Most of these differences seem to be primarily a result of the urban
setting, not the particular preferences of boomers living in urban settings. We find very small
self-selection effects on automobile commuting, recreational NMT, and utilitarian trips: 1–7%
of observed influence. We also find some evidence that baby boomers’ preference for social
activities tends to be mismatched to their environments – suburban boomers want more social
opportunities than their settings enable. For public transport, we find a relatively large selfselection effect, 43% of observed influence, suggesting a transit-oriented boomer market
segment exists.
Subject Area: Baby boomers; Travel behavior; Self-selection; Propensity score matching
Availability: Lee, Jae Seung, et al. "Does urban living influence baby boomers’ travel behavior?."
Journal of Transport Geography 35 (2014): 21-29.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692314000052

7. Survey, Data Synthesis, and Other
Applications
An Assessment of the Relationship between Self-Control and Ambient
Temperature: A Reasonable Conclusion is that Both Heat and Cold
Reduce Self-Control Matthew T. Gailliot
Abstract: The current paper is a review of published literature on the relationship between
ambient, environmental temperature and self-control, defined as consisting of discrete
domains, namely complex cognition, attention control, aggressive and criminal restraint,
passivity, physical persistence, sexual control, work regulation, alcohol and tobacco regulation,
helping, and bias avoidance. The typical pattern was that both heat and cold reduced selfcontrol. Optimal self-control was at middle temperatures. An analysis of mediators that account
for the relationship indicated that changes in negative affect, arousal, and physiology (energy
provision) mediated the effect of temperature on self-control. Temperature is ubiquitous. It
may influence people across the world, at all times, meaningfully across important domains of
thought and behavior.
Subject Area: Temperature, self-control, self-regulation, heat, cold
Availability: Gailliot, Matthew T. "An Assessment of the Relationship between Self-Control and
Ambient Temperature: A Reasonable Conclusion is that Both Heat and Cold Reduce SelfControl." http://www.irssh.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/14_IRSSH-971V8N1.309145019.pdf

Varying influences of the built environment on household travel in 15
diverse regions of the United States Zhenwei Ding, Yusuke Omori, Ryoichi
Shinkuma, & Tatsuro Takahashi
Abstract: This study pools household travel and built environment data from 15 diverse US
regions to produce travel models with more external validity than any to date. It uses a large
number of consistently defined built environmental variables to predict five household travel
outcomes – car trips, walk trips, bike trips, transit trips and vehicle miles travelled (VMT). It
employs multilevel modelling to account for the dependence of households in the same region
on shared regional characteristics and estimates ‘hurdle’ models to account for the excess
number of zero values in the distributions of dependent variables such as household transit
trips. It tests built environment variables for three different buffer widths around household
locations to see which scale best explains travel behaviour. The resulting models are
appropriate for post-processing outputs of conventional travel demand models, and for sketch
planning applications in traffic impact analysis, climate action planning and health impact
assessment.
Subject Area: D variables; Envision Tomorrow software; household travel; hurdle models;
multilevel modelling; walk and bike trip generation
Availability: Ewing, Reid, et al. "Varying influences of the built environment on household travel
in 15 diverse regions of the United States." Urban Studies (2014): 0042098014560991.
http://usj.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/12/05/0042098014560991.abstract

Designing Mobility Models Based on Relational Graph Zhenwei Ding, Yusuke
Omori, Ryoichi Shinkuma, & Tatsuro Takahashi
Abstract: Simulating the mobility of mobile devices has always been an important issue as far as
wireless networks are concerned because mobility needs to be taken into account in various
situations in wireless networks. Researchers have been trying, for many years, to improve the
accuracy and flexibility of mobility models. Although recent progress of designing mobility
models based on social graph have enhanced the performance of mobility models and made
them more convenient to use, we believe the accuracy and flexibility of mobility models could
be further improved by taking a more integrated structure as the input. In this paper, we
propose a new way of designing mobility models on the basis of relational graph [1] which is a
graph depicting the relation among objects, e.g. relation between people and people, and also
people and places. Moreover, some novel mobility features were introduced in the proposed
model to provide social, spatial and temporal properties in order to produce results similar to
real mobility data. It was demonstrated by simulation that these measures could generate
results similar to real mobility data.
Subject Area: mobility model, relational graph, social graph, contact duration, inter-contact
time
Availability: Zhenwei, D. I. N. G., et al. "Designing Mobility Models Based on Relational Graph."
IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems 97.12 (2014): 3007-3015.
http://search.ieice.org/bin/summary.php?id=e97-d_12_3007

Experts’ Opinions Concerning The Minimum Content Of A National
Household Travel Survey Mario Cools, Jimmy Armoogum, and Marco Diana
Abstract: Although an extensive literature is available concerning the design of travel surveys,
fewer research initiatives have been carried out to determine the content of the survey itself.
The objective of the present work is to identify such minimum set through a survey (MTSQ –
Mini-Travel Survey Questionnaire) targeted to experts in this field. Moreover, it is investigated
whether unanimity exists in the experts’ opinions concerning the importance of various types of
questions and whether regional and/or professional differences exist. The MTSQ survey was
successfully completed by 81 respondents in October-November 2012, mainly from Europe and
North America. The study identified the most important questions, which should form the core
of any NHTS. This list is especially useful for countries which do not yet have implemented a
NHTS, and for defining the set of questions in case a harmonized household travel survey
spanning across different countries will be initialized. Secondly, the paper investigated whether
unanimity exists in the experts’ opinions. Our analyses clearly pinpointed different evaluations
according to the experts’ characteristics, thus it could be concluded that unanimity is certainly
not complete. Thus, whenever developing standards for travel surveys these differences should
be taken into account, according to both the prospective data users the intended data usages.
Especially the differences with respect to the regional context (North-American versus
European), and involvement with the NHTS should be acknowledged.
Subject Area: National Household Travel Surveys; contents; uses; purpose
Availability: Cools, Mario, Jimmy Armoogum, and Marco Diana. "Experts’ opinions concerning
the minimum content of a national household travel survey." 10th International Conference on
Transport Survey Methods. 2014. http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/174203

Archiving Data from New Survey Technologies: Lessons Learned on
Enabling Research with High-Precision Data While Preserving
Participant Privacy J. Gonder, E. Burton & E. Murakami
Abstract: During the past 15 years, increasing numbers of organizations and planning agencies
have begun collecting high-resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) travel data. Despite the
significant effort and expense to collect it, privacy concerns often lead to underutilization of the
data. To address this dilemma of providing data access while preserving privacy, the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, with support from the U.S. Department of Transportation and
U.S. Department of Energy, established the Transportation Secure Data Center (TSDC). Lessons
drawn from best-practice examples from other data centers have helped shape the structure
and operating procedures for the TSDC, which functions under the philosophy of first and
foremost preserving privacy, but doing so in a way that balances security with accessibility and
usability of the data for legitimate research. This paper provides details about the TSDC
approach toward achieving these goals, which has included creating a secure enclave with no
external access for backing up and processing raw data, a publicly accessible website for
downloading cleansed data, and a secure portal environment through which approved users
can work with detailed spatial data using a variety of tools and reference information. This
paper also describes lessons learned from operating the TSDC with respect to improvements in
GPS data handling, processing, and user support, along with plans for continual enhancements
to better support the needs of both data providers and users and to thus advance the research
value derived from such valuable data.
Subject Area: GPS travel data storage; privacy; Transportation Secure Data Center; NREL
Availability: Gonder, J., E. Burton, and E. Murakami. Archiving Data from New Survey
Technologies: Lessons Learned on Enabling Research with High-Precision Data While Preserving
Participant Privacy. No. NREL/CP-5400-62901. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),
Golden, CO., 2014. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62901.pdf

Developing Tolled-Route Demand Estimation Capabilities For Texas:
Opportunities For Enhancement Of Existing Models Kevin Hall, Kara
Kockelman, Andy Mullins, T. Donna Chen, & Dan Fagnant,
Abstract: The travel demand models developed and applied by the Transportation Planning and
Programming Division (TPP) of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) are daily threestep models (i.e., trip generation, trip distribution, and traffic assignment sequentially invoked).
Currently, TxDOT TPP does not have a procedure to account for existing or planned toll roads in
the urban travel demand models. TxDOT TPP has been operating under guidance established
when toll roads existed as planned facility improvements in either the interim or forecast year
model applications. Although the larger urban areas in Texas have embraced tolled facilities for
quite some time (i.e., Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, and Austin), roads that charge users a fee to
bypass congestion or provide alternative routes have only been implemented recently in a
select few small to medium-sized urban areas still under the purview of TxDOT TPP model
development. In order to calibrate base year travel models with operational toll roads or
models with planned tolled facilities, TxDOT TPP needs a procedure to account for facilities that
charge fees to the user. For the tolled facilities currently operational in small to medium-sized
study areas, the fees are fixed and are not dynamic by time of day or congestion levels. The
technical objective of this research report is to provide TxDOT TPP with a menu of potential
procedures that could be selected for implementation in the current Texas Package suite of
travel demand models to reasonably estimate toll road demand, primarily for the small to
medium-sized urban areas. Nationally, generally two approaches are used: a path-based system
and a choice-based system. Researchers reviewed both approaches as well as different
supplemental techniques (i.e., time of day, market segmentation, and mode choice)
implemented nationally and within the state that are complementary to any toll demand
estimation techniques. Challenges and considerations for each of the approaches are reviewed
and presented. The procedures and applications reviewed in this project are not intended to
replace or compete with existing toll-financing-level analysis.
Subject Area: Travel Demand Model, Toll Demand Estimation, Generalized Cost, Value of Time,
Time of Day Models, Auto Operating Costs
Availability: Hall, Kevin, et al. "Developing Tolled-Route Demand Estimation Capabilities For
Texas: Opportunities For Enhancement Of Existing Models."
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/52000/52700/52760/0-6754-1.pdf

Use of Mobile Application Development Technologies in Capstone
Projects Shuju Wu, Xiaobing Hou & Karen Coale Tracey
Abstract: This paper presents the authors’ continued efforts to apply mobile application
development technologies in our undergraduate and graduate capstone projects in the
Department of Computer Electronics and Graphics Technology (CEGT) at Central Connecticut
State University (CCSU). Specifically, the efforts are introduced in the context of three graduate
and one undergraduate senior capstone project, all of which are closely related to the State of
Connecticut’s first bus rapid transit system, namely CTfastrak. The projects have successfully
promoted student engagement in hands-on research, a high impact practice identified by the
American Association of Colleges and Universities, enhanced various technological and project
management knowledge in their areas of study and skills of collaboration with teammates,
other teams, and local government and business. In addition to the bus tracking and trip
planning system developed, the success of the projects has also provided a framework for
faculty and students to develop similar projects, with components usually available on campus.
Subject Area: capstone, mobile application development
Availability: Wu, Shuju, Xiaobing Hou, and Karen Coale Tracey. "Use of Mobile Application
Development Technologies in Capstone Projects."
http://cd14.ijme.us/papers/003__Shuju%20Wu,%20Xiaobing%20Hou,%20en%20Coale%20Trac
ey.pdf

Evaluating Charging Service Reliability for Plug-In EVs From the Distribution
Network Aspect Cheng, L. Chang, Y. Wu, Q. & Lin, W
Abstract: A survey of Beijing China private passenger car driving behavior was conducted based
on global positioning system (GPS) data loggers. The survey focused on the distribution of daily
driving distance, number of trips, and parking time. Second-by-second data on vehicle location
and speed for 112 private cars were collected. The data covered 2,003 travel days, from June
2012 to March 2013, and nearly 10,000 km for a total of 4,892 trips. The trips covered six major
urban and suburban areas in Beijing. The survey results showed average daily driving distances
of 31.4, 39.1, and 48 km, and average single trip distances of 13.1, 15.1, and 17.2 km,
respectively, on workdays, weekends, and holidays in Beijing urban areas. Average daytime
parking times were 5.78, 3.39, and 3.12 h, and average numbers of daily trips were 2.3, 2.6, and
2.8; about 60 % of the vehicles parked last at home, starting from 17:30 to 22:30. These results
were used to evaluate electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
deployment. A vehicle with a 60-km all-electric range (AER) could meet 70 % of daily driving
demands. However, EVs with double the AER, such as the Nissan Leaf and Honda Fit, could only
increase daily travel by EVs by 20 %. Based on Beijing’s daily driving distance distribution, the
estimated average fuel consumptions for the PHEV10 (Toyota Prius) and PHEV40 (Chevrolet
Volt) are 2.92 and 1.08 L per 100 km (L/100 km), respectively. These estimates are 20 and 58 %
lower, respectively, compared with fuel consumption for the same vehicles used in the USA.
Subject Area: Daily driving distance, Private passenger car, GPS logger, Electric vehicle, Plug-in
hybrid electric vehicle, Charging strategy, All electric range, Fuel saving
Availability: Wang, Hewu, et al. "Beijing passenger car travel survey: implications for alternative
fuel vehicle deployment." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (2014): 1-19.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11027-014-9609-9

Comparison of Different Approaches to Estimating Budgets for KuhnTucker Demand Systems: Applications for Individuals’ Time-Use
Analysis and Households’ Vehicle Ownership and Utilization Analysis
Bertho Augustin
Abstract: This thesis compares different approaches to estimating budgets for Kuhn-Tucker (KT)
demand systems, more specifically for the multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV)
model. The approaches tested include: (1) The log-linear regression approach (2) The stochastic
frontier regression approach, and (3) arbitrarily assumed budgets that are not necessarily
modeled as a function of decision maker and choice-environment characteristics.
The log-linear regression approach has been used in the literature to model the
observed total expenditure as way of estimating budgets for the MDCEV models. This approach
allows the total expenditure to depend on the characteristics of the choice-maker and the
choice environment. However, this approach does not offer an easy way to allow the total
expenditure to change due to changes in choice alternative-specific attributes, but only allows a
reallocation of the observed total expenditure among the different choice alternatives. To
address this issue, we propose the stochastic frontier regression approach. The approach is
useful when the underlying budgets driving a choice situation are unobserved, but only the
expenditures on the choice alternatives of interest are observed. The approach is based on the
notion that consumers operate under latent budgets that can be conceived (and modeled using
stochastic frontier regression) as the maximum possible expenditure they are willing to incur.
To compare the efficacy of the above-mentioned approaches, we performed two
empirical assessments: (1) The analysis of out-of-home activity participation and time-use (with
a budget on the total time available for out-of-home activities) for a sample of non-working
adults in Florida, and (2) The analysis of household vehicle type/vintage holdings and usage
(with a budget on the total annual mileage) for a sample of households in Florida. A comparison
of the MDCEV model predictions (based on budgets from the above mentioned approaches)
demonstrates that the log-linear regression approach and the stochastic frontier approach
performed better than arbitrarily assumed budgets approaches While the log-linear regression
approach allows the total expenditures to change as a result of changes in relevant sociodemographic and choice environment characteristics, it does not allow the total expenditures
to change as a result of changes in alternative-specific attributes.
Subject Area: Stochastic frontier model, MDCEV model, activity participation, multinomial logit
model, vehicle type/vintage
Availability: Augustin, Bertho. "Comparison of Different Approaches to Estimating Budgets for
Kuhn-Tucker Demand Systems: Applications for Individuals' Time-Use Analysis and Households'
Vehicle Ownership and Utilization Analysis." (2014). http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5174/

Seventy Minutes Plus or Minus 10 — A Review of Travel Time Budget
Studies Asif Ahmed & Peter Stopher
Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive review of travel-time budget (TTB) studies in
the literature for about the past four decades. Starting with the concept of TTBs, it discusses
both the studies that support the existence of TTB and also those that deem the concept to be
unfounded. Sociodemographic variables and their relation to TTB are also discussed briefly.
However, as past studies use different data sources, survey techniques, and methodology for
analysis, cross comparison of studies is not possible. Most importantly, the underlying cause of
the regularity that is found at an aggregate level is still not known. The idea of TTB is important
because, if it exists, it would mean that the total time spent on travelling per person per day
will remain unchanged in spite of all improvements to transport. TTB has immense implications
for transport policies and it is usually ignored. The paper also explores the available theoretical
explanation of this concept, past research gaps and new analysis potentials. Recent directions
in TTB studies are also discussed together with the potential use of multiday multiyear panel
data in TTB research to explore the phenomenon better than before.
Subject Area: travel-time budgets, travel-time expenditure, human energy expenditure on
travel, constant travel budget, multiday GPS travel survey data
Availability: Ahmed, Asif, and Peter Stopher. "Seventy Minutes Plus or Minus 10—A Review of
Travel Time Budget Studies." Transport Reviews ahead-of-print (2014): 1-19.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441647.2014.946460

Proposal of Route Optimization in PMIPv6 Enabled Nested Network to
Support Power Critical Devices in Vehicular Network Barman, Subhajyoti
Abstract: Vehicular network can be seen as an ad-hoc type of network, where they form
temporary infrastructure for communication which can be used for efficient traffic controlling.
This concept is the current topic of interest for many researchers in the networking field. If it is
possible to connect vehicular network with the Internet, providing Internet access point in
highways, it would be a noble concept because this integration will provide an opportunity to
monitor and control those moveable network nodes from anywhere in the world. Moreover if
this type of infrastructure is used to connect other communicating devices which are within a
vehicle, it will make this concept more cost effective as it will abolish the need of separate
network for those communicating devices. From the point of view of end-users this type of
network would be very appreciable, but implementation of such network is a huge challenge
from the prospective of network engineers. In this work we try to identifies those challenges
and provide a solution which can make this ambitious thought a reality. This work only
considers the network related issues, so we rely on the existing link layer protocols. We
visualized this proposed scenario as a case of nested network mobility. We also assumed that
this type of network will be used by resource critical devices, so in our solution we try to rely on
an IP protocol stack which is more efficient for mobility management of resource critical device
and this is the reason behind the selection of PMIPv6 for our proposed scheme. Finally a
mathematical model is proposed for the sake of justification of correctness and effectiveness of
our proposed proposal.
Subject Area: Mobile Computing & Communication
Availability: Barman, Subhajyoti. Proposal of Route Optimization in PMIPv6 Enabled Nested
Network to Support Power Critical Devices in Vehicular Network. Diss. 2014.
http://dspace.jdvu.ac.in/handle/123456789/29547

A Latent-Segmentation Based Approach To Investigating The Spatial
Transferability Of Activity-Travel Models Zeina Wafa; Chandra Bhat; Ram
Pendyala; & Venu Garikapati
Abstract: Spatial transferability of travel demand models has been an issue of considerable
interest, particularly for small and medium sized planning areas that often do not have the
resources and staff time to collect large scale travel survey data and estimate model
components native to the region. With the advent of more sophisticated microsimulationbased activity-travel demand models, the interest in spatial transferability has surged in the
recent past as smaller metropolitan planning organizations seek to take advantage of emerging
modeling methods within the limited resources they can marshal. Traditional approaches to
identifying geographical contexts that may borrow and transfer models between one another
involve the exogenous a priori identification of a set of variables or criteria that are used to
characterize the similarity between geographic regions. However, this ad hoc procedure
presents considerable challenges as it is difficult to identify the most appropriate criteria a
priori. To address this issue, this paper proposes a latent segmentation approach whereby the
most appropriate criteria for identifying areas with similar profiles are determined
endogenously within the model estimation phase. In other words, the relationships embedded
in the data set help identify the optimal set of criteria that can be used to cluster regions
according to their similarity with respect to activity-travel characteristics of interest. The
methodology is demonstrated and its efficacy established through a case study in this paper
that utilizes the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data set. It is found that the
methodology offers a robust mechanism for identifying latent segments and establishing
criteria for assessing transferability of models between areas.
Subject Area: spatial transferability, activity-travel model, geographic contexts, MDCEV model,
latent segmentation approach, regional similarity
Availability: Wafa, Zeina, et al. "A LATENT-SEGMENTATION BASED APPROACH TO
INVESTIGATING THE SPATIAL TRANSFERABILITY OF ACTIVITY-TRAVEL MODELS."
http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/ABSTRACTS/SpatialTransferabilityLatentSeg.pdf

