0646 SS Part A 090718 v2

SUPPORTING STATEMENT

SOCIOECONOMICS OF CORAL REEF CONSERVATION

OMB CONTROL NO. 0648-0646

INTRODUCTION

This request is for extension of a previous information collection request.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) created the Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) to safeguard and ensure the welfare of the coral reef ecosystems along the coastlines of America’s States and Territories. The administration of this program has potential economic and cultural impacts on the lives of nearby residents and citizens. In accordance with its mission goals, NOAA has designed a survey to help assess the impacts of the Coral Reef Conservation Program.

The survey is designed to be repeated approximately every five to seven years in order to provide longitudinal data about the impact of the Coral Reef Conservation Program.

A. JUSTIFICATION

1. Explain the circumstances that make the collection of information necessary.

The purpose of this information collection is to obtain information from individuals in the seven US jurisdictions containing coral reefs. Specifically, NOAA is seeking information on the behaviors and activities related to coral reefs, as well as information on knowledge and attitudes related to coral reefs and specific reef protection activities.

The Coral Reef Conservation Program, developed under the authority of the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-562; 16 U.S.C. 6401 et seq.) is responsible for programs intended to enhance the conservation of coral reefs. Under this authority, CRCP works with local partners in Florida, US Virgin Islands (USVI), Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) to reduce key threats to coral reefs, including climate change, land based sources of pollution, and impacts from fishing.

In 2012, CRCP launched a new National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP), intended to enhance the conservation of coral reefs. As part of this program, CRCP gathers and monitors the collection of socioeconomic variables, including those related to the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of coral reefs and coral reef management of jurisdictional residents. Socioeconomic variables are collected along with typical biophysical data.

CRCP intends to use the information collected through this instrument for research purposes as well as measuring and improving the results of our reef protection programs. Because many of our efforts to protect reefs rely on educating the public and promoting coral reef management measures that are more effective with strong public support, the information collected will allow CRCP staff to ensure programs are designed appropriately, future program evaluation efforts are as successful as possible, and outreach efforts are targeting the intended recipients with useful and appropriate information.

2. Explain how, by whom, how frequently, and for what purpose the information will be used. If the information collected will be disseminated to the public or used to support information that will be disseminated to the public, then explain how the collection complies with all applicable Information Quality Guidelines.

The purpose of the survey is to gather longitudinal information from residents in Florida, USVI, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, and CNMI, related to their knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of coral reefs and coral reef management practices.

As part of the NCRMP, CRCP, in consultation with partners and stakeholders developed a set of long-term core indicators that will be measured over time for each of the coral reef jurisdictions. The data gathered as part of this information collection request will assist CRCP in tracking these indicators and improve the results of its existing and future programs. A list with a description and the relevance of each indicator is shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1: National Socioeconomic Indicators for U.S. Coral Reef Jurisdictions¹

	Indicators	Rationale
1	Participation in coral reef activities (including snorkeling, diving, fishing, harvesting)	Measuring participation in coral reef activities enhances understanding of the economic and recreational importance of coral reefs to local residents as well as the level of extractive and non-extractive pressures on reefs
2	Perceived resource condition	Assessment of perceived conditions is a complement to biophysical information and is key to evaluating differences in levels of support for various management strategies
3	Attitudes towards coral reef management strategies	Monitoring this information over time will be valuable to decision makers, as it will provide insight into possible changes in public perception concerning coral reef management strategies
4	Awareness and knowledge of coral reefs	Monitoring this information over time is key to tracking whether CRCP constituents understand threats to coral reefs and will help inform management strategies (and education/outreach efforts)
5	Human population trends (change) near coral reefs	Monitoring human population trends is important for understanding increasing pressure on coral reefs, as well as reef-adjacent populations
6	Economic impact of coral reef fishing to jurisdiction	Tracking the economic contributions of coral reefs can help justify funds allocated for coral reef protection
7	Economic impact of dive/snorkel tourism to jurisdiction	Tracking the economic contributions of coral reefs can help justify funds allocated for coral reef protection
8	Community well-being	Tracking changes in health, basic needs, and economic security enhances understanding of linkages between social conditions and coral reefs
9	Cultural importance of coral reefs	Measuring cultural importance improves understanding of traditional and cultural significance of coral reefs to jurisdictional residents, and whether this is changing over time
10	Participation in behaviors that may improve coral reef health (e.g., beach cleanups, sustainable seafood choices)	Measuring participation improves understanding of positive impacts to coral reefs as well as negative impacts
11	Physical Infrastructure	Assessment of coastal development footprint, physical access to coastal resources, and waste management/water supply infrastructure provides general understanding of human impact on the coast
12	Knowledge of coral reef rules and regulations	Tracking this information over time at the jurisdictional/national level will inform investment in education and outreach
13	Governance	Measurement of governance provides information on the current status of local institutions involved in coral reef conservation, number of functioning management strategies, and percent area of coral reefs under protection

