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ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
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PART 1926—SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION
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Subpart R—Steel Erection
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§1926.750 Scope.
§1926.751 Definitions.
§1926.752 Site layout, site-specific erection plan and construction sequence.
§1926.753 Hoisting and rigging.
§1926.754 Structural steel assembly.
§1926.755 Column anchorage.
§1926.756 Beams and columns.
§1926.757 Open web steel joists.
§1926.758 Systems-engineered metal buildings.
§1926.759 Falling object protection.
§1926.760 Fall protection.
§1926.761 Training.
Appendix A to Subpart R of Part 1926—Guidelines for Establishing the Components of a Site-specific Erection Plan: Non-mandatory Guidelines
for Complying With §1926.752(e)
Appendix B to Subpart R of Part 1926 [Reserved]
Appendix C to Subpart R of Part 1926—Illustrations of Bridging Terminus Points: Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying With §§1926.757(a)
(10) and §1926.757(c)(5)
Appendix D to Subpart R of Part 1926—Illustration of the Use of Control Lines To Demarcate Controlled Decking Zones (CDZs): Non-mandatory
Guidelines for Complying With §1926.760(c)(3)
Appendix E to Subpart R of Part 1926—Training: Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying With §1926.761
Appendix F to Subpart R of Part 1926—Perimeter Columns: Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying With §1926.756(e) To Protect the
Unprotected Side or Edge of a Walking/Working Surface
Appendix G to Subpart R of Part 1926—§1926.502 (b)-(e) Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices
Appendix H to Subpart R of Part 1926—Double Connections: Illustration of a Clipped End Connection and a Staggered Connection: NonMandatory Guidelines for Complying With §1926.756(c)(1)
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[A2]
Authority: Section 3704 of the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 3701); Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order Nos. 3-2000 (65 FR 50017), 52002 (67 FR 65008), and 5-2007 (72 FR 31159); and 29 CFR part 1911.
Source: 66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, unless otherwise noted.
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§1926.750 Scope.
(a) This subpart sets forth requirements to protect employees from the hazards associated with steel erection
activities involved in the construction, alteration, and/or repair of single and multi-story buildings, bridges, and other
structures where steel erection occurs. The requirements of this subpart apply to employers engaged in steel erection
unless otherwise specified. This subpart does not cover electrical transmission towers, communication and broadcast
towers, or tanks.
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Note to paragraph (a): Examples of structures where steel erection may occur include but are not limited to the following: Single
and multi-story buildings; systems-engineered metal buildings; lift slab/tilt-up structures; energy exploration structures; energy
production, transfer and storage structures and facilities; auditoriums; malls; amphitheaters; stadiums; power plants; mills; chemical
process structures; bridges; trestles; overpasses; underpasses; viaducts; aqueducts; aerospace facilities and structures; radar and
communication structures; light towers; signage; billboards; scoreboards; conveyor systems; conveyor supports and related framing;
stairways; stair towers; fire escapes; draft curtains; fire containment structures; monorails; aerialways; catwalks; curtain walls;
window walls; store fronts; elevator fronts; entrances; skylights; metal roofs; industrial structures; hi-bay structures; rail, marine and
other transportation structures; sound barriers; water process and water containment structures; air and cable supported structures;
space frames; geodesic domes; canopies; racks and rack support structures and frames; platforms; walkways; balconies; atriums;
penthouses; car dumpers; stackers/reclaimers; cranes and craneways; bins; hoppers; ovens; furnaces; stacks; amusement park
structures and rides; and artistic and monumental structures.
(b)(1) Steel erection activities include hoisting, laying out, placing, connecting, welding, burning, guying, bracing,
bolting, plumbing and rigging structural steel, steel joists and metal buildings; installing metal decking, curtain walls,
window walls, siding systems, miscellaneous metals, ornamental iron and similar materials; and moving point-to-point
while performing these activities.
(2) The following activities are covered by this subpart when they occur during and are a part of steel erection
activities: rigging, hoisting, laying out, placing, connecting, guying, bracing, dismantling, burning, welding, bolting, grinding,
sealing, caulking, and all related activities for construction, alteration and/or repair of materials and assemblies such as
structural steel; ferrous metals and alloys; non-ferrous metals and alloys; glass; plastics and synthetic composite
materials; structural metal framing and related bracing and assemblies; anchoring devices; structural cabling; cable stays;
permanent and temporary bents and towers; falsework for temporary supports of permanent steel members; stone and
other non-precast concrete architectural materials mounted on steel frames; safety systems for steel erection; steel and
metal joists; metal decking and raceway systems and accessories; metal roofing and accessories; metal siding; bridge
flooring; cold formed steel framing; elevator beams; grillage; shelf racks; multi-purpose supports; crane rails and
accessories; miscellaneous, architectural and ornamental metals and metal work; ladders; railings; handrails; fences and
gates; gratings; trench covers; floor plates; castings; sheet metal fabrications; metal panels and panel wall systems;
louvers; column covers; enclosures and pockets; stairs; perforated metals; ornamental iron work, expansion control
including bridge expansion joint assemblies; slide bearings; hydraulic structures; fascias; soffit panels; penthouse
enclosures; skylights; joint fillers; gaskets; sealants and seals; doors; windows; hardware; detention/security equipment
and doors, windows and hardware; conveying systems; building specialties; building equipment; machinery and plant
equipment, furnishings and special construction.
(c) The duties of controlling contractors under this subpart include, but are not limited to, the duties specified in
§§1926.752 (a) and (c), 1926.755(b)(2), 1926.759(b), and 1926.760(e).
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§1926.751 Definitions.
Anchored bridging means that the steel joist bridging is connected to a bridging terminus point.
Bolted diagonal bridging means diagonal bridging that is bolted to a steel joist or joists.
Bridging clip means a device that is attached to the steel joist to allow the bolting of the bridging to the steel joist.
Bridging terminus point means a wall, a beam, tandem joists (with all bridging installed and a horizontal truss in the
plane of the top chord) or other element at an end or intermediate point(s) of a line of bridging that provides an anchor
point for the steel joist bridging.
Choker means a wire rope or synthetic fiber rigging assembly that is used to attach a load to a hoisting device.
Cold forming means the process of using press brakes, rolls, or other methods to shape steel into desired cross
sections at room temperature.
Column means a load-carrying vertical member that is part of the primary skeletal framing system. Columns do not
include posts.
Competent person (also defined in §1926.32) means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable
hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who
has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
Connector means an employee who, working with hoisting equipment, is placing and connecting structural members
and/or components.
Constructibility means the ability to erect structural steel members in accordance with subpart R without having to
alter the over-all structural design.
Construction load (for joist erection) means any load other than the weight of the employee(s), the joists and the
bridging bundle.
Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ) means an area in which certain work (for example, initial installation and placement of
metal decking) may take place without the use of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, fall restraint systems, or
safety net systems and where access to the zone is controlled.
Controlled load lowering means lowering a load by means of a mechanical hoist drum device that allows a hoisted
load to be lowered with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of the hoist mechanism. Controlled
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load lowering requires the use of the hoist drive motor, rather than the load hoist brake, to lower the load.
Controlling contractor means a prime contractor, general contractor, construction manager or any other legal entity
which has the overall responsibility for the construction of the project—its planning, quality and completion.
Critical lift means a lift that (1) exceeds 75 percent of the rated capacity of the crane or derrick, or (2) requires the use
of more than one crane or derrick.
Decking hole means a gap or void more than 2 inches (5.1 cm) in its least dimension and less than 12 inches (30.5
cm) in its greatest dimension in a floor, roof or other walking/working surface. Pre-engineered holes in cellular decking (for
wires, cables, etc.) are not included in this definition.
Derrick floor means an elevated floor of a building or structure that has been designated to receive hoisted pieces of
steel prior to final placement.