From traces to trajectories: How well can we guess activity locations
from mobile phone traces? Cynthia Chena, Ling Bianb, & Jingtao Ma
Abstract: Passively generated mobile phone dataset is emerging as a new data source for
research in human mobility patterns. Information on individuals’ trajectories is not directly
available from such data; they must be inferred. Many questions remain in terms how well we
can capture human mobility patterns from these datasets. Only one study has compared the
results from a mobile phone dataset to those from the National Household Travel Survey
(NHTS), though the comparison is on two different populations and samples. This study is a very
first attempt that develops a procedure to generate a simulated mobile phone dataset
containing the ground truth information. This procedure can be used by other researchers and
practitioners who are interested in using mobile phone data and want to formally evaluate the
effectiveness of an algorithm.
To identify activity locations from mobile phone traces, we develop an ensemble of methods: a
model-based clustering method to identify clusters, a logistic regression model to distinguish
between activity and travel clusters, and a set of behavior-based algorithms to detect types of
locations visited. We show that the distribution of the activity locations identified from the
simulated mobile phone dataset resembles the ground truth better than the existing studies.
For home locations, 70% and 97% of identified homes are within 100 and 1000 m from the
truth, respectively. For work places, 65% and 86% of the identified work places are within 100
and 1000 m from the true ones, respectively. These results point to the possibility of using
these passively generated mobile phone datasets to supplement or even replace household
travel surveys in transportation planning in the future.
Subject Area: Household travel survey; Mobile phone datasets; Activity locations; Clustering
Availability: Chen, Cynthia, Ling Bian, and Jingtao Ma. "From traces to trajectories: How well
can we guess activity locations from mobile phone traces?." Transportation Research Part C:
Emerging Technologies 46 (2014): 326-337.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X14002022

A Framework for Data Quality for Synthetic Information Ragini Gupta
Abstract: Data quality has been an area of increasing interest for researchers in recent years
due to the rapid emergence of “big data” processes and applications. In this work, the data
quality problem is viewed from the standpoint of synthetic information. Based on the structure
and complexity of synthetic data, a need to have a data quality framework specific to it was
realized. This thesis presents this framework along with implementation details and results of a
large synthetic dataset to which the developed testing framework is applied. A formal
conceptual framework was designed for assessing data quality of synthetic information. This
framework involves developing analytical methods and software for assessing data quality for
synthetic information. It includes dimensions of data quality that check the inherent properties
of the data as well as evaluate it in the context of its use. The framework developed here is a
software framework which is designed considering software design techniques like scalability,
generality, integrability and modularity. A data abstraction layer has been introduced between
the synthetic data and the tests. This abstraction layer has multiple benefits over direct access
of the data by the tests. It decouples the tests from the data so that the details of storage and
implementation are kept hidden from the user. We have implemented data quality measures
for several quality dimensions: accuracy and precision, reliability, completeness, consistency,
and validity. The particular tests and quality measures implemented span a range from lowlevel syntactic checks to highlevel semantic quality measures. In each case, in addition to the
results of the quality measure itself, we also present results on the computational performance
(scalability) of the measure.
Subject Area: big data; data quality framework
Availability: Gupta, Ragini. A Framework for Data Quality for Synthetic Information. Diss.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2014.
http://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/49675

Quantifying travel behavior for infectious disease research: a
comparison of data from surveys and mobile phones Amy Wesolowski,
Gillian Stresman, Nathan Eagle, Jennifer Stevenson, Chrispin Owaga, Elizabeth
Marube, Teun Bousema, Christopher Drakeley, Jonathan Cox & Caroline O. Buckee
Abstract: Human travel impacts the spread of infectious diseases across spatial and temporal
scales, with broad implications for the biological and social sciences. Individual data on travel
patterns have been difficult to obtain, particularly in low-income countries. Travel survey data
provide detailed demographic information, but sample sizes are often small and travel histories
are hard to validate. Mobile phone records can provide vast quantities of spatio-temporal travel
data but vary in spatial resolution and explicitly do not include individual information in order
to protect the privacy of subscribers. Here we compare and contrast both sources of data over
the same time period in a rural area of Kenya. Although both data sets are able to quantify
broad travel patterns and distinguish regional differences in travel, each provides different
insights that can be combined to form a more detailed picture of travel in low-income settings
to understand the spread of infectious diseases.
Subject Area: Computational science; Malaria
Availability: Wesolowski, Amy, et al. "Quantifying travel behavior for infectious disease
research: a comparison of data from surveys and mobile phones." Scientific reports 4 (2014).
http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/140714/srep05678/full/srep05678.html

Demographic Evolution Modeling System for Activity-Based Travel
Behavior Analysis and Demand Forecasting Sanjay Paul
Abstract: The activity-based approach to travel demand analysis and modeling, which has been
developed over the past 30 years, has received tremendous success in transportation planning
and policy analysis issues, capturing the multi-way joint relationships among sociodemographic, economic, land use characteristics, activity participation, and travel behavior. The
development of synthesizing population with an array of sociodemographic and socio-economic
attributes has drawn remarkable attention due to privacy and cost constraints in collecting and
disclosing full scale data. Although, there has been enormous progress in producing synthetic
population, there has been less progress in the development of population evolution modeling
arena to forecast future year population. The objective of this dissertation is to develop a wellstructured full-fledged demographic evolution modeling system, capturing migration dynamics
and evolution of person level attributes, introducing the concept of new household formations
and apprehending the dynamics of household level long-term choices over time. A
comprehensive study has been conducted on demography, sociology, anthropology, economics
and transportation engineering area to better understand the dynamics of evolutionary
activities over time and their impacts in travel behavior. This dissertation describes the
methodology and the conceptual framework, and the development of model components.
Demographic, socio-economic, and land use data from American Community Survey, National
Household Travel Survey, Census PUMS, United States Time Series Economic Dynamic data and
United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention have been used in this research. The
entire modeling system has been implemented and coded using programming language to
develop the population evolution module named ‘PopEvol’ into a computer simulation
environment. The module then has been demonstrated for a portion of Maricopa County area
in Arizona to predict the milestone year population to check the accuracy of forecasting. The
module has also been used to evolve the base year population for next 15 years and the
evolutionary trend has been investigated.
Subject Area: population evolution model; demographic evolution model
Availability: Paul, Sanjay. Demographic Evolution Modeling System for Activity-Based Travel
Behavior Analysis and Demand Forecasting. Diss. ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, 2014.
http://repository.asu.edu/attachments/135142/content/Paul_asu_0010E_14038.pdf

Research and Guidance for Model Transferability Thomas F. Rossi & Chandra
R. Bhat
Abstract: Typically, travel model parameters are estimated using observed local travel data,
usually from surveys, which can be difficult and expensive to conduct in a manner that leads to
sufficient sample sizes for model parameter estimation. This has led to the practice of model
transfer in many areas. Model transfer has become commonplace in transportation planning as
resources for planning continue to be constrained. This research brief presents information
relevant to the transfer of model parameters and synthesizes the research on model
transferability. Planners in many cases may have superior alternatives to the use of national
average parameters, especially when some local data are available. The synthesis of
transferability studies indicates mixed results for model transferability and suggests ways of
improving transferability results, including use of small amounts of local data in an updating
process when transferring models. This document seeks to present that knowledge to provide
planners with practical guidance in determining the best transferability methods for their
unique situations.
Subject Area: travel model; model transfer; transferability
Availability: Bhat, Chandra R., et al. "Research and Guidance for Model Transferability”
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conferences/2014/ITM/Resources/71.pdf

Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression Models for Daily Vehicular
Travel Volumes Roosbeh Nowrouzian, Sivaramakrishnan Srinivasan & Ruoying Xu
Abstract: In the recent years, there is an increasing interest in the application of spatial models
for transportation problems. One such popular model is the geographically-weighted regression
(GWR) which extends the conventional regression model by allowing the parameters to vary
over space. The need to use GWR models is generally motivated by the inherent spatial
clustering in travel-patterns and the superiority of the GWR models over conventional
regression is established using statistical measures (mostly R2). However, GWR models require
the estimation of a very large number of parameters and as such are not efficient. Further, to
our knowledge, practically all studies that report GWR models simply report all coefficients to
be spatially-varying without examining whether the spatial-differences are indeed statistically
significant. In this context, this study presents mixed-GWR models which allow for a
combination of spatially-fixed and spatially-varying parameters. The methodological innovation
is applied in the context of modeling vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) and vehicle-time-traveled
(VTT), two important measures of daily vehicular travel volumes. While the effects of land-use
on these transportation system performance measures have been studied very extensively
using global / aspatial models, empirical insights into spatial variability in the sensitivity of
parameters are limited. Therefore, the application of mixed-GWR models in this context is
timely and would support the evaluation of local or context-specific" strategies aimed at
reducing vehicular traffic volumes, fuel consumption, and emissions.
Subject Area: spatial model; geographically-weighted regression (GWR)
Availability: Nowrouzian, Roosbeh, Sivaramakrishnan Srinivasan, and Ruoying Xu. "Paper
Author (s)." http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conferences/2014/ITM/Resources/54.pdf

Personalisation in multi-day GPS and accelerometer data processing Lara
Montini, Nadine Rieser-Schüssler, & Kay W. Axhausen
Abstract: In this paper, we analyse how personalisation during processing of multi-day GPS and
accelerometer data can improve the quality of the produced travel diaries. The main focus is on
trip purpose detection using random forests. Two main approaches are followed. First, the
effect of person-based input features is shown, In particular distance to home and work
improve classification result (median accuracy + 3.8 %). Second, it is analysed how usage of
annotated data improves prediction. Most strategies like selecting the best classifier out of
many, have no effect. But, improvements are possible if the classifier is learned including some
of the participant’s annotated data (median accuracy + 5.5 %).
Subject Area: GPS processing, trip purpose, personalisation
Availability: Montini, Lara, Nadine Rieser-Schüssler, and Kay W. Axhausen. "Personalisation in
multi-day GPS and accelerome-ter data processing." (2014).
http://www.strc.ch/conferences/2014/Montini_EtAl.pdf

Trip Internalization in Multi-Use Developments Pinjari, Abdul and Vivek
Koneru
Abstract: Internal trip capture refers to how the number trips to and from a development are
reduced by the proximity of complementary land uses within the development (e.g., residential
to retail). Internal trips occur within the development and do not encumber the traffic flow on
the public roadways connecting the development with the transportation network. Internal trip
capture rates are used to estimate trip generation on mixed-use developments by adjusting the
single land use estimates. These single land use estimates tend to overestimate the trip
generation behavior for mixed-use developments. Accurate internal trip capture rate estimates
and methodologies are necessary to improve the trip generation estimates for mixed-use
developments. Nationwide, there have been efforts to enhance both the data availability and
estimation methodologies to estimate internal trip capture rates. In this project, internal trip
capture data from four mixed-use developments in Florida were collected and analyzed using a
recently-enhanced internal trip capture methodology developed by the National Cooperative
Highway Research Program (NCHRP). Results showed that the enhanced methodology
produced generally more accurate estimates than those from the traditional ITE internal trip
capture procedure. In the NCHRP methodology, the maximum unconstrained internal trip
capture rates from land use pairs are chosen in mixed-use developments. Data collected in this
project can potentially contribute with 33 percent of these unconstrained internal trip capture
rates used in the enhanced methodology for internal trip capture estimation. A series of
prediction tests was developed to assess the contribution of the unconstrained internal trip
capture rates supplied by this study to the accuracy of the trip generation estimates. It was
found that the use of the revised unconstrained internal trip capture rates based on the
combined NCHRP and FDOT data improved the prediction capability in five out of eight test
cases, with one test case tied. In addition to internal trip capture estimates, this project also
collected transportation mode and internal trip length information. Guidance for improving the
data collection process and estimation are also provided.
Subject Area: Trip generation, internal trip capture , planning mixed-used developments
Availability: Pinjari, Abdul, and Mr Vivek Koneru. "Trip Internalization in Multi-Use
Developments." (2014). http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51700/51758/FDOT-BDK84-977-10-rpt.pdf

Building a validation measure for activity-based transportation models
based on mobile phone data Feng Liu, Davy Janssens, JianXun Cui, YunPeng
Wang, Geert Wets, & Mario Cools
Abstract: Activity-based micro-simulation transportation models typically predict 24-h activitytravel sequences for each individual in a study area. These sequences serve as a key input for
travel demand analysis and forecasting in the region. However, despite their importance, the
lack of a reliable benchmark to evaluate the generated sequences has hampered further
development and application of the models. With the wide deployment of mobile phone
devices today, we explore the possibility of using the travel behavioral information derived
from mobile phone data to build such a validation measure. Our investigation consists of three
steps. First, the daily trajectory of locations, where a user performed activities, is constructed
from the mobile phone records. To account for the discrepancy between the stops revealed by
the call data and the real location traces that the user has made, the daily trajectories are then
transformed into actual travel sequences. Finally, all the derived sequences are classified into
typical activity-travel patterns which, in combination with their relative frequencies, define an
activity-travel profile. The established profile characterizes the current activity-travel behavior
in the study area, and can thus be used as a benchmark for the assessment of the activity-based
transportation models. By comparing the activity-travel profiles derived from the call data with
statistics that stem from traditional activity-travel surveys, the validation potential is
demonstrated. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to assess how the results are
affected by the different parameter settings defined in the profiling process.
Subject Area: Activity-travel sequences; Activity-based transportation models; Travel surveys;
Mobile phone data
Availability: Liu, Feng, et al. "Building a validation measure for activity-based transportation
models based on mobile phone data." Expert Systems with Applications (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417414002036

Review of GPS Travel Survey and GPS Data-Processing Methods Li Shen &
Peter R. Stopher
Abstract: Global positioning system (GPS) devices have been utilised in travel surveys since the
late 1990s. Because GPS devices are very accurate at recording time and positional
characteristics of travel, they can correct the trip-misreporting issue resulting from self-reports
of travel and improve the accuracy of travel data. Although the initial idea of using GPS surveys
in transport data collection was just to replace paper-based travel diaries, GPS surveys currently
are being applied in a number of transport fields. Several general reviews have been done
about GPS surveys in the literature review sections in some papers, but a detailed systematic
review from GPS data collection to the whole procedure of GPS data processing has not been
undertaken. This paper comprehensively reviews the development of GPS surveys and their
applications, and GPS data processing. Different from most reviews in GPS research, this paper
provides a detailed and systematic comparison between different methods from trip
identification to mode and purpose detection, introduces the methods that researchers and
planners are currently using, and discusses the pros and cons of those methods. Based on this
review, researchers can choose appropriate methods and endeavour to improve them.
Subject Area: GPS survey, GPS data processing, trip/segment identification, mode detection,
trip purpose imputation
Availability: Shen, Li, and Peter R. Stopher. "Review of GPS Travel Survey and GPS DataProcessing Methods." Transport Reviews ahead-of-print (2014): 1-19.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441647.2014.903530

Human mobility in opportunistic networks: Characteristics, models and
prediction methods Poria Pirozmand, Guowei Wu, Behrouz Jedari, & Feng Xia
Abstract: Opportunistic networks (OppNets) are modern types of intermittently connected
networks in which mobile users communicate with each other via their short-range devices to
share data among interested observers. In this setting, humans are the main carriers of mobile
devices. As such, this mobility can be exploited by retrieving inherent user habits, interests, and
social features for the simulation and evaluation of various scenarios. Several research
challenges concerning human mobility in OppNets have been explored in the literature
recently. In this paper, we present a thorough survey of human mobility issues in three main
groups (1) mobility characteristics, (2) mobility models and traces, and (3) mobility prediction
techniques. Firstly, spatial, temporal, and connectivity properties of human motion are
explored. Secondly, real mobility traces which have been captured using Bluetooth/Wi-Fi
technologies or location-based social networks are summarized. Furthermore, simulation-based
mobility models are categorized and state-of-the art articles in each category are highlighted.
Thirdly, new human mobility prediction techniques which aim to forecast the three aspects of
human mobility, i.e.; users‫ ׳‬next walks, stay duration and contact opportunities are studied
comparatively. To conclude, some major open issues are outlined.
Subject Area: Opportunistic networks; Human mobility characteristics; Real traces; Simulationbased models; Mobility prediction
Availability: Pirozmand, Poria, et al. "Human mobility in opportunistic networks:
Characteristics, models and prediction methods." Journal of Network and Computer
Applications (2014). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804514000587

Characterizing Household Vehicle Fleet Composition And Count By Type
In An Integrated Modeling Framework Venu M. Garikapati, Raghuprasad
Sidharthan, Ram M. Pendyala, & Chandra R. Bhat
Abstract: There has been considerable interest, and consequent progress, in the modeling of
household vehicle fleet composition and utilization in the travel behavior research domain. The
Multiple Discrete Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model is a modeling approach that has
been applied frequently to characterize this choice behavior. One of the key drawbacks of the
MDCEV modeling methodology is that it does not provide an estimate of the count of vehicles
within each vehicle type alternative represented in the MDCEV model. Moreover, the classic
limitations of the multinomial logit model such as violations of the IIA property in the presence
of correlated alternatives and the inability to account for random taste variations apply to the
MDCEV model as well. A new methodological approach, developed to overcome these
limitations, is applied in this paper to model vehicle fleet composition and count within each
body type. The modeling methodology involves tying together a multiple discrete-continuous
probit (MDCP) model and a multivariate count model capable of estimating vehicle counts
within vehicle type categories considered by the MDCP model. The joint MDCP-multivariate
count model system is estimated using a Greater Phoenix, Arizona travel survey data set. The
joint model system is found to offer behaviorally intuitive results and provide superior
goodness of- fit in comparison to an independent model system that ignores the jointness
between the MDCP component and the multivariate count component.
Subject Area: vehicle fleet composition modeling, multiple discrete continuous probit (MDCP)
model, multivariate count model, joint model estimation, vehicle type choice, activity-travel
modeling
Availability: Garikapati, Venu M., et al. "Characterizing Household Vehicle Fleet Composition
and Count by Type in an Integrated Modeling Framework." Transportation Research Board 93rd
Annual Meeting. No. 14-4711. 2014.
http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/ABSTRACTS/MDCPCount_VehicleFleetComposition.pdf

Passenger Transportation Networks & Urbanization Level: A
Comparison of Classification Schemes 2 Pyrialakou, V. Dimitra, Inya Nlenanya,
and Konstantina Gkritza
Abstract: Planning and operating effective transportation networks rely heavily on the
knowledge of current and future transport patterns, which in turn relies on the current and
future land use and urbanization levels of an area. However, while various organizations have
developed classification schemes to classify areas by urbanization levels, there has been no
literature to assess the suitability of such schemes for use in transportation planning and
research applications, considering also the status quo of transportation networks and
transportation infrastructure systems under a comprehensive approach. The goal of this study
is to compare the well-established classification schemes in the United States and evaluate
their ability to capture the key elements of the two-fold relationship between transportation
systems and urbanization levels. To achieve this goal, we consider the main passenger
transportation networks and other transportation infrastructure systems in a case study of the
Midwest region. The results of this study suggest that each scheme’s classification criteria, as
well as the level of aggregation considered, depend on the primary purpose each scheme has
been developed to serve. Additionally, the results suggest that all schemes are inadequate for
use in transportation research since they do not capture all key elements that affect
transportation patterns and needs under a comprehensive framework. Finally, to address the
above issues, we design and evaluate a new classification scheme that focuses on
transportation-related aspects, captures key elements, and considers the heterogeneity within
rural areas. The ultimate outcome will be a geographic framework suitable for transportation
planning and system’s evaluation.
Subject Area: Urbanization classification scheme; transportation networks; transport patterns
Availability: Pyrialakou, V. Dimitra, Inya Nlenanya, and Konstantina Gkritza. "Passenger
Transportation Networks & Urbanization Level: A Comparison of Classification Schemes 2."
Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. No. 14-3528. 2014.
http://docs.trb.org/prp/14-3528.pdf

Development of a Vehicle Fleet Composition Model System for
Implementation in an Activity-Based Travel Model Daehyun You, Venu M.
Garikapati, Ram M. Pendyala, Chandra R. Bhat, Subodh Dubey, Kyunghwi Jeon, &
Vladimir Livshits
Abstract: This paper describes the development of a vehicle fleet composition and utilization
model system that may be incorporated into a larger activity-based travel demand model. It is
of interest and importance to model household vehicle fleet composition and utilization
behavior as the energy and environmental impacts of personal travel are not only dependent
on the number of vehicles, but also on the mix of vehicles that a household owns and the
extent to which different vehicles are utilized. A vehicle composition (fleet mix) and utilization
model system has been developed for integration in the activity based travel demand model
that is being developed for the Greater Phoenix metropolitan area in Arizona. At the heart of
the vehicle fleet mix model system is a multiple discrete continuous extreme value (MDCEV)
model capable of simulating vehicle ownership and use patterns of households. Vehicle choices
are defined by a combination of vehicle body type and age category and the model system is
capable of predicting household vehicle composition and utilization patterns at the household
level. The paper describes the model system and presents results of a validation and policy
sensitivity analysis exercise demonstrating the efficacy of the model.
Subject Area: vehicle fleet composition, vehicle utilization, multiple discrete continuous
extreme19 value (MDCEV) model, vehicle count modeling, travel demand forecasting
Availability: You, Daehyun, et al. "Development of a Vehicle Fleet Composition Model System
for Implementation in an Activity-Based Travel Model." Transportation Research Board 93rd
Annual Meeting. No. 14-4236. 2014.
http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/ABSTRACTS/VehicleFleetCompositionModelSystem_M
ar2014.pdf