While the indicators to be measured are applicable to all jurisdictions, it is important to note that there are considerable geographical, cultural and linguistic differences among residents living near, and tourists visiting, these coral reef areas. In order to provide flexibility in the data collection instrument to account for those and other differences, CRCP decided to construct a bank of questions, instead of administering a single survey to all jurisdictions. The question bank ensures that specific topics relevant to each of the seven jurisdictions are addressed, and that the questions asked as part of the surveys are relevant to the target audiences and the sampled populations.

The bank of questions (which ultimately contains 138 questions) was created in coordination with NOAA staff and partners in these jurisdictions, and incorporates questions from former regional and local surveys, published articles and other information pertaining coral reefs and coral reef management. In addition, all the questions included in the bank are associated with one or more national indicators, and therefore, all are relevant to measure these indicators. The bank contains a larger number of questions than would be needed for a typical survey. It allows for the potential addition of questions that will serve specific jurisdictional questions over a given sampling period. In addition to the indicator-related questions, a number of demographic questions were also included, with the purpose of allowing CRCP to sort the responses into different subgroups and analyze how demographics relate to question responses.

Table 2 on the following page presents a summary of the question categories included in the question bank. As indicated above, these include questions that form part of the national long term indicators as well as additional question categories that may be required by specific jurisdictions.

Table 2: Question Bank Categories

Question Number	Category	Description
1-13	Attitude toward / importance of coral reefs	Importance of coral reef aspects, including willingness to pay for coral reef protection, and satisfaction with the state of coral reefs over time
14-28	Participation in coral reef activities	Frequency of participation in coral reef activities, including activities conducted at the coral reef jurisdiction and how deterioration of coral reef conditions could affect participation in these activities
29-35	Perceived threats to coral reefs	Perceived threats in coral reef jurisdiction, including familiarity with common threats to coral reefs and perception on their potential impact
36-48	Marine Protected Areas	Familiarity with Marine Protected areas (MPAs), including perceived purpose, benefits and impact, and effect on coral reef activities
49-66	Resource conditions of coral reefs	Perception of the condition of coral reefs over time, and willingness to accept actions such as limited access, increased restrictions on coral reef activities (e.g. fishing, boating), more stringent pollution regulation, and statutes limiting development
67-73	Coral reef changes since establishment of MPAs	Perceived changes since the introduction of MPAs and impact of these changes on personal use of coral reef areas
74-81	Knowledge of rules/regulations	Knowledge of applicable regulations and restrictions to coral reef activities in MPA, and knowledge/perceptions on the effectiveness of traditional or cultural methods for managing resources
82-85	Compliance with rules/regulations	Perception on level of compliance with regulations related coral reefs (e.g. by fishers, divers, local population, tourists), perception of enforcement levels, and rationale to follow coral reef regulations
86-102	Coral reef management processes	Level of support towards environmental causes, including donations, volunteering activities, and involvement in activities related to the management of coral reefs. Perceptions on the success of coral reef strategies and regulations and the roles of the Federal, local government, and local communities to protect coral reefs
103-106	Support for management processes and regulations	Perception on the success of different actions and regulations to address problems in coral reef areas. Level of support towards specific regulations and measures aimed to protecting coral reefs.
107-111	Sources of information available	Identification of most relevant sources of information about coral reefs (e.g. newspapers, radio, brochures, NOAA publications, etc.), and level of trust in information sources
112-121	Coral reef financial reliance	Reliability of coral reefs as a personal source of food or income, including involvement on commercial fishing activities and their impact on personal income
122-124	Consumption of coral reef seafood	Amount of reef based marine products/seafood consumed (weekly) and sources
12-143	Demographic questions	Generic demographic information to facilitate the categorization and analysis of the responses. Information includes family members, age, gender, education, occupation, household income, place of residence, race, languages, religious affiliation, and membership in community groups