Double connection means an attachment method where the connection point is intended for two pieces of steel which
share common bolts on either side of a central piece.
Double connection seat means a structural attachment that, during the installation of a double connection, supports
the first member while the second member is connected.
Erection bridging means the bolted diagonal bridging that is required to be installed prior to releasing the hoisting
cables from the steel joists.
Fall restraint system means a fall protection system that prevents the user from falling any distance. The system is
comprised of either a body belt or body harness, along with an anchorage, connectors and other necessary equipment.
The other components typically include a lanyard, and may also include a lifeline and other devices.
Final interior perimeter means the perimeter of a large permanent open space within a building such as an atrium or
courtyard. This does not include openings for stairways, elevator shafts, etc.
Girt (in systems-engineered metal buildings) means a “Z” or “C” shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning
between primary framing and supporting wall material.
Headache ball means a weighted hook that is used to attach loads to the hoist load line of the crane.
Hoisting equipment means commercially manufactured lifting equipment designed to lift and position a load of known
weight to a location at some known elevation and horizontal distance from the equipment's center of rotation. “Hoisting
equipment” includes but is not limited to cranes, derricks, tower cranes, barge-mounted derricks or cranes, gin poles and
gantry hoist systems. A “come-a-long” (a mechanical device, usually consisting of a chain or cable attached at each end,
that is used to facilitate movement of materials through leverage) is not considered “hoisting equipment.”
Leading edge means the unprotected side and edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other walking/working
surface (such as deck) which changes location as additional floor, roof, decking or formwork sections are placed, formed
or constructed.
Metal decking means a commercially manufactured, structural grade, cold rolled metal panel formed into a series of
parallel ribs; for this subpart, this includes metal floor and roof decks, standing seam metal roofs, other metal roof systems
and other products such as bar gratings, checker plate, expanded metal panels, and similar products. After installation and
proper fastening, these decking materials serve a combination of functions including, but not limited to: a structural
element designed in combination with the structure to resist, distribute and transfer loads, stiffen the structure and provide
a diaphragm action; a walking/working surface; a form for concrete slabs; a support for roofing systems; and a finished
floor or roof.
Multiple lift rigging means a rigging assembly manufactured by wire rope rigging suppliers that facilitates the
attachment of up to five independent loads to the hoist rigging of a crane.
Opening means a gap or void 12 inches (30.5 cm) or more in its least dimension in a floor, roof or other
walking/working surface. For the purposes of this subpart, skylights and smoke domes that do not meet the strength
requirements of §1926.754(e)(3) shall be regarded as openings.
Permanent floor means a structurally completed floor at any level or elevation (including slab on grade).
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. A personal fall
arrest system consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device,
lifeline, or suitable combination of these. The use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.
Positioning device system means a body belt or body harness rigged to allow an employee to be supported on an
elevated, vertical surface, such as a wall or column and work with both hands free while leaning.
Post means a structural member with a longitudinal axis that is essentially vertical, that: (1) weighs 300 pounds or less
and is axially loaded (a load presses down on the top end), or (2) is not axially loaded, but is laterally restrained by the
above member. Posts typically support stair landings, wall framing, mezzanines and other substructures.
Project structural engineer of record means the registered, licensed professional responsible for the design of
structural steel framing and whose seal appears on the structural contract documents.
Purlin (in systems-engineered metal buildings) means a “Z” or “C” shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning
between primary framing and supporting roof material.
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Qualified person (also defined in §1926.32) means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or
professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability
to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
Safety deck attachment means an initial attachment that is used to secure an initially placed sheet of decking to keep
proper alignment and bearing with structural support members.
Shear connector means headed steel studs, steel bars, steel lugs, and similar devices which are attached to a
structural member for the purpose of achieving composite action with concrete.
Steel erection means the construction, alteration or repair of steel buildings, bridges and other structures, including
the installation of metal decking and all planking used during the process of erection.
Steel joist means an open web, secondary load-carrying member of 144 feet (43.9 m) or less, designed by the
manufacturer, used for the support of floors and roofs. This does not include structural steel trusses or cold-formed joists.
Steel joist girder means an open web, primary load-carrying member, designed by the manufacturer, used for the
support of floors and roofs. This does not include structural steel trusses.
Steel truss means an open web member designed of structural steel components by the project structural engineer of
record. For the purposes of this subpart, a steel truss is considered equivalent to a solid web structural member.
Structural steel means a steel member, or a member made of a substitute material (such as, but not limited to,
fiberglass, aluminum or composite members). These members include, but are not limited to, steel joists, joist girders,
purlins, columns, beams, trusses, splices, seats, metal decking, girts, and all bridging, and cold formed metal framing
which is integrated with the structural steel framing of a building.
Systems-engineered metal building means a metal, field-assembled building system consisting of framing, roof and
wall coverings. Typically, many of these components are cold-formed shapes. These individual parts are fabricated in one
or more manufacturing facilities and shipped to the job site for assembly into the final structure. The engineering design of
the system is normally the responsibility of the systems-engineered metal building manufacturer.
Tank means a container for holding gases, liquids or solids.
Unprotected sides and edges means any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a walking/working
surface, for example a, floor, roof, ramp or runway, where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 39 inches (1.0 m)
high.
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§1926.752 Site layout, site-specific erection plan and construction sequence.
(a) Approval to begin steel erection. Before authorizing the commencement of steel erection, the controlling contractor
shall ensure that the steel erector is provided with the following written notifications:
(1) The concrete in the footings, piers and walls and the mortar in the masonry piers and walls has attained, on the
basis of an appropriate ASTM standard test method of field-cured samples, either 75 percent of the intended minimum
compressive design strength or sufficient strength to support the loads imposed during steel erection.
(2) Any repairs, replacements and modifications to the anchor bolts were conducted in accordance with §1926.755(b).
(b) Commencement of steel erection. A steel erection contractor shall not erect steel unless it has received written
notification that the concrete in the footings, piers and walls or the mortar in the masonry piers and walls has attained, on
the basis of an appropriate ASTM standard test method of field-cured samples, either 75 percent of the intended minimum
compressive design strength or sufficient strength to support the loads imposed during steel erection.
(c) Site layout. The controlling contractor shall ensure that the following is provided and maintained:
(1) Adequate access roads into and through the site for the safe delivery and movement of derricks, cranes, trucks,
other necessary equipment, and the material to be erected and means and methods for pedestrian and vehicular control.
Exception: this requirement does not apply to roads outside of the construction site.
(2) A firm, properly graded, drained area, readily accessible to the work with adequate space for the safe storage of
materials and the safe operation of the erector's equipment.
(d) Pre-planning of overhead hoisting operations. All hoisting operations in steel erection shall be pre-planned to
ensure that the requirements of §1926.753(d) are met.
(e) Site-specific erection plan. Where employers elect, due to conditions specific to the site, to develop alternate
means and methods that provide employee protection in accordance with §1926.753(c)(5), §1926.757(a)(4) or
§1926.757(e)(4), a site-specific erection plan shall be developed by a qualified person and be available at the work site.
Guidelines for establishing a site-specific erection plan are contained in appendix A to this subpart.
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§1926.753 Hoisting and rigging.
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(a) All the provisions of subpart CC apply to hoisting and rigging with the exception of §1926.1431(a).
(b) In addition, paragraphs (c) through (e) of this section apply regarding the hazards associated with hoisting and
rigging.
(c) General. (1) Pre-shift visual inspection of cranes.
