29 Cfr 1910.119

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
About GPO

Home

| Newsroom/Media | Congressional Relations | Inspector General | Careers | Contact | askGPO | Help

| Customers | Vendors | Libraries

FDsys:
GPO's Federal Digital System
About FDsys
Search Government Publications
Browse Government Publications

• Browse
• Simple Search

ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
As of October 9, 2012, the e-CFR resides at a new
URL. Please reset your bookmarks, favorites, links
and desktop shortcuts to: www.ecfr.gov.

• Advanced Search

e-CFR Data is current as of February 12, 2013

* Boolean
* Proximity
• Search History
• Search Tips
• Corrections
• Latest Updates

Browse Previous | Browse Next

Title 29: Labor
PART 1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Subpart H—Hazardous Materials

• User Info
• FAQs

§ 1910.119 Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals.

• Agency List
• Incorporation by Reference
• e-CFR Main Page

Purpose. This section contains requirements for preventing or minimizing the consequences of catastrophic
releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals. These releases may result in toxic, fire or explosion
hazards.
(a) Application. (1) This section applies to the following:

Related Resources
Download the Code of Federal
Regulations in XML.
The Electronic Code of Federal
Regulations (e-CFR) is a regularly
updated, unofficial editorial compilation
of CFR material and Federal Register
amendments produced by the National
Archives and Records Administration's
Office of the Federal Register (OFR)
and the Government Printing Office.
Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules
for the Code of Federal Regulations and
the United States Code
Text | PDF
Find, review, and submit comments on
Federal rules that are open for comment
and published in the Federal Register
using Regulations.gov.
Purchase individual CFR titles
from the U.S. Government Online
Bookstore.
Find issues of the CFR (including
issues prior to 1996) at a local
Federal depository library.
[2]

(i) A process which involves a chemical at or above the specified threshold quantities listed in appendix A to this
section;
(ii) A process which involves a Category 1 flammable gas (as defined in 1910.1200(c)) or a flammable liquid with a
flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C) on site in one location, in a quantity of 10,000 pounds (4535.9 kg) or more except for:
(A) Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel (e.g., propane used for comfort heating,
gasoline for vehicle refueling), if such fuels are not a part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
covered by this standard;
(B) Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C) stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred which are
kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration.
(2) This section does not apply to:
(i) Retail facilities;
(ii) Oil or gas well drilling or servicing operations; or,
(iii) Normally unoccupied remote facilities.
(b) Definitions. Atmospheric tank means a storage tank which has been designed to operate at pressures from
atmospheric through 0.5 p.s.i.g. (pounds per square inch gauge, 3.45 Kpa).
Boiling point means the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (p.s.i.a.)
(760 mm.). For the purposes of this section, where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in question,
or for mixtures which do not have a constant boiling point, the 10 percent point of a distillation performed in
accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products, ASTM D-86-62, which is
incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6, may be used as the boiling point of the liquid.
Catastrophic release means a major uncontrolled emission, fire, or explosion, involving one or more highly
hazardous chemicals, that presents serious danger to employees in the workplace.
Facility means the buildings, containers or equipment which contain a process.
Highly hazardous chemical means a substance possessing toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive properties and
specified by paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
Hot work means work involving electric or gas welding, cutting, brazing, or similar flame or spark-producing
operations.
Normally unoccupied remote facility means a facility which is operated, maintained or serviced by employees who

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations

visit the facility only periodically to check its operation and to perform necessary operating or maintenance tasks. No
employees are permanently stationed at the facility.
Facilities meeting this definition are not contiguous with, and must be geographically remote from all other
buildings, processes or persons.
Process means any activity involving a highly hazardous chemical including any use, storage, manufacturing,
handling, or the on-site movement of such chemicals, or combination of these activities. For purposes of this definition,
any group of vessels which are interconnected and separate vessels which are located such that a highly hazardous
chemical could be involved in a potential release shall be considered a single process.
Replacement in kind means a replacement which satisfies the design specification.
Trade secret means any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, information or compilation of information that
is used in an employer's business, and that gives the employer an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors
who do not know or use it. See Appendix E to § 1910.1200—Definition of a Trade Secret (which sets out the criteria to
be used in evaluating trade secrets).
(c) Employee participation. (1) Employers shall develop a written plan of action regarding the implementation of the
employee participation required by this paragraph.
(2) Employers shall consult with employees and their representatives on the conduct and development of process
hazards analyses and on the development of the other elements of process safety management in this standard.
(3) Employers shall provide to employees and their representatives access to process hazard analyses and to all
other information required to be developed under this standard.
(d) Process safety information. In accordance with the schedule set forth in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, the
employer shall complete a compilation of written process safety information before conducting any process hazard
analysis required by the standard. The compilation of written process safety information is to enable the employer and
the employees involved in operating the process to identify and understand the hazards posed by those processes
involving highly hazardous chemicals. This process safety information shall include information pertaining to the hazards
of the highly hazardous chemicals used or produced by the process, information pertaining to the technology of the
process, and information pertaining to the equipment in the process.
(1) Information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals in the process. This information shall
consist of at least the following:
(i) Toxicity information;
(ii) Permissible exposure limits;
(iii) Physical data;
(iv) Reactivity data:
(v) Corrosivity data;
(vi) Thermal and chemical stability data; and
(vii) Hazardous effects of inadvertent mixing of different materials that could foreseeably occur.
NOTE: Safety data sheets meeting the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1200(g) may be used to comply with this requirement to
the extent they contain the information required by this subparagraph.

(2) Information pertaining to the technology of the process. (i) Information concerning the technology of the process
shall include at least the following:
(A) A block flow diagram or simplified process flow diagram (see appendix B to this section);
(B) Process chemistry;
(C) Maximum intended inventory;
(D) Safe upper and lower limits for such items as temperatures, pressures, flows or compositions; and,
(E) An evaluation of the consequences of deviations, including those affecting the safety and health of employees.
(ii) Where the original technical information no longer exists, such information may be developed in conjunction with
the process hazard analysis in sufficient detail to support the analysis.
(3) Information pertaining to the equipment in the process. (i) Information pertaining to the equipment in the
process shall include:
(A) Materials of construction;
(B) Piping and instrument diagrams (P&ID's);
(C) Electrical classification;
(D) Relief system design and design basis;

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations

(E) Ventilation system design;
(F) Design codes and standards employed;
(G) Material and energy balances for processes built after May 26, 1992; and,
(H) Safety systems (e.g. interlocks, detection or suppression systems).
(ii) The employer shall document that equipment complies with recognized and generally accepted good
engineering practices.
(iii) For existing equipment designed and constructed in accordance with codes, standards, or practices that are no
longer in general use, the employer shall determine and document that the equipment is designed, maintained,
inspected, tested, and operating in a safe manner.
(e) Process hazard analysis. (1) The employer shall perform an initial process hazard analysis (hazard evaluation)
on processes covered by this standard. The process hazard analysis shall be appropriate to the complexity of the
process and shall identify, evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the process. Employers shall determine and
document the priority order for conducting process hazard analyses based on a rationale which includes such
considerations as extent of the process hazards, number of potentially affected employees, age of the process, and
operating history of the process. The process hazard analysis shall be conducted as soon as possible, but not later
than the following schedule:
(i) No less than 25 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1994;
(ii) No less than 50 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1995;
(iii) No less than 75 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1996;
(iv) All initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1997.
(v) Process hazards analyses completed after May 26, 1987 which meet the requirements of this paragraph are
acceptable as initial process hazards analyses. These process hazard analyses shall be updated and revalidated, based
on their completion date, in accordance with paragraph (e)(6) of this section.
(2) The employer shall use one or more of the following methodologies that are appropriate to determine and
evaluate the hazards of the process being analyzed.
(i) What-If;
(ii) Checklist;
(iii) What-If/Checklist;
(iv) Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP):
(v) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA);
(vi) Fault Tree Analysis; or
(vii) An appropriate equivalent methodology.
(3) The process hazard analysis shall address:
(i) The hazards of the process;
(ii) The identification of any previous incident which had a likely potential for catastrophic consequences in the
workplace;
(iii) Engineering and administrative controls applicable to the hazards and their interrelationships such as
appropriate application of detection methodologies to provide early warning of releases. (Acceptable detection methods
might include process monitoring and control instrumentation with alarms, and detection hardware such as hydrocarbon
sensors.);
(iv) Consequences of failure of engineering and administrative controls;
(v) Facility siting;
(vi) Human factors; and
(vii) A qualitative evaluation of a range of the possible safety and health effects of failure of controls on employees
in the workplace.
(4) The process hazard analysis shall be performed by a team with expertise in engineering and process
operations, and the team shall include at least one employee who has experience and knowledge specific to the
process being evaluated. Also, one member of the team must be knowledgeable in the specific process hazard analysis
methodology being used.
(5) The employer shall establish a system to promptly address the team's findings and recommendations; assure
that the recommendations are resolved in a timely manner and that the resolution is documented; document what
actions are to be taken; complete actions as soon as possible; develop a written schedule of when these actions are to
be completed; communicate the actions to operating, maintenance and other employees whose work assignments are

