Bloodborne Pathogens Standard

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Title 29 → Subtitle B → Chapter XVII → Part 1910 → Subpart Z → §1910.1030
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Title 29: Labor

PART 1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (CONTINUED)

Subpart Z—Toxic and Hazardous Substances

§1910.1030   Bloodborne pathogens.
(a) Scope and Application. This section applies to all occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious
materials as defined by paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following shall apply:
Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, or designated
representative.
Blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood.

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Bloodborne Pathogens means pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in
humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Clinical Laboratory means a workplace where diagnostic or other screening procedures are performed on blood or other
potentially infectious materials.
Contaminated means the presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials
on an item or surface.
Contaminated Laundry means laundry which has been soiled with blood or other potentially infectious materials or may
contain sharps.

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Contaminated Sharps means any contaminated object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles,
scalpels, broken glass, broken capillary tubes, and exposed ends of dental wires.

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Decontamination means the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on
a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is
rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal.

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Director means the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, or designated representative.

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[A2]

Engineering controls means controls (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devices, such
as sharps with engineered sharps injury protections and needleless systems) that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens
hazard from the workplace.
Exposure Incident means a specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood
or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties.
Handwashing facilities means a facility providing an adequate supply of running potable water, soap, and single-use towels
or air-drying machines.
Licensed Healthcare Professional is a person whose legally permitted scope of practice allows him or her to independently
perform the activities required by paragraph (f) Hepatitis B Vaccination and Post-exposure Evaluation and Follow-up.
HBV means hepatitis B virus.
HIV means human immunodeficiency virus.

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Needleless systems means a device that does not use needles for:
(1) The collection of bodily fluids or withdrawal of body fluids after initial venous or arterial access is established;
(2) The administration of medication or fluids; or
(3) Any other procedure involving the potential for occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens due to percutaneous
injuries from contaminated sharps.
Occupational Exposure means reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or
other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties.
Other Potentially Infectious Materials means
(1) The following human body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial
fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all
body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids;
(2) Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead); and
(3) HIV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBV-containing culture medium or other solutions;
and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV.
Parenteral means piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needlesticks, human bites, cuts,
and abrasions.
Personal Protective Equipment is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard.
General work clothes (e.g., uniforms, pants, shirts or blouses) not intended to function as protection against a hazard are not
considered to be personal protective equipment.
Production Facility means a facility engaged in industrial-scale, large-volume or high concentration production of HIV or
HBV.
Regulated Waste means liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious materials; contaminated items that would
release blood or other potentially infectious materials in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed; items that are caked with
dried blood or other potentially infectious materials and are capable of releasing these materials during handling; contaminated
sharps; and pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or other potentially infectious materials.
Research Laboratory means a laboratory producing or using research-laboratory-scale amounts of HIV or HBV. Research
laboratories may produce high concentrations of HIV or HBV but not in the volume found in production facilities.
Sharps with engineered sharps injury protections means a nonneedle sharp or a needle device used for withdrawing body
fluids, accessing a vein or artery, or administering medications or other fluids, with a built-in safety feature or mechanism that
effectively reduces the risk of an exposure incident.
Source Individual means any individual, living or dead, whose blood or other potentially infectious materials may be a
source of occupational exposure to the employee. Examples include, but are not limited to, hospital and clinic patients; clients in
institutions for the developmentally disabled; trauma victims; clients of drug and alcohol treatment facilities; residents of
hospices and nursing homes; human remains; and individuals who donate or sell blood or blood components.
Sterilize means the use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life including highly resistant bacterial
endospores.
Universal Precautions is an approach to infection control. According to the concept of Universal Precautions, all human
blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.
Work Practice Controls means controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is
performed (e.g., prohibiting recapping of needles by a two-handed technique).
(c) Exposure control—(1) Exposure Control Plan. (i) Each employer having an employee(s) with occupational exposure as
defined by paragraph (b) of this section shall establish a written Exposure Control Plan designed to eliminate or minimize
employee exposure.
(ii) The Exposure Control Plan shall contain at least the following elements:
(A) The exposure determination required by paragraph (c)(2),
(B) The schedule and method of implementation for paragraphs (d) Methods of Compliance, (e) HIV and HBV Research
Laboratories and Production Facilities, (f) Hepatitis B Vaccination and Post-Exposure Evaluation and Follow-up, (g)
Communication of Hazards to Employees, and (h) Recordkeeping, of this standard, and
(C) The procedure for the evaluation of circumstances surrounding exposure incidents as required by paragraph (f)(3)(i) of
this standard.
(iii) Each employer shall ensure that a copy of the Exposure Control Plan is accessible to employees in accordance with 29
CFR 1910.20(e).
(iv) The Exposure Control Plan shall be reviewed and updated at least annually and whenever necessary to reflect new or
modified tasks and procedures which affect occupational exposure and to reflect new or revised employee positions with
occupational exposure. The review and update of such plans shall also:

