How TANF Agencies Support Families Experiencing Homelessness
OMB Information Collection Request
New Collection
Draft Supporting Statement
Part A
February 2019
Submitted By:
Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation
Administration for Children and Families
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
4th Floor, Mary E. Switzer Building
330 C Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20201
Project Officer:
Carli Wulff
A1. Necessity for the Data Collection 3
A2. Purpose of Survey and Data Collection Procedures 4
A3. Improved Information Technology to Reduce Burden 8
A4. Efforts to Identify Duplication 8
A5. Involvement of Small Organizations 8
A6. Consequences of Less Frequent Data Collection 8
A8. Federal Register Notice and Consultation 8
A9. Incentives for Respondents 9
A10. Privacy of Respondents 10
A12. Estimation of Information Collection Burden 10
A13. Cost Burden to Respondents or Record Keepers 11
A14. Estimate of Cost to the Federal Government 11
A16. Plan and Time Schedule for Information Collection, Tabulation and Publication 12
A17. Reasons Not to Display OMB Expiration Date 12
A18. Exceptions to Certification for Paperwork Reduction Act Submissions 12
This is a new information collection as part of the How TANF Agencies Support Families Experiencing Homelessness study.
What is being evaluated and measured
This study is considering how state Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs can connect homeless families to the services they need, including TANF-provided services such as cash assistance and child care support, as well as more traditional housing supports such as rapid re-housing programs and subsidized housing. A three pronged information gathering methodology is being used: (1) a public document review of 25 state and U.S. territory state plans (not included in this package); (2) an online survey of all state and territory TANF administrators and a subset of TANF county administrators (included in this package); and (3) site visits to five TANF agencies implementing innovation approaches to addressing family homelessness (included in this package).
Type of study
Descriptive study
Utility of the information collection
This study will provide information on how the TANF program can serve as a support for families at-risk of or currently experiencing homelessness.
Information gathered through this study will assist policymakers and administrators in understanding the ways and the extent to which families experiencing homelessness are utilizing the TANF program, will assist policymakers and administrators in recommending additional examples of practice, and potentially identify approaches worthy of formal evaluation in preparation for replication and scaling.
The study is intended to systematically document current uses of the TANF program resources to support families experiencing or at-risk of homelessness and inform future policymaking.
The Administration for Children and Families (ACF) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) seeks approval for data collection activities for a descriptive study aimed at understanding how the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program is assisting families who are currently or at-risk of experiencing homelessness. ACF seeks OMB approval for four data collection instruments that will be used as part of the field assessment:
TANF Administrator Web Survey (Attachment A);
Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF staff (Attachment B);
Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at Continuums of Care (CoC)/Partner Organizations (Attachment C);
Site Visit Focus Group Guide (Attachment D);
The proposed data collection activities described in this justification will collect information on:
How states are using TANF support to address homelessness, both directly and indirectly by partnering with local programs;
The relationships between state agencies, local agencies, and organizations supporting those experiencing homelessness;
How TANF agencies decided on and implemented their approaches to address homelessness; and
TANF agency staff and partner agency staff perceptions around the approach, including their perceptions of the challenges in implementation, effectiveness, and transferable lessons.
This justification provides supporting statements for each of the eighteen points outlined in Part A of the OMB guidelines.
There are no legal or administrative requirements that necessitate the collection. ACF is undertaking the collection at the discretion of the agency.
A.2.1 Overview of Purpose and Approach
This descriptive study will identify the extent to which TANF agencies across the country are using TANF funds to serve and support families experiencing or at-risk of homelessness. It also will document the approaches and strategies used by TANF agencies to serve these families. ACF is seeking approval of four instruments within this ICR:
TANF Administrator Web Survey to administer an online survey to all state and territory TANF administrators as well as a selection of three county TANF administrators from each state. The survey will collect information about the agencies’ overall approaches toward addressing family homelessness and the extent to which TANF funds, assessments, tools, additional services, and partners are used in these efforts. The survey will take 30 minutes to complete, and we plan to administer the survey to 206 respondents.
Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF Staff to conduct interviews with TANF office staff on topics as rationale for strategies; design and implementation plans for approach to addressing family homelessness; partner selection and partnership development for homeless services; details of process clients experience as their housing challenges are uncovered, assessed, and addressed; perceived challenges and successes with approach; resources needed (financial and non-financial) to implement and sustain it; and perceived results or benefits from the approach. Each interview will last approximately 90 minutes. At each site, we expect to conduct up to 10 interviews, for a total of 50 interviews across the five site visits.
Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at CoC/Partner Organizations to interview representatives from relevant homelessness organization partners, including Continuums of Care (CoCs), capture their perspective on working with the TANF agency, including development of shared goals, interagency communication approaches, referral strategies, data sharing efforts, challenges and successes, and perceived results of engagement with TANF agency. Each interview will last approximately 90 minutes. At each site, we expect to conduct up to four interviews, for a total of 20 interviews across the five site visits.
Site Visit Focus Group Guide to convene focus groups of TANF participants currently experiencing or at-risk of homelessness, which will offer insight about participants experience and attitudes related to their state TANF program as well as local housing and homelessness programs. We will convene two focus groups, with 10 participants in each, that will last 90 minutes.
Prior to beginning the data collection described above, the study team conducted a systematic review of 25 state and territory TANF agencies’ publically available plans and policy documents. The state plans and policy documents are produced in response to TANF funding requirements therefore this initial collection did not impose any burden on respondents or record keepers.
The TANF Administrator Web Survey will be conducted between February and April 2019 (pending OMB approval). A pilot site visit will occur in late fall 2018 to test the site visit instruments and refine as needed, while the remaining four visits will be conducted May through August 2019. During the pilot site visit, we will ensure that the same question is not asked of more than nine people to comply with OMB regulations.
A.2.2 Research Questions
ACF is aware that homeless families are accessing TANF cash assistance at similar rates to other families experiencing deep poverty in their same communities.4 However, currently there is no systematic documentation of the prevalence, breadth, depth, and variety of approaches currently employed by state and county TANF agencies to assist homeless families. Therefore, we seek to fill this wide knowledge gap through several research questions. This study will assist OPRE in understanding the extent to which TANF agencies across the country are using TANF funds to serve and support families experiencing or at-risk of homelessness. It also will document the approaches and strategies used by TANF agencies to serve these families.
Our research questions are:
Are states using TANF funds to address homelessness?
How did the TANF agencies decide to address homelessness, select one or more approaches, and secure staff buy-in/leadership approval? Was this in response to OFA’s memorandum, Use of TANF Funds to Assist Families At-Risk of and Experiencing Homelessness (TANF-ACF-IM-2013-01)?
What processes did TANF agencies go through to design and implement their approaches to address homelessness?
Are states encouraging systems-level changes in alignment and communication between TANF agencies and state, county, or local departments that address homelessness?
How are agencies/sites working with local homelessness providers, including CoCs; for example, participating in a coordinated entry process, cross-agency communication, co-location, data sharing, development of shared vocabulary, warm hand-offs, or “cooler” referrals?
Are states using TANF funds to support local programs to address homelessness? Are there challenges to partnering with local homelessness programs? What other ways are TANF funds being used to support homeless families?
Are the provided services helpful in obtaining housing? Are there services that are needed but are not currently available? Are there challenges in accessing services?
What approaches are states encouraging local offices to use (e.g., screening and assessment, service referral, emergency cash assistance, work requirement waivers)?
What are TANF staff and partner staff perceptions around the approach; for example, utility, level of effort required, client/participation satisfaction, and effectiveness?
What lessons can be shared with the broader TANF and homelessness communities?
Are localities following recommendations? How are local/county TANF offices building relationships with the homelessness field? What are the challenges faced in developing and maintaining these relationships?
What steps did agencies take regarding training, data collection, internal communication, marketing, etc., to ensure the approach was actually delivered?