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations

in the process and who may be affected by the recommendations or actions.
(6) At least every five (5) years after the completion of the initial process hazard analysis, the process hazard
analysis shall be updated and revalidated by a team meeting the requirements in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, to
assure that the process hazard analysis is consistent with the current process.
(7) Employers shall retain process hazards analyses and updates or revalidations for each process covered by this
section, as well as the documented resolution of recommendations described in paragraph (e)(5) of this section for the
life of the process.
(f) Operating procedures (1) The employer shall develop and implement written operating procedures that provide
clear instructions for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process consistent with the process safety
information and shall address at least the following elements.
(i) Steps for each operating phase:
(A) Initial startup;
(B) Normal operations;
(C) Temporary operations;
(D) Emergency shutdown including the conditions under which emergency shutdown is required, and the
assignment of shutdown responsibility to qualified operators to ensure that emergency shutdown is executed in a safe
and timely manner.
(E) Emergency Operations;
(F) Normal shutdown; and,
(G) Startup following a turnaround, or after an emergency shutdown.
(ii) Operating limits:
(A) Consequences of deviation; and
(B) Steps required to correct or avoid deviation.
(iii) Safety and health considerations:
(A) Properties of, and hazards presented by, the chemicals used in the process;
(B) Precautions necessary to prevent exposure, including engineering controls, administrative controls, and
personal protective equipment;
(C) Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs;
(D) Quality control for raw materials and control of hazardous chemical inventory levels; and,
(E) Any special or unique hazards.
(iv) Safety systems and their functions .
(2) Operating procedures shall be readily accessible to employees who work in or maintain a process.
(3) The operating procedures shall be reviewed as often as necessary to assure that they reflect current operating
practice, including changes that result from changes in process chemicals, technology, and equipment, and changes to
facilities. The employer shall certify annually that these operating procedures are current and accurate.
(4) The employer shall develop and implement safe work practices to provide for the control of hazards during
operations such as lockout/tagout; confined space entry; opening process equipment or piping; and control over
entrance into a facility by maintenance, contractor, laboratory, or other support personnel. These safe work practices
shall apply to employees and contractor employees.
(g) Training —(1) Initial training. (i) Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee
before being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the process and in the
operating procedures as specified in paragraph (f) of this section. The training shall include emphasis on the specific
safety and health hazards, emergency operations including shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the
employee's job tasks.
(ii) In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved in operating a process on May 26, 1992, an
employer may certify in writing that the employee has the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the
duties and responsibilities as specified in the operating procedures.
(2) Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and more often if necessary,
to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that the employee understands and adheres to the current
operating procedures of the process. The employer, in consultation with the employees involved in operating the
process, shall determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training.
(3) Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each employee involved in operating a process has
received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which contains

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations

the identity of the employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the
training.
(h) Contractors —(1) Application. This paragraph applies to contractors performing maintenance or repair,
turnaround, major renovation, or specialty work on or adjacent to a covered process. It does not apply to contractors
providing incidental services which do not influence process safety, such as janitorial work, food and drink services,
laundry, delivery or other supply services.
(2) Employer responsibilities. (i) The employer, when selecting a contractor, shall obtain and evaluate information
regarding the contract employer's safety performance and programs.
(ii) The employer shall inform contract employers of the known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards
related to the contractor's work and the process.
(iii) The employer shall explain to contract employers the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan
required by paragraph (n) of this section.
(iv) The employer shall develop and implement safe work practices consistent with paragraph (f)(4) of this section,
to control the entrance, presence and exit of contract employers and contract employees in covered process areas.
(v) The employer shall periodically evaluate the performance of contract employers in fulfilling their obligations as
specified in paragraph (h)(3) of this section.
(vi) The employer shall maintain a contract employee injury and illness log related to the contractor's work in
process areas.
(3) Contract employer responsibilities. (i) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained
in the work practices necessary to safely perform his/her job.
(ii) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is instructed in the known potential fire,
explosion, or toxic release hazards related to his/her job and the process, and the applicable provisions of the
emergency action plan.
(iii) The contract employer shall document that each contract employee has received and understood the training
required by this paragraph. The contract employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the contract
employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training.
(iv) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee follows the safety rules of the facility including
the safe work practices required by paragraph (f)(4) of this section.
(v) The contract employer shall advise the employer of any unique hazards presented by the contract employer's
work, or of any hazards found by the contract employer's work.
(i) Pre-startup safety review. (1) The employer shall perform a pre-startup safety review for new facilities and for
modified facilities when the modification is significant enough to require a change in the process safety information.
(2) The pre-startup safety review shall confirm that prior to the introduction of highly hazardous chemicals to a
process:
(i) Construction and equipment is in accordance with design specifications;
(ii) Safety, operating, maintenance, and emergency procedures are in place and are adequate;
(iii) For new facilities, a process hazard analysis has been performed and recommendations have been resolved or
implemented before startup; and modified facilities meet the requirements contained in management of change,
paragraph (l).
(iv) Training of each employee involved in operating a process has been completed.
(j) Mechanical integrity —(1) Application. Paragraphs (j)(2) through (j)(6) of this section apply to the following
process equipment:
(i) Pressure vessels and storage tanks;
(ii) Piping systems (including piping components such as valves);
(iii) Relief and vent systems and devices;
(iv) Emergency shutdown systems;
(v) Controls (including monitoring devices and sensors, alarms, and interlocks) and,
(vi) Pumps.
(2) Written procedures. The employer shall establish and implement written procedures to maintain the on-going
integrity of process equipment.
(3) Training for process maintenance activities. The employer shall train each employee involved in maintaining the
on-going integrity of process equipment in an overview of that process and its hazards and in the procedures applicable
to the employee's job tasks to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner.

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations

(4) Inspection and testing. (i) Inspections and tests shall be performed on process equipment.
(ii) Inspection and testing procedures shall follow recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices.
(iii) The frequency of inspections and tests of process equipment shall be consistent with applicable manufacturers'
recommendations and good engineering practices, and more frequently if determined to be necessary by prior operating
experience.
(iv) The employer shall document each inspection and test that has been performed on process equipment. The
documentation shall identify the date of the inspection or test, the name of the person who performed the inspection or
test, the serial number or other identifier of the equipment on which the inspection or test was performed, a description
of the inspection or test performed, and the results of the inspection or test.
(5) Equipment deficiencies. The employer shall correct deficiencies in equipment that are outside acceptable limits
(defined by the process safety information in paragraph (d) of this section) before further use or in a safe and timely
manner when necessary means are taken to assure safe operation.
(6) Quality assurance. (i) In the construction of new plants and equipment, the employer shall assure that
equipment as it is fabricated is suitable for the process application for which they will be used.
(ii) Appropriate checks and inspections shall be performed to assure that equipment is installed properly and
consistent with design specifications and the manufacturer's instructions.
(iii) The employer shall assure that maintenance materials, spare parts and equipment are suitable for the process
application for which they will be used.
(k) Hot work permit. (1) The employer shall issue a hot work permit for hot work operations conducted on or near a
covered process.
(2) The permit shall document that the fire prevention and protection requirements in 29 CFR 1910.252(a) have
been implemented prior to beginning the hot work operations; it shall indicate the date(s) authorized for hot work; and
identify the object on which hot work is to be performed. The permit shall be kept on file until completion of the hot
work operations.
(l) Management of change. (1) The employer shall establish and implement written procedures to manage changes
(except for “replacements in kind”) to process chemicals, technology, equipment, and procedures; and, changes to
facilities that affect a covered process.
(2) The procedures shall assure that the following considerations are addressed prior to any change:
(i) The technical basis for the proposed change;
(ii) Impact of change on safety and health;
(iii) Modifications to operating procedures;
(iv) Necessary time period for the change; and,
(v) Authorization requirements for the proposed change.
(3) Employees involved in operating a process and maintenance and contract employees whose job tasks will be
affected by a change in the process shall be informed of, and trained in, the change prior to start-up of the process or
affected part of the process.
(4) If a change covered by this paragraph results in a change in the process safety information required by
paragraph (d) of this section, such information shall be updated accordingly.
(5) If a change covered by this paragraph results in a change in the operating procedures or practices required by
paragraph (f) of this section, such procedures or practices shall be updated accordingly.
(m) Incident investigation. (1) The employer shall investigate each incident which resulted in, or could reasonably
have resulted in a catastrophic release of highly hazardous chemical in the workplace.
(2) An incident investigation shall be initiated as promptly as possible, but not later than 48 hours following the
incident.
(3) An incident investigation team shall be established and consist of at least one person knowledgeable in the
process involved, including a contract employee if the incident involved work of the contractor, and other persons with
appropriate knowledge and experience to thoroughly investigate and analyze the incident.
(4) A report shall be prepared at the conclusion of the investigation which includes at a minimum:
(i) Date of incident;
(ii) Date investigation began;
(iii) A description of the incident;
(iv) The factors that contributed to the incident; and,
(v) Any recommendations resulting from the investigation.