State of the Art in Risk Analysis of Workforce Criticality Influencing Disaster
Preparedness for Interdependent Systems Joost R. Santos, Lucia Castro Herrera,
Krista Danielle S. Yu, Sheree Ann T. Pagsuyoin, & Raymond R. Tan
Abstract: The objective of this article is to discuss a needed paradigm shift in disaster risk
analysis to emphasize the role of the workforce in managing the recovery of interdependent
infrastructure and economic systems. Much of the work that has been done on disaster risk
analysis has focused primarily on preparedness and recovery strategies for disrupted
infrastructure systems. The reliability of systems such as transportation, electric power, and
telecommunications is crucial in sustaining business processes, supply chains, and regional
livelihoods, as well as ensuring the availability of vital services in the aftermath of disasters.
There has been a growing momentum in recognizing workforce criticality in the aftermath of
disasters; nevertheless, significant gaps still remain in modeling, assessing, and managing
workforce disruptions and their associated ripple effects to other interdependent systems. The
workforce plays a pivotal role in ensuring that a disrupted region continues to function and
subsequently recover from the adverse effects of disasters. With this in mind, this article
presents a review of recent studies that have underscored the criticality of workforce sectors in
formulating synergistic preparedness and recovery policies for interdependent infrastructure
and regional economic systems
Subject Area: Disasters; hurricanes; infrastructure systems; pandemics; workforce sectors
Availability: Santos, Joost R., et al. "State of the Art in Risk Analysis of Workforce Criticality
Influencing Disaster Preparedness for Interdependent Systems." Risk Analysis (2014).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/risa.12183/full

Trip Purpose Estimation for Urban Travel in the U.S.: Model Development,
NHTS Add-on Data Analysis, and Model Transferability Across Different States
Lu, Yijing & Zhang, Lei
Abstract: It's becoming a trend that the traditional travel survey will be supplemented or
replaced by advanced survey based on GPS technology. However, the pivotal key to successfully
establish the dominance of the GPS-based travel survey in future is the efficient post-processing
methods that can generate the essential components such as travel time, trip purpose, travel
mode, and trip length as accurately as possible. This paper therefore concentrates on part of
the geospatial data post-processing: trip purpose derivation. Two released 2009 NHTS add-on
data sets (Georgia and Arizona) containing geospatial location data provide the possibility of
imputing trip purpose, validating the trip purpose model and further evaluating the model
transferability. Multiple classifiers are explored employing machine learning methods with 2009
NHTS add-on data sets and land use data at both parcel level and point level. Different
validation methods including 10-fold cross validation, within-sample and cross-sample
validation are used to evaluate, test and validate the developed models. Results indicate that
the trip purpose models perform well for Home, Work, School/Daycare and Shopping/Errands
trips with accuracy above 80%, but present unsatisfactory results for transport someone, meals,
social/recreation, family personal business/obligations and other trips. In addition, aggregating
discretionary trips into one trip purpose category usually improves the trip purpose imputation
accuracy. Furthermore, when applying the models to a different geographic place to predict the
trip purpose without any model calibration, the models present non-striking model
transferability.
Subject Area: Data collection; Global Positioning System; Mathematical models; Mode choice;
Technological innovations; Transportation modes; Travel behavior; Travel surveys; Travel time;
Trip length; Trip purpose
Availability: Lu, Yijing, and Lei Zhang. "Trip Purpose Estimation for Urban Travel in the US:
Model Development, NHTS Add-on Data Analysis, and Model Transferability Across Different
States." Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. No. 14-3412. 2014.
http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1288821

Family and Medical Leave in 2012: Methodology Report ABT Associates
Abstract: This report summarizes the methods used by Abt Associates in conducting the 2012
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Employee and Worksite Surveys for the Department of
Labor (DOL). The 2012 Employee Survey is as an overlapping, dual frame landline and cell
phone random digit dial (RDD) telephone survey. The target population is U.S. adults age 18 or
older who were employed for pay in the past 12 months. The survey features both a screener
and an extended interview. Adults who needed or took family/medical leave in the 18 months
prior to the interview are oversampled and administered an extended interview roughly twice
the length of the extended interview for respondents who did not need or take such leave. In
order to identify the extended interview respondent, the screener includes a roster of all the
adults in the household, including their relevant employment history and leave-taking behavior.
Within-household selection is conducted for both landline and cell phone cases. The 2012
Worksite Survey is a mixed-mode telephone and internet survey of U.S. businesses. The Study
was conducted to obtain estimates of the use of leave under the FMLA and examine the impact
on U.S. private business establishments. The sampling frame was drawn from the Dun and
Bradstreet (D&B) Market Identifiers (DMI) file. The final sample excluded self-employed
without employees, government and quasi-government units (federal, state, and local
governments, public educational institutions, and post offices).
Subject Area: survey methods; dual frame landline and cell phone RDD;
Availability: DOLF, TO. "mily and M 012: Meth."
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.278.7147&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Age, Autos, and the Value of a Statistical Life James O’Brien
Abstract: The value of a statistical life (VSL) is used to assign a dollar value to the benefits of
health and safety regulations. Many of those regulations disproportionately benefit older
people, but most estimates of the VSL come from hedonic wage regressions with few older
workers and no retirees. Although underrepresented in the labor force, seniors account for the
sizeable share of annual vehicle acquisitions. Using automobile purchase decisions rather than
labor market decisions, I estimate a VSL for individuals from the age of 18 up to the age of 85.
Combining information on vehicle holdings and use, household attributes, used vehicle prices,
crash test results, and yearly fatal accidents for each make, model, and vintage automobile, I
calculate a separate willingness to pay for reduced mortality for different age groups. I find a
significant inverted-U shape to the age-VSL function that ranges from $1.5 to $19.2 million (in
2009 dollars). This extends the range of revealed preference estimates of the age- VSL
relationship and highlights the importance of considering the specific ages of affected
individuals when evaluating public policy.
Subject Area: Value of statistical life; senior discount; vehicle choice
Availability: O’Brien, James. "November 5m, 2013."
http://economics.stanford.edu/files/O'BRIEN.pdf

Understanding the Impact of Face Mask Usage through Epidemic Simulation of
Large Social Networks Susan M. Mniszewski, Sara Y. Del Valle, Reid Priedhorsky,
James M. Hyman, and Kyle S. Hickman
Abstract: Evidence from the 2003 SARS epidemic and 2009 H1N1 pandemic shows that face
masks can be an effective non-pharmaceutical intervention in minimizing the spread of
airborne viruses. Recent studies have shown that using face masks is correlated to an
individual’s age and gender, where females and older adults are more likely to wear a mask
than males or youths. There are only a few studies quantifying the impact of using face masks
to slow the spread of an epidemic at the population level, and even fewer studies that model
their impact in a population where the use of face masks depends upon the age and gender of
the population. We use a state-of-the-art agent-based simulation to model the use of face
masks and quantify their impact on three levels of an influenza epidemic and compare different
mitigation scenarios. These scenarios involve changing the demographics of mask usage, the
adoption of mask usage in relation to a perceived threat level, and the combination of masks
with other non-pharmaceutical interventions such as hand washing and social distancing. Our
results show that face masks alone have limited impact on the spread of influenza. However,
when face masks are combined with other interventions such as hand sanitizer, they can be
more effective. We also observe that monitoring social internet systems can be a useful
technique to measure compliance. We conclude that educating the public on the effectiveness
of masks to increase compliance can reduce morbidity and mortality.
Subject Area: epidemic simulation, face masks, social distancing
Availability: Mniszewski, Susan M., et al. "Understanding the Impact of Face Mask Usage
Through Epidemic Simulation of Large Social Networks." Theories and Simulations of Complex
Social Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. 97-115.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-39149-1_8

Accuracy of Geoimputation: An Approach to Capture Microenvironment Xin
Wang, Asad Khattak, & Juyin Chen
Abstract: The role of the built environment in travel behavior has seen increased interest by
strategic transportation planners. To capture relationships between travel behavior and the
built environment, microenvironment variables representing infrastructure and land uses
surrounding trip origins and destinations are being used as explanatory variables in travel
demand models. Buffers of various sizes can be created around origins or destinations to
capture the microenvironments. A key requirement is knowledge of the exact coordinates
(latitude and longitude) of trip locations. However, such information is commonly removed
from public use data because of privacy concerns. To assess whether synthetic geoimputed
residences can overcome the removal of exact location information, two data sets from
activity-based travel surveys in North Carolina (Research Triangle survey, N = 4,724, and
Charlotte survey, N = 3,310) were analyzed. The fundamental question was whether the
geoimputed microenvironmental measurements could be used to model travel behavior
sufficiently and accurately. Residences, geoimputed residences, and residences assumed to be
located at centroids of census blocks (as is current practice) were compared. The data indicate
that (a) the assignment of census block centroids results in statistically significant systematic
errors when the accessibility measures are measured; (b) geoimputation based on the level of
the traffic analysis zone can provide reasonably accurate accessibility measures in larger buffer
sizes of 0.75 mi but not in smaller buffers of 0.25 mi; and (c) geoimputation based on census
block level provides accessibility measures that are sufficiently accurate for specifying travel
behavior models.
Subject Area: geoimputation; land use; travel behavior models
Availability: Wang, Xin, Asad J. Khattak, and Juyin Chen. "Accuracy of Geo-imputation: An
Approach to Capture Micro-Environment." 92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation
Research Board, Washington, DC. 2013.
http://trb.metapress.com/content/e2w6033g22w20361/

An integrated model for discrete and continuous decisions with application to
vehicle ownership, type and usage choices Yangwen Liu, Jean-Michel Tremblay &
Cinzia Cirillo
Abstract: This paper proposes an integrated modeling framework for discrete and continuous
choice dimensions. The model system is applied to the problem of households vehicle
ownership, type and usage. A multinomial probit is used to estimate household vehicle
ownership, a multinomial logit is used to estimate the vehicle type (class and vintage) choices,
and a regression is used to estimate the vehicle usage decisions. Correlation between the
discrete and the continuous parts is captured with a full variance-covariance matrix of the
unobserved factors. The model system is estimated using Simulated Log-Likelihood methods
and Monte-Carlo simulation on data extracted from the 2009 US National Household Travel
Survey and a secondary dataset on vehicle characteristics. Model estimates are applied to
evaluate changes in vehicle holding and miles driven, in response to the evolution of social
societies, living environment and transportation policies.
Subject Area: Discrete-continuous model, Monte-Carlo simulation, vehicle ownership, Vehicle
Miles Traveled
Availability: Liu, Yangwen, Jean-Michel Tremblay, and Cinzia Cirillo. "An integrated model for
discrete and continuous decisions with application to vehicle ownership, type and usage
choices." http://www.tinbergen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/An-Integrated-Model-forDiscrete-and-Continuous-decisions-with-Application-to.pdf

Cover your Cough! Quantifying the Benefits of a Localized Healthy Behavior
Intervention on Flu Epidemics in Washington DC Nidhi Parikh, Mina Youssef,
Samarth Swarup, Stephen Eubank, and Youngyun Chungbaek
Abstract: We use a synthetic population model of Washington DC, including residents and
transients such as tourists and business travelers, to simulate epidemics of influenza-like
illnesses. Assuming that the population is vaccinated at the compliance levels reported by the
CDC, we show that additionally implementing a policy that encourages healthy behaviors (such
as covering your cough and using hand sanitizers) at four major museum locations around the
National Mall can lead to very significant reductions in the epidemic. These locations are
chosen because there is a high level of mixing between residents and transients. We show that
this localized healthy behavior intervention is approximately equivalent to a 46.14% increase in
vaccination compliance levels.
Subject Area: disease dynamics, intervention strategies, synthetic social network, transient
population
Availability: Parikh, Nidhi, et al. "Cover your Cough! Quantifying the Benefits of a Localized
Healthy Behavior Intervention on Flu Epidemics in Washington DC."
http://staff.vbi.vt.edu/swarup/papers/trPop-sbp.pdf

Evaluating Two Methods for Identifying Trip Purpose in GPS-based Household
Travel Surveys Marcelo G. Simas Oliveira, Peter Vovsha, Jean Wolf and Michael
Mitchell
Abstract: Data needs for developing travel demand models have increased at the same time
that household travel survey (HTS) participation rates have generally fallen over recent
decades. Global Positioning System (GPS) assisted HTS are recognized today as the most
promising direction in further enhancement of individual travel data collection. The principal
advantage of the GPS-assisted survey technology is that a full stream of locations visited by the
person is identified with a high level of spatial and temporal resolution. The automatic
identification of trip purpose (i.e. activity associated with the trip destination location) remains
an issue that is difficult to solve. This paper evaluates the performance of two methods, choice
modeling and decision tree analysis, that can be used to build models capable of identifying trip
purpose. The developed methods assume that basic household and person level data, typically
collected in the recruitment interview stage of HTS, are available as are supporting spatial
datasets such as land use and points of interest. The methods presented are then evaluated
using a case study which employed data from the 2011 Atlanta Regional Commission HTS. The
developed models produced encouraging results were obtained with overall accuracies above
70% across all purpose and around 90% for mandatory activities (i.e. work and school).
Performance of the developed models is evaluated in terms of error rates by purpose category
and the impact of ancillary spatial data. The paper concludes with a summary of findings and
recommendations for practitioners.
Subject Area: travel demand model; GPS Household Travel Survey
Availability: Oliveira, Marcelo G. Simas. "Evaluating Two Methods for Identifying Trip Purpose
in GPS-based Household Travel Surveys."
http://assets.conferencespot.org/fileserver/file/66618/filename/14-3407.pdf

8. Traffic Safety
Sensing Phone Use of Motorcycle Drivers Jyh-Cheng Chen, Chun-Feng Wu, Wei-Ho
Chung, & Ping-Fan Ho
Abstract: Due to safety reasons, using mobile phones while driving is prohibited in many
countries. Research has also shown that motorcycle riders are 20 times more likely to be killed
in a crash than vehicle occupants. Therefore, it is more critical to restrict the use of mobile
phones of motorcycle drivers than car drivers. There are some studies that focus on how to
distinguish phone use between a driver and other passengers in a car. The techniques used for
cars, however, are not always applicable to motorcycles. In this paper, we propose a way to
detect phone use of motorcycle drivers. By using two low-cost Bluetooth emitters, mobile
phones of the driver and the passenger can measure the signal strengths and decide their
locations. We have conducted extensive experiments with various smartphones. The results
show that on average we can achieve 96% accuracy.
Subject Area: Driving safety, sensing driver phone, smartphone, motorcycle, scooter,
Bluetooth, location classification
Availability: Chen, Jyh-Cheng, et al. "Sensing Phone Use of Motorcycle Drivers."
http://www.citi.sinica.edu.tw/papers/whc/4166-F.pdf

Development of a Predictive Collision Risk Estimation Scheme for Mixed
Traffic Je Hong Yoo and Reza Langari
Abstract: Driven by the emergence of autonomous/semi-autonomous driving technologies, the
mixed situation of autonomous vehicles and human drivers is of considerable significance.
Toward this end, it is necessary to better understand human driving characteristics so as to
predict the actions of the other cars. In this regard, we develop a basic framework for modeling
driver behaviors in view of human prediction ability. Through the game theoretic estimation of
the counterpart’s behaviors and the corresponding time-evolution of unsafe collision areas, we
compute an objective collision model. In turn, we design a human-like predictive perception
model on collision with an adjacent vehicle based on the objective collision model and the
driver’s subjective level of safety assurance. Since drivers have different safety requirements,
the subjective estimate on the collision was designed as a region in which has less safety than
the driver’s own safety requirement in the objective probabilistic collision prediction. The
region that is subjectively perceived based on the driver’s own safety standard is regarded as a
deterministic unsafe region for the driver. That is to say, the subjective perception acts as a
collision area with the collision probability of 1 so that the driver should avoid while driving. In
our subsequent work, we will address the issue of controller design to avoid the subjective
collision estimation.
Subject Area: Collisions (Physics), Risk assessment, Traffic
Availability: Yoo, Je Hong, and Reza Langari. "Development of a Predictive Collision Risk
Estimation Scheme for Mixed Traffic." ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014.
http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2086091

The relationship between gasoline price and patterns of motorcycle fatalities
and injuries He Zhu, Fernando A Wilson, & Jim P Stimpson
Abstract: Objective Economic factors such as rising gasoline prices may contribute to the crash
trends by shaping individuals’ choices of transportation modalities. This study examines the
relationship of gasoline prices with fatal and non-fatal motorcycle injuries. Methods Data on
fatal and non-fatal motorcycle injuries come from California's Statewide Integrated Traffic
Records System for 2002–2011. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) regressions
were used to estimate the impact of inflation-adjusted gasoline price per gallon on trends of
motorcycle injuries. Results Motorcycle fatalities and severe and minor injuries in California
were highly correlated with increasing gasoline prices from 2002 to 2011 (r=0.76, 0.88 and 0.85,
respectively). In 2008, the number of fatalities and injuries reached 13 457—a 34% increase
since 2002, a time period in which inflation-adjusted gasoline prices increased about $0.30 per
gallon every year. The majority of motorcycle riders involved in crashes were male (92.5%),
middle-aged (46.2%) and non-Hispanic white (67.9%). Using ARIMA modelling, we estimated
that rising gasoline prices resulted in an additional 800 fatalities and 10 290 injuries from 2002
to 2011 in California. Conclusions Our findings suggest that increasing gasoline prices led to
more motorcycle riders on the roads and, consequently, more injuries. Aside from mandatory
helmet laws and their enforcement, other strategies may include raising risk awareness of
motorcyclists and investment in public transportation as an alternative transportation modality
to motorcycling. In addition, universally mandated training courses and strict licensing tests of
riding skills should be emphasised to help reduce the motorcycle fatal and non-fatal injuries.
Subject Area: motorcycle; crash; gas prices
Availability: Zhu, He, Fernando A. Wilson, and Jim P. Stimpson. "The relationship between
gasoline price and patterns of motorcycle fatalities and injuries." Injury prevention (2014):
injuryprev-2014. http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2014/11/04/injuryprev-2014041314.abstract

Female Drivers Increasingly Involved in Impaired Driving Crashes: Actions to
Ameliorate the Risk Federico E. Vaca, Eduardo Romano and James C. Fell
Abstract: Emergency physicians are confronted daily with the care of traumatically injured
patients. A considerable proportion of blunt trauma cases are due to motor vehicle crashes.
While men have historically been overrepresented in crash-related injuries and deaths,
unfavorable trends for women in alcohol-impaired driving crashes have emerged. This
extended commentary with in-depth review presents an examination of the evolving role of sex
and gender in alcohol-impaired driving and its outcomes.
Subject Area: women; alcohol; crash; gender
Availability: Vaca, Federico E., Eduardo Romano, and James C. Fell. "Female Drivers Increasingly
Involved in Impaired Driving Crashes: Actions to Ameliorate the Risk." Academic Emergency
Medicine 21.12 (2014): 1485-1492.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acem.12542/full

Assessing multimodal school travel safety in North Carolina Noreen C.
McDonald, Ann B. McGrane. Eric A. Rodgman, Ruth L. Steiner, W. Mathew Palmer, &
Benjamin F. Lytle
Abstract: School transportation has been the subject of numerous federal and state policies
since the early twentieth century–the Safe Routes to School program is the most recent
example. However, few recent studies have thoroughly analyzed the risks and costs associated
with different modes of transportation to school. Our descriptive study assessed the injury and
fatality rates and related safety costs of different modes of school transportation using crash
and exposure data from North Carolina, USA from 2005 to 2012. We found that riding with a
teen driver is the most dangerous mode on a per trip basis with injury rates 20 times higher and
fatality rates 90 times higher than school buses, which had the lowest injury rates. Nonmotorized modes had per trip injury rates equivalent to school buses but per trip fatality rates
were 15 times higher than for school buses. The economic costs of school travel-related injuries
and fatalities for walking, biking, and teen drivers were substantially higher than other modes.
This research has important policy implications because it quantified the risks of different
school travel modes which allows policymakers to consider how safety investments can reduce
risks. Decades of effort by schools, communities, and the government have made school buses
a very safe mode and endeavored to reduce risks to teen drivers. This study highlighted the
need for these same actors to reduce the risks of injury for walking and bicycling. As more
improvements are made to infrastructure around schools, repeated studies of this type will
allow practitioners to examine whether the improvements help mitigate the risks.
Subject Area: School bus; Pedestrian; Teen driver; School travel; Injury; Fatality; Cost
Availability: McDonald, Noreen C., et al. "Assessing multimodal school travel safety in North
Carolina." Accident Analysis & Prevention 74 (2015): 126-132.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457514003030