(i) Cranes being used in steel erection activities shall be visually inspected prior to each shift by a competent person;
the inspection shall include observation for deficiencies during operation. At a minimum this inspection shall include the
following:
(A) All control mechanisms for maladjustments;
(B) Control and drive mechanism for excessive wear of components and contamination by lubricants, water or other
foreign matter;
(C) Safety devices, including but not limited to boom angle indicators, boom stops, boom kick out devices, anti-two
block devices, and load moment indicators where required;
(D) Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration or leakage, particularly those which flex in normal
operation;
(E) Hooks and latches for deformation, chemical damage, cracks, or wear;
(F) Wire rope reeving for compliance with hoisting equipment manufacturer's specifications;
(G) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive deterioration, dirt, or moisture accumulation;
(H) Hydraulic system for proper fluid level;
(I) Tires for proper inflation and condition;
(J) Ground conditions around the hoisting equipment for proper support, including ground settling under and around
outriggers, ground water accumulation, or similar conditions;
(K) The hoisting equipment for level position; and
(L) The hoisting equipment for level position after each move and setup.
(ii) If any deficiency is identified, an immediate determination shall be made by the competent person as to whether
the deficiency constitutes a hazard.
(iii) If the deficiency is determined to constitute a hazard, the hoisting equipment shall be removed from service until
the deficiency has been corrected.
(iv) The operator shall be responsible for those operations under the operator's direct control. Whenever there is any
doubt as to safety, the operator shall have the authority to stop and refuse to handle loads until safety has been assured.
(2) A qualified rigger (a rigger who is also a qualified person) shall inspect the rigging prior to each shift in accordance
with §1926.251.
(3) The headache ball, hook or load shall not be used to transport personnel except as provided in paragraph (c)(4) of
this section.
(4) Cranes or derricks may be used to hoist employees on a personnel platform when work under this subpart is being
conducted, provided that all provisions of §1926.1431 (except for §1926.1431(a)) are met.
(5) Safety latches on hooks shall not be deactivated or made inoperable except:
(i) When a qualified rigger has determined that the hoisting and placing of purlins and single joists can be performed
more safely by doing so; or
(ii) When equivalent protection is provided in a site-specific erection plan.
(d) Working under loads. (1) Routes for suspended loads shall be pre-planned to ensure that no employee is required
to work directly below a suspended load except for:
(i) Employees engaged in the initial connection of the steel; or
(ii) Employees necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load.
(2) When working under suspended loads, the following criteria shall be met:
(i) Materials being hoisted shall be rigged to prevent unintentional displacement;
(ii) Hooks with self-closing safety latches or their equivalent shall be used to prevent components from slipping out of
the hook; and
(iii) All loads shall be rigged by a qualified rigger
(e) Multiple lift rigging procedure. (1) A multiple lift shall only be performed if the following criteria are met:
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eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
(i) A multiple lift rigging assembly is used;
(ii) A maximum of five members are hoisted per lift;
(iii) Only beams and similar structural members are lifted; and
(iv) All employees engaged in the multiple lift have been trained in these procedures in accordance with §1926.761(c)
(1).
(v) No crane is permitted to be used for a multiple lift where such use is contrary to the manufacturer's specifications
and limitations.
(2) Components of the multiple lift rigging assembly shall be specifically designed and assembled with a maximum
capacity for total assembly and for each individual attachment point. This capacity, certified by the manufacturer or a
qualified rigger, shall be based on the manufacturer's specifications with a 5 to 1 safety factor for all components.
(3) The total load shall not exceed:
(i) The rated capacity of the hoisting equipment specified in the hoisting equipment load charts;
(ii) The rigging capacity specified in the rigging rating chart.
(4) The multiple lift rigging assembly shall be rigged with members:
(i) Attached at their center of gravity and maintained reasonably level;
(ii) Rigged from top down; and
(iii) Rigged at least 7 feet (2.1 m) apart.
(5) The members on the multiple lift rigging assembly shall be set from the bottom up.
(6) Controlled load lowering shall be used whenever the load is over the connectors.
[66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, as amended at 75 FR 48134, Aug. 9, 2010]
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§1926.754 Structural steel assembly.
(a) Structural stability shall be maintained at all times during the erection process.
Note to paragraph (a): Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) regulations incorporate by reference a number of standards,
policies, and standard specifications published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) and other organizations. (See 23 CFR 625.4). Many of these incorporated provisions may be relevant to maintaining
structural stability during the erection process. For instance, as of May 17, 2010, in many cases FHWA requires a Registered
Engineer to prepare and seal working drawings for falsework used in highway bridge construction. (See AASHTO Specifications for
Highway Bridges, Div. II, §3.2.1, 15th edition, 1992, which FHWA incorporates by reference in 23 CFR 625.4). FHWA also
encourages compliance with AASHTO Specifications that the FHWA regulations do not currently incorporate by reference. (See
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/lrfd/index.htm.)
(b) The following additional requirements shall apply for multi-story structures:
(1) The permanent floors shall be installed as the erection of structural members progresses, and there shall be not
more than eight stories between the erection floor and the upper-most permanent floor, except where the structural
integrity is maintained as a result of the design.
(2) At no time shall there be more than four floors or 48 feet (14.6 m), whichever is less, of unfinished bolting or
welding above the foundation or uppermost permanently secured floor, except where the structural integrity is maintained
as a result of the design.
(3) A fully planked or decked floor or nets shall be maintained within two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m), whichever is less,
directly under any erection work being performed.
(c) Walking/working surfaces—shear connectors and other similar devices—(1) Tripping hazards. Shear connectors
(such as headed steel studs, steel bars or steel lugs), reinforcing bars, deformed anchors or threaded studs shall not be
attached to the top flanges of beams, joists or beam attachments so that they project vertically from or horizontally across
the top flange of the member until after the metal decking, or other walking/working surface, has been installed.
(2) Installation of shear connectors on composite floors, roofs and bridge decks. When shear connectors are used in
construction of composite floors, roofs and bridge decks, employees shall lay out and install the shear connectors after the
metal decking has been installed, using the metal decking as a working platform. Shear connectors shall not be installed
from within a controlled decking zone (CDZ), as specified in §1926.760(c)(8).
(d) Plumbing-up. (1) When deemed necessary by a competent person, plumbing-up equipment shall be installed in
conjunction with the steel erection process to ensure the stability of the structure.
(2) When used, plumbing-up equipment shall be in place and properly installed before the structure is loaded with
construction material such as loads of joists, bundles of decking or bundles of bridging.
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eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
(3) Plumbing-up equipment shall be removed only with the approval of a competent person.
(e) Metal decking—(1) Hoisting, landing and placing of metal decking bundles. (i) Bundle packaging and strapping
shall not be used for hoisting unless specifically designed for that purpose.
(ii) If loose items such as dunnage, flashing, or other materials are placed on the top of metal decking bundles to be
hoisted, such items shall be secured to the bundles.
(iii) Bundles of metal decking on joists shall be landed in accordance with §1926.757(e)(4).
(iv) Metal decking bundles shall be landed on framing members so that enough support is provided to allow the
bundles to be unbanded without dislodging the bundles from the supports.
(v) At the end of the shift or when environmental or jobsite conditions require, metal decking shall be secured against
displacement.
(2) Roof and floor holes and openings. Metal decking at roof and floor holes and openings shall be installed as
follows:
(i) Framed metal deck openings shall have structural members turned down to allow continuous deck installation
except where not allowed by structural design constraints or constructibility.
(ii) Roof and floor holes and openings shall be decked over. Where large size, configuration or other structural design
does not allow openings to be decked over (such as elevator shafts, stair wells, etc.) employees shall be protected in
accordance with §1926.760(a)(1).
(iii) Metal decking holes and openings shall not be cut until immediately prior to being permanently filled with the
equipment or structure needed or intended to fulfill its specific use and which meets the strength requirements of
paragraph (e)(3) of this section, or shall be immediately covered.
(3) Covering roof and floor openings. (i) Covers for roof and floor openings shall be capable of supporting, without
failure, twice the weight of the employees, equipment and materials that may be imposed on the cover at any one time.