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations

(5) The employer shall establish a system to promptly address and resolve the incident report findings and
recommendations. Resolutions and corrective actions shall be documented.
(6) The report shall be reviewed with all affected personnel whose job tasks are relevant to the incident findings
including contract employees where applicable.
(7) Incident investigation reports shall be retained for five years.
(n) Emergency planning and response. The employer shall establish and implement an emergency action plan for
the entire plant in accordance with the provisions of 29 CFR 1910.38. In addition, the emergency action plan shall
include procedures for handling small releases. Employers covered under this standard may also be subject to the
hazardous waste and emergency response provisions contained in 29 CFR 1910.120 (a), (p) and (q).
(o) Compliance Audits. (1) Employers shall certify that they have evaluated compliance with the provisions of this
section at least every three years to verify that the procedures and practices developed under the standard are
adequate and are being followed.
(2) The compliance audit shall be conducted by at least one person knowledgeable in the process.
(3) A report of the findings of the audit shall be developed.
(4) The employer shall promptly determine and document an appropriate response to each of the findings of the
compliance audit, and document that deficiencies have been corrected.
(5) Employers shall retain the two (2) most recent compliance audit reports.
(p) Trade secrets. (1) Employers shall make all information necessary to comply with the section available to those
persons responsible for compiling the process safety information (required by paragraph (d) of this section), those
assisting in the development of the process hazard analysis (required by paragraph (e) of this section), those
responsible for developing the operating procedures (required by paragraph (f) of this section), and those involved in
incident investigations (required by paragraph (m) of this section), emergency planning and response (paragraph (n) of
this section) and compliance audits (paragraph (o) of this section) without regard to possible trade secret status of such
information.
(2) Nothing in this paragraph shall preclude the employer from requiring the persons to whom the information is
made available under paragraph (p)(1) of this section to enter into confidentiality agreements not to disclose the
information as set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1200.
(3) Subject to the rules and procedures set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1200(i)(1) through 1910.1200(i)(12), employees
and their designated representatives shall have access to trade secret information contained within the process hazard
analysis and other documents required to be developed by this standard.
APPENDIX A

TO

§ 1910.119—LIST

OF

HIGHLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS, TOXICS

AND

REACTIVES (MANDATORY)

This appendix contains a listing of toxic and reactive highly hazardous chemicals which present a potential for a catastrophic
event at or above the threshold quantity.
CHEMICAL name
Acetaldehyde

CAS*

TQ**

75-07-0

2500

Acrolein (2-Propenal)

107-02-8

150

Acrylyl Chloride

814-68-6

250

Allyl Chloride

107-05-1

1000

Allylamine

107-11-9

1000

Alkylaluminums

Varies

5000

Ammonia, Anhydrous

7664-41-7

10000

Ammonia solutions (>44% ammonia by weight)

7664-41-7

15000

Ammonium Perchlorate

7790-98-9

7500

Ammonium Permanganate

7787-36-2

7500

Arsine (also called Arsenic Hydride)

7784-42-1

100

Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether

542-88-1

100

Boron Trichloride

10294-34-5

2500

Boron Trifluoride

7637-07-2

250

Bromine

7726-95-6

1500

13863-41-7

1500

Bromine Chloride
Bromine Pentafluoride

7789-30-2

2500

Bromine Trifluoride

7787-71-5

15000

3-Bromopropyne (also called Propargyl Bromide)
Butyl Hydroperoxide (Tertiary)
Butyl Perbenzoate (Tertiary)
Carbonyl Chloride (see Phosgene)

106-96-7

100

75-91-2

5000

614-45-9

7500

75-44-5

100

353-50-4

2500

Cellulose Nitrate (concentration >12.6% nitrogen

9004-70-0

2500

Chlorine

7782-50-5

1500

10049-04-4

1000

Carbonyl Fluoride

Chlorine Dioxide

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
Chlorine Pentrafluoride

13637-63-3

1000

7790-91-2

1000

Chlorodiethylaluminum (also called Diethylaluminum Chloride)

96-10-6

5000

1-Chloro-2,4-Dinitrobenzene

97-00-7

5000

107-30-2

500

Chlorine Trifluoride

Chloromethyl Methyl Ether
Chloropicrin
Chloropicrin and Methyl Bromide mixture
Chloropicrin and Methyl Chloride mixture

76-06-2

500

None

1500

None

1500

80-15-9

5000

Cyanogen

460-19-5

2500

Cyanogen Chloride

506-77-4

500

Cyanuric Fluoride

675-14-9

100

Diacetyl Peroxide (Concentration >70%)

110-22-5

5000

Diazomethane

334-88-3

500

94-36-0

7500

Cumene Hydroperoxide

Dibenzoyl Peroxide
Diborane
Dibutyl Peroxide (Tertiary)

19287-45-7

100

110-05-4

5000

Dichloro Acetylene

7572-29-4

250

Dichlorosilane

4109-96-0

2500

Diethylzinc

557-20-0

10000

Diisopropyl Peroxydicarbonate

105-64-6

7500

Dilaluroyl Peroxide

105-74-8

7500

Dimethyldichlorosilane

75-78-5

1000

Dimethylhydrazine, 1,1-

57-14-7

1000

124-40-3

2500

97-02-9

5000

1338-23-4

5000

Ethyl Nitrite

109-95-5

5000

Ethylamine

75-04-7

7500

Dimethylamine, Anhydrous
2,4-Dinitroaniline
Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide (also Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide; concentration >60%)

Ethylene Fluorohydrin
Ethylene Oxide
Ethyleneimine
Fluorine
Formaldehyde (Formalin)

371-62-0

100

75-21-8

5000

151-56-4

1000

7782-41-4

1000

50-00-0

1000

Furan

110-00-9

500

Hexafluoroacetone

684-16-2

5000

Hydrochloric Acid, Anhydrous

7647-01-0

5000

Hydrofluoric Acid, Anhydrous

7664-39-3

1000

Hydrogen Bromide

10035-10-6

5000

Hydrogen Chloride

7647-01-0

5000

74-90-8

1000

Hydrogen Fluoride

7664-39-3

1000

Hydrogen Peroxide (52% by weight or greater)

7722-84-1

7500

Hydrogen Selenide

7783-07-5

150

Hydrogen Sulfide

7783-06-4

1500

7803-49-8

2500

Hydrogen Cyanide, Anhydrous

Hydroxylamine
Iron, Pentacarbonyl
Isopropylamine
Ketene
Methacrylaldehyde
Methacryloyl Chloride
Methacryloyloxyethyl Isocyanate
Methyl Acrylonitrile

13463-40-6

250

75-31-0

5000

463-51-4

100

78-85-3

1000

920-46-7

150

30674-80-7

100

126-98-7

250

Methylamine, Anhydrous

74-89-5

1000

Methyl Bromide

74-83-9

2500

Methyl Chloride

74-87-3

15000

Methyl Chloroformate

79-22-1

500

1338-23-4

5000

Methyl Fluoroacetate

453-18-9

100

Methyl Fluorosulfate

421-20-5

100

Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (concentration >60%)

Methyl Hydrazine

60-34-4

100

Methyl Iodide

74-88-4

7500

Methyl Isocyanate

624-83-9

250

Methyl Mercaptan

74-93-1

5000

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
Methyl Vinyl Ketone

79-84-4

100

Methyltrichlorosilane

75-79-6

500

Nickel Carbonly (Nickel Tetracarbonyl)

13463-39-3

150

Nitric Acid (94.5% by weight or greater)

7697-37-2

500

Nitric Oxide
Nitroaniline (para Nitroaniline
Nitromethane

10102-43-9

250

100-01-6

5000

75-52-5

2500

Nitrogen Dioxide

10102-44-0

250

Nitrogen Oxides (NO; NO2 ; N204; N203)

10102-44-0

250

Nitrogen Tetroxide (also called Nitrogen Peroxide)