A.2.3 Study Design
The project includes:
(1) a systematic review of 25 state and territory TANF agencies’ publically available plans and policy documents;
(2) the TANF Administrator Web Survey administered to all state and territory TANF agencies and three county TANF administrators from each state to collect information about the agencies’ overall approaches toward addressing family homelessness and the extent to which TANF funds, assessments, tools, additional services, and partners are used in these efforts; and
(3) site visits to five purposefully selected TANF agencies to conduct interviews with TANF office staff (using the Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF staff), interviews with Continuum of Care (CoC) and relevant partners (using the Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at Continuums of Care (CoC)/Partner Organizations) and convene focus groups of TANF participants experiencing or at-risk of homelessness (using the Site Visit Focus Group Guide).
The systematic review and web survey will help inform the selection of the site visits.
The study is limited by three major factors. First, the small sample size for the qualitative interviews with TANF staff and CoC/partner organization staff means that the results cannot be generalized beyond those communities where we are conducting interviews. Second, only one instrument (the TANF Administrator Web Survey) attempts to capture how all state TANF agencies support families experiencing homelessness. Lastly, only one instrument (the Site Visit Focus Group Guide) attempts to collect information directly from TANF participants. By purposefully selecting the sites to visit, the study team hopes to gain insight into particular approaches to supporting families experiencing homelessness and deepen our understanding of findings gathered from the TANF Administrator Web Survey.
As a result of the limitations identified above, this study is considered preliminary and will likely need to be followed up with a larger-scale representative study.
A.2.4 Universe of Data Collection Efforts
To address the research questions, the study will use four data collection instruments. Instruments in the current request include the following:
TANF Administrator Web Survey (tailored for both state and county respondents) (Attachment A);
Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF Staff, (Attachment B);
Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at Continuums of Care (CoC)/Partner Organizations (Attachment C); and
Site Visit Focus Group Guide (Attachment D).
These data are not available through any current source.
Other extant data will be used for the study. These include the following:
State TANF Plans
Other TANF Policy Documents, as identified through targeted web searches
The 2013 ACF memo (TANF-ACF-IM-2013-01) “Use of TANF Funds to Serve Homeless Families and Families at Risk of Experiencing Homelessness.”
Reports and summaries from previous studies on the TANF program
Exhibit A-1 provides a
crosswalk between the research questions and the study’s data
collection tasks.
Exhibit A-1: Research Questions and Study Components
Research Question |
TANF Document Review |
TANF Administrator Survey |
Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF Staff |
Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at CoC/ Partner Organizations |
Site Visit Focus Group Guide |
Are states using TANF funds and efforts to address homelessness? |
|
|
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Are states encouraging systems-level changes in alignment and communication between TANF agencies and state, county, or local departments that address homelessness? |
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|
|
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Are states using TANF funds to support local programs to address homelessness? Are there challenges to partnering with local homelessness programs? What other ways are TANF funds being used to support homeless families? |
|
|
|
|
|
What approaches are states encouraging local offices to use (e.g., screening and assessment, service referral, emergency cash assistance, work requirement waivers)? |
|
|
|
|
|
Are localities following recommendations? How are local/county TANF offices building relationships with the homelessness field? What are the challenges faced in developing and maintaining these relationships? |
|
|
|
|
|
How did the TANF agencies decide to address homelessness, select one or more approaches, and secure staff buy-in/leadership approval? Was this in response to OFA’s memorandum, Use of TANF Funds to Assist Families At-Risk of and Experiencing Homelessness (TANF-ACF-IM-2013-01)? |
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|
|
|
|
What processes did TANF agencies go through to design and implement their approaches to address homelessness? |
|
|
|
|
|
What steps did agencies take regarding training, data collection, internal communication, marketing, etc., to ensure the approach was actually delivered? |
|
|
|
|
|
How are agencies/sites working with local homelessness providers, including CoCs; for example, participating in a coordinated entry process, cross-agency communication, co-location, data sharing, development of shared vocabulary, warm hand-offs, or “cooler” referrals? |
|
|
|
|
|
What are TANF staff and partner staff perceptions around the approach; for example, utility, level of effort required, client/participation satisfaction, and effectiveness? |
|
|
|
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Are the provided services helpful in obtaining housing? Are there services that are needed but are not currently available? Are there challenges in accessing services? |
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What lessons can be shared with the broader TANF and homelessness communities? |
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By conducting the survey of TANF administrators online, we hope to reduce burden on the survey respondents. Respondents will be able to access and complete the survey at their convenience. The survey includes close-ended questions that will be programmed with radio buttons and drop-down responses so that respondents can quickly choose their answers and move through the survey.