Information on each jurisdiction will be collected at regular intervals approximately every five to seven years. The information will be collected by contractors in close coordination with CRCP in accordance with the methodology set forth in Part B. For each jurisdiction, CRCP will work with partners to define the survey objectives, the data collection strategy, select relevant questions from question bank and tailor them to the specific jurisdiction. CRCP will use the following approach to select the questions for each jurisdiction:

1. Identify the categories of questions that are necessary for that jurisdiction. Within each category, select which questions and answer choices are most applicable to that jurisdiction (e.g. questions concerning traditional island practices or specific Pacific islander ethnic affiliation are rarely applicable to residents of Florida)

2. Prioritize the questions chosen in order to obtain the most critical information while staying under the 25-minute threshold.

As described in Question 3 below, the information will be collected by using the most efficient and effective means in the individual jurisdiction. During the three years covered by this clearance, we expect to use face-to-face interviews in American Samoa, and where appropriate, phone or internet based survey techniques in Hawaii, Florida, and Puerto Rico, and phone surveys or face-to-face interviews in CNMI, Guam, and USVI.

For each Jurisdictional survey, a non-substantive change request will be submitted, listing the selected questions, and briefly describing the information collection venue and sampling methodology applicable to each particular US coral reef jurisdiction.

We will not be collecting personally identifiable information (PII) through this survey, and data collected will not be disseminated to the public in a way that could potentially reveal PII. PII will only be used as necessary to administer the survey (for example, contacting each respondent), and will be removed from final data compilations. Aggregate and summary statistics will only be publicly available for the data which will allow the identities of survey respondents to remain

confidential. CRCP will maintain the data in accordance with the highest standards of information security and will keep PII data only as long as is absolutely necessary to complete the survey.

CRCP fully acknowledges the possibility of experiencing potential bias during the data collection, for example, in case of non-response to certain questions or non-truthful answers (these scenarios are dealt with in Part B’s detailed descriptions of methodology).

The risk associated with these potential biases skewing the analysis will be minimized by the fact that CRCP will be primarily using the information as indicative parameters to analyze the effectiveness of its programs. The information collected will not be used by CRCP to conduct comprehensive evaluations of its programs nor will the data from this survey be used in isolation be used to make decisions about these programs. Any decisions to modify existing programs and to create new coral reef initiatives will be made using information collected from a number of sources, including this survey and other tools such as formal program assessments and evaluations and CRCP’s strategic plans.

NOAA will retain control over the information and safeguard it from improper access, modification, and destruction, consistent with NOAA standards for confidentiality, privacy, and electronic information. See response to Question 10 of this Supporting Statement for more information on confidentiality and privacy. The information collection is designed to yield data that meet all applicable information quality guidelines. Prior to dissemination, the information will be subjected to quality control measures and a pre-dissemination review pursuant to Section 515 of Public Law 106-554.

3. Describe whether, and to what extent, the collection of information involves the use of automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological techniques or other forms of information technology.

We are planning on conducting face-to-face interviews in America Samoa due to the low density of internet and phone connections, however depending on the feasibility in each location and advice from local survey firms, we will use phone or face-to-face interviews in USVI, CNMI, and Guam, and phone or internet interviews in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Florida.

This combination of information collection techniques has been designed with the objective of selecting the most cost-effective approach depending on the specific conditions in each jurisdiction, and at the same time, to reduce the burden on respondents.

It is important to mention that the use of internet-based techniques versus phone-based techniques will be dependent on the percentage of internet users in each jurisdiction. In jurisdictions with high-internet use rates like Florida, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, the information may be collected using electronic means. However, in jurisdictions with a lower proportion of internet users like the US Virgin Islands, CNMI, and Guam, a significant percentage of information may be collected via phone surveys and face-to-face methods.

4. Describe efforts to identify duplication.

A literature review was conducted to identify studies analyzing knowledge, opinions, attitudes and reef use patterns and protection activities, including social and economic data related to the communities affected by coral reef conservation programs. To date no peer reviewed publications related to all seven U.S. coral reef jurisdictions were found.