10544-72-6

250

7783-54-2

5000

Nitrogen Trifluoride
Nitrogen Trioxide

10544-73-7

250

8014-95-7

1,000

20816-12-0

100

7783-41-7

100

Ozone

10028-15-6

100

Pentaborane

19624-22-7

100

79-21-0

1000

7601-90-3

5000

Oleum (65% to 80% by weight; also called Fuming Sulfuric Acid)
Osmium Tetroxide
Oxygen Difluoride (Fluorine Monoxide)

Peracetic Acid (concentration >60% Acetic Acid; also called Peroxyacetic Acid)
Perchloric Acid (concentration >60% by weight)
Perchloromethyl Mercaptan

594-42-3

150

7616-94-6

5000

Peroxyacetic Acid (concentration >60% Acetic Acid; also called Peracetic Acid)

79-21-0

1000

Phosgene (also called Carbonyl Chloride)

75-44-5

100

Perchloryl Fluoride

Phosphine (Hydrogen Phosphide)
Phosphorus Oxychloride (also called Phosphoryl Chloride)
Phosphorus Trichloride
Phosphoryl Chloride (also called Phosphorus Oxychloride)
Propargyl Bromide
Propyl Nitrate
Sarin

7803-51-2

100

10025-87-3

1000

7719-12-2

1000

10025-87-3

1000

106-96-7

100

627-3-4

2500

107-44-8

100

Selenium Hexafluoride

7783-79-1

1000

Stibine (Antimony Hydride)

7803-52-3

500

Sulfur Dioxide (liquid)

7446-09-5

1000

Sulfur Pentafluoride

5714-22-7

250

Sulfur Tetrafluoride

7783-60-0

250

Sulfur Trioxide (also called Sulfuric Anhydride)

7446-11-9

1000

Sulfuric Anhydride (also called Sulfur Trioxide)

7446-11-9

1000

Tellurium Hexafluoride

7783-80-4

250

116-14-3

5000

10036-47-2

5000

75-74-1

1000

Thionyl Chloride

7719-09-7

250

Trichloro (chloromethyl) Silane

1558-25-4

100

Trichloro (dichlorophenyl) Silane

27137-85-5

2500

Trichlorosilane

10025-78-2

5000

79-38-9

10000

2487-90-3

1500

Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrafluorohydrazine
Tetramethyl Lead

Trifluorochloroethylene
Trimethyoxysilane
*Chemical Abstract Service Number.
**Threshold Quantity in Pounds (Amount necessary to be covered by this standard).

APPENDIX B

TO

§ 1910.119—BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM

AND

SIMPLIFIED PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (NONMANDATORY)

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations

View or download PDF

View or download PDF

APPENDIX C

TO

§ 1910.119—COMPLIANCE GUIDELINES

AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

FOR

PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT (NONMANDATORY)

This appendix serves as a nonmandatory guideline to assist employers and employees in complying with the requirements of
this section, as well as provides other helpful recommendations and information. Examples presented in this appendix are not the
only means of achieving the performance goals in the standard. This appendix neither adds nor detracts from the requirements of
the standard.
1. Introduction to Process Safety Management. The major objective of process safety management of highly hazardous
chemicals is to prevent unwanted releases of hazardous chemicals especially into locations which could expose employees and
others to serious hazards. An effective process safety management program requires a systematic approach to evaluating the
whole process. Using this approach the process design, process technology, operational and maintenance activities and
procedures, nonroutine activities and procedures, emergency preparedness plans and procedures, training programs, and other
elements which impact the process are all considered in the evaluation. The various lines of defense that have been incorporated
into the design and operation of the process to prevent or mitigate the release of hazardous chemicals need to be evaluated and
strengthened to assure their effectiveness at each level. Process safety management is the proactive identification, evaluation and
mitigation or prevention of chemical releases that could occur as a result of failures in process, procedures or equipment.
The process safety management standard targets highly hazardous chemicals that have the potential to cause a catastrophic
incident. This standard as a whole is to aid employers in their efforts to prevent or mitigate episodic chemical releases that could
lead to a catastrophe in the workplace and possibly to the surrounding community. To control these types of hazards, employers
need to develop the necessary expertise, experiences, judgement and proactive initiative within their workforce to properly
implement and maintain an effective process safety management program as envisioned in the OSHA standard. This OSHA
standard is required by the Clean Air Act Amendments as is the Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Management Plan.

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
Employers, who merge the two sets of requirements into their process safety management program, will better assure full
compliance with each as well as enhancing their relationship with the local community.
While OSHA believes process safety management will have a positive effect on the safety of employees in workplaces and
also offers other potential benefits to employers (increased productivity), smaller businesses which may have limited resources
available to them at this time, might consider alternative avenues of decreasing the risks associated with highly hazardous
chemicals at their workplaces. One method which might be considered is the reduction in the inventory of the highly hazardous
chemical. This reduction in inventory will result in a reduction of the risk or potential for a catastrophic incident. Also, employers
including small employers may be able to establish more efficient inventory control by reducing the quantities of highly hazardous
chemicals on site below the established threshold quantities. This reduction can be accomplished by ordering smaller shipments
and maintaining the minimum inventory necessary for efficient and safe operation. When reduced inventory is not feasible, then the
employer might consider dispersing inventory to several locations on site. Dispersing storage into locations where a release in one
location will not cause a release in another location is a practical method to also reduce the risk or portential for catastrophic
incidents.
2. Employee Involvement in Process Safety Management. Section 304 of the Clean Air Act Amendments states that employers
are to consult with their employees and their representatives regarding the employers efforts in the development and
implementation of the process safety management program elements and hazard assessments. Section 304 also requires
employers to train and educate their employees and to inform affected employees of the findings from incident investigations
required by the process safety management program. Many employers, under their safety and health programs, have already
established means and methods to keep employees and their representatives informed about relevant safety and health issues
and employers may be able to adapt these practices and procedures to meet their obligations under this standard. Employers who
have not implemented an occupational safety and health program may wish to form a safety and health committee of employees
and management representatives to help the employer meet the obligations specified by this standard. These committees can
become a significant ally in helping the employer to implement and maintain an effective process safety management program for
all employees.
3. Process Safety Information. Complete and accurate written information concerning process chemicals, process technology,
and process equipment is essential to an effective process safety management program and to a process hazards analysis. The
compiled information will be a necessary resource to a variety of users including the team that will perform the process hazards
analysis as required under paragraph (e); those developing the training programs and the operating procedures; contractors whose
employees will be working with the process; those conducting the pre-startup reviews; local emergency preparedness planners; and
insurance and enforcement officials.
The information to be compiled about the chemicals, including process intermediates, needs to be comprehensive enough for
an accurate assessment of the fire and explosion characteristics, reactivity hazards, the safety and health hazards to workers, and
the corrosion and erosion effects on the process equipment and monitoring tools. Current safety data sheet (SDS) information can
be used to help meet this requirement which must be supplemented with process chemistry information including runaway reaction
and over pressure hazards if applicable.
Process technology information will be a part of the process safety information package and it is expected that it will include
diagrams of the type shown in appendix B of this section as well as employer established criteria for maximum inventory levels for
process chemicals; limits beyond which would be considered upset conditions; and a qualitative estimate of the consequences or
results of deviation that could occur if operating beyond the established process limits. Employers are encouraged to use diagrams
which will help users understand the process.
A block flow diagram is used to show the major process equipment and interconnecting process flow lines and show flow
rates, stream composition, temperatures, and pressures when necessary for clarity. The block flow diagram is a simplified diagram.
Process flow diagrams are more complex and will show all main flow streams including valves to enhance the understanding
of the process, as well as pressures and temperatures on all feed and product lines within all major vessels, in and out of headers
and heat exchangers, and points of pressure and temperature control. Also, materials of construction information, pump capacities
and pressure heads, compressor horsepower and vessel design pressures and temperatures are shown when necessary for clarity.
In addition, major components of control loops are usually shown along with key utilities on process flow diagrams.
Piping and instrument diagrams (P&IDs) may be the more appropriate type of diagrams to show some of the above details and
to display the information for the piping designer and engineering staff. The P&IDs are to be used to describe the relationships
between equipment and instrumentation as well as other relevant information that will enhance clarity. Computer software programs
which do P&IDs or other diagrams useful to the information package, may be used to help meet this requirement.
The information pertaining to process equipment design must be documented. In other words, what were the codes and
standards relied on to establish good engineering practice. These codes and standards are published by such organizations as the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Petroleum Institute, American National Standards Institute, National Fire
Protection Association, American Society for Testing and Materials, National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors,
National Association of Corrosion Engineers, American Society of Exchange Manufacturers Association, and model building code
groups.
In addition, various engineering societies issue technical reports which impact process design. For example, the American
Institute of Chemical Engineers has published technical reports on topics such as two phase flow for venting devices. This type of
technically recognized report would constitute good engineering practice.
For existing equipment designed and constructed many years ago in accordance with the codes and standards available at
that time and no longer in general use today, the employer must document which codes and standards were used and that the
design and construction along with the testing, inspection and operation are still suitable for the intended use. Where the process
technology requires a design which departs from the applicable codes and standards, the employer must document that the design
and construction is suitable for the intended purpose.
4. Process Hazard Analysis. A process hazard analysis (PHA), sometimes called a process hazard evaluation, is one of the
most important elements of the process safety management program. A PHA is an organized and systematic effort to identify and