(ii) All covers shall be secured when installed to prevent accidental displacement by the wind, equipment or
employees.
(iii) All covers shall be painted with high-visibility paint or shall be marked with the word “HOLE” or “COVER” to
provide warning of the hazard.
(iv) Smoke dome or skylight fixtures that have been installed, are not considered covers for the purpose of this section
unless they meet the strength requirements of paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section.
(4) Decking gaps around columns. Wire mesh, exterior plywood, or equivalent, shall be installed around columns
where planks or metal decking do not fit tightly. The materials used must be of sufficient strength to provide fall protection
for personnel and prevent objects from falling through.
(5) Installation of metal decking. (i) Except as provided in §1926.760(c), metal decking shall be laid tightly and
immediately secured upon placement to prevent accidental movement or displacement.
(ii) During initial placement, metal decking panels shall be placed to ensure full support by structural members.
(6) Derrick floors. (i) A derrick floor shall be fully decked and/or planked and the steel member connections completed
to support the intended floor loading.
(ii) Temporary loads placed on a derrick floor shall be distributed over the underlying support members so as to
prevent local overloading of the deck material.
[66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, as amended at 71 FR 2885, Jan. 18, 2006; 71 FR 16674, Apr. 3, 2006; 75 FR 27429, May 17, 2010]
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§1926.755 Column anchorage.
(a) General requirements for erection stability. (1) All columns shall be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchor rods
(anchor bolts).
(2) Each column anchor rod (anchor bolt) assembly, including the column-to-base plate weld and the column
foundation, shall be designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds (136.2 kg) located 18 inches
(.46m) from the extreme outer face of the column in each direction at the top of the column shaft.
(3) Columns shall be set on level finished floors, pre-grouted leveling plates, leveling nuts, or shim packs which are
adequate to transfer the construction loads.
(4) All columns shall be evaluated by a competent person to determine whether guying or bracing is needed; if guying
or bracing is needed, it shall be installed.
(b) Repair, replacement or field modification of anchor rods (anchor bolts). (1) Anchor rods (anchor bolts) shall not be
repaired, replaced or field-modified without the approval of the project structural engineer of record.
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(2) Prior to the erection of a column, the controlling contractor shall provide written notification to the steel erector if
there has been any repair, replacement or modification of the anchor rods (anchor bolts) of that column.
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§1926.756 Beams and columns.
(a) General. (1) During the final placing of solid web structural members, the load shall not be released from the
hoisting line until the members are secured with at least two bolts per connection, of the same size and strength as shown
in the erection drawings, drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent as specified by the project structural engineer of record,
except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(2) A competent person shall determine if more than two bolts are necessary to ensure the stability of cantilevered
members; if additional bolts are needed, they shall be installed.
(b) Diagonal bracing. Solid web structural members used as diagonal bracing shall be secured by at least one bolt per
connection drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent as specified by the project structural engineer of record.
(c) (1) Double connections at columns and/or at beam webs over a column. When two structural members on
opposite sides of a column web, or a beam web over a column, are connected sharing common connection holes, at least
one bolt with its wrench-tight nut shall remain connected to the first member unless a shop-attached or field-attached seat
or equivalent connection device is supplied with the member to secure the first member and prevent the column from
being displaced (See appendix H to this subpart for examples of equivalent connection devices).
(2) If a seat or equivalent device is used, the seat (or device) shall be designed to support the load during the double
connection process. It shall be adequately bolted or welded to both a supporting member and the first member before the
nuts on the shared bolts are removed to make the double connection.
(d) Column splices. Each column splice shall be designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds
(136.2 kg) located 18 inches (.46 m) from the extreme outer face of the column in each direction at the top of the column
shaft.
(e) Perimeter columns. Perimeter columns shall not be erected unless:
(1) The perimeter columns extend a minimum of 48 inches (1.2 m) above the finished floor to permit installation of
perimeter safety cables prior to erection of the next tier, except where constructibility does not allow (see appendix F to
this subpart);
(2) The perimeter columns have holes or other devices in or attached to perimeter columns at 42-45 inches (107-114
cm) above the finished floor and the midpoint between the finished floor and the top cable to permit installation of
perimeter safety cables required by §1926.760(a)(2), except where constructibility does not allow. (See appendix F to this
subpart).
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§1926.757 Open web steel joists.
(a) General. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, where steel joists are used and columns are
not framed in at least two directions with solid web structural steel members, a steel joist shall be field-bolted at the column
to provide lateral stability to the column during erection. For the installation of this joist:
(i) A vertical stabilizer plate shall be provided on each column for steel joists. The plate shall be a minimum of 6 inch
by 6 inch (152 mm by 152 mm) and shall extend at least 3 inches (76 mm) below the bottom chord of the joist with a 13⁄16
inch (21 mm) hole to provide an attachment point for guying or plumbing cables.
(ii) The bottom chords of steel joists at columns shall be stabilized to prevent rotation during erection.
(iii) Hoisting cables shall not be released until the seat at each end of the steel joist is field-bolted, and each end of the
bottom chord is restrained by the column stabilizer plate.
(2) Where constructibility does not allow a steel joist to be installed at the column:
(i) an alternate means of stabilizing joists shall be installed on both sides near the column and shall:
(A) provide stability equivalent to paragraph (a)(1) of this section;
(B) be designed by a qualified person;
(C) be shop installed; and
(D) be included in the erection drawings.
(ii) hoisting cables shall not be released until the seat at each end of the steel joist is field-bolted and the joist is
stabilized.
(3) Where steel joists at or near columns span 60 feet (18.3 m) or less, the joist shall be designed with sufficient
strength to allow one employee to release the hoisting cable without the need for erection bridging.
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(4) Where steel joists at or near columns span more than 60 feet (18.3 m), the joists shall be set in tandem with all
bridging installed unless an alternative method of erection, which provides equivalent stability to the steel joist, is designed
by a qualified person and is included in the site-specific erection plan.
(5) A steel joist or steel joist girder shall not be placed on any support structure unless such structure is stabilized.
(6) When steel joist(s) are landed on a structure, they shall be secured to prevent unintentional displacement prior to
installation.
(7) No modification that affects the strength of a steel joist or steel joist girder shall be made without the approval of
the project structural engineer of record.
(8) Field-bolted joists. (i) Except for steel joists that have been pre-assembled into panels, connections of individual
steel joists to steel structures in bays of 40 feet (12.2 m) or more shall be fabricated to allow for field bolting during
erection.
(ii) These connections shall be field-bolted unless constructibility does not allow.
(9) Steel joists and steel joist girders shall not be used as anchorage points for a fall arrest system unless written
approval to do so is obtained from a qualified person.
(10) A bridging terminus point shall be established before bridging is installed. (See appendix C to this subpart.)
(b) Attachment of steel joists and steel joist girders. (1) Each end of “K” series steel joists shall be attached to the
support structure with a minimum of two 1⁄8 -inch (3 mm) fillet welds 1 inch (25 mm) long or with two 1⁄2 -inch (13 mm) bolts,
or the equivalent.
(2) Each end of “LH” and “DLH” series steel joists and steel joist girders shall be attached to the support structure with
a minimum of two 1⁄4 -inch (6 mm) fillet welds 2 inches (51 mm) long, or with two 3⁄4 -inch (19 mm) bolts, or the equivalent.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, each steel joist shall be attached to the support structure, at
least at one end on both sides of the seat, immediately upon placement in the final erection position and before additional
joists are placed.
(4) Panels that have been pre-assembled from steel joists with bridging shall be attached to the structure at each
corner before the hoisting cables are released.
(c) Erection of steel joists. (1) Both sides of the seat of one end of each steel joist that requires bridging under Tables
A and B shall be attached to the support structure before hoisting cables are released.
