1024-0254 Part A-10-6-2016.NPS_FINAL

Supporting Statement A

National Park Service Centennial National Household Survey

Pretest: Cognitive Interviews and Household Survey

OMB Control Number 1024-0254

General Instructions

A completed Supporting Statement A must accompany each request for approval of a collection of information. The Supporting Statement must be prepared in the format described below, and must contain the information specified below. If an item is not applicable, provide a brief explanation. When the question “Does this ICR contain surveys, censuses, or employ statistical methods?” is checked "Yes," then a Supporting Statement B must be completed. OMB reserves the right to require the submission of additional information with respect to any request for approval.

1. Explain the circumstances that make the collection of information necessary. Identify any legal or administrative requirements that necessitate the collection.

2016 marks the 100th anniversary of the National Park Service (NPS) and the fifth year since the last comprehensive survey. This is a defining moment that offers an opportunity to reflect on and celebrate our accomplishments as we move forward into a new century of stewardship and engagement. As we prepare for our centennial anniversary, discussions concerning the relevancy of the National Parks have ignited the need for a third comprehensive survey that will provide data that can be compared to the results of the last survey.

The first Comprehensive Survey of the American Public (CSAP1) was conducted in 2000 by Northern Arizona University. In 2006, The NPS Social Science Branch sponsored the second iteration of the survey (CSAP2). The surveys were designed to obtain information on public attitudes and behaviors related to programs and services provided by national parks, as well as on demographic characteristics of recent visitors and non-visitors to the National Park System¹. Telephone interviews with more than 4,000 respondents across the United States provided information. Both surveys addressed visitor and non-visitor’s behavior, perception, and knowledge related to the services and recreation opportunities offered in sites managed by the NPS.

On August 24^th, 2006, President Bush issued a memorandum to Secretary Kempthorne calling on NPS to further enhance the national parks during the decade leading up to the 2016 centennial celebration. In his August 24 memorandum, the President stated:

Therefore, I direct you to establish specific performance goals for our national parks that when achieved, will help prepare them for another century of conservation, preservation, and enjoyment. These goals should integrate the assessments of the past five years used in monitoring natural resources and improving the condition of park facilities.

In 2007, Secretary Kempthorne proposed five overarching goals to guide the NPS over the next nine years leading up to its 100th anniversary:

• Lead America in preserving and restoring treasured resources.

• Demonstrate environmental leadership to the nation.

• Offer superior recreational experiences where visitors explore and enjoy nature and the great outdoors, culture, and history.

• Foster exceptional learning opportunities connecting diverse groups of people to parks.

• Achieve management and partnership excellence to match the magnificence of the treasures entrusted to its care.

These goals were intended to enhance the future and relevancy of the NPS. All parks and programs were mandated to develop strategic plans that would embrace these goals to enhance the public’s experiences and level of awareness of our agency. With this in mind, we propose that a third iteration of the Comprehensive Survey of the American Public be conducted. This survey will include questions from the original surveys as well as updated questions that can be used to provide views from a national audience concerning the current relevancy of the NPS that would otherwise be unavailable.

Finally, this request is to reinstate OMB Control Number 1024-0254 that was discontinue in 2010 upon the completion of the previous iteration. The content of this current submission is sufficiently different enough to necessitate a request approval to pretest questions and survey length before requesting approval for the final survey. This request serves the following purposes: 1) to conduct no more than 30 cognitive telephone interviews to validate new questions that were not used in the CSAP1 and 2 surveys; 2) pretest the full version of the survey using more than 90 scripted telephone interviews to estimate respondent burden and inform any modifications to the questions and methodology such that the final survey can be administered in about 18 minutes.

At the conclusion of the pretest, the NPS will submit a revised version of this ICR that will include the final version of the survey and explanations of the statistical methods that will be used to collected and analyze the data. This subsequent request will include updated supporting statements (Parts A and B) and the final version of the survey instrument that will be used to conduct the National Park Service Centennial National Household Survey.

Legal Authorities:

• Organic Act of 1916 (54 USC 100101)

• National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998 ( 16 U.S.C. §5931-5937)

2. Indicate how, by whom, and for what purpose the information is to be used. Except for a new collection, indicate the actual use the agency has made of the information received from the current collection. Be specific. If this collection is a form or a questionnaire, every question needs to be justified.