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(A) Reflect changes in technology that eliminate or reduce exposure to bloodborne pathogens; and
(B) Document annually consideration and implementation of appropriate commercially available and effective safer medical
devices designed to eliminate or minimize occupational exposure.
(v) An employer, who is required to establish an Exposure Control Plan shall solicit input from non-managerial employees
responsible for direct patient care who are potentially exposed to injuries from contaminated sharps in the identification,
evaluation, and selection of effective engineering and work practice controls and shall document the solicitation in the Exposure
Control Plan.
(vi) The Exposure Control Plan shall be made available to the Assistant Secretary and the Director upon request for
examination and copying.
(2) Exposure determination. (i) Each employer who has an employee(s) with occupational exposure as defined by
paragraph (b) of this section shall prepare an exposure determination. This exposure determination shall contain the following:
(A) A list of all job classifications in which all employees in those job classifications have occupational exposure;
(B) A list of job classifications in which some employees have occupational exposure, and
(C) A list of all tasks and procedures or groups of closely related task and procedures in which occupational exposure
occurs and that are performed by employees in job classifications listed in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (c)(2)(i)
(B) of this standard.
(ii) This exposure determination shall be made without regard to the use of personal protective equipment.
(d) Methods of compliance—(1) General. Universal precautions shall be observed to prevent contact with blood or other
potentially infectious materials. Under circumstances in which differentiation between body fluid types is difficult or impossible,
all body fluids shall be considered potentially infectious materials.
(2) Engineering and work practice controls. (i) Engineering and work practice controls shall be used to eliminate or
minimize employee exposure. Where occupational exposure remains after institution of these controls, personal protective
equipment shall also be used.
(ii) Engineering controls shall be examined and maintained or replaced on a regular schedule to ensure their effectiveness.
(iii) Employers shall provide handwashing facilities which are readily accessible to employees.
(iv) When provision of handwashing facilities is not feasible, the employer shall provide either an appropriate antiseptic
hand cleanser in conjunction with clean cloth/paper towels or antiseptic towelettes. When antiseptic hand cleansers or
towelettes are used, hands shall be washed with soap and running water as soon as feasible.
(v) Employers shall ensure that employees wash their hands immediately or as soon as feasible after removal of gloves or
other personal protective equipment.
(vi) Employers shall ensure that employees wash hands and any other skin with soap and water, or flush mucous
membranes with water immediately or as soon as feasible following contact of such body areas with blood or other potentially
infectious materials.
(vii) Contaminated needles and other contaminated sharps shall not be bent, recapped, or removed except as noted in
paragraphs (d)(2)(vii)(A) and (d)(2)(vii)(B) below. Shearing or breaking of contaminated needles is prohibited.
(A) Contaminated needles and other contaminated sharps shall not be bent, recapped or removed unless the employer can
demonstrate that no alternative is feasible or that such action is required by a specific medical or dental procedure.
(B) Such bending, recapping or needle removal must be accomplished through the use of a mechanical device or a onehanded technique.
(viii) Immediately or as soon as possible after use, contaminated reusable sharps shall be placed in appropriate containers
until properly reprocessed. These containers shall be:
(A) Puncture resistant;
(B) Labeled or color-coded in accordance with this standard;
(C) Leakproof on the sides and bottom; and
(D) In accordance with the requirements set forth in paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(E) for reusable sharps.
(ix) Eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, and handling contact lenses are prohibited in work areas
where there is a reasonable likelihood of occupational exposure.
(x) Food and drink shall not be kept in refrigerators, freezers, shelves, cabinets or on countertops or benchtops where
blood or other potentially infectious materials are present.
(xi) All procedures involving blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be performed in such a manner as to
minimize splashing, spraying, spattering, and generation of droplets of these substances.
(xii) Mouth pipetting/suctioning of blood or other potentially infectious materials is prohibited.
(xiii) Specimens of blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be placed in a container which prevents leakage