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
analyze the significance of potential hazards associated with the processing or handling of highly hazardous chemicals. A PHA
provides information which will assist employers and employees in making decisions for improving safety and reducing the
consequences of unwanted or unplanned releases of hazardous chemicals. A PHA is directed toward analyzing potential causes
and consequences of fires, explosions, releases of toxic or flammable chemicals and major spills of hazardous chemicals. The PHA
focuses on equipment, instrumentation, utilities, human actions (routine and nonroutine), and external factors that might impact the
process. These considerations assist in determining the hazards and potential failure points or failure modes in a process.
The selection of a PHA methodology or technique will be influenced by many factors including the amount of existing
knowledge about the process. Is it a process that has been operated for a long period of time with little or no innovation and
extensive experience has been generated with its use? Or, is it a new process or one which has been changed frequently by the
inclusion of innovative features? Also, the size and complexity of the process will influence the decision as to the appropriate PHA
methodology to use. All PHA methodologies are subject to certain limitations. For example, the checklist methodology works well
when the process is very stable and no changes are made, but it is not as effective when the process has undergone extensive
change. The checklist may miss the most recent changes and consequently the changes would not be evaluated. Another limitation
to be considered concerns the assumptions made by the team or analyst. The PHA is dependent on good judgement and the
assumptions made during the study need to be documented and understood by the team and reviewer and kept for a future PHA.
The team conducting the PHA need to understand the methodology that is going to be used. A PHA team can vary in size from
two people to a number of people with varied operational and technical backgrounds. Some team members may only be a part of
the team for a limited time. The team leader needs to be fully knowledgeable in the proper implementation of the PHA methodology
that is to be used and should be impartial in the evaluation. The other full or part time team members need to provide the team with
expertise in areas such as process technology, process design, operating procedures and practices, including how the work is
actually performed, alarms, emergency procedures, instrumentation, maintenance procedures, both routine and nonroutine tasks,
including how the tasks are authorized, procurement of parts and supplies, safety and health, and any other relevant subject as the
need dictates. At least one team member must be familiar with the process.
The ideal team will have an intimate knowledge of the standards, codes, specifications and regulations applicable to the
process being studied. The selected team members need to be compatible and the team leader needs to be able to manage the
team, and the PHA study. The team needs to be able to work together while benefiting from the expertise of others on the team or
outside the team, to resolve issues, and to forge a consensus on the findings of the study and recommendations.
The application of a PHA to a process may involve the use of different methodologies for various parts of the process. For
example, a process involving a series of unit operation of varying sizes, complexities, and ages may use different methodologies
and team members for each operation. Then the conclusions can be integrated into one final study and evaluation. A more specific
example is the use of a checklist PHA for a standard boiler or heat exchanger and the use of a Hazard and Operability PHA for the
overall process. Also, for batch type processes like custom batch operations, a generic PHA of a representative batch may be used
where there are only small changes of monomer or other ingredient ratios and the chemistry is documented for the full range and
ratio of batch ingredients. Another process that might consider using a generic type of PHA is a gas plant. Often these plants are
simply moved from site to site and therefore, a generic PHA may be used for these movable plants. Also, when an employer has
several similar size gas plants and no sour gas is being processed at the site, then a generic PHA is feasible as long as the
variations of the individual sites are accounted for in the PHA. Finally, when an employer has a large continuous process which has
several control rooms for different portions of the process such as for a distillation tower and a blending operation, the employer
may wish to do each segment separately and then integrate the final results.
Additionally, small businesses which are covered by this rule, will often have processes that have less storage volume, less
capacity, and less complicated than processes at a large facility. Therefore, OSHA would anticipate that the less complex
methodologies would be used to meet the process hazard analysis criteria in the standard. These process hazard analyses can be
done in less time and with a few people being involved. A less complex process generally means that less data, P&IDs, and
process information is needed to perform a process hazard analysis.
Many small businesses have processes that are not unique, such as cold storage lockers or water treatment facilities. Where
employer associations have a number of members with such facilities, a generic PHA, evolved from a checklist or what-if questions,
could be developed and used by each employer effectively to reflect his/her particular process; this would simplify compliance for
them.
When the employer has a number of processes which require a PHA, the employer must set up a priority system of which
PHAs to conduct first. A preliminary or gross hazard analysis may be useful in prioritizing the processes that the employer has
determined are subject to coverage by the process safety management standard. Consideration should first be given to those
processes with the potential of adversely affecting the largest number of employees. This prioritizing should consider the potential
severity of a chemical release, the number of potentially affected employees, the operating history of the process such as the
frequency of chemical releases, the age of the process and any other relevant factors. These factors would suggest a ranking order
and would suggest either using a weighing factor system or a systematic ranking method. The use of a preliminary hazard analysis
would assist an employer in determining which process should be of the highest priority and thereby the employer would obtain the
greatest improvement in safety at the facility.
Detailed guidance on the content and application of process hazard analysis methodologies is available from the American
Institute of Chemical Engineers' Center for Chemical Process Safety (see appendix D).
5. Operating Procedures and Practices. Operating procedures describe tasks to be performed, data to be recorded, operating
conditions to be maintained, samples to be collected, and safety and health precautions to be taken. The procedures need to be
technically accurate, understandable to employees, and revised periodically to ensure that they reflect current operations. The
process safety information package is to be used as a resource to better assure that the operating procedures and practices are
consistent with the known hazards of the chemicals in the process and that the operating parameters are accurate. Operating
procedures should be reviewed by engineering staff and operating personnel to ensure that they are accurate and provide practical
instructions on how to actually carry out job duties safely.
Operating procedures will include specific instructions or details on what steps are to be taken or followed in carrying out the
stated procedures. These operating instructions for each procedure should include the applicable safety precautions and should
contain appropriate information on safety implications. For example, the operating procedures addressing operating parameters will