In addition, there are no currently approved information collections requesting similar information in the seven jurisdictions containing coral reefs. There was a previously approved collection (OMB Control Number 0648-0585) for the purpose of conducting a stated preference survey to estimate individuals’ preferences and economic values of the Hawaiian coral reef ecosystem. This study has been completed but the scope of this study was limited to one jurisdiction and its focus was only to evaluate a number of specific management actions provided in the survey. There was also another approved information collection request for the purpose of conducting a stated preference survey of tourists and residents to estimate values of Puerto Rico’s coral reefs. The Puerto Rico CRCP survey effort has already been completed. There is not likely to be duplication of effort given this time lag and the differences in content, sample, and mode of survey delivery.

It should be noted that many U.S. coral jurisdictions in conjunction with NOAA and other State, local and federal partners have indicated the desire to conduct their own integrated ecosystem monitoring where biophysical parameters are collected in conjunction with human dimensions data. In an effort to harmonize socioeconomic monitoring as well as to produce data that is comparable over time and space, state and other local U.S. coral reef jurisdictional partners have expressed the desire to draw from the existing question bank as they develop their integrated research efforts. NOAA will work with these partners to ensure that effort is not duplicated and survey overload is avoided.

Finally, this effort is being managed by the CRCP’s Social Science Coordinator. Part of this job description is to coordinate survey efforts occurring in the jurisdictions to reduce survey fatigue and avoid unnecessary expenditure of resources. All efforts will be made to ensure that this data collection is not redundant with other efforts in the jurisdictions.

5. If the collection of information involves small businesses or other small entities, describe the methods used to minimize burden.

N/A. Only individuals representing their households will be interviewed.

6. Describe the consequences to the Federal program or policy activities if the collection is not conducted or is conducted less frequently.

One of the main objectives of this collection is to assist the CRCP to fulfill its mission of enhancing the conservation of coral reefs. The information requested will allow CRCP to gauge the effects of its existing conservation programs and improve them accordingly. In addition, the information will allow CRCP to design new programs and ensure that they are as successful as possible.

Not conducting this investigation could undermine CRCP’s ability to effectively evaluate its programs, and to ensure that they are helping achieve its mission. This effort complements pre-existing and ongoing biophysical monitoring efforts. The immediate consequences of not collecting this data as requested, is the inability of NOAA CRCP to track changes in reef health and impacts to people and local economies over time. Another consequence is not being able to make any linkages between ecological management goals and human wellbeing as mandated by the Coral Reef Conservation Act ² with particular references to parts (2) and (3). Without collecting this human dimensions information, CRCP will not have the best available science necessary to monitor changes in the coral reef ecosystems and coral reef-adjacent communities in each of the US coral reef jurisdictions.

7. Explain any special circumstances that require the collection to be conducted in a manner inconsistent with OMB guidelines.

No special circumstances are anticipated. The information requested will be voluntary and the collection will be conducted in accordance with OMB guidelines.

8. Provide information on the PRA Federal Register Notice that solicited public comments on the information collection prior to this submission. Summarize the public comments received in response to that notice and describe the actions taken by the agency in response to those comments. Describe the efforts to consult with persons outside the agency to obtain their views on the availability of data, frequency of collection, the clarity of instructions and recordkeeping, disclosure, or reporting format (if any), and on the data elements to be recorded, disclosed, or reported.

A Federal Register Notice was published on February 28, 2018 (83 FR 8655). No public comments were received.

As part of the preparation for survey implementation, NOAA sought and obtained feedback from local stakeholders. Responses came primarily from state and local natural resource management agencies, fisheries management councils and NGOs. In preparation for each survey iteration, we receive feedback from resource managers and others who we presented the last results to. The input has allowed us to adjust questions etc to be more useful for management purposes. Now that we have gone through one cycle of surveys, however, the questions will not need to be adjusted so frequently.

9. Explain any decisions to provide payments or gifts to respondents, other than remuneration of contractors or grantees.

For most jurisdictions where phone, mail or internet is likely to be used, no payments or gifts are provided to respondents. However in cases of face to face surveys, respondents may be provided with promotional materials (small tokens such as key rings, reusable shopping bags, etc.) on completion of each questionnaire in appreciation for their time. This is primarily because face-to-face surveys by their nature tend to take slightly longer times to complete. This activity is likely to occur in American Samoa, where surveys take place in person and where gift exchange is considered culturally appropriate.