During the interviews and focus groups, we will capture audio recordings to ensure the accuracy of our notes, and also reduce the number of instances that the study team has to reach out to respondents to confirm their statements.
To the study team’s knowledge, this is the first attempt to collect primary data on how TANF agencies support families experiencing homelessness.
The study will collect information from TANF Administrators in five states and up to 15 counties twice: first, during the TANF Administrator Web Survey, and second, during the site visit. To minimize burden, the study team will review the respondents’ answers to the web survey before the visit, and focus questions on topics that are not already covered by the web survey.
In addition, while the TANF Administrator Web Survey is being reviewed by OMB, we will begin programming the TANF Administrator Web Survey into Survey Monkey, an online survey platform. After programming the survey, we will pre-test the survey with two TANF agencies and one county to ensure that all questions are clear. This pretest will occur prior to OMB passback so that the final questions will incorporate OMB feedback. To minimize burden, we will provide the answers from the pre-test to these agencies, allowing them to confirm and update any information when we field TANF Administrator Web Survey.
The
study team may interview small partner organizations working with
state or local TANF agencies. To minimize burden, the team will work
to set up interviews at times and in places (e.g., their offices)
that are convenient to participants.
This is a onetime data collection.
There
are no special circumstances for the proposed data collection
efforts.
A.8.1 Federal Register Notice and Comments
In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-13) and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) regulations at 5 CFR Part 1320 (60 FR 44978, August 29, 1995), ACF published a notice in the Federal Register announcing the agency’s intention to request an OMB review of this information collection activity. This notice was published on May 17, 2018, Volume 83, Number 96, page 22982, and provided a sixty-day period for public comment. A copy of this notice is attached as Attachment 1. During the notice and comment period, no substantive comments were received.
Phone consultations were conducted with four non-federal experts in the field: Sharon MacDonald (National Alliance to End Homelessness); Elizabeth Lower-Basch (the Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP) Donna Pavetti (the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities); and Katie Griego (National Association of State TANF Administrators).
An important component of the TANF Homeless project is engaging relevant stakeholders during the design and implementation of the study. The study will benefit from the expertise of organizations representing TANF agencies and homelessness assistance programs. The two key organizations are the National Association of State TANF Administrators (NASTA) and the National Alliance to End Homelessness (NAEH). We are engaging these stakeholders in the project to provide feedback and critique of the study’s TANF Administrator Web Survey instrument. We will also ask NASTA to reinforce with their members the importance of completing the TANF Administrator Web Survey. Later in the project, we will seek assistance from these organizations to promote the study and disseminate its findings through their membership networks.
The
study team plans to distribute $25 gift cards to focus group
participants as a thank you and to offset the costs of participation
in the data collection.
The data collection will last
approximately 90 minutes, and will require participants to travel to
the specified TANF office at a set time. Respondents may incur direct
costs for attending the focus groups, such as transportation to the
site, child care costs, and/or needing to rearrange their work
schedules to accommodate the meeting. The study team is concerned
that without providing an incentive, respondents with multiple
barriers to participation will not be represented in the data
collection. The incentive will help offset costs that could
discourage their participation.
The goal of this focus
group data collection is to capture a wide variety of current and
formerly homeless adults’ experiences with TANF and other
public and homeless assistance programs. These data are not intended
to be representative in a statistical sense; findings will not allow
us to infer the prevalence of themes in the population of recipients
of TANF with a history of homelessness. However, the adults with the
largest financial, childcare, and transportation barriers likely have
different experiences with public benefits and homeless programs than
those with fewer barriers. Their inability to participate would harm
the quality of insights drawn from the study and its potential to
meaningfully inform future research using more-representative
methods.