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during collection, handling, processing, storage, transport, or shipping.
(A) The container for storage, transport, or shipping shall be labeled or color-coded according to paragraph (g)(1)(i) and
closed prior to being stored, transported, or shipped. When a facility utilizes Universal Precautions in the handling of all
specimens, the labeling/color-coding of specimens is not necessary provided containers are recognizable as containing
specimens. This exemption only applies while such specimens/containers remain within the facility. Labeling or color-coding in
accordance with paragraph (g)(1)(i) is required when such specimens/containers leave the facility.
(B) If outside contamination of the primary container occurs, the primary container shall be placed within a second
container which prevents leakage during handling, processing, storage, transport, or shipping and is labeled or color-coded
according to the requirements of this standard.
(C) If the specimen could puncture the primary container, the primary container shall be placed within a secondary
container which is puncture-resistant in addition to the above characteristics.
(xiv) Equipment which may become contaminated with blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be examined
prior to servicing or shipping and shall be decontaminated as necessary, unless the employer can demonstrate that
decontamination of such equipment or portions of such equipment is not feasible.
(A) A readily observable label in accordance with paragraph (g)(1)(i)(H) shall be attached to the equipment stating which
portions remain contaminated.
(B) The employer shall ensure that this information is conveyed to all affected employees, the servicing representative,
and/or the manufacturer, as appropriate, prior to handling, servicing, or shipping so that appropriate precautions will be taken.
(3) Personal protective equipment—(i) Provision. When there is occupational exposure, the employer shall provide, at no
cost to the employee, appropriate personal protective equipment such as, but not limited to, gloves, gowns, laboratory coats,
face shields or masks and eye protection, and mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, pocket masks, or other ventilation devices.
Personal protective equipment will be considered “appropriate” only if it does not permit blood or other potentially infectious
materials to pass through to or reach the employee's work clothes, street clothes, undergarments, skin, eyes, mouth, or other
mucous membranes under normal conditions of use and for the duration of time which the protective equipment will be used.
(ii) Use. The employer shall ensure that the employee uses appropriate personal protective equipment unless the employer
shows that the employee temporarily and briefly declined to use personal protective equipment when, under rare and
extraordinary circumstances, it was the employee's professional judgment that in the specific instance its use would have
prevented the delivery of health care or public safety services or would have posed an increased hazard to the safety of the
worker or co-worker. When the employee makes this judgement, the circumstances shall be investigated and documented in
order to determine whether changes can be instituted to prevent such occurances in the future.
(iii) Accessibility. The employer shall ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment in the appropriate sizes is
readily accessible at the worksite or is issued to employees. Hypoallergenic gloves, glove liners, powderless gloves, or other
similar alternatives shall be readily accessible to those employees who are allergic to the gloves normally provided.
(iv) Cleaning, Laundering, and Disposal. The employer shall clean, launder, and dispose of personal protective equipment
required by paragraphs (d) and (e) of this standard, at no cost to the employee.
(v) Repair and Replacement. The employer shall repair or replace personal protective equipment as needed to maintain its
effectiveness, at no cost to the employee.
(vi) If a garment(s) is penetrated by blood or other potentially infectious materials, the garment(s) shall be removed
immediately or as soon as feasible.
(vii) All personal protective equipment shall be removed prior to leaving the work area.
(viii) When personal protective equipment is removed it shall be placed in an appropriately designated area or container for
storage, washing, decontamination or disposal.
(ix) Gloves. Gloves shall be worn when it can be reasonably anticipated that the employee may have hand contact with
blood, other potentially infectious materials, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin; when performing vascular access
procedures except as specified in paragraph (d)(3)(ix)(D); and when handling or touching contaminated items or surfaces.
(A) Disposable (single use) gloves such as surgical or examination gloves, shall be replaced as soon as practical when
contaminated or as soon as feasible if they are torn, punctured, or when their ability to function as a barrier is compromised.
(B) Disposable (single use) gloves shall not be washed or decontaminated for re-use.
(C) Utility gloves may be decontaminated for re-use if the integrity of the glove is not compromised. However, they must be
discarded if they are cracked, peeling, torn, punctured, or exhibit other signs of deterioration or when their ability to function as a
barrier is compromised.
(D) If an employer in a volunteer blood donation center judges that routine gloving for all phlebotomies is not necessary
then the employer shall:
(1) Periodically reevaluate this policy;
(2) Make gloves available to all employees who wish to use them for phlebotomy;
(3) Not discourage the use of gloves for phlebotomy; and
(4) Require that gloves be used for phlebotomy in the following circumstances:

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(i) When the employee has cuts, scratches, or other breaks in his or her skin;
(ii) When the employee judges that hand contamination with blood may occur, for example, when performing phlebotomy
on an uncooperative source individual; and
(iii) When the employee is receiving training in phlebotomy.
(x) Masks, Eye Protection, and Face Shields. Masks in combination with eye protection devices, such as goggles or
glasses with solid side shields, or chin-length face shields, shall be worn whenever splashes, spray, spatter, or droplets of blood
or other potentially infectious materials may be generated and eye, nose, or mouth contamination can be reasonably
anticipated.
(xi) Gowns, Aprons, and Other Protective Body Clothing. Appropriate protective clothing such as, but not limited to, gowns,
aprons, lab coats, clinic jackets, or similar outer garments shall be worn in occupational exposure situations. The type and
characteristics will depend upon the task and degree of exposure anticipated.
(xii) Surgical caps or hoods and/or shoe covers or boots shall be worn in instances when gross contamination can
reasonably be anticipated (e.g., autopsies, orthopaedic surgery).
(4) Housekeeping—(i) General. Employers shall ensure that the worksite is maintained in a clean and sanitary condition.
The employer shall determine and implement an appropriate written schedule for cleaning and method of decontamination
based upon the location within the facility, type of surface to be cleaned, type of soil present, and tasks or procedures being
performed in the area.
(ii) All equipment and environmental and working surfaces shall be cleaned and decontaminated after contact with blood or
other potentially infectious materials.
(A) Contaminated work surfaces shall be decontaminated with an appropriate disinfectant after completion of procedures;
immediately or as soon as feasible when surfaces are overtly contaminated or after any spill of blood or other potentially
infectious materials; and at the end of the work shift if the surface may have become contaminated since the last cleaning.
(B) Protective coverings, such as plastic wrap, aluminum foil, or imperviously-backed absorbent paper used to cover
equipment and environmental surfaces, shall be removed and replaced as soon as feasible when they become overtly
contaminated or at the end of the workshift if they may have become contaminated during the shift.
(C) All bins, pails, cans, and similar receptacles intended for reuse which have a reasonable likelihood for becoming
contaminated with blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be inspected and decontaminated on a regularly
scheduled basis and cleaned and decontaminated immediately or as soon as feasible upon visible contamination.
(D) Broken glassware which may be contaminated shall not be picked up directly with the hands. It shall be cleaned up
using mechanical means, such as a brush and dust pan, tongs, or forceps.
(E) Reusable sharps that are contaminated with blood or other potentially infectious materials shall not be stored or
processed in a manner that requires employees to reach by hand into the containers where these sharps have been placed.
(iii) Regulated Waste—(A) Contaminated Sharps Discarding and Containment. (1) Contaminated sharps shall be discarded
immediately or as soon as feasible in containers that are:
(i) Closable;
(ii) Puncture resistant;
(iii) Leakproof on sides and bottom; and
(iv) Labeled or color-coded in accordance with paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this standard.
(2) During use, containers for contaminated sharps shall be:
(i) Easily accessible to personnel and located as close as is feasible to the immediate area where sharps are used or can
be reasonably anticipated to be found (e.g., laundries);
(ii) Maintained upright throughout use; and
(iii) Replaced routinely and not be allowed to overfill.
(3) When moving containers of contaminated sharps from the area of use, the containers shall be:
(i) Closed immediately prior to removal or replacement to prevent spillage or protrusion of contents during handling,
storage, transport, or shipping;
(ii) Placed in a secondary container if leakage is possible. The second container shall be:
(A) Closable;
(B) Constructed to contain all contents and prevent leakage during handling, storage, transport, or shipping; and
(C) Labeled or color-coded according to paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this standard.
(4) Reusable containers shall not be opened, emptied, or cleaned manually or in any other manner which would expose
employees to the risk of percutaneous injury.
(B) Other Regulated Waste Containment—(1) Regulated waste shall be placed in containers which are:

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(i) Closable;
(ii) Constructed to contain all contents and prevent leakage of fluids during handling, storage, transport or shipping;
(iii) Labeled or color-coded in accordance with paragraph (g)(1)(i) this standard; and
(iv) Closed prior to removal to prevent spillage or protrusion of contents during handling, storage, transport, or shipping.
(2) If outside contamination of the regulated waste container occurs, it shall be placed in a second container. The second
container shall be:
(i) Closable;
(ii) Constructed to contain all contents and prevent leakage of fluids during handling, storage, transport or shipping;
(iii) Labeled or color-coded in accordance with paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this standard; and
(iv) Closed prior to removal to prevent spillage or protrusion of contents during handling, storage, transport, or shipping.
(C) Disposal of all regulated waste shall be in accordance with applicable regulations of the United States, States and
Territories, and political subdivisions of States and Territories.
(iv) Laundry. (A) Contaminated laundry shall be handled as little as possible with a minimum of agitation. (1) Contaminated
laundry shall be bagged or containerized at the location where it was used and shall not be sorted or rinsed in the location of
use.
(2) Contaminated laundry shall be placed and transported in bags or containers labeled or color-coded in accordance with
paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this standard. When a facility utilizes Universal Precautions in the handling of all soiled laundry, alternative
labeling or color-coding is sufficient if it permits all employees to recognize the containers as requiring compliance with
Universal Precautions.
(3) Whenever contaminated laundry is wet and presents a reasonable likelihood of soak-through of or leakage from the bag
or container, the laundry shall be placed and transported in bags or containers which prevent soak-through and/or leakage of
fluids to the exterior.
(B) The employer shall ensure that employees who have contact with contaminated laundry wear protective gloves and
other appropriate personal protective equipment.
(C) When a facility ships contaminated laundry off-site to a second facility which does not utilize Universal Precautions in
the handling of all laundry, the facility generating the contaminated laundry must place such laundry in bags or containers which
are labeled or color-coded in accordance with paragraph (g)(1)(i).
(e) HIV and HBV Research Laboratories and Production Facilities. (1) This paragraph applies to research laboratories and
production facilities engaged in the culture, production, concentration, experimentation, and manipulation of HIV and HBV. It
does not apply to clinical or diagnostic laboratories engaged solely in the analysis of blood, tissues, or organs. These
requirements apply in addition to the other requirements of the standard.
(2) Research laboratories and production facilities shall meet the following criteria:
(i) Standard microbiological practices. All regulated waste shall either be incinerated or decontaminated by a method such
as autoclaving known to effectively destroy bloodborne pathogens.
(ii) Special practices. (A) Laboratory doors shall be kept closed when work involving HIV or HBV is in progress.
(B) Contaminated materials that are to be decontaminated at a site away from the work area shall be placed in a durable,
leakproof, labeled or color-coded container that is closed before being removed from the work area.
(C) Access to the work area shall be limited to authorized persons. Written policies and procedures shall be established
whereby only persons who have been advised of the potential biohazard, who meet any specific entry requirements, and who
comply with all entry and exit procedures shall be allowed to enter the work areas and animal rooms.
(D) When other potentially infectious materials or infected animals are present in the work area or containment module, a
hazard warning sign incorporating the universal biohazard symbol shall be posted on all access doors. The hazard warning sign
shall comply with paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this standard.
(E) All activities involving other potentially infectious materials shall be conducted in biological safety cabinets or other
physical-containment devices within the containment module. No work with these other potentially infectious materials shall be
conducted on the open bench.
(F) Laboratory coats, gowns, smocks, uniforms, or other appropriate protective clothing shall be used in the work area and
animal rooms. Protective clothing shall not be worn outside of the work area and shall be decontaminated before being
laundered.
(G) Special care shall be taken to avoid skin contact with other potentially infectious materials. Gloves shall be worn when
handling infected animals and when making hand contact with other potentially infectious materials is unavoidable.
(H) Before disposal all waste from work areas and from animal rooms shall either be incinerated or decontaminated by a
method such as autoclaving known to effectively destroy bloodborne pathogens.
(I) Vacuum lines shall be protected with liquid disinfectant traps and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters or filters of

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equivalent or superior efficiency and which are checked routinely and maintained or replaced as necessary.
(J) Hypodermic needles and syringes shall be used only for parenteral injection and aspiration of fluids from laboratory
animals and diaphragm bottles. Only needle-locking syringes or disposable syringe-needle units (i.e., the needle is integral to
the syringe) shall be used for the injection or aspiration of other potentially infectious materials. Extreme caution shall be used
when handling needles and syringes. A needle shall not be bent, sheared, replaced in the sheath or guard, or removed from the
syringe following use. The needle and syringe shall be promptly placed in a puncture-resistant container and autoclaved or
decontaminated before reuse or disposal.
(K) All spills shall be immediately contained and cleaned up by appropriate professional staff or others properly trained and
equipped to work with potentially concentrated infectious materials.
(L) A spill or accident that results in an exposure incident shall be immediately reported to the laboratory director or other
responsible person.
(M) A biosafety manual shall be prepared or adopted and periodically reviewed and updated at least annually or more often
if necessary. Personnel shall be advised of potential hazards, shall be required to read instructions on practices and
procedures, and shall be required to follow them.
(iii) Containment equipment. (A) Certified biological safety cabinets (Class I, II, or III) or other appropriate combinations of
personal protection or physical containment devices, such as special protective clothing, respirators, centrifuge safety cups,
sealed centrifuge rotors, and containment caging for animals, shall be used for all activities with other potentially infectious
materials that pose a threat of exposure to droplets, splashes, spills, or aerosols.
(B) Biological safety cabinets shall be certified when installed, whenever they are moved and at least annually.
(3) HIV and HBV research laboratories shall meet the following criteria:
(i) Each laboratory shall contain a facility for hand washing and an eye wash facility which is readily available within the
work area.
(ii) An autoclave for decontamination of regulated waste shall be available.
(4) HIV and HBV production facilities shall meet the following criteria:
(i) The work areas shall be separated from areas that are open to unrestricted traffic flow within the building. Passage
through two sets of doors shall be the basic requirement for entry into the work area from access corridors or other contiguous
areas. Physical separation of the high-containment work area from access corridors or other areas or activities may also be
provided by a double-doored clothes-change room (showers may be included), airlock, or other access facility that requires
passing through two sets of doors before entering the work area.
(ii) The surfaces of doors, walls, floors and ceilings in the work area shall be water resistant so that they can be easily
cleaned. Penetrations in these surfaces shall be sealed or capable of being sealed to facilitate decontamination.
(iii) Each work area shall contain a sink for washing hands and a readily available eye wash facility. The sink shall be foot,
elbow, or automatically operated and shall be located near the exit door of the work area.
(iv) Access doors to the work area or containment module shall be self-closing.
(v) An autoclave for decontamination of regulated waste shall be available within or as near as possible to the work area.
(vi) A ducted exhaust-air ventilation system shall be provided. This system shall create directional airflow that draws air into
the work area through the entry area. The exhaust air shall not be recirculated to any other area of the building, shall be
discharged to the outside, and shall be dispersed away from occupied areas and air intakes. The proper direction of the airflow
shall be verified (i.e., into the work area).
(5) Training Requirements. Additional training requirements for employees in HIV and HBV research laboratories and HIV
and HBV production facilities are specified in paragraph (g)(2)(ix).
(f) Hepatitis B vaccination and post-exposure evaluation and follow-up—(1) General. (i) The employer shall make available
the hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series to all employees who have occupational exposure, and post-exposure evaluation
and follow-up to all employees who have had an exposure incident.
(ii) The employer shall ensure that all medical evaluations and procedures including the hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination
series and post-exposure evaluation and follow-up, including prophylaxis, are:
(A) Made available at no cost to the employee;
(B) Made available to the employee at a reasonable time and place;
(C) Performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician or by or under the supervision of another licensed
healthcare professional; and
(D) Provided according to recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service current at the time these evaluations and
procedures take place, except as specified by this paragraph (f).
(iii) The employer shall ensure that all laboratory tests are conducted by an accredited laboratory at no cost to the
employee.
(2) Hepatitis B Vaccination. (i) Hepatitis B vaccination shall be made available after the employee has received the training
required in paragraph (g)(2)(vii)(I) and within 10 working days of initial assignment to all employees who have occupational

