Supporting Statement – Part A
2020 Police-Public Contact Survey
The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) requests clearance to conduct the 2020 Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS) as a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to collect information about the nature and outcomes (e.g., arrest, ticket/warning) of the public’s contacts with the police. Contact with the police refers to voluntary contacts, such as residents seeking help or assistance from the police, and involuntary contacts, such as police approaching residents during a street or traffic stop. The NCVS and all related contacts and protocols have been previously approved by OMB (OMB No: 1121-0111) and this request is specifically for a supplemental data collection instrument that will be added to the approved NCVS core from January 2020 to June 2020. The PPCS is a currently approved collection (OMB No. 1121-0260; approval expires 5/31/2021); this request seeks a modification to allow a second administration of the survey inside the timeframe of the already-cleared request. The goal of the collection is to report national statistics that provide a better understanding of the types, frequency, and outcomes of contacts between the police and the public, public perceptions of police behavior during the contact, and the conditions under which force may be threatened or used. The PPCS is typically conducted about every three years and BJS requests clearance to conduct the next iteration ahead of schedule with a revised instrument that includes a question (Question 40 in Attachment 5) on how residents reacted during police contact that was not on the 2018 survey.
BJS initially designed the PPCS in response to Congressional requirements that the Department of Justice report annually on police excessive use of force. Section 210402 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (34 USC § 12602) mandated that the Attorney General collect data on the "use of excessive force by law enforcement officers" (see Attachment 1) and publish an annual summary. The Act was initiated due to the lack of reliable data on the extent of excessive force used by law enforcement officers. In response to the Act, BJS designed the PPCS to obtain information directly from the public about their perceptions of excessive use of force by police. There are no other current national data available to analyze the use of force, in particular nonlethal use of force, by law enforcement agencies, though the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has begun to stand up a collection of use of force incidents from law enforcement agencies (OMB No. 1110-0071).
The PPCS is administered to a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents and collects data from residents about nonfatal use of force incidents, including the types of force police might have used and whether the respondent thought the amount of force used or threatened was excessive. By asking residents directly about their experiences, the PPCS can collect data on the full continuum of police actions.
In addition to obtaining the public’s views on police use of force, the PPCS also collects data on the nature and prevalence of public contacts with police. This objective is central to BJS’s mission of collecting, analyzing, and disseminating statistics on the operations of the criminal justice system, as given in 34 U.S.C. § 10132 (Attachment 2). Police contact represents the initial and most common interaction that most residents have with the criminal justice system. For example, in 2015, about 53.5 million U.S. residents had one or more contacts with police during the prior 12 months.1
The PPCS addresses timely issues related to race and policing by obtaining data from respondents on the demographic attributes of both the persons who had contact and the officer(s) with whom they had contact. The PPCS data reveal that there are differences in perceptions of the legitimacy of police behavior across subgroups and types of police contact. Understanding public perceptions of the legitimacy of police can be useful for explaining victim reporting of crime to the police, which, in turn, is related to reductions in violent crime rates. Police contacts with residents also represent a potential opportunity to build personal and public trust in the criminal justice system and enhance community efficacy and safety.
Because the PPCS is administered within the NCVS, it supports BJS’s efforts to better understand the relationships between victims, the police, and the community. The PPCS is unique in its ability to comprehensively provide these types of information. It is the only national collection on police contact from the perspective of residents; the only national data collection that measures the full scope of nonlethal force used by police; the only national data collection that collects measures of police legitimacy; the only national data collection that can be used to assess racial disparities in contact with police and outcomes of contact with police; and the only data collection that can provide national estimates of the rate of searches during traffic stops and the prevalence of stop and frisk practices. The PPCS also informs understanding of resident conduct toward police in resident-police interactions.
The PPCS will be administered from January 2020 through June 2020. During this 6-month period, the supplement will be administered to all NCVS respondents age 16 or older, following the completion of the NCVS screener and the NCVS crime incident report (if applicable NCVS crimes were reported).
BJS is authorized to collect statistics on the operations of the criminal justice system under Title 34, United States Code, Section 10132 of the Justice Systems Improvement Act of 1979 (Attachment 2).
The information generated by the prior waves of the PPCS has been used to inform research and policy discussions on many salient topics related to police—police use of force and excessive force, racial differences in the number and characteristics of traffic stops and searches, resident perceptions of the legitimacy of police contacts and residents’ likelihood of contacting the police again in the future. Data on these topics are fundamental to police efforts to build relations with their communities, encourage residents to report criminal activity, and reduce violent crime. Because the information is provided by residents, these data are an independent source for systematic knowledge about the behavior of the police and resident perceptions of police that is not dependent on official police records or self-reports from law enforcement officers.
