Form 6 Key Informant Interview Guide

OMB #: 0925-XXXX
Expiration Date: XX/XX/XXXX

ATTACHMENT 7 – Key Informant Interview Guide

(All guides will be translated into Spanish in real time)

Collection of this information is authorized by The Public Health Service Act, Section 411 (42 USC 285a). Rights of study participants are protected by The Privacy Act of 1974. Participation is voluntary, and there are no penalties for not participating or withdrawing from the study at any time. Refusal to participate will not affect your benefits in any way. The information collected in this study will be kept private to the extent provided by law. Names and other identifiers will not appear in any report of the study. Information provided will be combined for all study participants and reported as summaries. You are being contacted by face-to-face interview to complete this instrument so that we can better understand the diets and way of life of Native Americans, Hispanos, and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico around the time of the Trinity nuclear test.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 120 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to: NIH, Project Clearance Branch, 6705 Rockledge Drive, MSC 7974, Bethesda, MD 20892-7974, ATTN: PRA (0925-XXXX). Do not return the completed form to this address.

Key Informant Interview Guide (Version: 12/15/14)

Hello, my name is ____________. Thank you for agreeing to speak with me today. I am working on a study of radiation exposure and long-term health effects conducted jointly by the (local contact organization) ___________ and the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. The National Cancer Institute is part of the National Institutes of Health, which supports research on medical issues.

The goal of today’s interview is to learn about diets, activities, and living conditions around the time of the TRINITY nuclear test in July of 1945 in southern New Mexico, including information about foods and drinks.. This will help our team from the National Cancer Institute in their studies of radiation exposure and long-term health effects.

You are knowledgeable in the daily life during the 1940s and 1950s, particularly in the summer around the time of mid-July and I appreciate your willingness to share your knowledge with me.

[INTRODUCE COLLEAGUES/ NOTE TAKERS]

We are going to be talking about the time around 1945. What do you remember from this time?

1. In 1945:

1. How old were you?

2. Where were you?

3. Can you tell me about the house you grew up in?

4. Did you keep animals?

5. Did you have a garden?

6. Was there an acequia or a stream nearby?

2. Were you aware of the bomb test north of Alamogordo in July?

1. Can you tell me what you know or remember about it?

2. When did you hear about this event?

3. From who or what source did you hear about it?

3. Can you tell me about the events that occur in the summer, particularly in July?

[Additional Probes]:

1. As you know, there are feasts days, in the summer. Can you tell me what happens in preparation for summer feast day?

2. What happens at the summer feast days?

3. Do people come from neighboring areas? Whole families?

4. What about afterwards (continue to eat feast day foods?)?

5. Are there other community events around that time?

I. Fresh Water sources

1. First, I want to ask you about household water supplies in your community. Can you please tell me about the water you drank in 1945?

2. What kinds of homes were common at that time (ex. Mud-based Adobe homes, box cars)?
   
   

3. To the best of your knowledge, did anyone in your community have indoor plumbing (meaning, water piped into their home) in 1945?

[If no, skip to #4]

If yes:

1. To the best of your memory, how many households (% of homes) had indoor plumbing?

2. Do you know where that water came from?

   1. If yes, where?

3. Did the majority of water for those households come from that source?

   1. If no, list other sources:

4. Were there times that the piped water would run out?

   1. If yes: where would people get water?

4. Where did households without indoor plumbing get their water for drinking? (Primary Source)

___Well/ground water

___Rain water

___Acequia or ditch

___Cisterns

___River

___Lake, pond, or other standing water source

___Arroyo

___Creek/streams

___Other: ___________________________________________

5. Describe how people in the community without indoor plumbing accessed water sources. (i.e. with buckets, what size, who hauled the water…?)

6. To the best of your memory, how often would the water be brought to the home (in the summer)?
   
   

7. How long would it last during the summer?
   
   

8. Did households store water? [If no, skip to #9]

If yes:

1. Where did people store water? (ex. In the house, outside or both)

2. Was drinking water stored separately from water used for other things (i.e. cooking, irrigation)?

3. Were any storage containers for drinking and cooking open to the air or covered?

9. Where did water in animal troughs come from?

II. Consumption of small mammals

I want to ask about small animals that might be eaten, particularly in the summer, close in time to the Feast Day of Santa Ana or other summer activities.

10. Was it common to trap or hunt small animals? [If no, skip to #15]
    
    

11. What kinds of small animals were caught, hunted, killed for food?
    
    

12. How was [each] prepared and cooked?
    
    

13. Were all the parts of small animals eaten by people, including the organs?
    
    

    1. If no, what were some parts not eaten?
       
       

14. Were there special rules concerning who ate particular parts of the animal?
    
    

    1. If yes, who ate what parts of the animals?
       
       

15. Were there other types of animals that were eaten? (rabbits, sheep, goat, pig, chicken, pack rats, beaver, turtle)

[If no, skips to #17 (Native American) or #18 (Hispanic/Latino/Chicano)]

1. Were organs of those animals typically eaten?

2. During the summer, would meat be dried outside and eaten later? (Jerky)

3. Were there special rules concerning who ate particular parts of the animal?

   1. If yes, who ate what parts of the animals?
      
      

1. What types of meat were cooked in stews? What parts of the animal were cooked in the stews?

Native American only:

17. Would there have been a communal hunt during July? (Related to Feast Days?)

1. What parts of the animal would be eaten right away? What parts would be saved for later?

   1. (if Saved) –For how long would animal meat be kept?