OPRE’s Parents and Children Together Study
(OMB control number 0970-0430) offered a $25 incentive to each member
of a couple that participated in a focus group, and met their goals
for study recruitment. Given that previous studies have found
incentives ranging from $20-$35 effective in securing the
participation of a diverse group of low-income participants, we
believe that $25 is a reasonable amount to offset the time and cost
associated with participation in the proposed data collection and to
reduce differential participation between individuals with or without
financial barriers.5
The gift cards will be distributed at the beginning of the focus group to ensure that participants do not feel compelled to stay for the duration of the session.
Information collected will be kept private to the extent permitted by law. Respondents will be informed of all planned uses of data, that their participation is voluntary, and that their information will be kept private to the extent permitted by law. The study instruments provided in Attachments B (Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF Staff), C (Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at Continuums of Care (CoC)/Partner Organizations), and D (Site Visit Focus Group Guide) include both consent language and introductory scripts (see Accompanying Communications for TANF Administrator Web Survey, Attachment E, and Accompanying Communications for Site Visit Focus Group Guide, Attachment F). The study’s instruments and consent forms received approval from Abt Associates’ IRB on April 11, 2018.
As specified in their contract, the research team will protect respondent privacy to the extent permitted by law and will comply with all Federal and Departmental regulations for private information. The research team has developed a Data Security Plan that assesses all protections of respondents’ personally identifiable information. Members of the research team are all trained on data privacy issues and will comply with the above requirements.
The unit of analysis for the qualitative site visits is the site, not the individual respondents. Respondents to the qualitative site visit interviews will be told that all of their responses will be kept private, their names will not appear in any written reports, and that responses to the questions are voluntary. To prevent possible re-identification of any staff interviewed as part of the site visits to TANF agencies and partner organizations, the research team will not attribute any comments to staff by name or job categories. To ensure that focus group participants are not identified, the research team will not collect any participants’ personally identifying information.
As specified in the evaluator’s contract, the Contractor will use Federal Information Processing Standard compliant encryption (Security Requirements for Cryptographic Module, as amended) to protect all instances of sensitive information during storage and transmission. The Contractor shall securely generate and manage encryption keys to prevent unauthorized decryption of information, in accordance with the Federal Processing Standard. The Contractor shall: ensure that this standard is incorporated into the Contractor’s property management/control system; establish a procedure to account for all laptop computers, desktop computers, and other mobile devices and portable media that store or process sensitive information. Any data stored electronically will be secured in accordance with the most current National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) requirements and other applicable Federal and Departmental regulations. In addition, the Contractor must submit a plan for minimizing to the extent possible the inclusion of sensitive information on paper records and for the protection of any paper records, field notes, or other documents that contain sensitive or personally identifiable information that ensures secure storage and limits on access.
Information will not be maintained in a paper or electronic system from which they are actually or directly retrieved by an individuals’ personal identifier.
There are no sensitive questions in this data collection.
Newly Requested Information Collections
Total Annual Cost
Exhibit A-2 demonstrates the projected burden hour estimates for data collection for the four elements of the study: (1) the TANF Administrator Web Survey (tailored for both state and county respondents) (2) a Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF Staff, (3) a Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at Continuums of Care (CoC)/Partner Organizations and (4) a Site Visit Focus Group Guide. The annualized cost burden to respondents is based on the estimated burden hours and the assumed hourly wage rate for respondents. We estimated the average hourly wage for each respondent group based on information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics6 or the federal minimum wage. We calculated the average hourly rate for each respondent group using the following categories:
TANF Administrator Web Survey: Social and Community Service Manager Occupations (SOC 11-9151): wage rate of $33.91, plus a 40 percent adjustment for benefits, or $47.47.
Site Visit Discussion Guides for TANF Staff and Staff at CoC/Partner Organizations: Community and Social Service Occupations (SOC 21-0000): wage rate of $ 23.10 plus a 40 percent adjustment for benefits, or $32.34.
Site Visit Focus Group Guide: the minimum hourly wage ($7.25) plus a 40 percent adjustment to account for benefits, or $10.15 per hour.
See the Exhibit A-2 below for estimated annual cost burden for each type of data collection instrument.