Legislators, policymakers, researchers, members of the media, the public and the law enforcement community have long recognized the need for the collection of routine national statistics on the use of force by police. While much of the focus on this call for data has been on lethal force, prior iterations of the PPCS suggest that lethal force only accounts for a small portion of all incidents of verbal persuasion or physical force. Understanding the full array of types of force requires data collection on the continuum of less-lethal police actions in escalated circumstances—from cursing and verbal threats of force, to pushing and shoving, punching and kicking, to the use of the baton, taser, or firearm. Only the PPCS meets this data collection need. Together with law enforcement data on fatal force, the PPCS responds to the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 requirement that the DOJ collect and disseminate data on police use of force.
The findings from the PPCS have been published in BJS reports which have been used by the media to improve the public’s awareness of the prevalence of nonfatal police use of force; used by researchers to examine topics such as public perceptions of racial profiling; used by legislators and policymakers to inform legislation on police reporting practices, and used by the law enforcement community to better understand public perceptions of police behavior and independent reports of use of force. As with prior PPCS collections, the 2020 PPCS data will be used to develop a BJS report examining the nature and outcomes of both resident-initiated and police-initiated contacts, perceptions of police behavior and legitimacy during contacts, police threat and use of nonfatal force, and resident conduct toward police.
Uses of PPCS data
The PPCS data allow BJS to address a number of issues, including the public’s perception of the police and their legitimacy; police use of force; racial differences in the outcomes of street stops, traffic stops, and searches; and public satisfaction with police responses to voluntary contacts. Estimates that can be generated from the 2020 PPCS include:
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who had contact with the police during the prior 12 months
Average number of contacts among persons with police contact
Percent of persons 16 or older experiencing different types of resident- and police-initiated contact with police (i.e. requests for assistance, traffic stop, street stop, etc.)
Demographic characteristics of persons with different types of police contact
Demographic characteristics of police officers involved in traffic and street stops, including gender, race, and Hispanic origin
Relationship between demographic characteristics of police officers and residents in traffic and street stops
Rate/percent of drivers 16 or older who were involved in a traffic stop
Percent of traffic stops resulting in ticketing, search, or arrest and reasons for the stop
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who were stopped and searched by police
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older against whom the police used or threatened to use force
Rate/percent of type of force used or threatened against persons 16 or older
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who felt police behavior was appropriate
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who felt police engaged in inappropriate verbal or sexual behavior
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who felt police behaviors were motivated by prejudice or bias
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who felt force used against them by police was excessive
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older experiencing arrest as a result of police contact
Percent of resident-initiated police contacts that were conducted face-to-face
Percent of persons 16 or older who were satisfied with police response to requests for assistance
Percent of persons 16 or older with resident-initiated contact who expressed a willingness to contact the police again
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who engaged in verbal or physical resistance toward police
Since the initiation of the collection in 1999, BJS has published 10 substantive reports based on the PPCS data:
Davis, Elizabeth, Whyde, Anthony, and Langton, Lynn (2018) Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2015.
Hyland, Shelley, Langton, Lynn, and Davis, Elizabeth (2015) Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002-2011.
Durose, Matthew and Langton, Lynn (2013) Requests for Police Assistance, 2011.
Langton, Lynn and Durose, Matthew (2013) Police Behavior during Traffic and Street Stops, 2011.
Eith, Christine and Durose, Matthew R. (2011) Contacts Between the Police and the Public, 2008.
Durose, Matthew R., Langan, Patrick A., and Smith, Erica L., (2007) Contacts Between the Police and the Public, 2005.
Durose, Matthew R. and Smith, Erica L. (2006) Characteristics of Drivers Stopped by the Police, 2002.
Durose, Matthew R., Langan, Patrick A., and Smith, Erica, L. (2005) Contacts between Police and Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey.
Durose, Matthew R., Langan, Patrick A., and Smith, Erica, L. (2002) Characteristics of Drivers Stopped by the Police, 1999.
Langan, Patrick A., Greenfeld, Lawrence A., Smith, Steven K. Durose, Matthew, R., and Levin, David J. (2001) Contacts between Police and the Public Findings from the 1999 National Survey.
Users of PPCS data
The findings from BJS publications and independent uses of the publicly archived PPCS data are widely cited in research and professional journals and in media accounts that inform public policy about the nature of contemporary policing. Data from the PPCS have been used in over 200 scholarly journal articles, law reviews, and dissertations. In addition, the PPCS and the resulting reports are the basis for most of BJS’s responses to numerous public and press inquiries concerning traffic stops, searches and police uses of force.