Specific to the NPS Centennial goal of achieving relevance in our second century² by connecting with and creating the next generation of visitors this survey will be used to provide information needed to understand the American public’s relationship with the NPS. We are particularly interested in knowing how the National Park System is perceived by visitors and non-visitors as well as the youth around the country. This survey will be instrumental in our agency’s quest to develop programs and missions that will make the Park System more relevant for generations to come.

In 2000, the NPS, in association with Northern Arizona University’s Social Research Laboratory, conducted a survey (CSAP1) of a representative sample of all U.S. adults, including non-visitors to NPS units. More than 3,500 households nationwide were interviewed by telephone on subjects covering: frequency of visiting national park units, reasons for not visiting, cost of traveling to a park, and attitudes toward various park management policies. In 2008, the NPS in cooperation with the University of Wyoming’s Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center (WYSAC) conducted the CSAP2 to address new questions and issues such as public attitudes and behaviors related to programs and services provided by the NPS that were not covered in the 2000 version of the survey. The information from both surveys were combined to provide input that was used to develop strategic plans and programs system-wide.

This proposed collection is intended to pretest additional topics that were not covered in the previous surveys. These questions are based upon outcomes of the recent goals set for³ by the NPS director’s Call to Action for 2016.

This is a request for the approval to pretest the following elements of this collection:

1) Cognitive interviews: We will use telephone interviews to determine if the word use and sequence are perceived and understood as intended. Based upon respondent comprehension and responses we will refine, clarify, or eliminate questions and these findings will be used to prepare for the second step of the pre-testing process—survey pretest.

2) Household Survey pretest: Using the revised survey questions, we will conduct a telephone survey of a random sample of U.S. residents (adults) to determine respondent burden, response rate, and to inform any additional modifications to the questions and methodology.

3. Youth Engagement Survey: In addition to surveying adults, we will also plan to pretest a separate survey designed for youth (ages 12-17) living in the same households. This is a new addition to the previous versions (CSAP1 and CSAP2). The pretest will be used to assess feasibility of the approach and measure respondent burden.

4. Non-response Survey: During the telephone contacts we will ask a series of questions to all potential respondents that refuse to participate in the full survey. The non-response survey will not be used at this point to determine bias; however, it will be used to determine the feasibility of the approach to test for non-response bias.

Questions retained from CSAP1 and 2 will be used to underpin the fundamental theme of the survey and were deemed as necessary to generate comparable trend data. Additionally, the current version will include questions that will measure the value of current NPS programs that were not in place during the 2000 and 2008 surveys. The purpose of each survey section is summarized in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Summary of Survey Sections and their Intended Purpose

Section	The purpose of the questions in each section
Household Survey
Introduction	The first question in this section will be used to gauge overall satisfaction with the quality of services offered by the NPS. This question will be asked of all respondents regardless of their level of visitation and will be used to assess the public’s opinion of how well the NPS is managing national park sites. In addition, this section identifies respondent location of residency, age, and the number of children between 12 and 17 living in the home. The response to this question will be used to prompt the request for participation in the Youth Survey.
Park Visitation	In this Section we will establish visitor and non-visitor sub-samples. By using the same definition for visitor used in CSAP1. For the purposes of this study, a visitor is defined as a person who visited a National Park within the past two years, and who was able to correctly name the park they last visited we will be able to determine the replicability of the question. All respondents will be asked about their intention to visit a national park in the next 12 months. Questions of visitors (only) will be used to elicit responses related to: reasons for the last visit, resources used to plan the last visit, the use and importance of in-park programs and services, willingness-to-pay for park visitation, and NPS relevancy.
Non-Visitation	For the purpose of this collection, Non-visitor is defined as those who have never visited, those whose last visit was over two years ago, or those who visited in the last two years but were unable to correctly name a unit of the National Park System. Questions will be asked to assess the various reasons for lack of visitation to National Park sites.
Program Awareness	Questions in this section will be used to understand respondents’ engagement with NPS programs outside of traditional park visits. The questions will also explore the level of relevance these programs have to the public. The programs covered are education, preservation, conservation, and recreation.
Demographics	Questions in this section will estimate the representativeness of the sample, to enable proper weighting of the final data set and to allow for cross sectional analysis of the data.
Youth Engagement Survey
	Questions in this survey will measure youth (aged 12 to 17 years old) visitation to units of the National Park System, assess engagement with online content offered by NPS, and personal experience with both. Demographic questions include age and gender.
Non-Response Survey
	Questions in this survey will be used to test for the presence of non-response bias.
Cognitive Interviews
	Questions in this survey will be used to test if question wording and answer choices in the pretest are perceived by respondents as intended.