Hispanic/Latino only:

18. Would there have been a matanza/special butchering party during July? (related to Feast Days?)

19. What parts of the animal would be eaten right away? What parts would be saved for later?

    1. (if Saved) -For how long would animal meat be kept?

    2. Did you make broths from bone?

    3. Did you use bone meal for fertilizer?

III. Vegetables with Leaves that are Eaten

Now let’s talk about vegetables. We understand that chile is a central part of food in New Mexico.

20. Did your family eat or grow chile?

    1. Where did your family get their chile from? (Particular area?)

    2. Did you hang ristras for storing chile?  

       1. Were they inside or outside your home?

21. I am interested to know about eating green, leafy vegetables, like wild spinach, purslane, lettuce and cabbage. It is the leafy part that is of interest. Please tell me about your habits around eating green vegetables.
    
    

22. Was it common to eat green leafy vegetables in summer? [If No, skip to section IV]

23. What kinds of green leafy vegetables were eaten?
    
    

24. Were most of them grown where you lived, in a household garden or perhaps in a community garden like a victory garden?

1. If yes, which vegetables were grown in family garden?

2. Did your family eat all the vegetables that were grown in the garden? Did you share with family, friends, neighbors?

3. For how long would vegetables be kept?

25. Did you eat vegetables from somewhere else?

1. If yes, how far away would the vegetables have been grown?

26. Did you eat vegetables gathered from the wilderness?

1. Where would you gather these wild greens?
   
   

27. Did you buy most of them from a store?

1. Were they eaten raw or cooked?
   Please tell me about how they were prepared for eating? (stew in outdoor pot? Details about how much in a family stew?)
   
   

28. How often were they eaten during the summer, particularly around the time of the summer feast days? [Every day? Once a week, 2 times per week, etc.?]
    
    

29. Was it common to eat cactus during the summer?

IV. Lactose Intolerance (Milk Consumption)

Next, I want to learn if people drank milk. Please tell me about your milk consumption in 1945.

30. Was it common to drink fresh or canned milk? [If no, skip to section VII]

1. If yes: ___Fresh (Continue) ___Canned [If canned, skip to section VII]

2. If fresh, was it consumed as a drink, in coffee, or as an ingredient in stews, breads, etc.?
   
   

31. Did some people in the community, not drink fresh milk (not canned) because they were allergic or it made them sick? (for example, they were lactose intolerant)

1. How common was that in this community?

[TRY to get %; START WITH INDIVIDUAL, THEN FAMILY, NEIGHBORHOOD, COMMUNITY, for example, “How many people were in your family; how many of them did not drink milk?”]

32. Did some people in the community, not consume foods from milk products such as cheese because they were allergic or it made them sick?

1. Are these the same people who stayed away from milk itself?
   
   

V. Milks [Skip this if informant says that most did not drink milk]

Now let’s talk about all the different types of milk available around 1945, and where they came from.

33. What types of milk were available from July through September? (Interviewer’s Note: Be sure to probe on each of the types of milk below)

___Cow

___Goat

___Sheep

___Other:________________________________________________________

34. Can you tell me about where people got their milk from – for example, their own animals, neighbors, Trading Posts or did they get their milk some other way?

___Their own animals

___Neighbors

___Stores

___Other:________________________________________________________

1. Did this vary by type of milk – cow, goat, other?

___Cow

___Goat

___Sheep

___Other:________________________________________________________

35. Did you get milk from other communities?

    1. If yes, do you know how long it was from the time the animals were milked to when the milk was consumed?

2. Did this vary by type of milk – cow, goat, other?

___Cow

___Goat

___Sheep

___Other:________________________________________________________

36. Did you consume each day’s milk on the same day it was collected?

    1. If no, what with done with the left over milk?

2. Did this vary by type of milk – cow, goat, other?

___Cow

___Goat

___Sheep

___Other:________________________________________________________

37. Where was the milk stored? How long could different types of fresh milk be kept?

1. Did this vary by type of milk – cow, goat, other?

___Cow

___Goat

___Sheep

___Other:________________________________________________________

38. In the summertime, how often was milk consumed? (Everyday? Every other day? Once a week? etc.)

Now we have some questions about children (school aged or 5-12) and their milk drinking habits.

39. Who was responsible for feeding children?

40. What types of milk did children drink for breakfast, lunch, and dinner?

___Cow

___Goat

___Sheep

___Other: _________________________________________________________

41. Did they drink milk at other times of day? Yes

1. If yes, When?_________________________________________________

42. How much milk was typically consumed on a single day? [show plastic glasses of different sizes to show as examples]

43. If milk came from your own animals, how much time was there between when the animals were milked and when the children drank the milk?