In conformity with the principles for Federal Statistical Agencies and the Data Quality Guidelines, BJS provides access to fully documented copies of the data collected as part of the PPCS. These data are available to the public through the BJS supported National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at the University of Michigan: (http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/36653).
As a result of the public availability of these data, several independent research articles whose primary source of data is the PPCS have been published in scientific journals. Published research utilizing the PPCS has contributed significantly to the field of Criminology in the areas of racial profiling, police procedures during traffic stops, police use of force, and residents’ perception of police after a contact. Three prominent examples include—
Engel, Robin S. and Calnon, J. M. (2004) Examining the Influence of Drivers’ Characteristics during Traffic Stops with Police: Results from a National Survey. Justice Quarterly, 21: 49-90.
Engel, Robin S. (2005) Citizens' Perceptions of Distributive and Procedural Injustice During Traffic Stops with Police, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 42: 445-481.
Lundman, Richard J. and Kaufman, Robert L. (2003) Driving While Black: Effects of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender on Citizen Self-Reports of Traffic Stops and Police Actions, Criminology, 41:195-220.
As of August 2019, the Engel and Calnon article has been cited 283 times, the 2005 Engel article 285 times, and the Lundman and Kaufman article 331 times.
Because of the unique characteristics of the PPCS, the findings from this collection have also been used by government officials, law enforcement, researchers, and planners. The PPCS has also been useful to policymakers at the state level. For instance, Ralph Ioimo and his colleagues2 designed and implemented a Virginia Police-Public Contact Survey from which they could compare state-specific findings to those reported by BJS for the nation.
The PPCS will be conducted in a fully automated interviewing environment using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) methods whereby field representatives use a laptop computer to display questions and record answers. The use of CAPI technology reduces data collection costs as well as respondent and interviewer burden. Furthermore, automated instruments afford the opportunity to implement inter-data item integrity constraints, which minimize the amount of data inconsistency. More consistent data, in turn, reduce the need for extensive post-data collection editing and imputation processes which significantly reduce the time needed to release the data for public consumption. The use of technology results in more accurate data products that are delivered in a more timely fashion, giving data users access to information while it is still relevant.
A review of the relevant literature has confirmed that there is no duplication of effort based on the nature and scope of this data collection. The information sought is not attainable from any other data source. Similar studies collecting data on contacts with police are conducted at the local level, but there are no other data collection efforts utilizing a nationally representative sample with estimates generalizable to the entire country. The FBI has launched its use-of-force data collection (OMB No. 1110-0071), but their collection frame is law enforcement agencies, they define use of force much more narrowly, and it is not clear at this time whether and how they plan to develop national estimates.
This collection will add to the current PPCS series, which began with a pilot test conducted in 1996 and national collections in 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2015, and 2018. The results from this survey provide estimates of the prevalence of resident contacts with police, including contacts involving stop and frisk and police use of nonfatal force, information on resident perceptions of police behavior and legitimacy during contacts, as well as data on resident conduct toward police. Currently there are no other information sources collecting data on this subject.
N/A. The NCVS is a household-based sample and does not impact small businesses or small entities.
The supplement will be conducted from January 2020 through June 2020. Regular inclusion of this supplement into the NCVS is typically on a triennial basis. The next PPCS is scheduled to occur ahead of the typical triennial administration in order to capture data on a topic of interest that was not asked on the 2018 PPCS.
At this time, there are no other national data available to analyze the use of force, in particular nonlethal use of force, by law enforcement agencies. Less frequent collection of the PPCS data would limit the utility of the data. Many, including policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and the media, rely on timely data. When more time passes between collections, the published reports become dated and less utilized. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 suggested that data on excessive force should be collected and reported on a more frequent basis (annually) than the PPCS is currently administered. Less frequent collection would limit the ability to present timely statistics on and assess trends in the use of non-fatal force by law enforcement and other topics of interest that are available through the PPCS. Additionally, less frequent collection would limit the ability of states to use this data as a benchmark to determine how traffic stops and rates of other contact in their state compare to the national picture.
No special circumstances have been identified for this project.
The research under this clearance is consistent with the guidelines in 5 CFR 1320.6. Comments on this data collection effort were solicited in the Federal Register, Vol. 84, No. 179, pages 48647-48648 on September 16, 2019 (Attachment 4).
During the 30-day comment period, BJS received comments from two individuals. Three general topics were discussed in these comments: 1) moving to an electronic administration, 2) asking residents if they felt police behaved professionally during their most recent contact, and 3) adding more detailed questions regarding police behavior during traffic stops and searches. Suggestions included asking traffic stop residents if they felt the police were trying to escalate the stop and asking those that were searched if they felt compelled to comply.