3. Describe whether, and to what extent, the collection of information involves the use of automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology, e.g., permitting electronic submission of responses, and the basis for the decision for adopting this means of collection. Also describe any consideration of using information technology to reduce burden and specifically how this collection meets GPEA requirements.

Both the cognitive interviews and the survey pretest will be conducted as telephone interviews and all information will be collected using a Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) system. The CATI system has survey management functionality to log interviewer activity, schedule repeat calls, select interviewees randomly, remove numbers from the call queue, and produce operational reports. CATI permits direct data entry in an electronic format (reducing processing, data entry error, time and costs) thereby offering quick data turnaround. Coding procedures can be programmed into the computer. This not only reduces the costs of office coding, but also allows for better data quality.

4. Describe efforts to identify duplication. Show specifically why any similar information already available cannot be used or modified for use for the purposes described in Item 2 above.

There is no duplication of efforts or information. Although the NPS conducts more than 20 information collections per year, this is the only national survey funded for the purpose of providing both visitors and non-visitors an opportunity to help the NPS improve their efforts at reaching new audiences.

Other federal recreation surveys, such as the National Survey of Hunting, Fishing, and Wildlife-associated Recreation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) and the National Survey of Recreation and the Environment (U.S. Forest Service), provide information on outdoor recreation participation in general, but do not provide information that can be used to understand the issues of relevancy and the public’s perception of the NPS.

5. If the collection of information impacts small businesses or other small entities, describe any methods used to minimize burden.

This information collection will not impact small businesses or other small entities.

6. Describe the consequence to Federal program or policy activities if the collection is not conducted or is conducted less frequently, as well as any technical or legal obstacles to reducing burden.

The NPS recognizes that it must address the lack of diversity among visitors to National Park sites. A component of the NPS Centennial Initiative calls for an agency-wide commitment to reaching new audiences. The consequences of not collecting this information will be three-fold: 1) the NPS will continue to rely on dated anecdotal information and urban legends concerning the under-representation of diverse groups not visiting National Parks, 2) the NPS will not have reliable information that will represent the views and opinions of the general public during its centennial anniversary, and 3) the NPS will continue to rely on information that is more than 15 years old to evaluate its relevancy among visitors and non-visitors.

7. Explain any special circumstances that would cause an information collection to be conducted in a manner:

* requiring respondents to report information to the agency more often than quarterly;

* requiring respondents to prepare a written response to a collection of information in fewer than 30 days after receipt of it;

* requiring respondents to submit more than an original and two copies of any document;

* requiring respondents to retain records, other than health, medical, government contract, grant-in-aid, or tax records, for more than three years;

* in connection with a statistical survey, that is not designed to produce valid and reliable results that can be generalized to the universe of study;

* requiring the use of a statistical data classification that has not been reviewed and approved by OMB;

* that includes a pledge of confidentiality that is not supported by authority established in statute or regulation, that is not supported by disclosure and data security policies that are consistent with the pledge, or which unnecessarily impedes sharing of data with other agencies for compatible confidential use; or

* requiring respondents to submit proprietary trade secrets, or other confidential information unless the agency can demonstrate that it has instituted procedures to protect the information's confidentiality to the extent permitted by law.

No special circumstances exist.

8. If applicable, provide a copy and identify the date and page number of publication in the Federal Register of the agency's notice, required by 5 CFR 1320.8(d), soliciting comments on the information collection prior to submission to OMB. Summarize public comments received in response to that notice [and in response to the PRA statement associated with the collection over the past three years] and describe actions taken by the agency in response to these comments. Specifically address comments received on cost and hour burden.

Describe efforts to consult with persons outside the agency to obtain their views on the availability of data, frequency of collection, the clarity of instructions and recordkeeping, disclosure, or reporting format (if any), and on the data elements to be recorded, disclosed, or reported.