44. Was milk ever available in only limited amounts (less than they might want)?

1. If so, who would receive the milk first – for example, pregnant women, babies, children, men?

45. What types of milk were available in limited amounts? [Be sure to ask all of these questions]

___Cow

___Goat

___Sheep

___Other: _________________________________________________________

46. Was the milk ever diluted with water when consumed? (taste, or to make it last longer or for more people to be able to drink it)

47. Who drank more milk? Girls or Boys? Pregnant or nursing women? Babies? Men?

1. Did this vary by type of milk?

___Cow

___Goat

___Sheep

___Other: ________________________________________________________

48. Were kids in school or some kind of summer activity in July (1945) where milk would have been provided?

1. If so, was it produced (on the pueblo/in the community) or brought in from a commercial source?

VI. Other Dairy Products

[SKIP this if informant says that no one consumed milk products]

49. Were there other foods made from the milks, such as soft cheeses ?

(List all and ask about process, as in questions below, ask if they made cottage cheese if not mentioned)

(Ask #52 and #53 only if reported as being made)

50. Can you describe to me the process of making (cottage, soft) cheese? [Skip to section VII if not consumed]

1. What type of milk was it (cow, goat, other)?

___Cow milk

___Goat milk

___Other:____________________________________________________

2. How much milk was needed?

3. How long did it take before it was ready to eat?

4. How long could it be stored?

5. Did the recipe or way of making cottage cheese vary by family or by community?

51. Were there any other dairy products that you can think of?

VII. Breastfeeding

52. Was it common for mothers to breastfeed their babies? [If no, skip to section VIII]

1. Typically, how many months were babies breastfed at that time (total months including after solid foods started)?

53. Was the diet of breast feeding mothers different?

1. If yes, in what ways was it different?

54. Did breastfeeding mothers consume fresh milk?

1. How many times per week or per day?

2. How much each time?

3. Did they eat the small animals, including organs?

4. Did they eat leafy vegetables?

VIII. Access of Food & Storage

I want to ask you where you got your food during 1945.

55. Were foods purchased at a store or market regularly? If yes, which foods?

56. Do you know where the store or market purchased its milk, vegetables, and fruit?

57. Were home grown goods exchanged at the store or market and did they sell/exchange them within the community?

58. What foods were collected from the wild? If so, where (in relation to the tribe/community) would food be collected from and what types of food? [Show map]

59. We understand that breads, either wheat or corn, were a main part of the diet. Where was the wheat and corn grown? Where was it milled? How long did it take to mill (if elsewhere)?

60. Summer is a time when many fruits are available to eat. What fruits were eaten and where did you get them from?

I want to ask you about how food was stored.

61. During the summer, where was food kept before it was eaten? Inside, outside, covered?

For communities near mountains only:

I want to ask you about domestic animals that families might have owned.

62. During the summer months, would animals move to other places for grazing?

1. If yes, could you show us where on the map would this grazing area might be? [Show map]

VIII. Traditional Diets

We are interested to know of traditional diets that may be special to (Tribal Nations, Hispanic/Latino or non-Hispanic White).

63. At that time, were there any specific types of food that were special to this community in general?

64. We have come across some recipes that include both clay and ash as ingredients. Did people cook with or eat clay or ash or lick adobe?

1. If so, was this during the summer?

2. How was it used in food preparation or cleaning?

3. Would women consume food that contained clay during pregnancy?

4. About how much were consumed each day, week, month?

5. Did children eat food that contained clay?

65. Did you eat or make tortillas?

    1. If yes, please describe the ingredients and process of making tortillas.

    2. If the tortilla’s used lime, where did the lime come from?

    3. Did you use texquite as a leavening? Can you describe how you used it? Do you know where you got the texquite?

66. Were home remedies used in the summer months or during summer festivals?

    1. If yes, which home remedies were commonly used?

    2. Were any of the remedies chewed or drunk as a tea? Yes ___ No ___

    3. If yes, which ones?

    4. Where did you get the ingredients used in the home remedies?

    5. How were they prepared? If dried, where were they left to dry?

67. Were there any other activities that would require eating special foods around the time of the summer feast days?

68. In addition to tobacco, were any other plants (green corn or other herbs) smoked? We are not asking about plants used for ceremony or intoxication.

1. Where did the plants come from?

VIX. Other

73. We are doing this research because we want to understand the possible pathways that radiation entered people bodies at the time of Trinity. Based on what we discussed today, are there any other issues related to life during 1945 that you think may be relevant to our research?

71. Please tell us about the daily activities of people in your community. For men, women and children please estimate hours spent at home, playing, at school, then total amount of time indoors, outdoors. What would atypical day schedule be from waking to bed time? Are weekends different? Is it different for boys and girls?

[END – thank the participant for their time and knowledge]

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