Vital Signs: Health Burden and Medical Costs of Nonfatal Injuries to Motor
Vehicle Occupants — United States, 2012 Gwen Bergen, PhD, Cora Peterson, PhD,
David Ederer, MPH, Curtis Florence, PhD, Tadesse Haileyesus, MS, Marcie-jo Kresnow,
MS,& Likang Xu, MD
Abstract: Background: Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death and injury in the
United States. The purpose of this study was to describe the current health burden and medical
and work loss costs of nonfatal crash injuries among vehicle occupants in the United States.
Methods: CDC analyzed data on emergency department (ED) visits resulting from nonfatal crash
injuries among vehicle occupants in 2012 using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance
System – All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National
Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS). The number and rate of all ED visits for the treatment of crash
injuries that resulted in the patient being released and the number and rate of hospitalizations
for the treatment of crash injuries were estimated, as were the associated number of hospital
days and lifetime medical and work loss costs. Results: In 2012, an estimated 2,519,471 ED
visits resulted from nonfatal crash injuries, with an estimated lifetime medical cost of $18.4
billion (2012 U.S. dollars). Approximately 7.5% of these visits resulted in hospitalizations that
required an estimated 1,057,465 hospital days in 2012. Conclusions: Nonfatal crash injuries
occur frequently and result in substantial costs to individuals, employers, and society. For each
motor vehicle crash death in 2012, eight persons were hospitalized, and 100 were treated and
released from the ED. Implications for Public Health: Public health practices and laws, such as
primary seat belt laws, child passenger restraint laws, ignition interlocks to prevent alcohol
impaired driving, sobriety checkpoints, and graduated driver licensing systems have
demonstrated effectiveness for reducing motor vehicle crashes and injuries. They might also
substantially reduce associated ED visits, hospitalizations, and medical costs.
Subject Area: vehicle crashes; public health; healthcare cost
Availability: Bergen, Gwen, et al. "Vital Signs: Health Burden and Medical Costs of Nonfatal
Injuries to Motor Vehicle Occupants—United States, 2012." MMWR. Morbidity and mortality
weekly report 63.40 (2014): 894.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm63e1007a1.htm

Reality of Road Safety Conditions at Critical Locations in Nablus City with a
Road Map for Future Interventions Hozaifa Hasan Saad Khader
Abstract: Nablus Governorate occupies the second level among the Palestinian governorates
for the frequency of traffic crashes, while it was the first regarding the number of injuries
resulting from traffic crashes during the years of this research, which are 2009, 2010 and 2011.
This research aims to study the reality of traffic safety conditions at selected locations in the
city of Nablus. Traffic crash data and information was collected based on crash reports from the
Police Directorate in Nablus city for the study period. Data was collected at selected links and
intersections in Nablus city, which are known as main an important location in terms of their
traffic conditions compared to other locations in the city. Analysis was done for several patterns
of traffic conditions that may have an effect on traffic safety at these sensitive locations, such
as crash rate, weather, lighting, road surface, road geometry, types and causes of crashes, etc.
Studying the reality of traffic safety at these locations shows that certain conditions and
patterns may contribute to the level of safety. Several results emanated from this thesis. For
example, the highest intersection crash rates were at Al-Ghawi Intersection followed by the
Western Graveyard Intersection and Al-Salam Mosque Intersection. As for streets, the highest
rates were on Sufian Street followed by Omar Ibn Al-Khattab Street and Faisal Street.
Furthermore, pedestrian crashes formed approximately 20 percent of all crashes, no problem
of crashes involving pedestrians on Schools Street on the contrary to Rafeedia Street, less than
3 percent of all crashes involved old drivers, half of crashes on Al-Fatimah Intersection occurred
during night lighting, less than 6 percent of crashes occurred in wet and cloudy weather
conditions, female drivers were involved in only 6.6 percent of all studied crashes with 23.0
percent of crashes at the intersections of Rafeedia and Tunis Streets, and the highest
percentage of crash causes (approximately 25 percent) was “failure to maintain safe distance.”
This research and its results outline the realities of traffic crashes in Nablus city and form the
road map for follow ups, further studies, and for improving traffic safety conditions in the city.
Subject Area: traffic crashes;
Availability: Khader, Hozaifa Hasan Saad. Reality of Road Safety Conditions at Critical Locations
in Nablus City with a Road Map for Future Interventions. Diss. National University, 2014.
http://scholar.najah.edu/sites/default/files/Hozaifa%20Khader_0.pdf

An Intelligent Driver Behaviour System by Using Face Recognition and Alcohol
Sensing K. Kishore Babu & T. Chandra Sekhar Rao
Abstract: At the present time cars and other private vehicles are being used daily by large
numbers of people. The biggest problem regarding the increased use of private transport is the
rising number of fatalities that are occurring as a consequence of accidents on the roads; the
associated expense and related dangers have been recognized as a serious problem that is
being confronted by modern society. The existing paper focuses on developing a novel and nonintrusive driver behavior detection system using a context-aware system in VANET to detect
abnormal behaviors exhibited by drivers, and to warn other vehicles on the road so as to
prevent accidents from happening. A five-layer context aware architecture is proposed which is
able to collect contextual information about the driving environment, perform reasoning about
certain and uncertain contextual information and react upon that information. In the proposed
system we are going to implement a new technique to find out driver’s condition 1.driver
drowsiness, 2.drunk and drive condition. Most of the accidents occur because of these two
conditions only; to avoid this we are using a camera for detecting the driver drowsiness by
using matlab and alcohol sensor for detecting the driver’s drunken state. If any of these two
conditions occurs mean the vehicle will automatically stops slowly and intimates the vehicle
location to the authorized person by using GSM & GPS.
Subject Area: Context-aware system, VANET, dynamic Bayesian networks, driver behaviour,
safety application
Availability: Babu, K. Kishore, and T. Chandra Sekhar Rao. "An Intelligent Driver Behaviour
System by Using Face Recognition and Alcohol Sensing." http://ijaem.org/papers/Vol.1Issue3/9_CN0245.pdf

Help on the road: Effects of vehicle manual consultation in driving
performance across Modalities Ignacio Alvarez, Hanan Alnizami, Jerone Dunbar,
France Jackson, & Juan E. Gilbert
Abstract: The growing advancements of in-vehicle electronics and the intrusion of consumer
electronics in the vehicle cockpit have increased the complexity of in-car experiences.
Therefore, vehicle manuals are needed, now more than ever, to provide information and
guidance. Automakers have extended user assistance through multimedia, integrated manuals,
online services and telephonic assistance. However, no driver-centric interfaces have been
created to provide vehicle documentation assistance effectively. Drivers are expected to
interrupt the driving experience in order to find vehicle information in a paper manual. This
paper compares the effects on driving performance and cognitive load when consulting a
manual in a simulated driving environment through various conditions. These conditions consist
of interacting with a voice activated vehicle manual called the Voice User Help, an on-board
multimedia manual, a passenger, and a call center. Results suggest that any kind of interaction
to access information while driving has an impact on the driver's attention based on a decrease
in driving performance and increase of cognitive load. However, amongst all modalities, voice
interfaces seem to be the better option for consulting information while driving. Also, and
under some circumstances, interaction with a conversational manual system appears to be
safer than human-to-human communication.
Subject Area: Vehicle documentation; Car manual; Safety; Driver distraction; Cognitive load;
Driver performance; Usability; IVIS; Voice user help; In-vehicle interaction; User-centric design
spoken language systems
Availability: Alvarez, Ignacio, et al. "Help on the road: Effects of vehicle manual consultation in
driving performance across Modalities." International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
(2014). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581914000974

Distracted Driving and Seat Belt Use in New York City William Milczarski
Abstract: The number of distractions while driving has grown rapidly in recent years due to the
changing life style of Americans and advances in technology. Americans spend a great deal of
time in their cars. According to the most recent (2009) National Household Travel Survey, the
average amount of time per day spent in a vehicle (as a driver or passenger) was about an hour
(Federal Highway Administration, 2011). As a result, the car increasingly has become a center of
activities which traditionally were carried out in the confines of one’s home (e.g., drinking,
eating, grooming, being entertained, etc.). The car has also become the location for many new
communication and entertainment devices such as DVD players, CD players, GPS navigators,
and the cell phone. Not surprisingly, the growth in the number of distractions has had an
adverse effect on highway safety. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) 3,328 people were killed on America’s roadways in 2012 due to
distracted driving. An additional 421,000 people were injured in motor vehicle crashes involving
a distracted driver. At any given daylight moment across America, approximately 660,000
drivers are using cell phones or manipulating electronic devices while driving (National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration, 2014a).
A number of national and state studies have been conducted on this topic. However, except for
a prior study conducted in 2007 by Hunter College students little, if any, systematic inquiry
concerning driver distractions in New York City has been undertaken (Hunter College, 2007).
The major objectives of the present study are: 1) to determine the incidence of specific types of
distractions among drivers in the city; 2) to identify certain demographic characteristics of
those drivers; and 3) to examine whether there are differences in the locations where
distracted driving occurs.
Subject Area: Distracted driving; Seat belt; injury
Availability: Milczarski, William, and Peter Tuckel. "Distracted Driving and Seat Belt Use in New
York City." (2014). http://silopublic.hunter.cuny.edu/8dfe86373c3477df412802e84c68df8baf19ebe1/Distracted-Drivingand-Seat-Belt-Use-in-New-York-City.pdf

Texting and Driving: Can it be Explained by the General Theory of Crime?
Phillip Neil Quisenberry
Abstract: There has been quite a bit of media attention devoted recently to the topic of
distracted driving generally, and texting and driving specifically. Recent studies by scholars, as
well as the Department of Transportation, have continued to demonstrate the dangers of
texting while driving. Previous studies have found that texting while driving reduces reaction
and control times even more than drinking and driving. At least one study found that drivers
who text are 23 times more likely to crash relative to non-distracted drivers. Tougher laws may
be alluring as a deterrent to this behavior, but according to the data in this study, 96 % of
respondents knew it was against the law but continued to text and drive anyway. This finding
casts doubt on the effectiveness of any new distracted driving laws. The general theory of crime
(Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990) posits that levels of self-control are tied to deviant behaviors such
as texting while driving. Other studies have also found that levels of self-control were
significantly tied to other dangerous driving behaviors such as driving while drinking and driving
without using a seatbelt. The findings in this study add support to the general theory of crime
by demonstrating that, among college students in this sample, higher self-control significantly
reduces the amount of texting while driving.
Subject Area: Distracted driving; Texting and driving; Deviance; Self-control; Risky driving; The
general theory of crime; juvenile justice
Availability: Quisenberry, Phillip Neil. "Texting and Driving: Can it be Explained by the General
Theory of Crime?." American Journal of Criminal Justice (2014): 1-14.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-014-9249-3

Trustworthy communications in Vehicular Ad Hoc NETworks Serna, Jetzabel
Abstract: Vehicular Ad-Hoc NETworks (VANETs), a pillar for the Internet of Vehicles, aim to
improve road safety by preventing and reducing traffic accidents. While VANETs offer a great
variety of safety and infotainment applications, there remain a number of security and privacy
challenges, such as, user profiling and vehicle tracking, which, must be addressed. This paper
contributes with a framework to address security and privacy issues in VANETs. The proposed
framework consists of i) an inter-domain authentication system able to provide a near realtime
certificate status service, ii) a mechanism to quantitatively evaluate the trust level of a CA and
establish a on-the-fly interoperability relationship, and iii) a privacy enhancing model that
addresses privacy in terms of linkability.
Subject Area: Authentication; Internet; Privacy; Protocols; Vehicles; Vehicular ad hoc networks
Availability: Serna, Jetzabel, et al. "Trustworthy communications in Vehicular Ad Hoc
NETworks." Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2014 IEEE World Forum on. IEEE, 2014.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6803167

Analysis of residence characteristics of at-fault drivers in traffic crashes
Jaeyoung Lee, Mohamed Abdel-Aty, & Keechoo Choi
Abstract: In recent years many studies have investigated traffic crashes with various
contributing factors at the macroscopic level. Nevertheless, while previous studies have
concentrated only on zones where the crash occurred, there have been few studies that
focused on residence characteristics associated with the origin of the drivers causing traffic
crashes, so called at-fault drivers. Intuitively, it is reasonable to assume that the number of atfault drivers is related to socio-demographic features of the at-fault drivers’ residence area.
Thus, the main objective of this study is to find out the relationship between the number of atfault drivers and zonal characteristics of the residence where at-fault drivers came from. The
Bayesian Poisson-lognormal model was adopted to find out the contributing factors of the
residence zones on the number of crashes based on the at-fault drivers. The findings from the
study implied that the crash occurrence is not only affected by roadway/traffic factors but also
by several demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of residence zones. The result from
this study can be used to identify zones with a higher potential of at-fault drivers; thus we can
concentrate on these zones for safety treatments, including more targeted awareness,
education or stricter enforcement.
Subject Area: Bayesian modeling; Poisson-lognormal model; Residence analysis; ZIP code;
Socioeconomic factors; Census data
Availability: Lee, Jaeyoung, Mohamed Abdel-Aty, and Keechoo Choi. "Analysis of residence
characteristics of at-fault drivers in traffic crashes." Safety Science 68 (2014): 6-13.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753514000459

The association of graduated driver licensing with miles driven and fatal crash
rates per miles driven among adolescents Motao Zhu, Peter Cummings, Songzhu
Zhao, Jeffrey H Coben, & Gordon S Smith
Abstract: Background: Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws are associated with reduced crash
rates per person-year among adolescents. It is unknown whether adolescents crash less per
miles driven or drive less under GDL policies. Methods: We used data from the US National
Household Travel Survey and Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 1995–1996, 2001–2002 and
2008–2009. We compared adolescents subject to GDL laws with those not by estimating
adjusted IRRs for being a driver in a crash with a death per person-year (aIRRpy) and per miles
driven (aIRRm), and adjusted miles driven ratios (aMR) controlling for changes in rates over
time. Results: Comparing persons subject to GDL policies with those not, 16 year olds had fewer
fatal crashes per person-year (aIRRpy 0.63, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.91), drove fewer miles (aMR 0.79,
95% CI 0.63 to 0.98) and had lower crash rates per miles driven (aIRRm 0.83, 95% CI 0.65 to
1.06). For age 17, the aIRRpy was 0.83 (95% CI 0.60 to 1.17), the aMR 0.80 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.03)
and the aIRRm 1.03 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.35). For age 18, the aIRRpy was 0.93 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.19),
the aMR 0.92 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.09) and the aIRRm 1.01 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.23). Conclusions: If
these associations are causal, GDL laws reduced crashes per person-year by about one-third
among 16 year olds; half the reduction was due to fewer crashes per miles driven and half to
less driving. For ages 17 and 18, there was no evidence of reduced crash rates per miles driven.
Subject Area: graduated driver licensing; crash rates; adolescents
Availability: Zhu, Motao, et al. "The association of graduated driver licensing with miles driven
and fatal crash rates per miles driven among adolescents." Injury prevention (2014): injuryprev2013. http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2014/02/13/injuryprev-2013040999.short

Distracted driving: prevalence, problems, and prevention Tiffany L. Overton,
Terry E. Rives, Carrie Hecht, Shahid Shafi & Rajesh R. Gandhi
Abstract: While the number of motor vehicle crashes has declined over the years, crashes
resulting from distracted driving are increasing in the United States resulting in significant
morbidity and mortality. The national public seems to be aware of the dangers associated with
using technology while driving, but continues to engage in this dangerous behaviour, and may
be unaware of or underestimate the impact of cell phone use on their own driving
performance. Problems associated with distracted driving are not limited to novice or teenage
drivers; multifaceted universal prevention efforts aimed at impacting large segments of the
population may have the greatest impact. Legislation limiting drivers’ cell phone use has had
little impact, possibly due to low regulation and enforcement. Behaviour change programmes,
improved vehicle safety, and public awareness campaigns have been developed as potential
preventive efforts to reduce accidents caused by distracted drivers.
Subject Area: distracted driving, cell phone use, injury prevention, motor vehicle collisions,
trauma
Availability: Overton, Tiffany L., et al. "Distracted driving: Prevalence, problems, and
prevention." International journal of injury control and safety promotion ahead-of-print (2014):
1-6. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17457300.2013.879482

How’s My Driving: Sensing Driving Behaviours by Using Smartphones Lei Kang,
Zihao Liu & Suman Banerjee
Abstract: We present a driving rating system to evaluate driving quality by using smartphones.
It uses embedded sensors in smartphones (i.e. gyroscope and accelerometer) to extract and
evaluate the patterns of different driving behaviours. We recruit 15 passengers and 7 drivers
and ask the passengers to rate different driving behaviours of different drivers. By comparing
with passenger ratings, the effectiveness of our system can be verified. The correlations of our
system ratings with passengers’ ratings are higher than 0:6 in more than 85% of cases. The
results are comparable to (or even higher than) the correlations between each pair of
passengers. To work with arbitrary device orientations, we use a movement-aware coordinate
projection method to project the coordinates of the phone to those of the vehicle. We also
deploy Android devices on 8 volunteers’ cars to capture their daily driving behaviours. From the
340 miles driving traces we collected, the dangerous driving behaviours are captured and
scores of different drivers are compared in terms of different driving behaviours.
Subject Area: driving rating system; driving behavior
Availability: Kang, Lei, Zihao Liu, and Suman Banerjee. "How’s My Driving: Sensing Driving
Behaviours by Using Smartphones."
http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~zihao/other_resources/drivesense.pdf

Circumstances of Bicyclist Injuries Paul Schimek
Abstract: Understanding the circumstances of bicyclist injuries is an important prerequisite in
developing effective interventions. This study uses U.S. national databases of emergency room
visits, police reported crashes, and fatalities. Exposure is measured using the National
Household Travel Survey and the National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and
Behaviors. The study finds that bicycle injury rates drop significantly with increasing bicyclist
age. Adults over 35 have fewer than half the crashes per mile of college-age adults, who in turn
have half the crash rate of teenagers, suggesting that as they age bicyclists learn behaviors to
avoid injuries. One third of bicyclists who collided with a motor vehicle were riding in the
sidewalk or crosswalk, whereas bicyclists who ride mostly on the sidewalk account for 15% of
bicycle trips. The bicyclist was facing traffic in 42% of bicycle-motor vehicle collisions. Bicyclists
operating in the crosswalk and bicyclists operating facing traffic were disproportionately
represented among the crash types that are nominally caused by motorist failure to yield, but
in these cases are likely due to the unexpected position of the bicyclist. Crashes in low-light
conditions account for 20% of injuries and 47% of fatalities. Only 24% of bicyclists who ride
after dark reported using taillights. Motorist overtaking crashes accounted for 8% of crashes,
and are disproportionately related to low-light conditions and higher-speed roadways. Given
that most car-bike collisions involve a violation of the rules of the road, changing bicyclist and
motorist behavior has a great potential to reduce them.
Subject Area: bicycle injuries;
Availability: Schimek, Paul. "CIRCUMSTANCES OF BICYCLIST INJURIES."
http://assets.conferencespot.org/fileserver/file/65792/filename/14-4340.pdf

9. Transit Planning
Think public transit, high speed rail in the new year MacGregor "Goya" Eddy
Abstract: online news article
Subject Area: transit; multimodal public transportation; high speed rail
Availability: The Salinas Californian, December 28, 2014 “Think public transit, high speed rail in
the new year” MacGregor "Goya" Eddy
http://www.thecalifornian.com/story/news/local/2014/12/28/think-public-transit-high-speedrail-new-year/20979727/

A New Transit Safety Narrative Todd Litman
Abstract: Public transportation is, overall, a relatively safe (low crash risk) and secure (low
crime risk) transport mode. Transit travel has about one-tenth the traffic casualty (injury or
death) rate as automobile travel, and residents of transit-oriented communities have about one
fifth the per capita crash casualty rate as in automobile-oriented communities. Transit also
tends to have lower overall crime rates than automobile travel, and transit improvements can
help reduce overall crime risk by improving surveillance and economic opportunities for at-risk
populations. Despite its relative safety and security, many people consider transit travel
dangerous and are reluctant to use it or support service expansions in their communities.
Various factors contribute to this excessive fear, including the nature of transit travel, heavy
media coverage of transit-related crashes and crimes, and conventional traffic safety messages
that emphasize danger rather than safety. Transit agencies can help create a new transit safety
narrative by better communicating transit’s overall safety and security impacts and providing
better guidance concerning how users and communities can enhance transit safety and
security.
Subject Area: safety; crash; crime; security; perception
Availability: Litman, Todd. "A New Transit Safety Narrative." Center for Urban Transportation
Research 17.4 (2014): 2014114. http://www.nctr.usf.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/JPT17.4.pdf#page=118