Consultation with representatives of those from whom information is to be obtained or those who must compile records should occur at least once every 3 years — even if the collection of information activity is the same as in prior periods. There may be circumstances that may preclude consultation in a specific situation. These circumstances should be explained.

A Federal Register was published on December 24, 2015 (80 FR 80384). This notice announced that we would submit an information collection request to OMB for approval to pretest the 2016 National Household Survey and that the results of the interview will be used to refine the final survey instrument. In that notice, we solicited public comments for 60 days, ending February 22, 2016. We did not receive any comments related to this request. A request to approve the final version of the survey instrument will be submitted to OMB-OIRA at the conclusion of the pretest.

In addition to the Federal Register notice, we conducted a two-day workshop in Washington, D.C. to consult with 20 NPS employees from a wide range of offices and programs. Each individual was invited because of their expertise and knowledge of the goals established by the NPS for stewardship, engagement, and relevancy. We also conducted phone interviews with three NPS program leads who are intimately involved in the program areas of education, preservation, and conservation. Three individuals outside of the agency were asked to review the draft questionnaire based on the expertise in survey research (see Table 2).

Table 2. List of Non Federal Reviewers contacted outside of the agency to provide feedback

Associate Research Scientist, Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center, University of Wyoming

Professor of Statistics, Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center, University of Wyoming

Senior Director, Resource Systems Group (RSG)

These individuals were asked to assess the survey length, understandability of the questions, and overall effectiveness of the questions. These individuals provided feedback concerning the clarity of the questions and approximate length of time it would take to complete the survey. Combined, the peer-reviewers comments indicated the survey was straightforward and that the collection method is well-developed and highly accepted mode of data collection. The reviewers agreed that the estimated time of 25 minutes was a fair assessment of the time needed to complete a cognitive interview and that the estimated time of 25 minutes maximum is a fair assessment of the average duration of the survey pretest. We incorporated all suggested edits made by our reviewers to improve the current version of the instrument.

9. Explain any decision to provide any payment or gift to respondents, other than remuneration of contractors or grantees.

No payments or gifts will be provided to respondents.

10. Describe any assurance of confidentiality provided to respondents and the basis for the assurance in statute, regulation, or agency policy.

No personally identifying information will be obtained from any of those surveyed. The only potential link between the survey responses and any personal identification is their telephone number. However, phone numbers will not be exported from the CATI system. Thus, at no point will telephone numbers be included in the data file containing the results.

We will not provide any assurances of confidentiality. Names and telephone numbers will remain anonymous. Respondent names will not appear in any of our reports or findings. Respondents’ names will not be available to the researchers at any point in time. Thus, all responses will be anonymous. The database containing all contact information used in the pretesting will be completely destroyed at the end of the data collection period.

11. Provide additional justification for any questions of a sensitive nature, such as sexual behavior and attitudes, religious beliefs, and other matters that are commonly considered private. This justification should include the reasons why the agency considers the questions necessary, the specific uses to be made of the information, the explanation to be given to persons from whom the information is requested, and any steps to be taken to obtain their consent.

No questions of a sensitive nature will be asked.

12. Provide estimates of the hour burden of the collection of information. The statement should:

* Indicate the number of respondents, frequency of response, annual hour burden, and an explanation of how the burden was estimated. Unless directed to do so, agencies should not conduct special surveys to obtain information on which to base hour burden estimates. Consultation with a sample (fewer than 10) of potential respondents is desirable. If the hour burden on respondents is expected to vary widely because of differences in activity, size, or complexity, show the range of estimated hour burden, and explain the reasons for the variance. Generally, estimates should not include burden hours for customary and usual business practices.

* If this request for approval covers more than one form, provide separate hour burden estimates for each form and aggregate the hour burdens.

* Provide estimates of annualized cost to respondents for the hour burdens for collections of information, identifying and using appropriate wage rate categories. The cost of contracting out or paying outside parties for information collection activities should not be included here. Instead, this cost should be included under “Annual Cost to Federal Government.”

This collection of information will consist of four efforts serving distinct purposes. All efforts will be conducted using the telephone interview mode of survey administration, which is the intended mode of the final survey administration for the National Park Service Centennial National Household Survey.