10. Describe any assurance of confidentiality provided to respondents and the basis for assurance in statute, regulation, or agency policy.

As stated on the questionnaires, identifying information (name, address, telephone number, email address) will be used only to administer the survey. This information will be viewed only by the contractor compiling the data, and will be destroyed at the end of the information collection. This process will maintain the anonymity of the responses received.

All data received from the surveys will be placed on a secure server and will be password protected. This website will not be available to the public. All computerized data will be maintained in a manner that is consistent with NOAA’s IT Security Program. No data files will contain personal identifiers.

This information is covered by the Privacy Act System of Records Notice COMMERCE/NOAA-11, Contact Information for Members of the Public Requesting or Providing Information Related to NOAA's Mission.

11. Provide additional justification for any questions of a sensitive nature, such as sexual behavior and attitudes, religious beliefs, and other matters that are commonly considered private.

For this collection, no sensitive questions will be asked. However, if a respondent does perceive a particular question as sensitive (e.g. annual household income), we will treat a response to this type of question as completely voluntary and therefore, an option of “no-response” will be added to the menus of possible answers. In addition, if a respondent is interested in learning why a specific question is being asked, the survey administrator will explain the purpose of the given question.

To address potential sensitivity issues associated with these questions, - if collected during face to face interviews - will not be stored and will only be used to administer the survey; respondents will be made aware of this practice. Identifying information will be viewed only by the contractor compiling the data, and will be destroyed at the end of the information collection. This process will maintain the anonymity of the responses received.

12. Provide an estimate in hours of the burden of the collection of information.

A variety of instruments and platforms will be used to collect information from respondents. The annualized burden hours requested (1,765) are based on the maximum number of collections we expect to conduct over the requested period for this clearance, even though we do not expect 100% response. Using average labor rates for the specific jurisdictions and for the nation as a whole when

jurisdictional information is not available, the burden estimates results in expected public burden costs of $19,996 (annualized over 3 years)

The response burden is based on an average number of questions asked. Depending on the jurisdiction the composition of these questions will change to fit the particular circumstances. For statistical purposes, NOAA will always ask a core set of questions (i.e., demographics). These types of questions generally have a lower response burden than the more detailed questions in the survey. The response burden is based on three different components: the survey administrator explaining the purpose and need to the respondent, demographic questions for statistical purposes, and programmatically related questions. We estimate that the survey administrator will take 1 minute to explain the purpose and need of the survey to the respondent, (if the call recipient declines the survey, this time will fall under nonresponse burden). The remaining number of questions will be determined by NOAA’s research priorities at the time. The questions have been divided into indicator groups. Of these groups, NOAA will shift its importance and the number of questions asked from each group to keep the total time needed within 20 minutes (except for American Samoa where in person administration is expected to take no longer than 25 minutes).

We acknowledge that not all respondents contacted will be willing to participate in the survey. For these negative responses, we estimate a non-response burden of 1 minute for the survey administrator to explain the purpose and need for the survey and the respondent to decline. Based on previous NOAA surveys of the targeted population we expect response rates for each survey mode to be consistent with industry standards. There are studies that showed a 50% response rate for mail surveys, 80% response rate for in-person surveys and 40% response rate for internet surveys³. An average response rate of 35% was achieved seven completed survey efforts as part of the “Socioeconomics of Coral Reef Conservation”, NOAA 2014-15, OMB #0648-0646, survey (for which this renewal and extension is being submitted).

Table 3: Estimates of Burden Hours (3.5-year time frame)

Requirements	# of Respondents	Responses Per Respondent	Total # of Responses	Response Time	Total Burden (in hours)	Burden Cost
Florida	2,000	1	2,000	20 min.	667	$12,650
Guam	712	1	712	20 min.	237	$3,394
Hawaii	1700	1	1700	20 min.	567	$11,651
American Samoa	652	1	652	25 min.	272	$4,527
Puerto Rico	3,500	1	3,500	20 min.	1,167	$14,058
Commonwealth of Northern Marianas Islands	900	1	900	20 min.	300	$6,249
U.S. Virgin Islands	1,125	1	1,125	20 min.	375	$6,312
Non response burden	19,665	1		1 min.	328	$5,829
Total Responses	10,589
Total Public Burden					3,913	$64,669
Annualized (over 6 yrs)	1,765				652	$10,778

13. Provide an estimate of the total annual cost burden to the respondents or record-keepers resulting from the collection (excluding the value of the burden hours in Question 12 above).