Friday Exception Scheduling in Transit Systems: An Exploratory Analysis
When Data Are Limited Michael D. Benson, Robert B. Noland, Alan. M. Voorhees
Abstract: Most transit agencies operate the same schedule Monday through Friday, except on
holidays. Recent work suggests that agencies potentially could save money by operating
different schedules on Friday. This research paper aims to identify factors associated with
different ridership patterns on Friday, especially when limited data are available. Ridership data
for seven bus routes serving Newark, New Jersey, were analyzed, along with characteristics of
the routes and areas they serve. These data were limited in that they were provided as a PDF
file and were for one month only. Land uses associated with commuting, specifically those with
a mix of high residential density and employment density, were found to have different
ridership patterns on Friday. A three-part screening process is outlined, looking at the base
level of weekday ridership, service frequency, and the residential and employment land uses
served. Based on this, two routes serving Newark were identified for which an alternative
schedule potentially could be implemented on Friday. This screening process will be useful for
transit agencies with limited data resources and that may benefit from Friday exception
scheduling, when it is feasible to implement.
Subject Area: Friday; transit; scheduling
Availability: Benson, Michael D., Robert B. Noland, and Alan M. Voorhees Transportation
Center. "Friday Exception Scheduling in Transit Systems: An Exploratory Analysis When Data Are
Limited." Center for Urban Transportation Research 17.4 (2014): 35.
http://www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/JPT17.4_Benson.pdf

Walk, Bicycle and Transit Trips of Transit Dependent and Choice Riders in the
NHTS 2009 Lachapelle U.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that public transit use may be associated
with active transportation. Access to a car may influence active transportation of transit riders.
METHODS: Using the 2009 United States National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), transit users
over 16 (n=25,550) were categorized according to driver status and number of cars and drivers
in the household. This typology ranged from choice transit riders, "fully motorized drivers", to
transit dependent "Unmotorized non-driver". Transit trips, walking and bicycling trips of transit
users are estimated in negative binomial models against the car availability typology.
RESULTS: 16% of participants took transit in the past month; most (85%) lived in car owning
households. As income increased, car availability also increased. Groups with lower car
availability were generally more likely than fully motorized drivers to take more public transit,
walking and bicycle trips. Transit riders have varying levels of vehicle access; their use of
combinations of alternative modes of transportation fluctuates accordingly. Transit dependent
individuals without cars or sharing cars used active transportation more frequently than car
owners.
CONCLUSION: Policies to reduce vehicle ownership in households may enable increases in the
use of alternative modes of transportation for transit users, even when cars are still owned.
Subject Area: active transportation; alternative modes; transit dependent
Availability: Lachapelle, Ugo. "Walk, Bicycle and Transit Trips of Transit Dependent and Choice
Riders in the NHTS 2009." Journal of physical activity & health (2014).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25347916

Transit-Induced Gentrification: Who Will Stay, and Who Will Go? Casey Dawkins
and Rolf Moeckel
Abstract: Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has been promoted by planners and policy
advocates as a solution to a variety of urban problems, including automobile traffic congestion,
air pollution, and urban poverty. By mixing residential and commercial land uses at high
densities near transit stations, TODs can theoretically enhance access to jobs and other urban
activities for those living within walking distance of a transit stop. Since poverty-stricken
families often lack access to an automobile, TOD is seen as a particularly important piece of the
puzzle linking unemployed persons to job opportunities. The new Sustainable Communities
Partnership between the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) aims
to capitalize on these benefits to promote more sustainable and equitable development
patterns through TOD-based land use strategies.
Since the enhanced accessibility offered by transit proximity is often capitalized into
land and housing prices, many express concern that new transit investments will result in the
displacement of the low income populations likely to benefit most from transit access, a
phenomenon which we term “transit-induced gentrification.” In response to these concerns,
policy advocates at the local, state and federal level have proposed a variety of policy
interventions designed to ensure that affordable housing for low to moderate income
households is produced and preserved in areas proximate to transit stations. For example, in
Denver, Colorado, a TOD Fund was established to support the creation and preservation of over
1,000 affordable housing units through the strategic acquisition of properties in current and
planned transit corridors. Another example is the Transit-Oriented Development Housing
Program approved by California voters through Proposition 1C in November 2006. The TOD
Housing Program provides $2.85 billion for housing and infrastructure programs. To qualify for
this funding, developments must be within one half mile of a transit station, and 15 percent of
units must be affordable to low- or very-low-income households (Dawkins and Buehler 2010).
California is also one of several states that award additional points to Low Income Housing Tax
Credit (LIHTC) applications that propose new affordable housing near public transit stations.
Local jurisdictions around the country, including several in the Washington, D.C. region, rely on
inclusionary zoning strategies to award density bonuses to developers proposing affordable
housing projects near transit stations.
Subject Area: TOD, new sustainable communities
Availability: Dawkins, Casey, and Rolf Moeckel. "Transit-Induced Gentrification: Who Will Stay,
and Who Will Go?." Presented at the Transit, Transit Oriented Development, and Urban Form:A
Bi-National Symposium Featuring Paris, France, and Washington, DC October 18, 2014.
http://smartgrowth.umd.edu/assets/tod_gentrification_v3.pdf

Public transportation objectives and rider demographics: are transit’s
priorities poor public policy? Brian D. Taylor & Eric A. Morris
Abstract: Strong public and political support for mass transit in the U.S. is based on lofty goals,
including congestion reduction, economic development, aesthetics, sustainability, and much
more. Yet, as is the case in many areas of public policy, the pursuit of multiple and broad
objectives, however worthy, can diffuse efforts and fail to achieve desired results. Moreover,
these goals suggest a lack of focus on the needs of transit riders themselves, particularly the
poor and transit dependent. We examine this by combining data from the National Household
Travel Survey, the National Transit Database, the American Public Transportation Association,
and a survey we conducted of 50 U.S. transit operators. First, we find that while rail transit
riders in the aggregate are approximately as wealthy as private vehicle travelers, bus patrons
have far lower incomes, and this disparity is growing over time. Second, few transit agencies
publicly identify serving the poor or minorities as a goal, instead focusing on objectives that
appeal to more affluent riders and voters as a whole. Finally, in recent decades transit spending
priorities have been slanted away from bus service and towards commuter-oriented rail
services favored by the wealthier general voting public, although most members of this group
rarely if ever ride transit. We contend that efforts to secure popular support for transit
subsidies stifle agencies’ ability to acknowledge transit’s critical social service function and
serve the needs of its core demographic. While such strategies make sense politically,
underserving the poor may be poor public policy.
Subject Area: Goal ambiguity, Transit goals, Transit subsidies, Transit patronage, Transit rider,
demographics
Availability: Taylor, Brian D., and Eric A. Morris. "Public transportation objectives and rider
demographics: are transit’s priorities poor public policy?." Transportation (2014): 1-21.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-014-9547-0

Analyzing the Potential for High-speed Rail as Part of the Multimodal
Transportation System in the United States' Midwest Corridor Jeffrey C. Peters,
En-Pei Han, Srinivas Peeta, Daniel DeLaurentis
Abstract: With increasing demand and rising fuel costs, both travel time and cost of current
intercity passenger transportation modes are becoming increasingly relevant. Around the
world, high-speed rail (HSR) is seen as a way to alleviate demand on highways and at airports.
Ridership is the critical element in determining the viability of a large capital, long-term
transportation investment. This paper provides a systematic, consistent methodology for
analyzing systemwide modal ridership with and without a proposed HSR network and analyzes
the potential for high-speed rail as part of the existing multimodal transportation system in a
region in terms of ridership. Considerations of capital investment (e.g., network design and HSR
speed), along with exogenous demographic, technological, economic, and policy trends in the
long-term, are used to project ridership over time. This study represents an important step
toward a consistent, comprehensive economic analysis of HSR in the United States.
Subject Area: intercity passenger rail; high-speed rail
Availability: Peters, Jeffrey C., et al. "Analyzing the Potential for High-speed Rail as Part of the
Multimodal Transportation System in the United States' Midwest Corridor." International
Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 3.2 (2014): 129-148. http://multiscience.metapress.com/index/LW2V26W2237HL60N.pdf

Transit-Related Walking to Work in Promoting Physical Activity Yu CY & Lin HC
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Transit-related walking to work is a potential strategy for
incorporating physical activity into daily life and promoting health benefits. This study
estimated the transit-related walking time for work trips on the journey to and from work and
examined the predictors of transit users who walked to/from transit and the workplace, and
those who walked 30 minutes or more per day. METHODS: This study used the 2009 National
Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and identified 772 subjects who took transit to/from work, 355
subjects who walked to/from transit and the workplace, and 145 subjects who walked 30
minutes or more per day among the 40,659 workers. Weighted logistic regressions were used
for the analysis. RESULTS: 40.9% of people who walked to/from transit and the workplace
walked 30 minutes or more per day. The weighted logistic regressions revealed that low income
groups and workers living in high population density areas were more likely to walk to/from
transit and the workplace. Workers living in high population density areas were more likely to
walk 30 minutes or more per day. CONCLUSIONS: Transit-related walking to work provides an
opportunity to increase physical activity levels and to meet the physical activity
recommendations.
Subject Area: Transit-related walking; physical activity
Availability: Yu, C. Y., and H. C. Lin. "Transit-Related Walking to Work in Promoting Physical
Activity." Journal of physical activity & health (2014).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24905190

Does service reliability influence transit patronage? Evidence from Los
Angeles, and implications for transit policy Sandip Chakrabarti
Abstract: This paper explores whether service reliability determines transit patronage. Using a
unique historical archive of service supply, performance, and patronage data from the Los
Angeles Metro bus and rail system, we analyze whether service reliability explains in part the
variation in patronage across transit lines during weekday peak and off-peak periods. By
estimating a simple single-stage model of transit line patronage, and a simultaneous equations
model to address the recognized endogeneity between transit service supply and consumption,
we provide conclusive evidence that service reliability is indeed a significant determinant of
peak-period patronage.
This means that, all else equal, more reliable transit lines can attract more patrons
across their service corridors as they are chosen over alternate lines and competing modes. Our
paper presents first empirical evidence on the demand for transit service reliability. Results
suggest that transit agencies can expect some system-wide patronage gains from reliability
improvements. From a policy perspective, reliability investments may be cost-effective means
for increasing productivity of transit lines and systems.
Subject Area: Public transportation; Transit service reliability; Public transit policy
Availability: Chakrabarti, Sandip. "Does service reliability influence transit patronage? Evidence
from Los Angeles, and." Transportation Research Part B 40: 709-730.
http://lusk.usc.edu/sites/default/files/working_papers/LUSK%20paper_Sandip%20Chakrabarti_
Apr%209%202014.pdf

The Exposition Light Rail Line Study: “Before-After” Opening Travel Impacts
and New Resident Sample Preliminary Analysis Marlon G. Boarnet, Doug
Houston, and Steven Spears
Abstract: Transit has become central to the Los Angeles region’s plans for air quality
attainment, greenhouse gas emission reduction, community quality of life, and the promotion
of increased physical activity. However, limited information exists about how rail transit
investments reduce driving, increase transit use and non-motorized travel, and how transit
investment links to environmental sustainability and community quality of life goals. In order to
better understand the impact of this transportation policy shift, the University of California,
Irvine and University of Southern California undertook a multi-year, multiple objective study of
the Exposition light rail line west of downtown Los Angeles. Approximately six months before
and after the opening of the line, we collected a comprehensive set of demographic and travel
data from 204 households.
Our analysis indicates that the Expo Line has had a significant impact on the travel of our
core sample households. In particular, households in our experimental neighborhoods, which
lie within ½ mile of an Expo Line station, reduced their daily household vehicle miles traveled
(VMT) by approximately 10 miles per day compared to control households that were more than
½ mile from a station. Households in the experimental neighborhoods also took significantly
more train and walking trips than they did before the opening of the line. However, this change
in the number of daily walking and train trips was not significantly different from that of the
control households.
New resident households had the highest VMT of any of our study groups. VMT of new
resident households in our experimental neighborhoods was 11 miles per day higher than that
of core households. This difference was statistically significant. There was no difference in VMT
between new resident households within ½ mile of Expo stations and those further away. New
residents tended to be considerably younger than those in our core sample of established
households and were more likely to rent their residence. Low housing cost, low crime, and
housing quality were most important reasons cited in residential choice, followed by commute
time and access to shops and services. Overall, new residents indicated that car accessibility
was the most important travel mode consideration in their household location decision.
However, more than 60% indicated that being able to walk to shops and services was an
important factor in their decision.
Subject Area: transit; walkability; transportation policy; VMT
Availability: Boarnet, Marlon G., Doug Houston, and Steven Spears. "The Exposition Light Rail
Line Study:“Before-After” Opening Travel Impacts and New Resident Sample Preliminary
Analysis." (2013). http://community-wealth.org/sites/clone.communitywealth.org/files/downloads/paper-boarnet.pdf

10. Travel Behavior
Measuring transit service impacts on vehicle ownership and use Yangwen Liu,
Cinzia Cirillo
Abstract: In this paper we measure the impact of public transportation on household vehicle
ownership and use. Advanced econometric models are estimated on household travel survey
data and on geographic data. In particular, data from the 2009 US National Household Travel
Survey is merged with geographic information obtained from the General Transit Feed
Specification source. The integration of variables specific to the spatial and temporal coverage
of the transit service allows the analysis of different policy scenarios. Results obtained for the
Washington DC Metropolitan Area indicate that enhanced transit services reduce the number
of private vehicles and vehicle miles traveled. Effects are more marked when bus services are
improved and on car use. The study is important for all Metropolitan Regions that are dealing
with the problem of congestion, high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and that are planning
to invest in more efficient and accessible public transportation services.
Subject Area: Transit service index; metropolitan area; GTFS; NHTS; Vehicle ownership;
Discrete–continuous model
Availability: Liu, Yangwen, and Cinzia Cirillo. "Measuring transit service impacts on vehicle
ownership and use." Public Transport: 1-20. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12469014-0098-8

Modeling intra-household interactions in the generation of social-recreational
tours Kwang-Kyun Lim
Abstract: Household members often interact with each other during their daily activity- and
travel-related decision-making process. In the context of social and recreational activities, these
interactions lead to decisions about pursuing such episodes either independently or jointly with
others. The substantial focus of the study is on the operationalizing household interactions in
various modeling mechanisms by the ways of seeking to maximize the utility of each household
member in an interdependent fashion. Florida add-on samples from the 2009 National
Household Travel Survey are utilized. The results indicate that household income, age of male,
engagement of mandatory activities, engagement of maintenance activities, day of the week,
and whether raining have strong impacts on the choice of social-recreational activity
participations. Overall, no one model turned out to be a clear “winner” in terms of statistical
goodness of fit and predictive abilities, rather on the behavioral insights, the multi-linear logit
and parallel constrained logit models do highlight differences in the “power” across household
heads, and the trivariate binary probitmodels capture strong correlations in the choices across
the male and female and between solo and joint choices.
Subject Area: household interaction; social-recreational activity; joint activities; group-decision
making; multi-linear logit; parallel constrained logit; trivariate binary probit
Availability: Lim, Kwang-Kyun. "Modeling intra-household interactions in the generation of
social-recreational tours." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (2014): 1-12.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12205-014-0156-4

The stops made by commuters: evidence from the 2009 US National
Household Travel Survey Rui Wang
Abstract: Trip chaining, especially during peak-hour commute trips, is an important aspect of
travel behavior that impacts the private and social costs and benefits of urban passenger travel.
Combining large-sample data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and the
2010 US Census, this study analyzes the relationship between the complexity of commute tours
and the characteristics of not just commuters and their households, but also their
neighborhoods and regions. Different from most existing studies, this analysis controls more
detailed individual, household, employment, and location characteristics and important
interactions. In particular, by linking the restricted-use location data of households and work
places from the NHTS survey to the US Census data, this study quantifies the effects of job-end
population and employment densities. Results confirm the important impact of sociodemographics (gender, household responsibilities, and flexible work schedule), which
underwent significant changes in the recent past, but fail to identify strong effects of socioeconomic status, the regional and local built environment, or gasoline price.
Subject Area: Commute; Tour; Stop; Trip chaining; US
Availability: Wang, Rui. "The stops made by commuters: evidence from the 2009 US National
Household Travel Survey." Journal of Transport Geography (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692314002415

Daily spatial mobility and transport behaviour in the Czech Republic: pilot
study in the Písek and Bystrice and Pernštejnem regions Stanislav Kraft
Abstract: This study focuses on one of the most important processes in our society: daily
mobility. Its importance has grown over the last decades. From the geographical point of view,
the growing level of mobility has a whole array of geographical causes and impacts. In the first
phase, the study analyses the main features of daily mobility in the Czech Republic based on
official statistics. In the second phase, it evaluates detailed daily mobility research in selected
regions of the Czech Republic through case studies. The monitored regions were Písek and
Bystrice nad Pernštejnem within their administrative regions. It brings new and original
information about daily mobility, transport behaviour, modal split, average travel time, etc. and
their differences evaluated by particular population groups (age, economic activity, gender,
etc.) and by three main mobility measures. The study tries to fill a gap in the research of daily
mobility and transport behaviour in the Czech Republic.
Subject Area: Spatial mobility, Daily mobility, Transport behaviour, Písek, Bystrice nad
Pernštejnem, Czech Republic.
Availability: Kraft, Stanislav. "Daily spatial mobility and transport behaviour in the Czech
Republic: pilot study in the Písek and Bystrice and Pernštejnem regions." (2014).
http://cenars.upol.cz/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/a_82_4_kraft.pdf

The multimodal majority? Driving, walking, cycling, and public transportation
use among American adults Ralph Buehler, & Andrea Hamre
Abstract: Multimodality, the use of more than one mode of transportation during a specified
time period, is gaining recognition as an important mechanism for reducing automobile
dependence by shifting trips from automobiles to walking, cycling, or public transportation.
Most prior research on multimodality focuses on Western European countries. Based on the
2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys, this paper analyzes trends and determinants
of multimodal car use in the U.S. during a typical week by distinguishing between (1)
monomodal car users who drive or ride in a car for all trips, (2) multimodal car users who drive
or ride in a car and also use non-automobile modes, and (3) individuals who exclusively walk,
cycle, and/or ride public transportation. We find that during a typical week a majority—almost
two thirds—of Americans use a car and make at least one trip by foot, bicycle, or public
transportation. One in four Americans uses a car and makes at least seven weekly trips by other
modes of transportation. Results from multinomial and logistic regression analyses suggest
there may be a continuum of mobility types ranging from monomodal car users to walk, bicycle,
and/or public transportation only users—with multimodal car users positioned in-between the
two extremes. Policy changes aimed at curtailing car use may result in movements along this
spectrum with increasing multimodality for car users.
Subject Area: Multimodality, USA Trends 2001–2009, multimodal and monomodal car users,
Walk, bicycle, and public transportation only users, Individual travel behavior
Availability: Buehler, Ralph, and Andrea Hamre. "The multimodal majority? Driving, walking,
cycling, and public transportation use among American adults." Transportation (2014): 1-21.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-014-9556-z

The multimodal majority? Driving, walking, cycling, and public transportation
use among American adults Ralph Buehler, & Andrea Hamre
Abstract: Multimodality, the use of more than one mode of transportation during a specified
time period, is gaining recognition as an important mechanism for reducing automobile
dependence by shifting trips from automobiles to walking, cycling, or public transportation.
Most prior research on multimodality focuses on Western European countries. Based on the
2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys, this paper analyzes trends and determinants
of multimodal car use in the U.S. during a typical week by distinguishing between (1)
monomodal car users who drive or ride in a car for all trips, (2) multimodal car users who drive
or ride in a car and also use non-automobile modes, and (3) individuals who exclusively walk,
cycle, and/or ride public transportation. We find that during a typical week a majority—almost
two thirds—of Americans use a car and make at least one trip by foot, bicycle, or public
transportation. One in four Americans uses a car and makes at least seven weekly trips by other
modes of transportation. Results from multinomial and logistic regression analyses suggest
there may be a continuum of mobility types ranging from monomodal car users to walk, bicycle,
and/or public transportation only users—with multimodal car users positioned in-between the
two extremes. Policy changes aimed at curtailing car use may result in movements along this
spectrum with increasing multimodality for car users.
Subject Area: Multimodality, USA Trends 2001–2009, multimodal and monomodal car users,
Walk, bicycle, and public transportation only users, Individual travel behavior
Availability: Buehler, Ralph, and Andrea Hamre. "The multimodal majority? Driving, walking,
cycling, and public transportation use among American adults." Transportation (2014): 1-21.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-014-9556-z

Incorporating travel behaviour and travel time into TIMES energy system
models Hannah E. Daly, Kalai Ramea, Alessandro Chiodi, Sonia Yeh, Maurizio
Gargiulo, & Brian Ó Gallachóir
Abstract: Achieving ambitious climate change mitigation targets clearly requires a focus on
transport that should include changes in travel behaviour in addition to increased vehicle
efficiency and low-carbon fuels. Most available energy/economy/environment/engineering (E4)
modelling tools focus however on technology and fuel switching and tend to poorly incorporate
mitigation options from travel behaviour, and in particular, switching between modes is not an
option. This paper describes a novel methodology for incorporating competition between
private cars, buses and trains in a least-cost linear optimisation E4 model, called TIMES. This is
achieved by imposing a constraint on overall travel time in the system, which represents the
empirically observed fixed travel time budget (TTB) of individuals, and introducing a cost for
infrastructural investments (travel time investment, TTI), which reduces the travel time of
public transport. Two case studies from California and Ireland are developed using a simple
TIMES model, and results are generated to 2030 for a reference scenario, an investments
scenario and a CO2 emissions reduction scenario. The results show that with no travel time
constraint, the model chooses public transport exclusively. With a travel time constraint, mode
choice is determined by income and investment cost assumptions, and the level of CO2
constraint, with greater levels of public transport in the mitigation scenario. At low travel
investment cost, new rail is introduced for short distances and increased bus capacity for longer
distances. At higher investment costs rail is increasingly chosen for long distances also.
Subject Area: Modal choice; Travel behaviour; Energy systems modelling; Climate mitigation
Availability: Daly, Hannah E., et al. "Incorporating travel behaviour and travel time into TIMES
energy system models." Applied Energy 135 (2014): 429-439.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914008629