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exposure unless the employee has previously received the complete hepatitis B vaccination series, antibody testing has
revealed that the employee is immune, or the vaccine is contraindicated for medical reasons.
(ii) The employer shall not make participation in a prescreening program a prerequisite for receiving hepatitis B vaccination.
(iii) If the employee initially declines hepatitis B vaccination but at a later date while still covered under the standard decides
to accept the vaccination, the employer shall make available hepatitis B vaccination at that time.
(iv) The employer shall assure that employees who decline to accept hepatitis B vaccination offered by the employer sign
the statement in appendix A.
(v) If a routine booster dose(s) of hepatitis B vaccine is recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service at a future date,
such booster dose(s) shall be made available in accordance with section (f)(1)(ii).
(3) Post-exposure Evaluation and Follow-up. Following a report of an exposure incident, the employer shall make
immediately available to the exposed employee a confidential medical evaluation and follow-up, including at least the following
elements:
(i) Documentation of the route(s) of exposure, and the circumstances under which the exposure incident occurred;
(ii) Identification and documentation of the source individual, unless the employer can establish that identification is
infeasible or prohibited by state or local law;
(A) The source individual's blood shall be tested as soon as feasible and after consent is obtained in order to determine
HBV and HIV infectivity. If consent is not obtained, the employer shall establish that legally required consent cannot be
obtained. When the source individual's consent is not required by law, the source individual's blood, if available, shall be tested
and the results documented.
(B) When the source individual is already known to be infected with HBV or HIV, testing for the source individual's known
HBV or HIV status need not be repeated.
(C) Results of the source individual's testing shall be made available to the exposed employee, and the employee shall be
informed of applicable laws and regulations concerning disclosure of the identity and infectious status of the source individual.
(iii) Collection and testing of blood for HBV and HIV serological status;
(A) The exposed employee's blood shall be collected as soon as feasible and tested after consent is obtained.
(B) If the employee consents to baseline blood collection, but does not give consent at that time for HIV serologic testing,
the sample shall be preserved for at least 90 days. If, within 90 days of the exposure incident, the employee elects to have the
baseline sample tested, such testing shall be done as soon as feasible.
(iv) Post-exposure prophylaxis, when medically indicated, as recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service;
(v) Counseling; and
(vi) Evaluation of reported illnesses.
(4) Information Provided to the Healthcare Professional. (i) The employer shall ensure that the healthcare professional
responsible for the employee's Hepatitis B vaccination is provided a copy of this regulation.
(ii) The employer shall ensure that the healthcare professional evaluating an employee after an exposure incident is
provided the following information:
(A) A copy of this regulation;
(B) A description of the exposed employee's duties as they relate to the exposure incident;
(C) Documentation of the route(s) of exposure and circumstances under which exposure occurred;
(D) Results of the source individual's blood testing, if available; and
(E) All medical records relevant to the appropriate treatment of the employee including vaccination status which are the
employer's responsibility to maintain.
(5) Healthcare Professional's Written Opinion. The employer shall obtain and provide the employee with a copy of the
evaluating healthcare professional's written opinion within 15 days of the completion of the evaluation.
(i) The healthcare professional's written opinion for Hepatitis B vaccination shall be limited to whether Hepatitis B
vaccination is indicated for an employee, and if the employee has received such vaccination.
(ii) The healthcare professional's written opinion for post-exposure evaluation and follow-up shall be limited to the following
information:
(A) That the employee has been informed of the results of the evaluation; and
(B) That the employee has been told about any medical conditions resulting from exposure to blood or other potentially
infectious materials which require further evaluation or treatment. (iii) All other findings or diagnoses shall remain confidential
and shall not be included in the written report.
(6) Medical recordkeeping. Medical records required by this standard shall be maintained in accordance with paragraph (h)
(1) of this section.