There will be no cost to respondents beyond burden hours.

14. Provide estimates of annualized cost to the Federal government.

The government seeks to implement one survey each year (except perhaps in the case of Guam and CNMI), taking approximately 6 years to complete all seven survey exercises. The total cost to the government for these seven surveys is estimated at a total of $1,382,500, which averages to $395,000 each year. Contractor costs are roughly $200,000 per year or a total of $700,000. These costs include survey design and preparation of the draft OMB Clearance package.

The NOAA staff time and travel required to participate in planning and design activities is estimated to average $195,000 a year, which is a total of $682,500 for the three and a half years. NOAA staff will be responsible for fielding the survey (including response tracking, coding and processing the data, and delivery of final data files), and data analysis and reporting. Fielding the survey and processing the data activities are estimated at .25 FTE for a GS-09 per survey. This would result in a

cost of roughly of $48,000 per year. Additionally, the travel costs NOAA staff will include to conduct and deliver the survey will be roughly $30,000 per year (Table 4).

Table 4: Government Cost Distribution of all 7 surveys

	Total Cost for 3.5 years ($)	Cost / Year ($)
Contractor Costs	700,000	200,000
NOAA Personnel Costs (FTE + Travel)	682,500	195,000
TOTAL	1,382,500	395,000

15. Explain the reasons for any program changes or adjustments.

Adjustments: The main adjustment, resulting in a decrease in annualized burden of 623 (from 1,275 to 652), is due to the interval of surveying having changed from every three to four years, to five to seven.

Minor sample size changes, previously approved, are due to the need for more spatially representative information to allow in some jurisdictions for the analysis of data at island scale (or smaller). These changes in sample sizes are in accordance with approved non-substantive change requests since 2012. These changes also allow for the socioeconomic information to be better aligned with the biophysical information also being collected as part of the overall national coral reef monitoring program.

16. For collections whose results will be published, outline the plans for tabulation and publication.

Data collected under this clearance will only be used for research purposes, to measure and improve the results of CRCP programs, and to target outreach efforts. Aggregated statistics and other general findings will be presented to local jurisdictions and a final CRCP technical report will be published for each monitoring cycle. Additional products may include scientific posters, presentations, and two-page summaries of highlights from the survey results. All products will be available upon request and via CRCP web sites and other media.

In an effort to promote the use of scientific information for improved resource management, the agency may publish some of the findings in peer reviewed journals. These will be in addition to NOAA technical documents and presentations. It should be noted that NOAA may receive requests to release some of its findings through congressional inquiries or Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Requests. CRCP will disseminate the findings when appropriate, and strictly following NOAA’s guidelines, and all applicable laws and regulations.

17. If seeking approval to not display the expiration date for OMB approval of the information collection, explain the reasons why display would be inappropriate.

Not applicable.

18. Explain each exception to the certification statement.

Not applicable.

1 CRCP will track this information for some of these indicators (5, 6, 7, 11, & 13) indirectly through secondary sources and separate data collection activities. This will reduce the burden on participants.

2 Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 [P.L. 106-562; 16 U.S.C. 6401 et seq; December 23, 2000]

Purposes:

(1) to preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems;

(2) to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems to benefit local communities and the Nation;

(3) to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and the threats to such ecosystems;

(4) to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting conservation programs, including projects that involve affected local communities and nongovernmental organizations;

(5) to provide financial resources for those programs and projects; and

(6) to establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects.

3 See “Public Perception and Attitudes about the Hawaiian Monk Seal, Survey Results Report”, Sustainable Resources Group International, Inc., prepared for NOAA Fisheries Service Pacific Islands Regional Office, April 2011. “Washington-Oregon-California Purse Seine Survey”, NOAA, 2007, OMB Control #: 0648-0369, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (GSMFC). NOAA,“2011 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey” 2011. For internet surveys see “Beach Users Perceptions Concerning Zuma Beach Restoration”, David K. Loomis, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009.

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