(2) For joists over 60 feet, both ends of the joist shall be attached as specified in paragraph (b) of this section and the
provisions of paragraph (d) of this section met before the hoisting cables are released.
(3) On steel joists that do not require erection bridging under Tables A and B, only one employee shall be allowed on
the joist until all bridging is installed and anchored.
Table A—Erection Bridging for Short Span Joists
Joist
8L1
10K1
12K1
12K3
12K5
14K1
14K3
14K4
14K6
16K2
16K3
16K4
16K5
16K6
16K7
16K9
18K3
18K4
18K5
18K6
18K7
18K9
18K10
20K3
Span
NM
NM
23-0
NM
NM
27-0
NM
NM
NM
29-0
30-0
32-0
32-0
NM
NM
NM
31-0
32-0
33-0
35-0
NM
NM
NM
32-0
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20K4
20K5
20K6
20K7
20K9
20K10
22K4
22K5
22K6
22K7
22K9
22K10
22K11
24K4
24K5
24K6
24K7
24K8
24K9
24K10
24K12
26K5
26K6
26K7
26K8
26K9
26K10
26K12
28K6
28K7
28K8
28K9
28K10
28K12
30K7
30K8
30K9
30K10
30K11
30K12
10KCS1
10KCS2
10KCS3
12KCS1
12KCS2
12KCS3
14KCS1
14KCS2
14KCS3
16KCS2
16KCS3
16KCS4
16KCS5
18KCS2
18KCS3
18KCS4
18KCS5
20KCS2
20KCS3
20KCS4
20KCS5
22KCS2
22KCS3
22KCS4
34-0
34-0
36-0
39-0
39-0
NM
34-0
35-0
36-0
40-0
40-0
40-0
40-0
36-0
38-0
39-0
43-0
43-0
44-0
NM
NM
38-0
39-0
43-0
44-0
45-0
49-0
NM
40-0
43-0
44-0
45-0
49-0
53-0
44-0
45-0
45-0
50-0
52-0
54-0
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
35-0
NM
NM
NM
36-0
39-0
NM
NM
36-0
40-0
NM
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22KCS5
24KCS2
24KCS3
24KCS4
24KCS5
26KCS2
26KCS3
26KCS4
26KCS5
28KCS2
28KCS3
28KCS4
28KCS5
30KC53
30KCS4
30KCS5
NM
39-0
44-0
NM
NM
39-0
44-0
NM
NM
40-0
45-0
53-0
53-0
45-0
54-0
54-0
NM = diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists under 40 feet.
Table B—Erection Bridging for Long Span Joists
Joist
18LH02
18LH03
18LH04
18LH05
18LH06
18LH07
18LH08
18LH09
20LH02
20LH03
20LH04
20LH05
20LH06
20LH07
20LH08
20LH09
20LH10
24LH03
24LH04
24LH05
24LH06
24LH07
24LH08
24LH09
24LH10
24LH11
28LH05
28LH06
28LH07
28LH08
28LH09
28LH10
28LH11
28LH12
28LH13
32LH06
32LH07
32LH08
32LH09
32LH10
32LH11
32LH12
32LH13
Span
33-0.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
33-0.
38-0.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
35-0.
39-0.
40-0.
45-0.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
42-0.
42-0.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
NM.
47-0 through 60-0.
47-0 through 60-0.
55-0 through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
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32LH14
32LH15
36LH07
36LH08
36LH09
36LH10
36LH11
36LH12
36LH13
36LH14
36LH15
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
47-0 through 60-0.
47-0 through 60-0.
57-0 through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM through 60-0.
NM = diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists under 40 feet.
(4) Employees shall not be allowed on steel joists where the span of the steel joist is equal to or greater than the span
shown in Tables A and B except in accordance with §1926.757(d).
(5) When permanent bridging terminus points cannot be used during erection, additional temporary bridging terminus
points are required to provide stability. (See appendix C of this subpart.)
(d) Erection bridging. (1) Where the span of the steel joist is equal to or greater than the span shown in Tables A and
B, the following shall apply:
(i) A row of bolted diagonal erection bridging shall be installed near the midspan of the steel joist;
(ii) Hoisting cables shall not be released until this bolted diagonal erection bridging is installed and anchored; and
(iii) No more than one employee shall be allowed on these spans until all other bridging is installed and anchored.
(2) Where the span of the steel joist is over 60 feet (18.3 m) through 100 feet (30.5 m), the following shall apply:
(i) All rows of bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging;
(ii) Two rows of bolted diagonal erection bridging shall be installed near the third points of the steel joist;
(iii) Hoisting cables shall not be released until this bolted diagonal erection bridging is installed and anchored; and
(iv) No more than two employees shall be allowed on these spans until all other bridging is installed and anchored.
(3) Where the span of the steel joist is over 100 feet (30.5 m) through 144 feet (43.9 m), the following shall apply:
(i) All rows of bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging;
(ii) Hoisting cables shall not be released until all bridging is installed and anchored; and
(iii) No more than two employees shall be allowed on these spans until all bridging is installed and anchored.
(4) For steel members spanning over 144 feet (43.9 m), the erection methods used shall be in accordance with
§1926.756.
(5) Where any steel joist specified in paragraphs (c)(2) and (d)(1), (d)(2), and (d)(3) of this section is a bottom chord
bearing joist, a row of bolted diagonal bridging shall be provided near the support(s). This bridging shall be installed and
anchored before the hoisting cable(s) is released.
(6) When bolted diagonal erection bridging is required by this section, the following shall apply:
(i) The bridging shall be indicated on the erection drawing;
(ii) The erection drawing shall be the exclusive indicator of the proper placement of this bridging;
(iii) Shop-installed bridging clips, or functional equivalents, shall be used where the bridging bolts to the steel joists;
(iv) When two pieces of bridging are attached to the steel joist by a common bolt, the nut that secures the first piece of
bridging shall not be removed from the bolt for the attachment of the second; and
(v) Bridging attachments shall not protrude above the top chord of the steel joist.
(e) Landing and placing loads. (1) During the construction period, the employer placing a load on steel joists shall
ensure that the load is distributed so as not to exceed the carrying capacity of any steel joist.
(2) Except for paragraph (e)(4) of this section, no construction loads are allowed on the steel joists until all bridging is
installed and anchored and all joist-bearing ends are attached.
(3) The weight of a bundle of joist bridging shall not exceed a total of 1,000 pounds (454 kg). A bundle of joist bridging
shall be placed on a minimum of three steel joists that are secured at one end. The edge of the bridging bundle shall be
positioned within 1 foot (.30 m) of the secured end.
(4) No bundle of decking may be placed on steel joists until all bridging has been installed and anchored and all joist
bearing ends attached, unless all of the following conditions are met:
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(i) The employer has first determined from a qualified person and documented in a site-specific erection plan that the
structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the load;
(ii) The bundle of decking is placed on a minimum of three steel joists;
(iii) The joists supporting the bundle of decking are attached at both ends;
(iv) At least one row of bridging is installed and anchored;
(v) The total weight of the bundle of decking does not exceed 4,000 pounds (1816 kg); and
(vi) Placement of the bundle of decking shall be in accordance with paragraph (e)(5) of this section.
(5) The edge of the construction load shall be placed within 1 foot (.30 m) of the bearing surface of the joist end.
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§1926.758 Systems-engineered metal buildings.
(a) All of the requirements of this subpart apply to the erection of systems-engineered metal buildings except
§§1926.755 (column anchorage) and 1926.757 (open web steel joists).
(b) Each structural column shall be anchored by a minimum of four anchor rods (anchor bolts).
(c) Rigid frames shall have 50 percent of their bolts or the number of bolts specified by the manufacturer (whichever is
greater) installed and tightened on both sides of the web adjacent to each flange before the hoisting equipment is
released.