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
contain operating instructions about pressure limits, temperature ranges, flow rates, what to do when an upset condition occurs,
what alarms and instruments are pertinent if an upset condition occurs, and other subjects. Another example of using operating
instructions to properly implement operating procedures is in starting up or shutting down the process. In these cases, different
parameters will be required from those of normal operation. These operating instructions need to clearly indicate the distinctions
between startup and normal operations such as the appropriate allowances for heating up a unit to reach the normal operating
parameters. Also the operating instructions need to describe the proper method for increasing the temperature of the unit until the
normal operating temperature parameters are achieved.
Computerized process control systems add complexity to operating instructions. These operating instructions need to describe
the logic of the software as well as the relationship between the equipment and the control system; otherwise, it may not be
apparent to the operator.
Operating procedures and instructions are important for training operating personnel. The operating procedures are often
viewed as the standard operating practices (SOPs) for operations. Control room personnel and operating staff, in general, need to
have a full understanding of operating procedures. If workers are not fluent in English then procedures and instructions need to be
prepared in a second language understood by the workers. In addition, operating procedures need to be changed when there is a
change in the process as a result of the management of change procedures. The consequences of operating procedure changes
need to be fully evaluated and the information conveyed to the personnel. For example, mechanical changes to the process made
by the maintenance department (like changing a valve from steel to brass or other subtle changes) need to be evaluated to
determine if operating procedures and practices also need to be changed. All management of change actions must be coordinated
and integrated with current operating procedures and operating personnel must be oriented to the changes in procedures before
the change is made. When the process is shut down in order to make a change, then the operating procedures must be updated
before startup of the process.
Training in how to handle upset conditions must be accomplished as well as what operating personnel are to do in
emergencies such as when a pump seal fails or a pipeline ruptures. Communication between operating personnel and workers
performing work within the process area, such as nonroutine tasks, also must be maintained. The hazards of the tasks are to be
conveyed to operating personnel in accordance with established procedures and to those performing the actual tasks. When the
work is completed, operating personnel should be informed to provide closure on the job.
6. Employee Training. All employees, including maintenance and contractor employees, involved with highly hazardous
chemicals need to fully understand the safety and health hazards of the chemicals and processes they work with for the protection
of themselves, their fellow employees and the citizens of nearby communities. Training conducted in compliance with § 1910.1200,
the Hazard Communication standard, will help employees to be more knowledgeable about the chemicals they work with as well as
familiarize them with reading and understanding SDSs. However, additional training in subjects such as operating procedures and
safety work practices, emergency evacuation and response, safety procedures, routine and nonroutine work authorization activities,
and other areas pertinent to process safety and health will need to be covered by an employer's training program.
In establishing their training programs, employers must clearly define the employees to be trained and what subjects are to be
covered in their training. Employers in setting up their training program will need to clearly establish the goals and objectives they
wish to achieve with the training that they provide to their employees. The learning goals or objectives should be written in clear
measurable terms before the training begins. These goals and objectives need to be tailored to each of the specific training
modules or segments. Employers should describe the important actions and conditions under which the employee will demonstrate
competence or knowledge as well as what is acceptable performance.
Hands-on-training where employees are able to use their senses beyond listening, will enhance learning. For example,
operating personnel, who will work in a control room or at control panels, would benefit by being trained at a simulated control
panel or panels. Upset conditions of various types could be displayed on the simulator, and then the employee could go through the
proper operating procedures to bring the simulator panel back to the normal operating parameters. A training environment could be
created to help the trainee feel the full reality of the situation but, of course, under controlled conditions. This realistic type of
training can be very effective in teaching employees correct procedures while allowing them to also see the consequences of what
might happen if they do not follow established operating procedures. Other training techniques using videos or on-the-job training
can also be very effective for teaching other job tasks, duties, or other important information. An effective training program will allow
the employee to fully participate in the training process and to practice their skill or knowledge.
Employers need to periodically evaluate their training programs to see if the necessary skills, knowledge, and routines are
being properly understood and implemented by their trained employees. The means or methods for evaluating the training should
be developed along with the training program goals and objectives. Training program evaluation will help employers to determine
the amount of training their employees understood, and whether the desired results were obtained. If, after the evaluation, it
appears that the trained employees are not at the level of knowledge and skill that was expected, the employer will need to revise
the training program, provide retraining, or provide more frequent refresher training sessions until the deficiency is resolved. Those
who conducted the training and those who received the training should also be consulted as to how best to improve the training
process. If there is a language barrier, the language known to the trainees should be used to reinforce the training messages and
information.
Careful consideration must be given to assure that employees including maintenance and contract employees receive current
and updated training. For example, if changes are made to a process, impacted employees must be trained in the changes and
understand the effects of the changes on their job tasks (e.g., any new operating procedures pertinent to their tasks). Additionally,
as already discussed the evaluation of the employee's absorption of training will certainly influence the need for training.
7. Contractors. Employers who use contractors to perform work in and around processes that involve highly hazardous
chemicals, will need to establish a screening process so that they hire and use contractors who accomplish the desired job tasks
without compromising the safety and health of employees at a facility. For contractors, whose safety performance on the job is not
known to the hiring employer, the employer will need to obtain information on injury and illness rates and experience and should
obtain contractor references. Additionally, the employer must assure that the contractor has the appropriate job skills, knowledge
and certifications (such as for pressure vessel welders). Contractor work methods and experiences should be evaluated. For
example, does the contractor conducting demolition work swing loads over operating processes or does the contractor avoid such
hazards?

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
Maintaining a site injury and illness log for contractors is another method employers must use to track and maintain current
knowledge of work activities involving contract employees working on or adjacent to covered processes. Injury and illness logs of
both the employer's employees and contract employees allow an employer to have full knowledge of process injury and illness
experience. This log will also contain information which will be of use to those auditing process safety management compliance and
those involved in incident investigations.
Contract employees must perform their work safely. Considering that contractors often perform very specialized and potentially
hazardous tasks such as confined space entry activities and nonroutine repair activities it is quite important that their activities be
controlled while they are working on or near a covered process. A permit system or work authorization system for these activities
would also be helpful to all affected employers. The use of a work authorization system keeps an employer informed of contract
employee activities, and as a benefit the employer will have better coordination and more management control over the work being
performed in the process area. A well run and well maintained process where employee safety is fully recognized will benefit all of
those who work in the facility whether they be contract employees or employees of the owner.
8. Pre-Startup Safety. For new processes, the employer will find a PHA helpful in improving the design and construction of the
process from a reliability and quality point of view. The safe operation of the new process will be enhanced by making use of the
PHA recommendations before final installations are completed. P&IDs are to be completed along with having the operating
procedures in place and the operating staff trained to run the process before startup. The initial startup procedures and normal
operating procedures need to be fully evaluated as part of the pre-startup review to assure a safe transfer into the normal operating
mode for meeting the process parameters.
For existing processes that have been shutdown for turnaround, or modification, etc., the employer must assure that any
changes other than “replacement in kind” made to the process during shutdown go through the management of change
procedures. P&IDs will need to be updated as necessary, as well as operating procedures and instructions. If the changes made to
the process during shutdown are significant and impact the training program, then operating personnel as well as employees
engaged in routine and nonroutine work in the process area may need some refresher or additional training in light of the changes.
Any incident investigation recommendations, compliance audits or PHA recommendations need to be reviewed as well to see what
impacts they may have on the process before beginning the startup.
9. Mechanical Integrity. Employers will need to review their maintenance programs and schedules to see if there are areas
where “breakdown” maintenance is used rather than an on-going mechanical integrity program. Equipment used to process, store,
or handle highly hazardous chemicals needs to be designed, constructed, installed and maintained to minimize the risk of releases
of such chemicals. This requires that a mechanical integrity program be in place to assure the continued integrity of process
equipment. Elements of a mechanical integrity program include the identification and categorization of equipment and
instrumentation, inspections and tests, testing and inspection frequencies, development of maintenance procedures, training of
maintenance personnel, the establishment of criteria for acceptable test results, documentation of test and inspection results, and
documentation of manufacturer recommendations as to meantime to failure for equipment and instrumentation.
The first line of defense an employer has available is to operate and maintain the process as designed, and to keep the
chemicals contained. This line of defense is backed up by the next line of defense which is the controlled release of chemicals
through venting to scrubbers or flares, or to surge or overflow tanks which are designed to receive such chemicals, etc. These lines
of defense are the primary lines of defense or means to prevent unwanted releases. The secondary lines of defense would include
fixed fire protection systems like sprinklers, water spray, or deluge systems, monitor guns, etc., dikes, designed drainage systems,
and other systems which would control or mitigate hazardous chemicals once an unwanted release occurs. These primary and
secondary lines of defense are what the mechanical integrity program needs to protect and strengthen these primary and
secondary lines of defenses where appropriate.
The first step of an effective mechanical integrity program is to compile and categorize a list of process equipment and
instrumentation for inclusion in the program. This list would include pressure vessels, storage tanks, process piping, relief and vent
systems, fire protection system components, emergency shutdown systems and alarms and interlocks and pumps. For the
categorization of instrumentation and the listed equipment the employer would prioritize which pieces of equipment require closer
scrutiny than others. Meantime to failure of various instrumentation and equipment parts would be known from the manufacturers
data or the employer's experience with the parts, which would then influence the inspection and testing frequency and associated
procedures. Also, applicable codes and standards such as the National Board Inspection Code, or those from the American Society
for Testing and Material, American Petroleum Institute, National Fire Protection Association, American National Standards Institute,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and other groups, provide information to help establish an effective testing and
inspection frequency, as well as appropriate methodologies.
The applicable codes and standards provide criteria for external inspections for such items as foundation and supports, anchor
bolts, concrete or steel supports, guy wires, nozzles and sprinklers, pipe hangers, grounding connections, protective coatings and
insulation, and external metal surfaces of piping and vessels, etc. These codes and standards also provide information on
methodologies for internal inspection, and a frequency formula based on the corrosion rate of the materials of construction. Also,
erosion both internal and external needs to be considered along with corrosion effects for piping and valves. Where the corrosion
rate is not known, a maximum inspection frequency is recommended, and methods of developing the corrosion rate are available in
the codes. Internal inspections need to cover items such as vessel shell, bottom and head; metallic linings; nonmetallic linings;
thickness measurements for vessels and piping; inspection for erosion, corrosion, cracking and bulges; internal equipment like
trays, baffles, sensors and screens for erosion, corrosion or cracking and other deficiencies. Some of these inspections may be
performed by state of local government inspectors under state and local statutes. However, each employer needs to develop
procedures to ensure that tests and inspections are conducted properly and that consistency is maintained even where different
employees may be involved. Appropriate training is to be provided to maintenance personnel to ensure that they understand the
preventive maintenance program procedures, safe practices, and the proper use amd application of special equipment or unique
tools that may be required. This training is part of the overall training program called for in the standard.
A quality assurance system is needed to help ensure that the proper materials of construction are used, that fabrication and
inspection procedures are proper, and that installation procedures recognize field installation concerns. The quality assurance
program is an essential part of the mechanical integrity program and will help to maintain the primary and secondary lines of
defense that have been designed into the process to prevent unwanted chemical releases or those which control or mitigate a
release. “As built” drawings, together with certifications of coded vessels and other equipment, and materials of construction need