Can the built environment influence nonwork activity participation? An
analysis with national data Louis A. Merlin
Abstract: Most of the research on the influence of the built environment on travel has focused
on reducing the impacts of travel, but one of the primary benefits of travel is the opportunity to
engage in activities. This study examines a national travel data set to see if variation in the built
environment can facilitate participation in out-of-the-home, nonwork activities for households.
Although several studies have examined the relationship between the built environment and
nonwork trip generation in the past, none have looked at such a wide range of built
environments as a national data set can provide. Built environment variables are associated
with higher than expected impacts on household participation in nonwork activities, increasing
or decreasing activity levels in the range of 8–47 %, depending largely upon the level of
household vehicle ownership. For households without vehicles, high residential and
employment densities appear to support greater nonwork activity. Households with full access
to vehicles appear to be supported by higher than average residential and employment
densities and mid-range urban and metropolitan area sizes. Interestingly, activity participation
in households with limited vehicle access is for the most part not affected by the built
environment in a statistically significant way. In sum, these results suggest that the built
environment may play a larger role in facilitating activity participation than previously
presumed.
Subject Area: Activity participation; Trip generation; Built environment; Nonwork travel
Availability: Merlin, Louis A. "Can the built environment influence nonwork activity
participation? An analysis with national data." Transportation: 1-19.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-014-9554-1

An Alternative Approach to Network Demand Estimation: Implementation and
Application in Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) Enock T. Mtoi, Ren
Moses, & Eren Erman Ozguven
Abstract: This paper introduces a novel network demand estimation framework consistent
with the input data structure requirements of Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim). The
sources of data are the American Community Survey, US Census Bureau, National Household
Travel Surveys, travel surveys from South East Florida Regional Planning Authority,
OpenStreetMap and Florida Statewide Transportation Engineering Warehouse for Archived
Regional Database. The developed framework employs mathematical and statistical methods to
derive probability density functions and multinomial logit models for activity and location
choices. The implementation of demand estimation process resulted into the creation of
1,200,889 agents (only those using cars). The scenario for the estimated agents was configured
and simulated in MATSim. The results from the simulated scenario resulted in the expected
morning, afternoon and evening traffic patterns as well as the desirable level of agreement
between simulated and observed traffic volumes.
Subject Area: Demand estimation; Multi-agent simulation; MATSim; Smart mobility
Availability: Mtoi, Enock T., Ren Moses, and Eren Erman Ozguven. "An Alternative Approach to
Network Demand Estimation: Implementation and Application in Multi-Agent Transport
Simulation (MATSim)." Procedia Computer Science 37 (2014): 382-389.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050914010229

Long-Distance Work and Leisure Travel Frequencies: Ordered Probit Analysis
Across Non-Distance-Based Definitions Jeffrey J. LaMondia, Lisa Aultman-Hall &
Elizabeth Greene
Abstract: The objective of this research was to isolate the factors influencing non-distancebased definitions of long-distance travel to help long-distance survey makers know which
demographic factors they should query about in their surveys. Instead of the use of a distancebased threshold to define long-distance travel, this study included variations in purpose (e.g.,
work travel or leisure or personal travel), durations (e.g., overnight trips), modes (e.g., intercity
rail or bus), and destinations (e.g., international travel) to consider which demographic,
employment, commute, household, and geographic factors affected the frequency of longdistance travel. The data were from self-reported retrospective surveys collected from
approximately 1,200 participants. Results from ordered probit analysis revealed that education
and income generally increased most types of long-distance travel, whereas having a spouse or
children decreased some types of long-distance travel. In general, limited factors had the same
impact on the work and non-work travel and modes used. Factors also varied by trip type.
Commute and employment factors were valuable even for non-work trip frequency estimation.
The findings suggest that future data collection for long-distance travel can be tailored to
address the specific definition being studied.
Subject Area: long distance travel, surveys
Availability: LaMondia, Jeffrey J., Lisa Aultman-Hall, and Elizabeth Greene. "Long-Distance Work
and Leisure Travel Frequencies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board 2413.1 (2014): 1-12. http://trb.metapress.com/index/RQ8Q61N8U6U43152.pdf

The Built Environment and Car Use in Mexico City Is the Relationship
Changing over Time? Erick Guerra
Abstract: This article explores differences in the relationship between the built environment
and households’ car use in Mexico City in 1994 and 2007. After controlling for income and other
household attributes, population and job density, transit and highway proximity, destination
diversity, intersection density, and accessibility are statistically correlated with households’
weekday car travel in Mexico City. These correlations are generally stronger than those found in
studies from U.S. cities and fairly stable over time. Where correlations have changed, they have
strengthened. Findings suggest that land use planning can play a modest and growing role in
reducing car travel in Mexico City.
Subject Area: transportation; land use; vehicle kilometers traveled; Mexico City; car travel;
urban form
Availability: Guerra, Erick. "The Built Environment and Car Use in Mexico City Is the
Relationship Changing over Time?" Journal of Planning Education and Research (2014):
0739456X14545170.
http://jpe.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/07/11/0739456X14545170.abstract

Walking down the habitual lane: analyzing path dependence effects of mode
choice for social trips Fariya Sharmeena, & Harry Timmermans
Abstract: In the field of transportation, several studies have researched commute mode choice
and its dynamics in the short and in the long term. Relatively less is known about mode choice
for discretionary and more flexible activities, such as social visits. These choices are dynamic
and depend on personal habits and preferences, reflected to some extent in the history of
similar choices. This study adopts the theory of path dependence to take life cycle dynamics
and habitual preferences into account. Using a dataset collected in the Netherlands in 2011, a
multinomial logit model of mode choice was developed. Results suggest that mode choices for
social activities are path dependent, yet not entirely. There is also evidence of switching
towards faster and more flexible modes after a life cycle event.
Subject Area: Mode choice; Social travel; Long term dynamics; Path dependence; Habit and
attitude; Past behavior
Availability: Sharmeen, Fariya, and Harry Timmermans. "Walking down the habitual lane:
analyzing path dependence effects of mode choice for social trips." Journal of Transport
Geography 39 (2014): 222-227.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692314001604

A Tour-Based National Model System To Forecast Long-Distance Passenger
Travel In The United States Maren L. Outwater, Mark Bradley, Nazneen Ferdous,
Chandra Bhat, Ram Pendyala, Stephane Hess, Andrew Daly & Jeff LaMondia
Abstract: Relatively little attention has been paid to the relationship between commute time
variances and city size. In this paper, we utilize 2009 Nationwide Highway Travel Survey data
and test the relationship between area commute-time means as well as variances in
metropolitan-area size. We include tests for metropolitan areas as a whole and for residents
from urban, suburban, second city, and town-and-county areas. The regression analysis shows
that all estimated slopes are statistically significant but not much greater than zero. Commute
time means and variances are highly correlated. These relationships are also invariant with
respect to the place of residence. An extensive collection of literature provides evidence for the
co-location of workers and jobs hypothesis: average commute times do not rise appreciably as
metropolitan population increases. We conclude that these results are additional, although
indirect, evidence for the co-location hypothesis.
Subject Area: Long-Distance Travel, Synthetic Population, Scheduling, Time Use and Activity
Participation, Joint Mode and Destination Choice, Business and Leisure Travel, Tour Frequency
Availability: University of Texas
http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/ABSTRACTS/FHWA_Long_Distance_Passenger_Model.
pdf

A note on commuting times and city size: Testing variances as well as means
Qian An,Peter Gordon, James E. Moore II
Abstract: Relatively little attention has been paid to the relationship between commute time
variances and city size. In this paper, we utilize 2009 Nationwide Highway Travel Survey data
and test the relationship between area commute-time means as well as variances in
metropolitan-area size. We include tests for metropolitan areas as a whole and for residents
from urban, suburban, second city, and town-and-county areas. The regression analysis shows
that all estimated slopes are statistically significant but not much greater than zero. Commute
time means and variances are highly correlated. These relationships are also invariant with
respect to the place of residence. An extensive collection of literature provides evidence for the
co-location of workers and jobs hypothesis: average commute times do not rise appreciably as
metropolitan population increases. We conclude that these results are additional, although
indirect, evidence for the co-location hypothesis.
Subject Area: commute time; city size
Availability: An, Qian, Peter Gordon, and James E. Moore. "A note on commuting times and city
size: Testing variances as well as means." Journal of Transport and Land Use 7.2 (2014).
https://research.cts.umn.edu/index.php/jtlu/article/view/427

Impact of Traffic Images on Route Choice and the Value of Time Estimates in
Stated Preference Surveys Carl E. Harline, & Mark W. Burris
Abstract: A difficult aspect of the use of stated preference (SP) experiments to predict travel
behavior is the proper presentation of attributes and characteristics of hypothetical trips to
respondents. With an increase in the number of transportation choices, the task of concisely
and accurately communicating trip attributes in the SP setting becomes increasingly more
important. Recent attempts to introduce innovative strategies into the SP setting have yielded
techniques to summarize trip attributes more efficiently for respondents. One technique is to
use images of traffic conditions as a supplemental means to summarize average trip speed,
travel time reliability, and degree of congestion. However, little research has been performed
to test the effects of the use of traffic images on models of route choice built from this kind of
SP data. In this research, an SP setting was developed to measure the influence of images of
traffic conditions on SP responses. Pictures of traffic conditions that correlated to average trip
speed were either shown to or withheld from a survey population from Austin, Texas,
depending on random assignment. A panel-effects, mixed, multinomial logit model was built to
estimate the respondent's route choice behavior. Overall, the model parameters discovered no
evidence to support the assertion that traffic image presentation had a statistically significant
effect on route choice with respect to the value of travel time savings or the value of travel time
reliability.
Subject Area: travel survey methods; stated preference; route choice; travel time reliability
Availability: Harline, Carl E., and Mark W. Burris. "Impact of Traffic Images on Route Choice and
the Value of Time Estimates in Stated Preference Surveys." Transportation Research Record:
Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2405.1 (2014): 24-32.
http://trb.metapress.com/index/C0R538W051450754.pdf

Assessing the Impact of Metropolitan-Level, County-Level, and Local-Level
Built Environment on Travel Behavior: Evidence from 19 U.S. Urban Areas
Arefeh Nasri and Lei Zhang
Abstract: Research on land use and travel behavior has been mostly focused on the effects of
local land use as opposed to the overall form of metropolitan area, regional employment
accessibility and growth pattern, and job-housing balance in the whole metro area. The present
work attempts to shed some light on the overlooked impacts of metropolitan-level built
environment on travel behavior. It presents results from structural equations modeling (SEM)
analysis on the basis of data from 19 metropolitan areas across the United States to construct a
systematic cause-effect relationship among macrolevel land use, regional mobility, and travel
behavior. The results provide evidence on the direction and magnitude of these impacts and
confirm the hypothesis that changing land use policies at the neighborhood/local level alone is
not followed by a significant change in people’s travel behavior towards less driving. Effective
land use policies are those which consider the overall form of urban areas and the composition
of jobs and services in the entire region.
Subject Area: Built environment, Metropolitan-level land use, Travel behavior, Vehicle miles
traveled (VMT), Structural equations modeling, Causal effect, Self-selection
Availability: Nasri, Arefeh, and Lei Zhang. "Assessing the Impact of Metropolitan-Level, CountyLevel, and Local-Level Built Environment on Travel Behavior: Evidence from 19 US Urban
Areas." Journal of Urban Planning and Development (2014).
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000226

Household/Zonal Socioeconomic Characteristics And Tour Making: Case Of
Richmond/Tri-Cities Model Region In Virginia Xueming Chen
Abstract: This paper statistically assesses the impacts of household/zonal socio economic
characteristics on tour making within the Richmond/Tri-Cities Model Region, Virginia, United
States, based on the dataset made available through the 2009 Virginia National Household
Travel Survey (NHTS) Add-On Program. The tour analysis distinguishes nine tour types (three
simple tours and six complex tours) stratified by aggregate tour purposes of work (including
school and other subsistence activities), maintenance and discretionary. A series of regression
model runs have yielded the following conclusions: First, at aggregate level, the number of
drivers, median household income, household size, number of workers, and zonal walking
modal share are statistically significant and positively impact tour frequency. Tour length and
complexity are positively related to household income and number of vehicles, but negatively
related to zonal walking modal share. Second, at an individual tour type level, each tour type’s
frequency/length/complexity is impacted by a different set of household/zonal socioeconomic
characteristics. Zonal socioeconomic characteristics have little or no impacts on household tour
making. It is recognized that many unknown factors may also have impacted tour activities,
which require further in-depth studies in order to better explain complex tours.
Subject Area: tour, Richmond/Tri-Cities model region, household and zonal socio-economic
characteristics, regression model
Availability: Xueming, C. H. E. N. "Household/Zonal Socioeconomic Characteristics And Tour
Making: Case Of Richmond/Tri-Cities Model Region In Virginia." Journal of Urban And Regional
Analysis 6.1 (2014): 53-70. http://www.jurareview.ro/2014_6_1/p_53_70.pdf

Peak Travel in a Megacity: Exploring the Role of Infrastructure Saturation on
the Suppression of Automobile Use Andrew Fraser
Abstract: Contrary to many previous travel demand forecasts there is increasing evidence that
vehicle travel in developed countries may be peaking. The underlying causes of this peaking are
still under much debate and there has been a mobilization of research, largely focused at the
national scale, to study the explanatory drivers but research focused at the metropolitan scale,
where transportation policy and planning are frequently decided, is relatively thin. Additionally,
a majority of this research has focused on changes within the activity system without
considering the impact transportation infrastructure has on overall travel demand. Using Los
Angeles County California, we investigate Peak Car and whether the saturation of automobile
infrastructure, in addition to societal and economic factors, may be a suppressing factor. After
peaking in 2002, vehicle travel in Los Angeles County in 2010 was estimated at 78 billion and
was 20.3 billion shy of projections made in 2002. The extent to which infrastructure saturation
may contribute to Peak Car is evaluated by analyzing social and economic factors that may have
impacted personal automobile usage over the last decade. This includes changing fuel prices,
fuel economy, population growth, increased utilization of alternate transportation modes,
changes in driver demographics , travel time and income levels. Summation of all assessed
factors reveals there is at least some portion of the 20 billion VMT that is unexplained in all but
the worst case scenario. We hypothesize that the unexplained remaining VMT may be
explained by infrastructure supply constraints that result in suppression of travel. This finding
has impacts on how we see the role of hard infrastructure systems in urban growth and we
explore these impacts in the research.
Subject Area: vehicle travel; Peak car;
Availability: Fraser, Andrew. Peak Travel in a Megacity: Exploring the Role of Infrastructure
Saturation on the Suppression of Automobile Use. Diss. ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, 2014.
http://www.transportationlca.org/losangelesroadways/AndrewFraser_ASU_2014_MastersThes
is.pdf

Out of Prague: a week-long intermodal shift from air to rail transport after
Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull erupted in 2010 Martin Kvizdaa, & Daniel Seidenglanz
Abstract: In April 2010, the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull considerably disrupted air travel across
Europe. The grounding of air transport forced passengers to cancel journeys or find alternative
means of transport. We analyse short-term intermodal shifts as a reaction to sudden changes in
air transport availability. The question addressed is whether, and in what capacity, air
passengers used railways when Prague International Airport was closed. To compare the
degree of intermodal shift in Prague for particular European destinations during the closure, we
calculated an InterModal Shift Index. We concluded that approximately 20% of passengers
travelling to neighbouring countries and 6% of passengers travelling to more distant European
destinations chose rail as an alternative. Following the airport closure, travellers were willing to
choose rail transport as an alternative, but this willingness varies for different countries and
areas.
Subject Area: Intermodal shift; Air transport; Rail transport; Airspace closure; Passenger
behaviour; Transport policy
Availability: Kvizda, Martin, and Daniel Seidenglanz. "Out of Prague: a week-long intermodal
shift from air to rail transport after Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull erupted in 2010." Journal of
Transport Geography 37 (2014): 102-111.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692314000751

Meteorological variation in daily travel behaviour: evidence from revealed
preference data from the Netherlands Lieve Creemers, Geert Wets, & Mario Cools
Abstract: This study investigates the meteorological variation in revealed preference travel
data. The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of weather conditions on
daily activity participation (trip motives) and daily modal choices in the Netherlands. To this
end, data from the Dutch National Travel Household Survey of 2008 were matched to hourly
weather data provided by the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute and were complemented
with thermal indices to indicate the level of thermal comfort and additional variables to
indicate the seasonality of the weather conditions. Two multinomial logit–generalised
estimation equations (MNL-GEE) models were constructed, one to assess the impact of
weather conditions on trip motives and one to assess the effect of weather conditions on
modal choice. The modelling results indicate that, depending on the travel attribute of concern,
other factors might play a role. Nonetheless, the thermal component, as well as the aesthetical
component and the physical component of weather play a significant role. Moreover, the
parameter estimates indicate significant differences in the impact of weather conditions when
different time scales are considered (e.g. daily versus hourly based). The fact that snow does
not play any role at all was unexpected. This finding can be explained by the relatively low
occurrence of this weather type in the study area. It is important to consider the effects of
weather in travel demand modelling frameworks because this will help to achieve higher
accuracy and more realistic traffic forecasts. These will in turn allow policy makers to make
better long-term and short-term decisions to achieve various political goals, such as progress
towards a sustainable transportation system. Further research in this respect should emphasise
the role of weather conditions and activity-scheduling attributes.
Subject Area: Atmospheric Sciences; Climatology; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality;
Control/Air Pollution; Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management
/ Aquatic Pollution
Availability: Creemers, Lieve, Geert Wets, and Mario Cools. "Meteorological variation in daily
travel behaviour: evidence from revealed preference data from the Netherlands." Theoretical
and Applied Climatology (2014): 1-12. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-0141169-0

Human mobility in opportunistic networks: Characteristics, models and
prediction methods Poria Pirozmand, Guowei Wu, Behrouz Jedari, & Feng Xia
Abstract: Opportunistic networks (OppNets) are modern types of intermittently connected
networks in which mobile users communicate with each other via their short-range devices to
share data among interested observers. In this setting, humans are the main carriers of mobile
devices. As such, this mobility can be exploited by retrieving inherent user habits, interests, and
social features for the simulation and evaluation of various scenarios. Several research
challenges concerning human mobility in OppNets have been explored in the literature
recently. In this paper, we present a thorough survey of human mobility issues in three main
groups (1) mobility characteristics, (2) mobility models and traces, and (3) mobility prediction
techniques. Firstly, spatial, temporal, and connectivity properties of human motion are
explored. Secondly, real mobility traces which have been captured using Bluetooth/Wi-Fi
technologies or location-based social networks are summarized. Furthermore, simulation-based
mobility models are categorized and state-of-the art articles in each category are highlighted.
Thirdly, new human mobility prediction techniques which aim to forecast the three aspects of
human mobility, i.e.; users‫ ׳‬next walks, stay duration and contact opportunities are studied
comparatively. To conclude, some major open issues are outlined.
Subject Area: Opportunistic networks; Human mobility characteristics; Real traces; Simulationbased models; Mobility prediction
Availability: Pirozmand, Poria, et al. "Human Mobility in Opportunistic Networks:
Characteristics, Models and Prediction Methods." Journal of Network and Computer
Applications (2014). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804514000587

Modeling the Choice of Time-of-Day for Joint Social-Recreational Tours Lim,
Kwang-Kyun, & Srinivasan, Sivaramakrishnan
Abstract: Joint travel, which is often undertaken to pursue social/recreational activities,
requires temporal synchronization of travel of all members of the travel party. Consequently,
these trips are often scheduled within specific time windows of the day after other constrained
travel (such as mandatory and maintenance related) has been scheduled for all the members in
the travel party. This study presents a two-step approach to the simultaneous modeling of
departure- and arrival- times for such joint tours. The first model predicts a time-window for
pursuing the joint discretionary tour from among all possible windows. The second model
locates the tour within this chosen time window. The data used in this analysis comprised 2,609
joint tours undertaken by couple-adult households obtained from 2009 US National Household
Travel Survey (NHTS). A wide set of explanatory variables (i.e., time window attributes, socioeconomic characteristics, and tour attributes) were considered. Predictive assessments indicate
the ability of the model system to capture the departure and arrival times effectively. Implicitly,
the total tour durations were also determined effectively. Overall, the two-step model system
demonstrated in this study is a simple and parsimonious approach to predicting the time of day
choices for joint tours. In particular, the use of the fractional split model for locating the tour
within the chosen window allows for modeling time of day choices at the continuous scale.
Subject Area: Choice models; Data collection; Time windows; Travel patterns; Travel surveys;
Trip chaining
Availability: Lim, Kwang-Kyun, and Sivaramakrishnan Srinivasan. "Modeling the Choice of Timeof-Day for Joint Social-Recreational Tours." Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual
Meeting. No. 14-5372. 2014. http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1289914