(d) Construction loads shall not be placed on any structural steel framework unless such framework is safely bolted,
welded or otherwise adequately secured.
(e) In girt and eave strut-to-frame connections, when girts or eave struts share common connection holes, at least one
bolt with its wrench-tight nut shall remain connected to the first member unless a manufacturer-supplied, field-attached
seat or similar connection device is present to secure the first member so that the girt or eave strut is always secured
against displacement.
(f) Both ends of all steel joists or cold-formed joists shall be fully bolted and/or welded to the support structure before:
(1) Releasing the hoisting cables;
(2) Allowing an employee on the joists; or
(3) Allowing any construction loads on the joists.
(g) Purlins and girts shall not be used as an anchorage point for a fall arrest system unless written approval is
obtained from a qualified person.
(h) Purlins may only be used as a walking/working surface when installing safety systems, after all permanent bridging
has been installed and fall protection is provided.
(i) Construction loads may be placed only within a zone that is within 8 feet (2.5 m) of the center-line of the primary
support member.
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§1926.759 Falling object protection.
(a) Securing loose items aloft. All materials, equipment, and tools, which are not in use while aloft, shall be secured
against accidental displacement.
(b) Protection from falling objects other than materials being hoisted. The controlling contractor shall bar other
construction processes below steel erection unless overhead protection for the employees below is provided.
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§1926.760 Fall protection.
(a) General requirements. (1) Except as provided by paragraph (a)(3) of this section, each employee engaged in a
steel erection activity who is on a walking/working surface with an unprotected side or edge more than 15 feet (4.6 m)
above a lower level shall be protected from fall hazards by guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest
systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint systems.
(2) Perimeter safety cables. On multi-story structures, perimeter safety cables shall be installed at the final interior and
exterior perimeters of the floors as soon as the metal decking has been installed.
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(3) Connectors and employees working in controlled decking zones shall be protected from fall hazards as provided in
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, respectively.
(b) Connectors. Each connector shall:
(1) Be protected in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section from fall hazards of more than two stories or 30
feet (9.1 m) above a lower level, whichever is less;
(2) Have completed connector training in accordance with §1926.761; and
(3) Be provided, at heights over 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower level, with a personal fall arrest system,
positioning device system or fall restraint system and wear the equipment necessary to be able to be tied off; or be
provided with other means of protection from fall hazards in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(c) Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ). A controlled decking zone may be established in that area of the structure over 15
and up to 30 feet above a lower level where metal decking is initially being installed and forms the leading edge of a work
area. In each CDZ, the following shall apply:
(1) Each employee working at the leading edge in a CDZ shall be protected from fall hazards of more than two stories
or 30 feet (9.1 m), whichever is less.
(2) Access to a CDZ shall be limited to only those employees engaged in leading edge work.
(3) The boundaries of a CDZ shall be designated and clearly marked. The CDZ shall not be more than 90 feet (27.4
m) wide and 90 (27.4 m) feet deep from any leading edge. The CDZ shall be marked by the use of control lines or the
equivalent. Examples of acceptable procedures for demarcating CDZ's can be found in appendix D to this subpart.
(4) Each employee working in a CDZ shall have completed CDZ training in accordance with §1926.761.
(5) Unsecured decking in a CDZ shall not exceed 3,000 square feet (914.4 m2).
(6) Safety deck attachments shall be performed in the CDZ from the leading edge back to the control line and shall
have at least two attachments for each metal decking panel.
(7) Final deck attachments and installation of shear connectors shall not be performed in the CDZ.
(d) Criteria for fall protection equipment. (1) Guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems,
positioning device systems and their components shall conform to the criteria in §1926.502 (see appendix G to this
subpart).
(2) Fall arrest system components shall be used in fall restraint systems and shall conform to the criteria in §1926.502
(see appendix G). Either body belts or body harnesses shall be used in fall restraint systems.
(3) Perimeter safety cables shall meet the criteria for guardrail systems in §1926.502 (see appendix G).
(e) Custody of fall protection. Fall protection provided by the steel erector shall remain in the area where steel erection
activity has been completed, to be used by other trades, only if the controlling contractor or its authorized representative:
(1) Has directed the steel erector to leave the fall protection in place; and
(2) Has inspected and accepted control and responsibility of the fall protection prior to authorizing persons other than
steel erectors to work in the area.
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§1926.761 Training.
The following provisions supplement the requirements of §1926.21 regarding the hazards addressed in this subpart.
(a) Training personnel. Training required by this section shall be provided by a qualified person(s).
(b) Fall hazard training. The employer shall train each employee exposed to a fall hazard in accordance with the
requirements of this section. The employer shall institute a training program and ensure employee participation in the
program.
(c) Special training programs. In addition to the training required in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the
employer shall provide special training to employees engaged in the following activities.
(1) Multiple lift rigging procedure. The employer shall ensure that each employee who performs multiple lift rigging has
been provided training in the following areas:
(i) The nature of the hazards associated with multiple lifts; and
(ii) The proper procedures and equipment to perform multiple lifts required by §1926.753(e).
(2) Connector procedures. The employer shall ensure that each connector has been provided training in the following
areas:
(i) The nature of the hazards associated with connecting; and
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(ii) The establishment, access, proper connecting techniques and work practices required by §1926.756(c) and
§1926.760(b).
(3) Controlled Decking Zone Procedures. Where CDZs are being used, the employer shall assure that each employee
has been provided training in the following areas:
(i) The nature of the hazards associated with work within a controlled decking zone; and
(ii) The establishment, access, proper installation techniques and work practices required by §1926.760(c) and
§1926.754(e).
[66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, as amended at 73 FR 75589, Dec. 12, 2008]
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Appendix A to Subpart R of Part 1926—Guidelines for Establishing the Components of a Site-specific Erection
Plan: Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying With §1926.752(e)
(a) General. This appendix serves as a guideline to assist employers who elect to develop a site-specific erection plan
in accordance with §1926.752(e) with alternate means and methods to provide employee protection in accordance with
§1926.752(e), §1926.753(c)(5), §1926.757(a)(4) and §1926.757(e)(4).
(b) Development of a site-specific erection plan. Pre-construction conference(s) and site inspection(s) are held
between the erector and the controlling contractor, and others such as the project engineer and fabricator before the start
of steel erection. The purpose of such conference(s) is to develop and review the site-specific erection plan that will meet
the requirements of this section.
(c) Components of a site-specific erection plan. In developing a site-specific erection plan, a steel erector considers
the following elements:
(1) The sequence of erection activity, developed in coordination with the controlling contractor, that includes the
following:
(i) Material deliveries:
(ii) Material staging and storage; and
(iii) Coordination with other trades and construction activities.
(2) A description of the crane and derrick selection and placement procedures, including the following:
(i) Site preparation;
(ii) Path for overhead loads; and
(iii) Critical lifts, including rigging supplies and equipment.
(3) A description of steel erection activities and procedures, including the following:
(i) Stability considerations requiring temporary bracing and guying;
(ii) Erection bridging terminus point;
(iii) Anchor rod (anchor bolt) notifications regarding repair, replacement and modifications;
(iv) Columns and beams (including joists and purlins);
(v) Connections;
(vi) Decking; and
(vii) Ornamental and miscellaneous iron.
(4) A description of the fall protection procedures that will be used to comply with §1926.760.
(5) A description of the procedures that will be used to comply with §1926.759.
(6) A description of the special procedures required for hazardous non-routine tasks.
(7) A certification for each employee who has received training for performing steel erection operations as required by
§1926.761.
(8) A list of the qualified and competent persons.
(9) A description of the procedures that will be utilized in the event of rescue or emergency response.
(d) Other plan information. The plan:
(1) Includes the identification of the site and project; and
(2) Is signed and dated by the qualified person(s) responsible for its preparation and modification.