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
to be verified and retained in the quality assurance documentation. Equipment installation jobs need to be properly inspected in the
field for use of proper materials and procedures and to assure that qualified craftsmen are used to do the job. The use of
appropriate gaskets, packing, bolts, valves, lubricants and welding rods need to be verified in the field. Also procedures for
installation of safety devices need to be verified, such as the torque on the bolts on ruptured disc installations, uniform torque on
flange bolts, proper installation of pump seals, etc. If the quality of parts is a problem, it may be appropriate to conduct audits of the
equipment supplier's facilities to better assure proper purchases of required equipment which is suitable for its intended service.
Any changes in equipment that may become necessary will need to go through the management of change procedures.
10. Nonroutine Work Authorizations. Nonroutine work which is conducted in process areas needs to be controlled by the
employer in a consistent manner. The hazards identified involving the work that is to be accomplished must be communicated to
those doing the work, but also to those operating personnel whose work could affect the safety of the process. A work authorization
notice or permit must have a procedure that describes the steps the maintenance supervisor, contractor representative or other
person needs to follow to obtain the necessary clearance to get the job started. The work authorization procedures need to
reference and coordinate, as applicable, lockout/tagout procedures, line breaking procedures, confined space entry procedures and
hot work authorizations. This procedure also needs to provide clear steps to follow once the job is completed in order to provide
closure for those that need to know the job is now completed and equipment can be returned to normal.
11. Managing Change. To properly manage changes to process chemicals, technology, equipment and facilities, one must
define what is meant by change. In this process safety management standard, change includes all modifications to equipment,
procedures, raw materials and processing conditions other than “replacement in kind”. These changes need to be properly
managed by identifying and reviewing them prior to implementation of the change. For example, the operating procedures contain
the operating parameters (pressure limits, temperature ranges, flow rates, etc.) and the importance of operating within these limits.
While the operator must have the flexibility to maintain safe operation within the established parameters, any operation outside of
these parameters requires review and approval by a written management of change procedure.
Management of change covers such as changes in process technology and changes to equipment and instrumentation.
Changes in process technology can result from changes in production rates, raw materials, experimentation, equipment
unavailability, new equipment, new product development, change in catalyst and changes in operating conditions to improve yield
or quality. Equipment changes include among others change in materials of construction, equipment specifications, piping prearrangements, experimental equipment, computer program revisions and changes in alarms and interlocks. Employers need to
establish means and methods to detect both technical changes and mechanical changes.
Temporary changes have caused a number of catastrophes over the years, and employers need to establish ways to detect
temporary changes as well as those that are permanent. It is important that a time limit for temporary changes be established and
monitored since, without control, these changes may tend to become permanent. Temporary changes are subject to the
management of change provisions. In addition, the management of change procedures are used to insure that the equipment and
procedures are returned to their original or designed conditions at the end of the temporary change. Proper documentation and
review of these changes is invaluable in assuring that the safety and health considerations are being incorporated into the operating
procedures and the process.
Employers may wish to develop a form or clearance sheet to facilitate the processing of changes through the management of
change procedures. A typical change form may include a description and the purpose of the change, the technical basis for the
change, safety and health considerations, documentation of changes for the operating procedures, maintenance procedures,
inspection and testing, P&IDs, electrical classification, training and communications, pre-startup inspection, duration if a temporary
change, approvals and authorization. Where the impact of the change is minor and well understood, a check list reviewed by an
authorized person with proper communication to others who are affected may be sufficient. However, for a more complex or
significant design change, a hazard evaluation procedure with approvals by operations, maintenance, and safety departments may
be appropriate. Changes in documents such as P&IDs, raw materials, operating procedures, mechanical integrity programs,
electrical classifications, etc., need to be noted so that these revisions can be made permanent when the drawings and procedure
manuals are updated. Copies of process changes need to be kept in an accessible location to ensure that design changes are
available to operating personnel as well as to PHA team members when a PHA is being done or one is being updated.
12. Investigation of Incidents. Incident investigation is the process of identifying the underlying causes of incidents and
implementing steps to prevent similar events from occurring. The intent of an incident investigation is for employers to learn from
past experiences and thus avoid repeating past mistakes. The incidents for whicn OSHA expects employers to become aware and
to investigate are the types of events which result in or could reasonably have resulted in a catastrophic release. Some of the
events are sometimes referred to as “near misses,” meaning that a serious consequence did not occur, but could have.
Employers need to develop in-house capability to investigate incidents that occur in their facilities. A team needs to be
assembled by the employer and trained in the techniques of investigation including how to conduct interviews of witnesses, needed
documentation and report writing. A multi-disciplinary team is better able to gather the facts of the event and to analyze them and
develop plausible scenarios as to what happened, and why. Team members should be selected on the basis of their training,
knowledge and ability to contribute to a team effort to fully investigate the incident. Employees in the process area where the
incident occurred should be consulted, interviewed or made a member of the team. Their knowledge of the events form a significant
set of facts about the incident which occurred. The report, its findings and recommendations are to be shared with those who can
benefit from the information. The cooperation of employees is essential to an effective incident investigation. The focus of the
investigation should be to obtain facts, and not to place blame. The team and the investigation process should clearly deal with all
involved individuals in a fair, open and consistent manner.
13. Emergency Preparedness. Each employer must address what actions employees are to take when there is an unwanted
release of highly hazardous chemicals. Emergency preparedness or the employer's tertiary (third) lines of defense are those that
will be relied on along with the secondary lines of defense when the primary lines of defense which are used to prevent an
unwanted release fail to stop the release. Employers will need to decide if they want employees to handle and stop small or minor
incidental releases. Whether they wish to mobilize the available resources at the plant and have them brought to bear on a more
significant release. Or whether employers want their employees to evacuate the danger area and promptly escape to a preplanned
safe zone area, and allow the local community emergency response organizations to handle the release. Or whether the employer
wants to use some combination of these actions. Employers will need to select how many different emergency preparedness or
tertiary lines of defense they plan to have and then develop the necessary plans and procedures, and appropriately train employees