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(g) Communication of hazards to employees—(1) Labels and signs—(i) Labels. (A) Warning labels shall be affixed to
containers of regulated waste, refrigerators and freezers containing blood or other potentially infectious material; and other
containers used to store, transport or ship blood or other potentially infectious materials, except as provided in paragraph (g)(1)
(i)(E), (F) and (G).
(B) Labels required by this section shall include the following legend:

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(C) These labels shall be fluorescent orange or orange-red or predominantly so, with lettering and symbols in a contrasting
color.
(D) Labels shall be affixed as close as feasible to the container by string, wire, adhesive, or other method that prevents
their loss or unintentional removal.
(E) Red bags or red containers may be substituted for labels.
(F) Containers of blood, blood components, or blood products that are labeled as to their contents and have been released
for transfusion or other clinical use are exempted from the labeling requirements of paragraph (g).
(G) Individual containers of blood or other potentially infectious materials that are placed in a labeled container during
storage, transport, shipment or disposal are exempted from the labeling requirement.
(H) Labels required for contaminated equipment shall be in accordance with this paragraph and shall also state which
portions of the equipment remain contaminated.
(I) Regulated waste that has been decontaminated need not be labeled or color-coded.
(ii) Signs. (A) The employer shall post signs at the entrance to work areas specified in paragraph (e), HIV and HBV
Research Laboratory and Production Facilities, which shall bear the following legend:

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(Name of the Infectious Agent)
(Special requirements for entering the area)
(Name, telephone number of the laboratory director or other responsible person.)

(B) These signs shall be fluorescent orange-red or predominantly so, with lettering and symbols in a contrasting color.
(2) Information and Training. (i) The employer shall train each employee with occupational exposure in accordance with the
requirements of this section. Such training must be provided at no cost to the employee and during working hours. The
employer shall institute a training program and ensure employee participation in the program.
(ii) Training shall be provided as follows:
(A) At the time of initial assignment to tasks where occupational exposure may take place;
(B) At least annually thereafter.
(iii) [Reserved]
(iv) Annual training for all employees shall be provided within one year of their previous training.
(v) Employers shall provide additional training when changes such as modification of tasks or procedures or institution of
new tasks or procedures affect the employee's occupational exposure. The additional training may be limited to addressing the
new exposures created.
(vi) Material appropriate in content and vocabulary to educational level, literacy, and language of employees shall be used.
(vii) The training program shall contain at a minimum the following elements:

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(A) An accessible copy of the regulatory text of this standard and an explanation of its contents;
(B) A general explanation of the epidemiology and symptoms of bloodborne diseases;
(C) An explanation of the modes of transmission of bloodborne pathogens;
(D) An explanation of the employer's exposure control plan and the means by which the employee can obtain a copy of the
written plan;
(E) An explanation of the appropriate methods for recognizing tasks and other activities that may involve exposure to blood
and other potentially infectious materials;
(F) An explanation of the use and limitations of methods that will prevent or reduce exposure including appropriate
engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment;
(G) Information on the types, proper use, location, removal, handling, decontamination and disposal of personal protective
equipment;
(H) An explanation of the basis for selection of personal protective equipment;
(I) Information on the hepatitis B vaccine, including information on its efficacy, safety, method of administration, the benefits
of being vaccinated, and that the vaccine and vaccination will be offered free of charge;
(J) Information on the appropriate actions to take and persons to contact in an emergency involving blood or other
potentially infectious materials;
(K) An explanation of the procedure to follow if an exposure incident occurs, including the method of reporting the incident
and the medical follow-up that will be made available;
(L) Information on the post-exposure evaluation and follow-up that the employer is required to provide for the employee
following an exposure incident;
(M) An explanation of the signs and labels and/or color coding required by paragraph (g)(1); and
(N) An opportunity for interactive questions and answers with the person conducting the training session.
(viii) The person conducting the training shall be knowledgeable in the subject matter covered by the elements contained in
the training program as it relates to the workplace that the training will address.
(ix) Additional Initial Training for Employees in HIV and HBV Laboratories and Production Facilities. Employees in HIV or
HBV research laboratories and HIV or HBV production facilities shall receive the following initial training in addition to the above
training requirements.
(A) The employer shall assure that employees demonstrate proficiency in standard microbiological practices and
techniques and in the practices and operations specific to the facility before being allowed to work with HIV or HBV.
(B) The employer shall assure that employees have prior experience in the handling of human pathogens or tissue cultures
before working with HIV or HBV.
(C) The employer shall provide a training program to employees who have no prior experience in handling human
pathogens. Initial work activities shall not include the handling of infectious agents. A progression of work activities shall be
assigned as techniques are learned and proficiency is developed. The employer shall assure that employees participate in work
activities involving infectious agents only after proficiency has been demonstrated.
(h) Recordkeeping—(1) Medical Records. (i) The employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record for each
employee with occupational exposure, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
(ii) This record shall include:
(A) The name and social security number of the employee;
(B) A copy of the employee's hepatitis B vaccination status including the dates of all the hepatitis B vaccinations and any
medical records relative to the employee's ability to receive vaccination as required by paragraph (f)(2);
(C) A copy of all results of examinations, medical testing, and follow-up procedures as required by paragraph (f)(3);
(D) The employer's copy of the healthcare professional's written opinion as required by paragraph (f)(5); and
(E) A copy of the information provided to the healthcare professional as required by paragraphs (f)(4)(ii)(B)(C) and (D).
(iii) Confidentiality. The employer shall ensure that employee medical records required by paragraph (h)(1) are:
(A) Kept confidential; and
(B) Not disclosed or reported without the employee's express written consent to any person within or outside the workplace
except as required by this section or as may be required by law.
(iv) The employer shall maintain the records required by paragraph (h) for at least the duration of employment plus 30
years in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
(2) Training Records. (i) Training records shall include the following information:

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(A) The dates of the training sessions;
(B) The contents or a summary of the training sessions;
(C) The names and qualifications of persons conducting the training; and
(D) The names and job titles of all persons attending the training sessions.
(ii) Training records shall be maintained for 3 years from the date on which the training occurred.
(3) Availability. (i) The employer shall ensure that all records required to be maintained by this section shall be made
available upon request to the Assistant Secretary and the Director for examination and copying.
(ii) Employee training records required by this paragraph shall be provided upon request for examination and copying to
employees, to employee representatives, to the Director, and to the Assistant Secretary.
(iii) Employee medical records required by this paragraph shall be provided upon request for examination and copying to
the subject employee, to anyone having written consent of the subject employee, to the Director, and to the Assistant Secretary
in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
(4) Transfer of Records. The employer shall comply with the requirements involving transfer of records set forth in 29 CFR
1910.1020(h).
(5) Sharps injury log. (i) The employer shall establish and maintain a sharps injury log for the recording of percutaneous
injuries from contaminated sharps. The information in the sharps injury log shall be recorded and maintained in such manner as
to protect the confidentiality of the injured employee. The sharps injury log shall contain, at a minimum:
(A) The type and brand of device involved in the incident,
(B) The department or work area where the exposure incident occurred, and
(C) An explanation of how the incident occurred.
(ii) The requirement to establish and maintain a sharps injury log shall apply to any employer who is required to maintain a
log of occupational injuries and illnesses under 29 CFR part 1904.
(iii) The sharps injury log shall be maintained for the period required by 29 CFR 1904.33.
(i) Dates—(1) Effective Date. The standard shall become effective on March 6, 1992.
(2) The Exposure Control Plan required by paragraph (c) of this section shall be completed on or before May 5, 1992.
(3) Paragraphs (g)(2) Information and Training and (h) Recordkeeping of this section shall take effect on or before June 4,
1992.
(4) Paragraphs (d)(2) Engineering and Work Practice Controls, (d)(3) Personal Protective Equipment, (d)(4) Housekeeping,
(e) HIV and HBV Research Laboratories and Production Facilities, (f) Hepatitis B Vaccination and Post-Exposure Evaluation
and Follow-up, and (g)(1) Labels and Signs of this section, shall take effect July 6, 1992.
Appendix A to Section 1910.1030—Hepatitis B Vaccine Declination (Mandatory)
I understand that due to my occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials I may be at risk of acquiring
hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. I have been given the opportunity to be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, at no charge to myself.
However, I decline hepatitis B vaccination at this time. I understand that by declining this vaccine, I continue to be at risk of acquiring
hepatitis B, a serious disease. If in the future I continue to have occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials
and I want to be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, I can receive the vaccination series at no charge to me.
[56 FR 64175, Dec. 6, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 12717, Apr. 13, 1992; 57 FR 29206, July 1, 1992; 61 FR 5508, Feb. 13, 1996; 66 FR
5325, Jan. 18, 2001; 71 FR 16672, 16673, Apr. 3, 2006; 73 FR 75586, Dec. 12, 2008; 76 FR 33608, June 8, 2011; 76 FR 80740, Dec. 27,
2011; 77 FR 19934, Apr. 3, 2012]

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