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Appendix B to Subpart R of Part 1926 [Reserved]
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Appendix C to Subpart R of Part 1926—Illustrations of Bridging Terminus Points: Non-mandatory Guidelines for
Complying With §§1926.757(a)(10) and §1926.757(c)(5)
View or download PDF
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eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
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eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
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Appendix D to Subpart R of Part 1926—Illustration of the Use of Control Lines To Demarcate Controlled Decking
Zones (CDZs): Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying With §1926.760(c)(3)
(1) When used to control access to areas where leading edge and initial securement of metal deck and other
operations connected with leading edge work are taking place, the controlled decking zone (CDZ) is defined by a control
line or by any other means that restricts access.
(i) A control line for a CDZ is erected not less than 6 feet (1.8 m) nor more than 90 feet (27.4 m) from the leading
edge.
(ii) Control lines extend along the entire length of the unprotected or leading edge and are approximately parallel to
the unprotected or leading edge.
(iii) Control lines are connected on each side to a guardrail system, wall, stanchion or other suitable anchorage.
(2) Control lines consist of ropes, wires, tapes, or equivalent materials, and supporting stanchions as follows:
(i) Each line is rigged and supported in such a way that its lowest point (including sag) is not less than 39 inches (1.0
m) from the walking/working surface and its highest point is not more than 45 inches (1.3 m) from the walking/working
surface.
(ii) Each line has a minimum breaking strength of 200 pounds (90.8 kg).
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Appendix E to Subpart R of Part 1926—Training: Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying With §1926.761
The training requirements of §1926.761 will be deemed to have been met if employees have completed a training
course on steel erection, including instruction in the provisions of this standard, that has been approved by the U.S.
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Department of Labor Bureau of Apprenticeship.
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Appendix F to Subpart R of Part 1926—Perimeter Columns: Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying With
§1926.756(e) To Protect the Unprotected Side or Edge of a Walking/Working Surface
In multi-story structures, when holes in the column web are used for perimeter safety cables, the column splice must
be placed sufficiently high so as not to interfere with any attachments to the column necessary for the column splice.
Column splices are recommended to be placed at every other or fourth levels as design allows. Column splices at third
levels are detrimental to the erection process and should be avoided if possible.
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Appendix G to Subpart R of Part 1926—§1926.502 (b)-(e) Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices
(b) “Guardrail systems.” Guardrail systems and their use shall comply with the following provisions:
(1) Top edge height of top rails, or equivalent guardrail system members, shall be 42 inches (1.1 m) plus or minus 3
inches (8 cm) above the walking/working level. When conditions warrant, the height of the top edge may exceed the 45inch height, provided the guardrail system meets all other criteria of this paragraph (§1926.502(b)).
Note: When employees are using stilts, the top edge height of the top rail, or equivalent member, shall be increased an amount
equal to the height of the stilts.
(2) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, or equivalent intermediate structural members shall be
installed between the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/working surface when there is no wall or parapet
wall at least 21 inches (53 cm) high.
(i) Midrails, when used, shall be installed at a height midway between the top edge of the guardrail system and the
walking/working level.
(ii) Screens and mesh, when used, shall extend from the top rail to the walking/working level and along the entire
opening between top rail supports.
(iii) Intermediate members (such as balusters), when used between posts, shall be not more than 19 inches (48 cm)
apart.
(iv) Other structural members (such as additional midrails and architectural panels) shall be installed such that there
are no openings in the guardrail system that are more than 19 inches (.5 m) wide.
(3) Guardrail systems shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 200 pounds (890 N) applied
within 2 inches (5.1 cm) of the top edge, in any outward or downward direction, at any point along the top edge.
(4) When the 200 pound (890 N) test load specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section (§1926.502) is applied in a
downward direction, the top edge of the guardrail shall not deflect to a height less than 39 inches (1.0 m) above the
walking/working level. Guardrail system components selected and constructed in accordance with the appendix B to
subpart M of this part will be deemed to meet this requirement.
(5) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, and equivalent structural members shall be
capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 150 pounds (666 N) applied in any downward or outward
direction at any point along the midrail or other member.
(6) Guardrail systems shall be so surfaced as to prevent injury to an employee from punctures or lacerations, and to
prevent snagging of clothing.
(7) The ends of all top rails and midrails shall not overhang the terminal posts, except where such overhang does not
constitute a projection hazard.
(8) Steel banding and plastic banding shall not be used as top rails or midrails.
(9) Top rails and midrails shall be at least one-quarter inch (0.6 cm) nominal diameter or thickness to prevent cuts and
lacerations. If wire rope is used for top rails, it shall be flagged at not more than 6-foot intervals with high-visibility material.
(10) When guardrail systems are used at hoisting areas, a chain, gate or removable guardrail section shall be placed
across the access opening between guardrail sections when hoisting operations are not taking place.
(11) When guardrail systems are used at holes, they shall be erected on all unprotected sides or edges of the hole.
(12) When guardrail systems are used around holes used for the passage of materials, the hole shall have not more
than two sides provided with removable guardrail sections to allow the passage of materials. When the hole is not in use, it
shall be closed over with a cover, or a guardrail system shall be provided along all unprotected sides or edges.
(13) When guardrail systems are used around holes which are used as points of access (such as ladderways), they
shall be provided with a gate, or be so offset that a person cannot walk directly into the hole.
(14) Guardrail systems used on ramps and runways shall be erected along each unprotected side or edge.
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(15) Manila, plastic or synthetic rope being used for top rails or midrails shall be inspected as frequently as necessary
to ensure that it continues to meet the strength requirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this section (§1926.502).
(c) Safety net systems. Safety net systems and their use shall comply with the following provisions:
(1) Safety nets shall be installed as close as practicable under the walking/working surface on which employees are
working, but in no case more than 30 feet (9.1 m) below such level. When nets are used on bridges, the potential fall area
from the walking/working surface to the net shall be unobstructed.
(2) Safety nets shall extend outward from the outermost projection of the work surface as follows:
Vertical distance from working level to
horizontal plane of net
Up to 5 feet
More than 5 feet up to 10 feet
More than 10 feet
Minimum required horizontal distance of outer edge of net from the
edge of the working surface
8 feet
10 feet
13 feet
(3) Safety nets shall be installed with sufficient clearance under them to prevent contact with the surface or structures
below when subjected to an impact force equal to the drop test specified in paragraph (4) of this section [§1926.502].
(4) Safety nets and their installations shall be capable of absorbing an impact force equal to that produced by the drop
test specified in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section [§1926.502].
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section (§1926.502), safety nets and safety net installations shall
be drop-tested at the jobsite after initial installation and before being used as a fall protection system, whenever relocated,
after major repair, and at 6-month intervals if left in one place. The drop-test shall consist of a 400 pound (180 kg) bag of
sand 30 + or −2 inches (76 + or −5 cm) in diameter dropped into the net from the highest walking/working surface at which
employees are exposed to fall hazards, but not from less than 42 inches (1.1 m) above that level.
(ii) When the employer can demonstrate that it is unreasonable to perform the drop-test required by paragraph (c)(4)
(i) of this section (§1926.502), the employer (or a designated competent person) shall certify that the net and net
installation is in compliance with the provisions of paragraphs (c)(3) and (c)(4)(i) of this section (§1926.502) by preparing a
certification record prior to the net being used as a fall protection system. The certification record must include an
identification of the net and net installation for which the certification record is being prepared; the date that it was
determined that the identified net and net installation were in compliance with paragraph (c)(3) of this section (§1926.502)
and the signature of the person making the determination and certification. The most recent certification record for each
net and net installation shall be available at the jobsite for inspection.
(5) Defective nets shall not be used. Safety nets shall be inspected at least once a week for wear, damage, and other
deterioration. Defective components shall be removed from service. Safety nets shall also be inspected after any
occurrence which could affect the integrity of the safety net system.