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
in their emergency duties and responsibilities and then implement these lines of defense.
Employers at a minimum must have an emergency action plan which will facilitate the prompt evacuation of employees due to
an unwanted release of a highly hazardous chemical. This means that the employer will have a plan that will be activated by an
alarm system to alert employees when to evacuate and, that employees who are physically impaired, will have the necessary
support and assistance to get them to the safe zone as well. The intent of these requirements is to alert and move employees to a
safe zone quickly. Delaying alarms or confusing alarms are to be avoided. The use of process control centers or similar process
buildings in the process area as safe areas is discouraged. Recent catastrophes have shown that a large life loss has occurred in
these structures because of where they have been sited and because they are not necessarily designed to withstand overpressures from shockwaves resulting from explosions in the process area.
Unwanted incidental releases of highly hazardous chemicals in the process area must be addressed by the employer as to
what actions employees are to take. If the employer wants employees to evacuate the area, then the emergency action plan will be
activated. For outdoor processes where wind direction is important for selecting the safe route to a refuge area, the employer should
place a wind direction indicator such as a wind sock or pennant at the highest point that can be seen throughout the process area.
Employees can move in the direction of cross wind to upwind to gain safe access to the refuge area by knowing the wind direction.
If the employer wants specific employees in the release area to control or stop the minor emergency or incidental release,
these actions must be planned for in advance and procedures developed and implemented. Preplanning for handling incidental
releases for minor emergencies in the process area needs to be done, appropriate equipment for the hazards must be provided,
and training conducted for those employees who will perform the emergency work before they respond to handle an actual release.
The employer's training program, including the Hazard Communication standard training is to address the training needs for
employees who are expected to handle incidental or minor releases.
Preplanning for releases that are more serious than incidental releases is another important line of defense to be used by the
employer. When a serious release of a highly hazardous chemical occurs, the employer through preplanning will have determined in
advance what actions employees are to take. The evacuation of the immediate release area and other areas as necessary would
be accomplished under the emergency action plan. If the employer wishes to use plant personnel such as a fire brigade, spill
control team, a hazardous materials team, or use employees to render aid to those in the immediate release area and control or
mitigate the incident, these actions are covered by § 1910.120, the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
(HAZWOPER) standard. If outside assistance is necessary, such as through mutual aid agreements between employers or local
government emergency response organizations, these emergency responders are also covered by HAZWOPER. The safety and
health protections required for emergency responders are the responsibility of their employers and of the on-scene incident
commander.
Responders may be working under very hazardous conditions and therefore the objective is to have them competently led by
an on-scene incident commander and the commander's staff, properly equipped to do their assigned work safely, and fully trained
to carry out their duties safely before they respond to an emergency. Drills, training exercises, or simulations with the local
community emergency response planners and responder organizations is one means to obtain better preparedness. This close
cooperation and coordination between plant and local community emergency preparedness managers will also aid the employer in
complying with the Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Management Plan criteria.
One effective way for medium to large facilities to enhance coordination and communication during emergencies for on plant
operations and with local community organizations is for employers to establish and equip an emergency control center. The
emergency control center would be sited in a safe zone area so that it could be occupied throughout the duration of an emergency.
The center would serve as the major ccommunication link between the on-scene incident commander and plant or corporate
management as well as with the local community officials. The communication equipment in the emergency control center should
include a network to receive and transmit information by telephone, radio or other means. It is important to have a backup
communication network in case of power failure or one communication means fails. The center should also be equipped with the
plant layout and community maps, utility drawings including fire water, emergency lighting, appropriate reference materials such as
a government agency notification list, company personnel phone list, SARA Title III reports and safety data sheets, emergency plans
and procedures manual, a listing with the location of emergency response equipment, mutual aid information, and access to
meteorological or weather condition data and any dispersion modeling data.
14. Compliance Audits. Employers need to select a trained individual or assemble a trained team of people to audit the process
safety management system and program. A small process or plant may need only one knowledgeable person to conduct an audit.
The audit is to include an evaluation of the design and effectiveness of the process safety management system and a field
inspection of the safety and health conditions and practices to verify that the employer's systems are effectively implemented. The
audit should be conducted or lead by a person knowledgeable in audit techniques and who is impartial towards the facility or area
being audited. The essential elements of an audit program include planning, staffing, conduting the audit, evaluation and corrective
action, follow-up and documentation.
Planning in advance is essential to the success of the auditing process. Each employer needs to establish the format, staffing,
scheduling and verification methods prior to conducting the audit. The format should be designed to provide the lead auditor with a
procedure or checklist which details the requirements of each section of the standard. The names of the audit team members
should be listed as part of the format as well. The checklist, if properly designed, could serve as the verification sheet which
provides the auditor with the necessary information to expedite the review and assure that no requirements of the standard are
omitted. This verification sheet format could also identify those elements that will require evaluation or a response to correct
deficiencies. This sheet could also be used for developing the follow-up and documentation requirements.
The selection of effective audit team members is critical to the success of the program. Team members should be chosen for
their experience, knowledge, and training and should be familiar with the processes and with auditing techniques, practices and
procedures. The size of the team will vary depending on the size and complexity of the process under consideration. For a large,
complex, highly instrumented plant, it may be desirable to have team members with expertise in process engineering and design,
process chemistry, instrumentation and computer controls, electrical hazards and classifications, safety and health disciplines,
maintenance, emergency preparedness, warehousing or shipping, and process safety auditing. The team may use part-time
members to provide for the depth of expertise required as well as for what is actually done or followed, compared to what is written.
An effective audit includes a review of the relevant documentation and process safety information, inspection of the physical

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
facilities, and interviews with all levels of plant personnel. Utilizing the audit procedure and checklist developed in the preplanning
stage, the audit team can systematically analyze compliance with the provisions of the standard and any other corporate policies
that are relevant. For example, the audit team will review all aspects of the training program as part of the overall audit. The team
will review the written training program for adequacy of content, frequency of training, effectiveness of training in terms of its goals
and objectives as well as to how it fits into meeting the standard's requirements, documentation, etc. Through interviews, the team
can determine the employee's knowledge and awareness of the safety procedures, duties, rules, emergency response
assignments, etc. During the inspection, the team can observe actual practices such as safety and health policies, procedures, and
work authorization practices. This approach enables the team to identify deficiencies and determine where corrective actions or
improvements are necessary.
An audit is a technique used to gather sufficient facts and information, including statistical information, to verify compliance with
standards. Auditors should select as part of their preplanning a sample size sufficient to give a degree of confidence that the audit
reflects the level of compliance with the standard. The audit team, through this systematic analysis, should document areas which
require corrective action as well as those areas where the process safety management system is effective and working in an
effective manner. This provides a record of the audit procedures and findings, and serves as a baseline of operation data for future
audits. It will assist future auditors in determining changes or trends from previous audits.
Corrective action is one of the most important parts of the audit. It includes not only addressing the identified deficiencies, but
also planning, followup, and documentation. The corrective action process normally begins with a management review of the audit
findings. The purpose of this review is to determine what actions are appropriate, and to establish priorities, timetables, resource
allocations and requirements and responsibilities. In some cases, corrective action may involve a simple change in procedure or
minor maintenance effort to remedy the concern. Management of change procedures need to be used, as appropriate, even for
what may seem to be a minor change. Many of the deficiencies can be acted on promptly, while some may require engineering
studies or indepth review of actual procedures and practices. There may be instances where no action is necessary and this is a
valid response to an audit finding. All actions taken, including an explanation where no action is taken on a finding, needs to be
documented as to what was done and why.
It is important to assure that each deficiency identified is addressed, the corrective action to be taken noted, and the audit
person or team responsible be properly documented by the employer. To control the corrective action process, the employer should
consider the use of a tracking system. This tracking system might include periodic status reports shared with affected levels of
management, specific reports such as completion of an engineering study, and a final implementation report to provide closure for
audit findings that have been through management of change, if appropriate, and then shared with affected employees and
management. This type of tracking system provides the employer with the status of the corrective action. It also provides the
documentation required to verify that appropriate corrective actions were taken on deficiencies identified in the audit.

APPENDIX D

TO

§ 1910.119—SOURCES

OF

FURTHER INFORMATION (NONMANDATORY)

1. Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017,
(212) 705-7319.
2. “Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures,” American Institute of Chemical Engineers; 345 East 47th Street, New York,
NY 10017.
3. “Guidelines for Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety,” Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American
Institute of Chemical Engineers; 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.
4. “Evaluating Process Safety in the Chemical Industry,” Chemical Manufacturers Association; 2501 M Street NW, Washington,
DC 20037.
5. “Safe Warehousing of Chemicals,” Chemical Manufacturers Association; 2501 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037.
6. “Management of Process Hazards,” American Petroleum Institute (API Recommended Practice 750); 1220 L Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20005.
7. “Improving Owner and Contractor Safety Performance,” American Petroleum Institute (API Recommended Practice 2220);
API, 1220 L Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.
8. Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA's Manager Guide), First Edition, September 1991; CMA, 2501 M Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20037.
9. “Improving Construction Safety Performance,” Report A-3, The Business Roundtable; The Business Roundtable, 200 Park
Avenue, New York, NY 10166. (Report includes criteria to evaluate contractor safety performance and criteria to enhance
contractor safety performance).
10. “Recommended Guidelines for Contractor Safety and Health,” Texas Chemical Council; Texas Chemical Council, 1402
Nueces Street, Austin, TX 78701-1534.
11. “Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,” Volumes I and II; Frank P. Lees, Butterworth; London 1983.
12. “Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines,” 1989; U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
13. “Safety and Health Guide for the Chemical Industry,” 1986, (OSHA 3091); U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration; 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20210.
14. “Review of Emergency Systems,” June 1988; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response, Washington, DC 20460.
15. “Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis, Emergency Planning for Extremely Hazardous Substances,” December 1987;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) and U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT), Washington, DC 20460.

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]

eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
16. “Accident Investigation * * * A New Approach,” 1983, National Safety Council; 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL
60611-3991.
17. “Fire & Explosion Index Hazard Classification Guide,” 6th Edition, May 1987, Dow Chemical Company; Midland, Michigan
48674.
18. “Chemical Exposure Index,” May 1988, Dow Chemical Company; Midland, Michigan 48674.
[57 FR 6403, Feb. 24, 1992; 57 FR 7847, Mar. 4, 1992, as amended at 61 FR 9238, Mar. 7, 1996; 67 FR 67964, Nov. 7, 2002; 76
FR 80738, Dec. 27, 2011; 77 FR 17776, Mar. 26, 2012; 78 FR 9313, Feb. 8, 2013]

For questions or comments regarding e-CFR editorial content, features, or design, email [email protected].
For questions concerning e-CFR programming and delivery issues, email [email protected].

732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001

202.512.1800

Privacy | Important Links | Accessibility | Sitemap | COOP

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=b50443d3eed98bb1c340f4c40a4e663f&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.13&idno=29[2/14/2013 4:57:29 PM]