A Tour-Based Analysis on the Interrelationships of Built Environment, Travel
Behavior, and Car Ownership Ding, Chuan; Liu, Chao; Lin, Yaoyu; Ma, Ting
Abstract: In recent years, there is a growing body of literature on exploring how the built
environment affects travel behavior indirectly by affecting intermediating factors (such as car
ownership, travel distance, and tour complexity). The aim of this paper is to provide insight into
the impact of the built environment on tour-based travel behavior, considering car ownership,
travel distance, and tour complexity as intermediating factors simultaneously. By using the
2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data, this paper empirically examined the
effects of the built environment on tour-based personal travel behavior in the MarylandWashington, D.C. Region area. This study also investigated whether and how the influences of
the built environment on travel vary between home-based work tour and home-based nonwork tour. A multiple-group structural equation model (SEM) was employed in this study and
the model results confirmed that the effects of car ownership, travel distance, and tour
complexity on travel behavior are statistically significant and should be considered as mediating
factors when analyzing the relationship between the built environment and travel behavior. It
was also found that the impacts of the built environment on tour-based travel behavior
significantly differ between home-based work tour and non-work tour. These findings can help
planners and policy makers develop a more thorough understanding on how the built
environment influences travel behavior.
Subject Area: Automobile ownership; Structural equation modeling; Travel behavior; Trip
length; Work trips
Availability: Ding, Chuan, et al. "A Tour-Based Analysis on the Interrelationships of Built
Environment, Travel Behavior, and Car Ownership." Transportation Research Board 93rd
Annual Meeting. No. 14-5326. 2014. http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1289884

‘Exceptions’ in Queuing Theory Harpreet Singh, & Muhammad Ghazie Ismail
Abstract: The efficiency of queuing system depends upon the behavior of customer(s) and
server(s). Most of time the problem in queuing system arises due to some unethical behaviors.
An analysis and approximation of queuing models with specific behaviors during various
situations has been covered by many researchers. However, many obscure behaviours factors
and be appealing to queuing models, which are still at large to consider during the study of such
system. There are occasions where ignorance due to cultural background can block the queue
flow. Under those circumstances the ‘exception’ occurs. This paper shall introduce some of
behavioural events that are not in compliance with study of queuing system rules, are termed
as ‘exceptions’. In order to model how the ‘exception’ can overcrowd and extends waiting
times, the probability theory and stochastic process are a part of interesting concepts. A
general purpose probability models formulated to simulates such parameters by considering
certain ‘exceptions’, that finds out, the ‘exceptions’ has major effects on queuing system.
Subject Area: Waiting time; Overcrowding; Erlang; Exception; Non-queue; Delays in queuing
system
Availability: Singh, Harpreet, and Muhammad Ghazie Ismail. "‘Exceptions’ in Queuing Theory."
http://ijcit.com/archives/volume3/issue1/Paper030118.pdf

A New Course: How Innovative University Programs are Reducing Driving on
Campus and Creating New Models for Transportation Tom Van Heeke, Elise
Sullivan & Phineas Baxandall
Abstract: Over the past two decades, colleges and universities have increasingly adopted the
goal of reducing driving as part of their long-term plans to develop healthy, sustainable and
successful institutions. Parking consumes land and is expensive. Reducing driving helps the
environment. Reducing driving helps “town-grown relations. Young people often prefer
communities that are served by multiple transportation options. America’s universities and
colleges are leading the way in developing strategies to reduce driving: free or discounted
access to transit services, programs to promote bicycle use, building new biking and walking
paths, ridesharing initiatives, carsharing programs, distance learning and online resources. The
policies adopted by colleges and universities to reduce driving have impacts that can be felt
beyond campus. Policymakers should learn from the success of college strategies to reduce
driving, and encourage local partnerships to expand transportation options, adopt explicit
strategies to support non-driving modes of transportation and adapt to the transportation
needs of a new generation.
Subject Area: VMT; driving reduction strategies; colleges and universities
Availability: Baxandall, Phineas, and US PIRG Education Fund. "A NEW COURSE." (2014).
http://www.connpirgedfund.org/sites/pirg/files/reports/US_A_New_Course_scrn_0_6.pdf

11. Trend Analysis and Market
Segmentation
An Examination of Recent Trends in Multimodal Travel Behavior Among
American Motorists Ralph Buehler & Andrea Hamre
Abstract: According to national statistics 87% of all trips in the U.S. are by automobile and 90%
of commuters typically get to work by car. Statistics for individual trips or the main mode of
commuting do not capture variability in individual travel behavior over time. This paper uses
the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys to analyze recent trends in the share of
multimodal motorists who use a car and also walk, bicycle, or ride public transport during a day
or week. This paper identifies trends of multimodal behavior among car users in the U.S. and
provides profiles of these multimodal motorists.
During a typical day about 14% of American car users make at least two trips by foot, bicycle, or
public transport, while during a typical week about 25% of motorists make at least 7 trips by
means of transport other than the car. Results from a bivariate analysis and logistic regressions
suggest significant shifts toward more multimodal behavior among motorists between 2001
and 2009. Multimodal motorists tend to be younger, educated beyond high school, in
households without cars, and live in high-density neighborhoods with access to a rail system.
Results suggest that planning for walking, cycling, and public transport benefits a larger
proportion of the U.S. population than suggested by traditional trip based analysis.
Subject Area: multimodal car user, sustainable transport, travel behavior, trends 2001-2009,
USA
Availability: Buehler, Ralph, and Andrea Hamre. "An Examination of Recent Trends in
Multimodal Travel Behavior Among American Motorists." International Journal of Sustainable
Transportation just-accepted (2014).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15568318.2014.945672#.VKq4lpMo5LM

Peer-to-Peer Rental Markets in the Sharing Economy Samuel Fraiberger & Arun
Sundararajan
Abstract: We develop a new dynamic model of peer-to-peer Internet-enabled rental markets
for durable goods in which consumers are heterogeneous in their price sensitivity and asset
utilization rates. We analyze the welfare effects of introducing such a market when consumers
may also trade the durable assets they own in (traditional) secondary markets, while
transaction costs and depreciation rates vary with self-utilization and rental intensity. We
characterize the stationary equilibrium of the model. We then calibrate the model by
combining data about US automobile ownership and usage with 2 years of transaction-level
data we have obtained from a large peer-to-peer car rental marketplace. Our calibration allows
us to project the longer-run welfare and distributional effects of this kind of 'sharing economy'.
Counterfactual analyses show that peer-to-peer rental markets change the allocation of goods
significantly, may diminish asset trade volumes, but increase consumers' surplus. The increase
in consumer surplus is about three times larger for households in the top decile of the price
sensitivity distribution than for households in the bottom decile, which suggests that lowerincome consumers will capture the greater fraction of eventual welfare gains from the sharing
economy.
Subject Area: car sharing; sharing economy; car rental
Availability: Fraiberger, Samuel, and Arun Sundararajan. "Peer-to-Peer Rental Markets in the
Sharing Economy." (2014). http://www.samuelfraiberger.com/s/Sharing_Economy.pdf

Weighing the Effects of Obesity on the Environment Hocheol Jeon & Joseph A.
Herriges
Abstract: Obesity has become a prominent social concern in the U.S. and throughout the
world, increasing the risks of high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and Type 2 diabetes,
and linked to a number of other adverse health conditions. More recently, a number studies
have suggested that the societal impacts of obesity also extend into the environmental arena. It
is argued that obesity can increase gasoline consumption, both directly through the additional
fuel required as passenger weight increases and indirectly through the move towards less fuel
efficient vehicles by obese and overweight individuals. A limitation of the existing research is
that it relies on aggregate data, potentially masking important factors determining vehicle
choice and usage. Moreover, in order to understand the interaction between obesity and
gasoline consumption (and subsequent emissions), it is important to understand the linkages
between obesity on the one hand and both vehicle choice and usage on the other. The goal of
this paper is to address these two shortcomings of the existing literature by drawing on a
unique household level panel data set provided by the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We
model both vehicle choice and usage using a reduced form linear fixed effects model and
controlling for the potential endogeneity of obesity through the use of instrumental variables.
We also compare these results to those obtained using a structural discrete/continuous choice
model similar in spirit to Bento et al.
Subject Area: Obesity; vehicle choice; gasoline consumption
Availability: Jeon, Hocheol, and Joseph A. Herriges. "Weighing the Effects of Obesity on the
Environment." (2014). https://www.aereconference.org/sites/default/files/jobmarket/papers/obesity_11102014.pdf

Where to Fill Up Your Tank in Illinois for Low Gas Prices This Holiday
Weekend Huffington Post
Abstract: More Americans travel around the Thanksgiving holiday than during any other time
of the year. According to the United States Department of Transportation, long-distance travel
during the six-day Thanksgiving holiday period increases 54 percent. That's more even than the
Christmas travel period, when long-distance travel increases only 23 percent.
Subject Area: Gas prices, Illinois
Availability: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/reboot-illinois/where-to-fill-up-yourtan_b_6226742.html

Emerging travel trends, high-speed rail, and the public reinvention of U.S.
transportation Camille Kamga
Abstract: By examining emerging travel trends and the resurgence of rail transport in the
United States, this paper suggests that deploying high-speed rail (HSR) in the U.S. could help
accelerate a transportation paradigm shift that is already underway, increase density, improve
the service and sustainability of transportation, and accelerate economic activity. This shift is
especially notable among young Americans who are driving less, buying fewer cars, and settling
in urban areas where they can walk, bike, and use public transport. Meanwhile, baby boomers,
though driving more than previous generations did at the same age, are joining this urbanizing
trend and, as they grow older, seeking mobility alternatives to car dependence. Other trends,
such as the transformation of society by mobile communication and digital technology, are also
affecting change and forcing planners to re-think the current imbalance of the U.S. transport
system. Using the success revealed by passenger rail services in the Northeast Corridor, this
paper examines how high-speed rail and its station hubs could enhance urbanization and help
to rebalance the three main passenger modes—road, air, and rail—so that each flourishes
within its most sustainable niche. In these ways, the benefits of HSR extend beyond rail service
itself to include this mode's ability to reinvent the transportation system in ways that better
serve the needs of a changing society while urgently addressing livability and sustainability.
Subject Area: High-speed rail; Livability; Sustainability; Environment; Land use; Rail transport
Availability: Kamga, Camille. "Emerging travel trends, high-speed rail, and the public
reinvention of US transportation." Transport Policy 37 (2015): 111-120.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X14002133

Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2009 National Household
Travel Survey with Implications for Sustainability Renne, John L & Bennett, Peter
Abstract: This article summarizes patterns of mobility for urban travel across the United States
based on the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). It examines how patterns vary by
socioeconomics and highlights policy implications of current mobility patterns for creating a
more sustainable society. Key findings include the reaffirmation that over 80 percent of trips in
America are made by automobiles. While vehicle ownership is the most significant factor in
variations in mode use, income, trip purpose, regional variation, race/ethnicity, gender and age
are all factors examined for variation in travel behavior. The paper concludes with
recommendations for promoting a sustainable society through shifting transportation priorities.
Subject Area: Automobile travel; Demographics; Mobility; Modal split; Policy analysis;
Socioeconomic factors; Sustainable development; Travel behavior; Urban travel
Availability: Renne, John L., and Peter Bennett. "Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence
from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey with Implications for Sustainability." World
Transport Policy & Practice 20.4 (2014). http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1326943

The 10 Biggest Factors Changing Millennial Driving Habits Eric Jaffe
Subject Area: millennial driving habits
Availability: Jaffe, Eric; The 10 Biggest Factors Changing Millennial Driving Habits. Nov 14, 2014;
From The Atlantic CITLAB; http://www.citylab.com/commute/2014/11/the-10-biggest-factorschanging-millennial-driving-habits/382763/

Physical activity mediates the relationship between perceived crime safety
and obesity Barbara B. Brown, Carol M. Werner, Ken R. Smith, Calvin P. Tribby, &
Harvey J. Miller
Abstract: Objective. The current cross-sectional study tests whether low perceived crime safety
is associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk and whether less moderate-tovigorous physical activity (MVPA) accounts for part of this relationship. Method. Adults (n=864)
from a relatively low-income and ethnically mixed neighborhood in Salt Lake City UT (2012)
were assessed for perceived crime safety, objective physical activity, and BMI measures.
Results. This neighborhood had lower perceived safety than for other published studies utilizing
this safety measure. In a mediation test, lower perceived crime safety was significantly
associated with higher BMI and greater risk of obesity, net of control variables. Residents with
lower perceived safety had less MVPA. Lower MVPA partially explained the relationship
between less safety and both elevated BMI and higher obesity risk, suggesting that perceiving
less crime safety limits MVPA which, in turn, increases weight. Conclusion. In this
neighborhood, with relatively low perceived safety from crime, residents’ low perceived safety
related to more obesity and higher BMI; lower MVPA among residents explained part of this
relationship. If residents are to become more active in their neighborhood it may be important
to address perceived crime safety as part of broader efforts to enhance active living.
Subject Area: crime safety; body mass index; obesity risk
Availability: Brown, Barbara B., et al. "Physical activity mediates the relationship between
perceived crime safety and obesity." Preventive medicine 66 (2014): 140-144.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743514002229

Explore the relationship between online shopping and shopping trips: An
analysis with the 2009 NHTS data Yiwei Zhoua, & Xiaokun (Cara) Wang
Abstract: The rapid growth of ecommerce brings great changes to the transportation system.
However, most existing studies focus on the impact of ecommerce on freight system. Its impact
on personal trips is relatively less studied. It is reasonable to argue that online shopping reduces
the need of shopping trips by making goods accessible via door-to-door deliveries. On the other
hand, online shopping may also create more shopping trips as online shoppers travel to stores
to experience, compare or pick up the goods. Understanding the connections between online
shopping and shopping trips is critical for transportation planners to prepare for changes that
information technology will continue to bring to this nation in the future. Using the 2009
National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data and a structural equation model (SEM), this
paper disentangles the bidirectional connections between online shopping and shopping trips.
Results show that online shopping encourages shopping trips while shopping trips tend to
suppress the online shopping propensity. Besides, both online shopping and shopping trips are
influenced by exogenous factors such as shoppers’ demographic features, regional specific
factors and household attributes. A closer examination at the state level further confirms model
validity while disclosing spatial variation in their relationship.
Subject Area: Online shopping; E-commerce; Personal trips; NHTS; SEM
Availability: Zhou, Yiwei, and Xiaokun Cara Wang. "Explore the relationship between online
shopping and shopping trips: An analysis with the 2009 NHTS data." Transportation Research
Part A: Policy and Practice 70 (2014): 1-9.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096585641400233X

Assessing Impact of Carsharing on Household Car Ownership in Montreal,
Quebec, Canada Mary G. Y. Klincevicius, Catherine Morency, & Martin Trépanier
Abstract: Carsharing is a service in which members of an organization have access to vehicles
for predetermined periods of time (usually with short duration). One of the main impacts of this
service in a city is said to be the reduction of car ownership. However, most studies used
surveys of carsharing members to evaluate this effect, and these surveys may contain a bias
because of the members' interpretation of reality. This study proposes a first assessment of the
reduction of car ownership in an area served by station-based carsharing service; the study
used historical empirical data describing the population (Canadian census), typical travel
behaviors, and car ownership (origin-destination surveys). Multiple regression models are used
to study the relation between household and individual car ownership and exposure to
carsharing, while controlling for other variables known to also influence ownership. Although
more complex model formulations need to be tested to enhance the analysis, the results
obtained in this analysis using linear regression models indicate that the number of shared
vehicles in a 500-m radius is negatively correlated with car ownership.
Subject Area: carsharing; vehicle ownership; Canadian census; regression
Availability: Klincevicius, Mary GY, Catherine Morency, and Martin Trépanier. "Assessing
Impact of Carsharing on Household Car Ownership in Montreal, Quebec, Canada."
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2416.1 (2014):
48-55. http://trb.metapress.com/index/5200820535203MH2.pdf

Malicious Data Detection in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks Fuad A. Ghaleb, Murad
A. Rassam, & Anazida Zainal
Abstract: Vehicle Ad hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging and promising technology for the
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). VANET can help to increase safety and traf-fic efficiency
in flexible and feasible way. However, disseminating incorrect infor-mation in VANET has wide
range of implications effecting drivers’ behaviors and causing serious, and may be catastrophic,
results. Misbehaving attackers can create traffic illusion to disturb VANET operations as well as
the potential deployment of safety and traffic efficiency applications. In this paper, we studied
the existing ap-proaches for detecting malicious data in VANET. In addition, the importance and
the challenges faced when verifying the correctness of VANET data are discussed. Final-ly, the
drawbacks of existing detection and verification approaches are analyzed.
Subject Area: ITS ; VANET; Misbehavior Detection, Malicious Data Verification
Availability: Ghaleb, Fuad A., Murad A. Rassam, and Anazida Zainal. "Malicious Data Detection
in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks." http://www.ysrgst.org/irict/wpcontent/uploads/2014/10/50.pdf

Fast charging: An in-depth look at market penetration, charging
characteristics, and advanced technologies Rajagopalan, Satis; Maitra, Arindam;
Halliwell, John; Davis, Morgan; & Duvall, Mark
Abstract: Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are now available in many North American and
European markets, with more models expected to become available to consumers in the
coming years. These vehicles will present utilities with opportunities as well as challenges as
their numbers potentially grow to hundreds of thousands of vehicles connected to the electric
grid for charging. In order to support PEV adoption in the market place, it is expected that
consumers will demand faster charge rates especially for the all electric vehicles. Faster charge
rates require higher power electrical charging systems and the infrastructure to support these
fast charging systems. With a view to comprehensively understand the impact of DC fast
charging on the customer as well as the electric utility, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
has been conducting detailed research into the market potential, technical capabilities, and
installation costs. Demand charges and installation costs are currently the most significant
barriers widespread adoption of fast charging. Creating a sustainable business case for fast
charging will require economics that match utilization. This paper will discuss these findings in
depth and will also provide an update on the status of DC fast charging related standards. With
a view to address these shortcomings, EPRI has developed a direct medium-voltage fed all
solid-state fast charging system, the Utility Direct Medium Voltage Fast Charger (UDFC). Such a
system would allow the charging system to be connected directly to the medium voltage
system, offer multiple ports so that total charging capacity can be intelligently shared between
multiple vehicles at once, simplify installation and increase overall system efficiency. This paper
will also present an overview of this concept and its benefits.
Subject Area: Batteries; Connectors; Electric vehicles; Europe; Protocols; Standards
Availability: Rajagopalan, Satish, et al. "Fast Charging: An In-Depth Look at Market Penetration,
Charging Characteristics, and Advanced Technologies."
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6914945

Assessing The Electric Vehicle Charging Network In Washington State Nick
Nigro, Jason Ye, & Matt Frades
Abstract: The Washington State Legislature is interested in exploring government’s role in
fostering new business models that will expand the private sector commercialization of electric
vehicle (EV) charging services. This paper provides an assessment of the existing EV publicly
available charging network in Washington. The paper begins with the challenges of ensuring
adequate access to EV charging infrastructure and identifies the barriers to increasing the
private sector role in expanding charging access. Next, the paper assesses the current state of
publicly available charging infrastructure in the state and identifies where additional
infrastructure may be needed. Finally, the paper investigates specific travel corridors where
private investment could increase EV adoption.
Subject Area: Electric Vehicles; charging infrastructure
Availability: Nigro, Nick, Jason Ye, and Matt Frades. "Assessing the Electric Vehicle Charging
Network in Washington State." Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (2014).
http://www.leg.wa.gov/JTC/Documents/Studies/EV/Task1_Final.pdf