(6) Materials, scrap pieces, equipment, and tools which have fallen into the safety net shall be removed as soon as
possible from the net and at least before the next work shift.
(7) The maximum size of each safety net mesh opening shall not exceed 36 square inches (230 cm) nor be longer
than 6 inches (15 cm) on any side, and the opening, measured center-to-center of mesh ropes or webbing, shall not be
longer than 6 inches (15 cm). All mesh crossings shall be secured to prevent enlargement of the mesh opening.
(8) Each safety net (or section of it) shall have a border rope for webbing with a minimum breaking strength of 5,000
pounds (22.2 kN).
(9) Connections between safety net panels shall be as strong as integral net components and shall be spaced not
more than 6 inches (15 cm) apart.
(d) “Personal fall arrest systems.” Personal fall arrest systems and their use shall comply with the provisions set forth
below. Effective January 1, 1998, body belts are not acceptable as part of a personal fall arrest system.
Note: The use of a body belt in a positioning device system is acceptable and is regulated under paragraph (e) of this section
(§1926.502).
(1) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or made of equivalent materials.
(2) Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all surfaces and edges shall be smooth to prevent damage
to interfacing parts of the system.
(3) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
(4) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16 kN) without
cracking, breaking, or taking permanent deformation.
(5) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compatible with the member to which they are connected to prevent unintentional
disengagement of the snaphook by depression of the snaphook keeper by the connected member, or shall be a locking
type snaphook designed and used to prevent disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper by
the connected member. Effective January 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks shall be used.
(6) Unless the snaphook is a locking type and designed for the following connections, snaphooks shall not be
engaged:
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eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
(i) directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
(ii) to each other;
(iii) to a dee-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached;
(iv) to a horizontal lifeline; or
(v) to any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snaphook such that unintentional
disengagement could occur by the connected object being able to depress the snaphook keeper and release itself.
(7) On suspended scaffolds or similar work platforms with horizontal lifelines which may become vertical lifelines, the
devices used to connect to a horizontal lifeline shall be capable of locking in both directions on the lifeline.
(8) Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used, under the supervision of a qualified person, as part of a
complete personal fall arrest system, which maintains a safety factor of at least two.
(9) Lanyards and vertical lifelines shall have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
(10)(i) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(10)(ii) of this section [§1926.502], when vertical lifelines are used, each
employee shall be attached to a separate lifeline.
(ii) During the construction of elevator shafts, two employees may be attached to the same lifeline in the hoistway,
provided both employees are working atop a false car that is equipped with guardrails; the strength of the lifeline is 10,000
pounds [5,000 pounds per employee attached] (44.4 kN); and all other criteria specified in this paragraph for lifelines have
been met.
(11) Lifelines shall be protected against being cut or abraded.
(12) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less shall be
capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN) applied to the device with the lifeline or lanyard in
the fully extended position.
(13) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which do not limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, ripstitch
lanyards, and tearing and deforming lanyards shall be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 5,000 pounds (22.2
kN) applied to the device with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
(14) Ropes and straps (webbing) used in lanyards, lifelines, and strength components of body belts and body
harnesses shall be made from synthetic fibers.
(15) Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment shall be independent of any anchorage being
used to support or suspend platforms and capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) per employee attached,
or shall be designed, installed, and used as follows:
(i) as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two; and
(ii) under the supervision of a qualified person.
(16) Personal fall arrest systems, when stopping a fall, shall:
(i) limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900 pounds (4 kN) when used with a body belt;
(ii) limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800 pounds (8 kN) when used with a body harness;
(iii) be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet (1.8 m), nor contact any lower level;
(iv) bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an employee travels to 3.5 feet
(1.07 m); and,
(v) have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an employee free falling a distance of 6
feet (1.8 m), or the free fall distance permitted by the system, whichever is less.
Note: If the personal fall arrest system meets the criteria and protocols contained in appendix C to subpart M, and if the system
is being used by an employee having a combined person and tool weight of less than 310 pounds (140 kg), the system will be
considered to be in compliance with the provisions of paragraph (d)(16) of this section [§1926.502]. If the system is used by an
employee having a combined tool and body weight of 310 pounds (140 kg) or more, then the employer must appropriately modify the
criteria and protocols of the appendix to provide proper protection for such heavier weights, or the system will not be deemed to be in
compliance with the requirements of paragraph (d)(16) of this section (§1926.502).
(17) The attachment point of the body belt shall be located in the center of the wearer's back. The attachment point of
the body harness shall be located in the center of the wearer's back near shoulder level, or above the wearer's head.
(18) Body belts, harnesses, and components shall be used only for employee protection (as part of a personal fall
arrest system or positioning device system) and not to hoist materials.
(19) Personal fall arrest systems and components subjected to impact loading shall be immediately removed from
service and shall not be used again for employee protection until inspected and determined by a competent person to be
undamaged and suitable for reuse.
(20) The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure that employees
are able to rescue themselves.
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eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
(21) Personal fall arrest systems shall be inspected prior to each use for wear, damage and other deterioration, and
defective components shall be removed from service.
(22) Body belts shall be at least one and five-eighths (15⁄8 ) inches (4.1 cm) wide.
(23) Personal fall arrest systems shall not be attached to guardrail systems, nor shall they be attached to hoists
except as specified in other subparts of this Part.
(24) When a personal fall arrest system is used at hoist areas, it shall be rigged to allow the movement of the
employee only as far as the edge of the walking/working surface.
(e) Positioning device systems. Positioning device systems and their use shall conform to the following provisions:
(1) Positioning devices shall be rigged such that an employee cannot free fall more than 2 feet (.9 m).
(2) Positioning devices shall be secured to an anchorage capable of supporting at least twice the potential impact load
of an employee's fall or 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN), whichever is greater.
(3) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or made of equivalent materials.
(4) Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all surfaces and edges shall be smooth to prevent damage
to interfacing parts of this system.
(5) Connecting assemblies shall have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN)
(6) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16 kN) without
cracking, breaking, or taking permanent deformation.
(7) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compatible with the member to which they are connected to prevent unintentional
disengagement of the snaphook by depression of the snaphook keeper by the connected member, or shall be a locking
type snaphook designed and used to prevent disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper by
the connected member. As of January 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks shall be used.
(8) Unless the snaphook is a locking type and designed for the following connections, snaphooks shall not be
engaged:
(i) directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
(ii) to each other;
(iii) to a dee-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached;
(iv) to a horizontal lifeline; or to depress the snaphook keeper and release itself.
(v) to any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snaphook such that unintentional
disengagement could occur by the connected object being able to depress the snaphook keeper and release itself.
(9) Positioning device systems shall be inspected prior to each use for wear, damage, and other deterioration, and
defective components shall be removed from service.
(10) Body belts, harnesses, and components shall be used only for employee protection (as part of a personal fall
arrest system or positioning device system) and not to hoist materials.
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Appendix H to Subpart R of Part 1926—Double Connections: Illustration of a Clipped End Connection and a
Staggered Connection: Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying With §1926.756(c)(1)
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eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations
View or download PDF
Clipped end connections are connection material on the end of a structural member which has a notch at the bottom
and/or top to allow the bolt(s) of the first member placed on the opposite side of the central member to remain in place.
The notch(es) fits around the nut or bolt head of the opposing member to allow the second member to be bolted up without
removing the bolt(s) holding the first member.
View or download PDF
Staggered connections are connection material on a structural member in which all of the bolt holes in the common
member web are not shared by the two incoming members in the final connection. The extra hole in the column web
allows the erector to maintain at least a one bolt connection at all times while making the double connection.
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| File Type | application/pdf |
| File Title | eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations |
| File Modified | 2017-09-01 |
| File Created | 2017-09-01 |