Cognitive Interviews – We anticipate conducting at least 30 cognitive interviews. A dual sampling frame will be used, consisting of land line and cell phone numbers. It is estimated that each interview will take about 25 minutes. The cognitive interviews will be conducted for the purpose of establishing a common ground by testing new questions that were not used in the previous iteration of this survey. The cognitive interviews are intended to test question clarity and to determine if the questions are perceived and understood as intended. The findings will be used to improving the questionnaire that will be used during the pretest effort.

Household Survey - We will conduct 90 telephone interviews in the second phase of this collection. A random sample of 1,200 phone numbers (both landline and cell phone) will be drawn for the purpose of the pretest. The purpose of the pretest is to measure respondent burden and to inform revisions of the final version of the questionnaire as needed.

Youth Engagement Survey – We will conduct telephone interviews with a selection of youth living in the household with the Adult completing the survey. Immediately following the adult survey, we will ask for permission to survey a young person in the household. The information will be used to obtain a most accurate measure of respondent burden and appropriate response to the questions.

Non-response bias Survey – this will be used to collect information from respondents who refuse to complete the survey. We will attempt to collect demographic information and responses to two key visitations questions taken directly from the survey.

Table 3: Estimates of hour burden

Pretesting Elements	Sample size	Total number of completed Responses	Time to complete responses (minutes)	Total annual burden (hours)
Cognitive Interviews	400	30	25	13
Survey Pretest	1,200	90	25	38
Youth Engagement Survey Pretest	18	9	4	<1
Non-respondent Survey Pretest	120	24	4	2
TOTAL	1,738	153	56	54*

*total rounded

We estimate the total annual dollar value of pretesting phase of this collection to be $1,814 (Table 4). We multiplied the estimated burden hours by $33.58 (for individuals or households). This wage figure includes a benefits multiplier and is based on the National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages in the United States published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupation and Wages, (BLS news release USDL-16-0463 for Employer Costs for Employee Compensation—December 2015 at - http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecec.nr0.htm), dated March 10, 2016).

Table 4: Total Estimated Hour Burden and Dollar Value of Pretest

	Total Burden (Hours)	Dollar Value of Burden Hour Including Benefits	Total Dollar Value of Burden Hours*
Cognitive Interviews	13	$33.58	$437
Survey Pretest	38	$33.58	$1,276
Youth Engagement Survey Pretest	<1	$33.58	$34
Non-respondent Survey Pretest	2	$33.58	$67
TOTAL	53	$33.58	$1,814

13. Provide an estimate of the total annual [non-hour] cost burden to respondents or record keepers resulting from the collection of information. (Do not include the cost of any hour burden shown in items 12).

* The cost estimate should be split into two components: (a) a total capital and start-up cost component (annualized over its expected useful life) and (b) a total operation and maintenance and purchase of services component. The estimates should take into account costs associated with generating, maintaining, and disclosing or providing the information [including filing fees paid]. Include descriptions of methods used to estimate major cost factors including system and technology acquisition, expected useful life of capital equipment, the discount rate(s), and the time period over which costs will be incurred. Capital and start-up costs include, among other items, preparations for collecting information such as purchasing computers and software; monitoring, sampling, drilling and testing equipment; and record storage facilities.

* If cost estimates are expected to vary widely, agencies should present ranges of cost burdens and explain the reasons for the variance. The cost of purchasing or contracting out information collection services should be a part of this cost burden estimate. In developing cost burden estimates, agencies may consult with a sample of respondents (fewer than 10), utilize the 60-day pre-OMB submission public comment process and use existing economic or regulatory impact analysis associated with the rulemaking containing the information collection, as appropriate.

* Generally, estimates should not include purchases of equipment or services, or portions thereof, made: (1) prior to October 1, 1995, (2) to achieve regulatory compliance with requirements not associated with the information collection, (3) for reasons other than to provide information or keep records for the government or (4) as part of customary and usual business or private practices.

There are no non-hour costs to respondents.

14. Provide estimates of annualized cost to the Federal government. Also, provide a description of the method used to estimate cost, which should include quantification of hours, operational expenses (such as equipment, overhead, printing, and support staff), and any other expense that would not have been incurred without this collection of information.