The Future Of Fully Automated Vehicles: Opportunities For Vehicle- And RideSharing, With Cost And Emissions Savings Daniel Fagnant and Kara Kockelman
Abstract: Fully automated or autonomous vehicles (AVs) hold great promise for the future of
transportation. By 2020 Google, auto manufacturers and other technology providers intend to
introduce self-driving cars to the public with either limited or fully autonomous capabilities. AVs
may be able to save the U.S. economy up to $37.7 billion in comprehensive costs from safety,
mobility and parking improvements at the 10% market penetration, and potentially up to
$447.1 billion with 90% market penetration. Even with only 10% market share, over 1,000 lives
could be saved annually. However, realizing these potential benefits while avoiding potential
pitfalls requires more than just technology advancements: significant barriers to a successful
rollout include AV costs, liability, security, and privacy.
Once fully self-driving vehicles can safely and legally drive unoccupied on U.S. streets, a
new transportation mode for personal travel looks set to arrive. This new mode is the shared
automated vehicle (SAV), combining on-demand service with self-driving capabilities. This work
simulates a fleet of SAVs operating within the city of Austin, using Austin’s transportation
network and travel demand flows. This model incorporates dynamic ride-sharing (DRS),
allowing two or more travelers with similar origins, destinations and departure times to share a
ride.
Model results indicate that each SAV could replace around 10 conventionally-owned
household vehicles while serving over 56,000 person-trips. SAVs’ ability to relocate while
unoccupied between serving one traveler and the next may cause an increase of 4-8% more
travel; however, DRS can result in reduced overall VMT, given enough SAV-using travelers
willing to ride-share. SAVs should produce favorable emissions outcomes, with an estimated
16% less energy use and 48% lower volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, per person-trip
formerly served by a household vehicle.
Subject Area: Autonomous Vehicles, Automated Vehicles, Car-Sharing, Ride-Sharing, Emissions
Availability: Fagnant, Daniel James. The future of fully automated vehicles: opportunities for
vehicle-and ride-sharing, with cost and emissions savings. University of Texas Diss. 2014.
http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/25932

An Investigation Of Market Sustainability Of Electric Vehicles Wenjing Shen
Abstract: Passenger Vehicles are the primary commute transportation in the United States,
especially in rural and small urban areas. The increasing need of conventional vehicles bring us
critical problems, such as increment of gas demand, climate change and environment pollution.
Although other power sources are suggested in replacing gasoline powered vehicles, for
instance, natural gas and solar, people are more willing to support electric-powered vehicles for
its cleanness and efficiency. This paper looks into the electric vehicle market in the United
States at present, and builds two models to predict the market of electric vehicles by using
historical sales data and factors that might affect the future sales. It also discusses the future of
EV market from investors and consumers’ perspectives
Subject Area: electric vehicle market; sales; investors; consumers
Availability: Shen, Wenjing. An Investigation of Market Sustainability of Electric Vehicles. Diss.
The University of Akron, 2014.
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=akron1408015133&disposition=attachment

Impacts of battery characteristics, driver preferences and road network
features on travel costs of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) for longdistance trips Okan Arslan , Barış Yıldız , & Oya Ekin Karaşan
Abstract: In a road network with refueling and fast charging stations, the minimum-cost driving
path of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) depends on factors such as location and
availability of refueling/fast charging stations, capacity and cost of PHEV batteries, and driver
tolerance towards extra mileage or additional stopping. In this paper, our focus is long-distance
trips of PHEVs. We analyze the impacts of battery characteristics, often-overlooked driver
preferences and road network features on PHEV travel costs for long-distance trips and
compare the results with hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. We investigate the
significance of these factors and derive critical managerial insights for shaping the future
investment decisions about PHEVs and their infrastructure. In particular, our findings suggest
that with a certain level of deployment of fast charging stations, well established cost and
emission benefits of PHEVs for the short range trips can be extended to long distance. Drivers‫׳‬
stopping intolerance may hamper these benefits; however, increasing battery capacity may
help overcome the adverse effects of this intolerance.
Subject Area: PHEV economics; Fast charging stations; Long-distance travel; Driving patterns;
Charging strategies
Availability: Arslan, Okan, Barış Yıldız, and Oya Ekin Karaşan. "Impacts of battery characteristics,
driver preferences and road network features on travel costs of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
(PHEV) for long-distance trips." Energy Policy (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421514004686

Why Americans are driving less? Teeparthi Ramya
Abstract: Since 2007 car ridership in the US has been declining at a rate of over 93 million miles
per year. Taking population growth (0.07 percent) into consideration, this development raises
questions about the future of automobile dependence in America (Puentes, 2012). Several
studies identify the influence of changing lifestyle attitudes and increased use of information
technology as reasons behind this drop in per capita travel. Yet little research has focused on
the possible association between age, telecommunications and annual mileage. This thesis
looks at differences in driving trends between different generations and their potential
implications for overall American transportation services and the US economy. In particular the
paper addresses the question whether age, belonging to the millennial generation, leads to a
drop in miles driven. Using National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data from 2009, I examine
the relationship between different generations and annual mileage. I hypothesize that changes
in the habits of the younger population is primarily driving the drop in car ridership. I find that
Internet use has no significant relationship with car ridership, there is a statistically significant
negative relationship between the millennial generation and car ridership. Due to the auto
dependence evident in American society, this reduction in driving for the millennial generation
could not only affect road congestion, but in long term lead to paradigm shifts in overall urban
and economic policy.
Subject Area: car ridership; millennials
Availability: Teeparthi, Ramya. Why Americans Are Driving Less?. Diss. Georgetown University,
2014. http://gradworks.umi.com/15/55/1555409.html

The Political Consequences of Spatial Policies: How Interstate Highways
Facilitated Geographic Polarization Clayton Nall
Abstract: In the postwar era, Republican voters have become increasingly more likely than
Democratic voters to live in non-urban counties, and the two parties distributed across
increasingly distinct geographic enclaves. Public policies that shape geographic space have been
a major contributor to this geographic polarization. This article examines the effect of the
Interstate Highway System, the largest public works project in American history, on this
phenomenon. Drawing on a historical database of postwar U.S. highway construction since
passage of 1956 highway legislation, it shows that suburban counties with Interstate became
more Republican than they would have otherwise, primarily in the less urbanized South and
where highways were built earlier. Metropolitan areas with denser Interstate networks also
became more polarized. Analysis of the Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study (1965-1997)
reveals individual-level mechanisms underlying these changes: suburbs along Interstates
facilitated white flight and became home to more affluent residents, reinforcing partisan
geographic polarization.
Subject Area: spatial policy; interstate highway history
Availability: Nall, Clayton. "The Political Consequences of Spatial Policies: How Interstate
Highways Facilitated Geographic Polarization." Stanford (2014).
http://web.stanford.edu/~nall/docs/nall--ident9.6.pdf

Advanced Vehicle Powertrain Design Using Model-Based Design David Andrew
Ord
Abstract: The use of alternative fuels and advanced powertrain technologies has been
increasing over the past few years as vehicle emissions and fuel economy have become
prominent in both manufacturer needs and consumer demands. With more hybrids emerging
from all automotive manufacturers, the use of computer modeling has quickly taken a lead in
the testing of these innovative powertrain designs. Although on-vehicle testing remains an
important part of the design process, modeling and simulation is proven to be an invaluable
tool that can be applied anywhere from preliminary powertrain design to controller software
validation.
Subject Area: model-based design, hybrid electric vehicle, plug-in, architecture selection,
greenhouse gases, petroleum, fuel economy, powertrain modeling
Availability: Ord, David Andrew. Advanced Vehicle Powertrain Design using Model-Based
Design. Diss. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2014.
http://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/49106

Excess passenger weight impacts on US transportation systems fuel use
(1970–2010) Michelle Tom, Paul Fischbeck,& Chris Hendrickson
Abstract: Over the past 40 years, the percentage of the US population that is overweight and
obese has increased significantly, with nearly 70% of American adults now overweight or obese
(National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 2013). The excess weight that Americans are
carrying is taking a toll on the social and physical infrastructure of the country, and may also be
counteracting the efforts of industries and policymakers to move towards a more energy
efficient and sustainable future. This article analyzes the transportation industry to determine
the amount of additional fuel use, greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel costs that are attributed
to excess passenger weight in light-duty vehicles, transit vehicles, and passenger aircraft in the
US from 1970 to 2010. Using driving and passenger information in the US and historical
anthropometric data, it is estimated that since 1970 over 205 billion additional liters of fuel
were consumed to support the extra weight of the American population. This is equivalent to
1.1% of total fuel use for transportation systems in the United States. Also, excess passenger
weight results in an extra 503 million metric tonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide emissions and
$103 billion of additional fuel cost over the last four decades. If overweight and obesity rates
continue to increase at its current pace, cumulative excess fuel use could increase by 460 billion
liters over the next 50 years, resulting in an extra 1.1 billion metric tonnes of equivalent carbon
dioxide and $200 billion of additional fuel costs by the year 2060.
Subject Area: Overweight; Obesity; Transportation; Fuel use; GHG emissions; Fuel cost
Availability: Tom, Michelle, Paul Fischbeck, and Chris Hendrickson. "Excess passenger weight
impacts on US transportation systems fuel use (1970–2010)." Journal of Transport & Health
(2014). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221414051400036X

Development and Application Of A Network-Based Shared Automated Vehicle
Model In Austin, Texas Daniel Fagnant & Kara M. Kockelman
Abstract: The emergence of self-driving vehicles holds great promise for the future of
transportation. While it will still be a number of years before fully self-driving vehicles can
safely and legally drive unoccupied on U.S. street, once this is possible, a new transportation
mode for personal travel looks set to arrive. This new mode is the shared automated vehicle
(SAV), combining features of short term rentals with the vehicles’ powerful automated selfdriving capabilities. This investigation examines SAVs’ potential implications at a low level of
market penetration (1.3% of regional trips) by simulating a fleet of SAVs serving travelers in
Austin, Texas’ 12-mile by 24-mile regional core. The simulation uses a synthetic population
derived from the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization’s regional planning model
trip tables to generate demand across zone origins, destinations and departure times. CAMPO’s
regional transportation network is also used, with link-level travel times varying by time of day
in response to congestion, with average hourly travel speeds estimated using Nagel and
Axhausen’s (2013) MATSim agent-based dynamic traffic assignment simulation software.
Results show that each SAV is able to replace around 8.5 to 10 conventional vehicles while still
maintaining a reasonable level of service (as proxied by user wait times). Additionally,
approximately 18.5 to 20 percent more vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) may be generated, due to
SAVs journeying unoccupied to the next traveler, or relocating to a more favorable position in
anticipation of next-period demand.
Subject Area: self-driving vehicle; shared automated vehicle
Availability: Fagnant, Daniel J., and Kara M. Kockelman. "The travel and environmental
implications of shared autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios."
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 40 (2014): 1-13.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X13002581

The Travel And Environmental Implications Of Shared Autonomous Vehicles,
Using Agent-Based Model Scenarios Daniel Fagnant & Kara M. Kockelman
Abstract: Carsharing programs that operate as short-term vehicle rentals (often for one-way
trips before ending the rental) like Car2Go and ZipCar have quickly expanded, with the number
of U.S. users doubling every one to two years over the past decade. Such programs seek to shift
personal transportation choices from an owned asset to a service used on demand. The advent
of autonomous or fully self-driving vehicles will address many current carsharing barriers,
including users’ travel to access available vehicles. This work describes the design of an agentbased model for Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV) operations, the results of many case-study
applications using this model, and the estimated environmental benefits of such settings,
versus conventional vehicle ownership and use. The model operates by generating trips
throughout a grid-based urban area, with each trip assigned an origin, destination and
departure time, to mimic realistic travel profiles. A preliminary model run estimates the SAV
fleet size required to reasonably service all trips, also using a variety of vehicle relocation
strategies that seek to minimize future traveler wait times. Next, the model is run over onehundred days, with driverless vehicles ferrying travelers from one destination to the next.
During each 5-minute interval, some unused SAVs relocate, attempting to shorten wait times
for next-period travelers.
Subject Area: car sharing; shared autonomous vehicle
Availability: Fagnant, Daniel J., and Kara M. Kockelman. "The travel and environmental
implications of shared autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios."
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 40 (2014): 1-13.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X13002581

An Exploration of Short-Term Vehicle Usage Decisions Jaime R. Angueira
Abstract: Vehicle choice decisions are important to consider because they have implications on
fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Much research has been done in the past
regarding the types of vehicles that people own and how much they use each vehicle on annual
basis. However, these are all long-term vehicle choice decision, and very little research has
been done to explore short-term decisions. Short term decisions provide information about
how much vehicles in the household are being used at a day level. In addition to the capturing
the role of socio-demographics and economic factors on the short term vehicle choices, the fine
scale temporal analysis allows for exploring the relationship between vehicle choices and daily
activity-travel engagement decisions which shape the selection and use of different vehicles in
the household fleet. In the context of the short-term vehicle choices, there are two important
choices to consider: the vehicle chosen from the household fleet to pursue the trip and the
distance traveled. Further, there are important interrelationships between these two variables
namely, vehicle choice may affect distance or distance may affect vehicle choice. Depending on
the directionality of this relationship, there are different policy implications. It is important to
understand these short-term decisions and their interrelationships so as to make informed
decisions for creating efficient transportation systems, reducing fuel use, and decreasing
greenhouse gas emissions. To explore the relationship between distance and vehicle type, data
from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) was used. The thesis is divided into
two parts. In the first part, findings from the examination of distance and vehicle type choice
dimensions are presented. This section also explores the potential interrelationships between
the choice dimensions. Further, the section also discusses findings from a comparative analysis
of differences in vehicle choice behaviors across three metropolitan areas namely New York,
Los Angeles, and Washington. The second part of the thesis explored the possibility that not
one but both interdependencies could hold true but each for a different subgroup of the
population to explain the short-term vehicle choice and usage behaviors. To this end, a latent
segmentation approach was used to model both interdependencies and the corresponding
interrelationships between vehicle type choice and distance within the same modeling
framework. Both studies provide statistically significant and plausible results. Further, the
results provide evidence in support of the importance of short-term vehicle choices and the
importance of them in planning and policy analysis.
Subject Area: short term vehicle choice
Availability: Angueira, Jaime R. "An Exploration of Short-Term Vehicle Usage Decisions." (2014).
http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/548/

A parametric study of light-duty natural gas vehicle competitiveness in the
United States through 2050 Meghan B. Peterson, Garrett E. Barter, Todd H. West, &
Dawn K. Manley
Abstract: We modeled and conducted a parametric analysis of the US light-duty vehicle (LDV)
stock to examine the impact of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) as they compete with electric
vehicles, hybrids, and conventional powertrains. We find that low natural gas prices and
sufficient public refueling infrastructure are the key drivers to NGV adoption when matched
with availability of compressed natural gas powertrains from automakers. Due to the time and
investment required for the build out of infrastructure and the introduction of vehicles by
original equipment manufacturers, home natural gas compressor sales and bi-fuel NGVs serve
as bridge technologies through 2030. By 2050, however, NGVs could comprise as much as 20%
of annual vehicle sales and 10% of the LDV stock fraction. We also find that NGVs may displace
electric vehicles, rather than conventional powertrains, as they both compete for consumers
that drive enough miles such that fuel cost savings offset higher purchase costs. Due to this
dynamic, NGVs in our LDV stock model offer little to no greenhouse gas emissions reduction as
they displace lower emission powertrains. This finding is subject to the uncertainty in efficiency
technology progression and the set of powertains and fuels considered.
Subject Area: Natural gas vehicle; Compressed natural gas; Greenhouse gas emission
Availability: Peterson, Meghan B., et al. "A parametric study of light-duty natural gas vehicle
competitiveness in the United States through 2050." Applied Energy 125 (2014): 206-217.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626191400302X

Agent-based Modeling and Simulation for the Pricing Strategy of the Electric
Vehicle Battery Switching Station Peng Han, Jinkuan Wang, Yinghua Han and Yan
Li
Abstract: The pricing strategy is critical for the construction and operation of the battery
switching stations as well as the service quality to the EV owners. In this paper, operation cost
of the battery switching station is firstly analyzed, and then an agent-based model of the
battery switching service is proposed, which enables the observation of the EV refueling
request, the simulation of the battery switching station, and the assessment of different pricing
strategies. Furthermore, considering the current high cost of the EV batteries and their quality
decreasing due to recharging times, this paper proposed a battery condition- based pricing
strategy. And developed a 3D simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed
model and the performance of the pricing strategy. Simulation denotes that the model can well
reveal the driving mode of the EV owners and the battery conditions, which will be of
significant meanings in making decisions about the configuration of the station and the pricing
strategy. And due to the fluctuation in the battery quality in the simulation, the cost of the
battery is dominant in the cost of the station compared with the cost of the electricity, and the
proposed pricing is a preferred way in making up the battery cost of the station while providing
a fair service for the EV owners.
Subject Area: Electric Vehicle; Battery Switching Station; Battery Condition; Agent-based
Modeling; Pricing Strategy
Availability: Han, Peng, et al. "Agent-based Modeling and Simulation for the Pricing Strategy of
the Electric Vehicle Battery Switching Station⋆." Journal of Computational Information Systems
10.7 (2014): 2803-2812. http://www.jofcis.com/publishedpapers/2014_10_7_2803_2812.pdf

Incorporating heterogeneity to forecast the demand of new products in
emerging markets: Green cars in China Lixian Qiana, & Didier Soopramanien
Abstract: Emerging markets are becoming increasingly important for many companies and it is
not surprising to see that an increasing number of new products, especially technology
products, are now being launched in these markets fairly quickly after they are launched in
Western markets. However, most of the research on forecasting demand for new products
focuses on developed markets. Marketing managers in multinational companies may therefore
be tempted to use models that have been applied in developed markets to forecast demand of
new products in emerging markets. However, there is ample evidence that supports the
contention that emerging markets are different to markets in developed economies. This
research proposes a dynamic segmentation approach to forecast demand that explicitly
incorporates heterogeneity of consumers within and across segments: a key distinguishing
feature of emerging markets. The research is applied in the context of the Chinese green car
market but can be replicated for other products and in similar market conditions.
Subject Area: New product forecasting; Emerging markets; Market segmentation; Preference
heterogeneity; Market dynamics; Green cars
Availability: Qian, Lixian, and Didier Soopramanien. "Incorporating heterogeneity to forecast
the demand of new products in emerging markets: Green cars in China." Technological
Forecasting and Social Change (2014).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162514000390

An Analysis of Possible Energy Impacts of Automated Vehicles Austin Brown,
Jeffrey Gonder, and Brittany Repac
Abstract: Automated vehicles (AVs) are increasingly recognized as having the potential to
decrease carbon dioxide emissions and petroleum consumption through mechanisms such as
improved efficiency, better routing, and lower traffic congestion, and by enabling advanced
technologies (such as greater vehicle electrification). However, some impacts of AVs have the
potential to increase fuel consumption through possible effects such as longer distances
traveled, increased use of transportation by underserved groups, and increased travel speeds.
The net effect on greenhouse gas emissions and petroleum use is still uncertain. Here we make
initial estimates of the range of energy impacts possible due to widespread adoption of AVs. To
do this, we collect available estimates for the energy impacts of ten potential effects of AVs. We
then use a modified Kaya Identity approach to estimate the overall range of possible effects.
Depending on the specific effects that come to pass, there is a wide range of potential energy
outcome scenarios. Therefore, widespread AV deployment can lead to dramatic fuel savings,
but has the potential for unintended consequences.
Subject Area: automated vehicles; vehicle electrification; Kaya Identity approach
Availability: Brown, Austin, Jeffrey Gonder, and Brittany Repac. "An Analysis of Possible Energy
Impacts of Automated Vehicles."
http://assets.conferencespot.org/fileserver/file/64302/filename/14-5077.pdf

Making advanced travel forecasting models affordable through model
transferability John L. Bowman, Mark Bradley, Joe Castiglione, & Supin L. Yoder
Abstract: The research objective is to empirically test the transferability of activity-based (AB)
models between regions. Using 2008-2009 National Household Travel Survey data, AB models
are estimated simultaneously for six regions, in California and Florida. Statistical tests are
applied to identify regional differences in the models. Tests reject the hypothesis that models
based on data from different regions are identical, but most individual coefficients are not
significantly different from region to region. There is evidence of model similarity among
regions, but small sample sizes prevent strong conclusions. Estimability improves with larger
survey samples; 6,000 households provide much better information for estimating coefficients
than samples of size 2,500 or less. Thus, although estimation of models using a large local
sample is best, it is better to transfer models built using a large sample from a similar region
than to estimate new models using a much smaller local sample. However, local survey data is
needed for calibrating components of the model. Four specific transferability hypotheses are
tested, with results as follows: (1) Supported: Variables that apply to population segments
defined by characteristics of individuals or their situational context (segment-specific variables)
are more transferable than variables that apply to all individuals. (2) Not supported: Segmentspecific variables are more transferable than alternative-specific constants. (3) Strongly
supported: Models that deal with activity generation and scheduling are more transferable than
models that deal with mode choice and location choice. (4) Inconclusive: Models for different
regions within the same state are more transferable than models from different states.
Subject Area: transferability; activity-based models;
Availability: Bowman, John L., et al. "Making advanced travel forecasting models affordable
through model transferability." Final Report, Prepared for Federal Highway Administration, US
Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (2013).
https://www.fbo.gov/spg/DOT/FHWA/OAM/DTFH61-11-C-00023/listing.html