Exhibit A-2: Total Burden Requested Under this Information Collection
Instrument |
Total Number of Respondents |
Annual Number of Respondents |
Number of Responses Per Respondent |
Average Burden Hours Per Response |
Annual Burden Hours |
Average Hourly Wage |
Total Annual Cost |
TANF Administrator Web Survey (State and County) |
206 |
69 |
1 |
.5 |
35 |
$47.47 |
$1,161.45 |
Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF Staff |
50 |
17 |
1 |
1.5 |
26 |
$32.34 |
840.84 |
Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at CoC/Partner Organizations |
20 |
7 |
1 |
1.5 |
11 |
$32.34 |
$355.74 |
Site Visit Focus Group Guide |
20 |
7 |
1 |
1.5 |
11 |
10.15 |
$111.65 |
Estimated Annual Burden Total |
83 |
|
$2,469.68 |
||||
*This table assumes a three year burden period.
There are no additional costs to respondents.
The total cost for the data collection activities under this current request will be $142,072. Annual costs to the Federal government will be $47,357.33 for the proposed data collection.
This is a new data collection.
Data from the TANF Administrator Web Survey will be analyzed and used to document efforts of state and county TANF agencies to assist families experiencing homelessness, as well as to inform site selection. Data collected using the Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF staff and Site Visit Focus Group Guide will be used to create summaries of site visits, which will provide OPRE in-depth understanding of each state’s approach. These summaries will inform the writing of the study’s final report and three related policy briefs. The report and policy briefs will assemble comprehensive information about how states and localities use TANF funds to respond to family homelessness. If possible, we will also indicate areas for future technical assistance for TANF agencies and CoCs, and highlight practices that either have an evidence base or seem ready for more formal evaluation of their effectiveness.
Time Schedule and Publication
Exhibit A-3 presents an overview of the project schedule for information collection and publication. Pending OMB approval of proposed instruments, data collection will conclude by December 2019. Findings from the analysis of the information collected through on-site interviews and focus groups will be presented by the research contractor in a final research report, anticipated in spring 2020. This report will be publicly disseminated through OPRE and Abt Associates and its partner, MEF Associates. Abt and MEF will notify TANF agencies that participated in the survey and site visits when the final report and any other related publications are publicly released. For focus group participants, we will distribute the link to the OPRE project page so that participants will be able to locate the study’s final publications once they are publicly available.
Exhibit A-3: Overview of Project Data Collection Schedule
Data Collection or Publication Activity |
Schedule for Completion |
TANF Administrator Web Survey |
Spring 2019 |
Site Visits/Focus Groups (which will include use of the Site Visit Discussion Guide for TANF staff, Site Visit Discussion Guide for Staff at Continuums of Care (CoC)/Partner Organization, and Site Visit Focus Group Guide) |
Summer/Fall 2019 |
Policy Brief #1 |
Summer 2019 |
Policy Brief #2 |
Fall 2019 |
Policy Brief #3 |
Winter 2019 |
Final Report |
Winter 2020 |
All instruments will display the expiration date for OMB approval.
No exceptions are necessary for this information collection.
1 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), (2017). 2016 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to
Congress, Part 2: Estimates of Homelessness in U.S. Washington, D.C. https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2016-AHAR-Part-2-Section-3.pdf
2 Brown, S.R., M. Shinn, and J. Khadduri, (2017). Well-being of Young Children after Experiencing Homelessness. OPRE
Report No 201-06. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and
Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation; and Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/opre_homefam_brief3_hhs_children_02_24_2017_b508.pdf
3 https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/resource/tanf-acf-im-2013-01
4 Burt, Martha R. Jill Khadduri, and Daniel Gubits. Are Homeless Families Connected to the Social Safety Net? Homeless Families Research Briefs, OPRE Report No. 2016-33, March 2016. Accessed at: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/resource/are-homeless-families-connected-to-the-social-safety-net
5 Berlin, Martha, Leyla Mohadjer, Joseph Waksberg, Andrew Kolstad, Irwin Kirsch, D. Rock, and Kentaro Yammoto. (1992). An experiment in monetary incentives. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
6 http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm
| File Type | application/msword |
| File Title | OPRE OMB Clearance Manual |
| Author | DHHS |
| Last Modified By | SYSTEM |
| File Modified | 2019-02-28 |
| File Created | 2019-02-28 |