The cost to the Federal Government for the pretesting phase of this collection is estimated to be $55,816. This includes the cost to the Federal Government for salaries and benefits for administering this information collection ($10,366), and non-federal staff and operational expenses ($45,450). Table 5 below shows Federal staff and grade levels the tasks associated with this information collection. We used the Office of Personnel Management Salary Table 2016- DEN⁴ to determine the hourly rates for federal employees; and multiplied the hourly rate by 1.6 to account for benefits.

Table 5. Federal Employee Salaries and Benefits

Position	GS Level	Hourly Rate	Hourly Rate incl. benefits (1.6 x hourly pay rate)	Estimated time (hours)	Annual Cost
Chief, NPS Social Science Program	14	$53.99	$86.38	120	$10,366
Total					$10,366

All employee costs are contracted through RSG and the University of Wyoming. The estimates below in Table 6 include the contracting and operational expenses associated with the pretesting phase of the collection totaling $45,450. To calculate labor cost, fully loaded actual wages of designated University of Wyoming personnel are used. The fully loaded wages include employer paid benefits and indirect cost rate of 17.5% as approved by the University of Wyoming for Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units (CESU) projects.

Table 6. Non-Federal Employee and Operational and Expenses

Non-Federal Employees	Cost
Senior Social Scientists	$18,000
Social Scientists	$18,000
Interview Specialists	$5,000
Subtotal	$41,000
Operating Expenses
Travel (include airfare and lodging)	$2,500
Cost of Sample	$450
Long distance telephone charges	$500
CATI Systems license	$1000
Subtotal	4,450
TOTAL	$45,450

15. Explain the reasons for any program changes or adjustments in hour or cost burden.

This is a reinstatement of a previously approved collection that was used to conduct at national survey. At that time the burden for the pre-test and the final survey were combined into one request. After consulting with DOI and OIRA Desk Officer, NPS determined that the best approach would be to decouple the pretest from the final survey in this current request. The findings from the pre-test will be verified in the follow-up request for the full survey.

The adjustment in the annual time burden is due to the removal of 1,027 previously approved burden hours associated with the collection that expired 9/30/2010 and instruments are no longer relevant (e.g., contact script, focus group sessions, and the previously approved 2007 Comprehensive Survey). The addition of the newly requested burden hours (n=54) are needed to pretest the questions for the final version of the survey the updated. This request results in a net difference of 1,073 hours.

Table 7. Summary of Program Change

	Previously Approved Burden Hours	Current Requested Burden Hours	Difference
Cognitive Interviews	21	13	-8
Survey Pretest	0	38	38
Youth Survey Pretest	0	1	+1
Non-response Survey	0	2	+2
Focus Groups	27	0	-27
Comprehensive Survey	1000	0	-1000
Contact Script	79	0	-79
	1,027	54	-1,073

16. For collections of information whose results will be published, outline plans for tabulation and publication. Address any complex analytical techniques that will be used. Provide the time schedule for the entire project, including beginning and ending dates of the collection of information, completion of report, publication dates, and other actions.

The findings from this pretesting will only be used to inform the development of the final version of the National Park Service Centennial National Household Survey. Therefore, no publications or statistical reporting are intended to follow the pretest phase. With that, we do not intend to use the findings from any part of the pretest to make any statistical inferences. The pretest phase will also be used to refine the methodology that will be used to collect information for the National Park Service Centennial National Household Survey. The methodology for the final survey will be described in the supporting statements for that survey.

Table 7. Proposed time schedule for Pretest

	Anticipated Start Dates	Anticipated End Dates
Cognitive Interviews	January 2017	January 2017
Review Findings	January 2017	January 2017
Survey pretest	February 2017	February 2017
Review Findings	February 2017	February 2017
Develop Final Survey Instrument	March 2017	March 2017

16. If seeking approval to not display the expiration date for OMB approval of the information collection, explain the reasons that display would be inappropriate.

The expiration date of OMB approval will be included in the survey instruments associated with these collections so that it can be provided to respondents.

16. Explain each exception to the topics of the certification statement identified in "Certification for Paperwork Reduction Act Submissions".

There are no exceptions to the certification statement.

1 http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CompSurvey2008_2009TechReport.pdf

2 https://www.nps.gov/interp/IEV%20Strategic%20Plan_FINAL.pdf

3 https://www.nps.gov/calltoaction/PDF/C2A_2015.pdf

4 https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2016/DEN.pdf

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