The 2020 PPCS questionnaire remains the same and does not incorporate any of the suggestions received, but BJS will consider these suggestions for the next iteration of the survey. The PPCS is a supplement to a broader data collection (the National Crime Victimization Survey, or NCVS) and follows the same protocols as the NCVS administration. Questions on the suggested topics were not added to the current instrument because new questions would require cognitive testing to ensure item clarity, which at this point would result in significant delays in fielding the PPCS. In addition to the testing concern, the suggested additions regarding the detailed questions on police behavior during traffic stops and searches are anticipated to elicit small sample sizes. Based on previous years of PPCS data, the majority of residents felt police behaved properly, so it is unlikely that residents would indicate they felt that police were trying to escalate a stop. Also, only a small percentage of stops result in a search and therefore subsequent questions about a search would lead to an even smaller percentage of affirmative answers. BJS likely would not be able to report on these proposed items due to the small sample sizes.
The Census Bureau, BJS, outside experts on survey methodology and policing, and law enforcement practitioners have collaborated over the years to develop the questions and procedures used to collect this supplemental information.
The 2020 PPCS comprises all of the questions included on the 2018 questionnaire. One question (Question 40 on the 2020 survey) was reinserted for the 2020 PPCS from prior survey iterations which asks residents if they engaged in any verbal or physical resistance toward police during their most recent contact. The 2018 and 2020 questionnaires contain most of the same questions from the 2011 and 2015 iterations of the PPCS. To inform the 2011 PPCS, BJS hosted a working group meeting of external experts to discuss revisions to the survey. Participants included subject matter experts and pracitioners from the research and law enforcement communities. Participants discussed a variety of topics, including survey content, data availability, clarity of instructions, methods to maximize response and ways to minimize respondent burden. Their feedback was incorporated into the 2011 instrument and by extension into subsequent instruments.
As BJS analyzed data from the 2015 PPCS, it identified survey items that could be revised or reworded to yield more accurate responses regarding type of contact with police. The Census Bureau conducted cognitive testing with the revised PPCS instrument and the 2018 PPCS employed revisions as recommended by the cognitive testing results. The 2020 PPCS maintains these updated items.
Incentive payments or gifts to respondents to encourage participation are not provided.
All NCVS and PPCS information about individuals is confidential by law under Title 13, United States Code, Section 9, and Title 34, United States Code, Sections 10231 and 10134. By law, the Census Bureau is not permitted to publicly release survey responses in a way that could identify survey respondents or their households. Census Bureau employees who may see the PPCS responses are sworn to preserve this confidentiality. Even BJS, as the sponsor of the survey, is not authorized to see or handle the data in its raw form. All unique and identifying information is scrambled or suppressed before it is provided to BJS to analyze. Data are maintained in secure environments and in restricted access locations within the Census Bureau. All data provided to BJS must meet the confidentiality requirements set forth by the Disclosure Review Board at the Census Bureau.
In a letter from the Director of the Census Bureau, sent to all households in the NCVS, respondents are informed of these laws and assured that the laws require that all information provided by the respondent is kept confidential (see Attachment 3).
While the survey does not ask questions relating to sexual behaviors, religious beliefs, or other matters commonly considered private or of a sensitive nature, the 2020 PPCS does include two questions that may be sensitive for some respondents. One question asks about perceptions of verbal and/or sexual harassment by police and one asks about perceptions that police behaviors were motivated by prejudice or bias against the resident. These questions were added to the 2018 PPCS based on public comments about the need for these data. Cognitive testing did not reveal any problems or negative respondent reactions to the questions. Even so, PPCS interviewers receive training and guidance on how to ask sensitive questions and all respondents have the option of refusing to answer any question.
In 2015, the Office of Justice Programs Institutional Review Board (IRB) declared the NCVS and its supplements exempt from review and approval by an Institutional Review Board. Pursuant to the OJP Instruction for Protection of Human Subjects and Privacy Certification Requirements, the NCVS and its supplements were declared exempt from review because the research is covered by provisions of the confidentiality statute at 34 USC 10231 and the respondents’ confidentiality is protected under Title 13 USC 9.
The expected size of the 2020 NCVS sample and the yield received from the 2018 PPCS were used to develop projected burden hour estimates for the 2020 PPCS. These were the most up-to-date data available at the time this estimate was produced. It is expected that a total of 127,000 households will be in the NCVS sample in January through June 2020. BJS estimates that 78,740 households will participate in the NCVS in that time frame, yielding 144,882 persons age 16 or older as participants. BJS estimates that 108,806 respondents will complete PPCS interviews.
BJS expects 81,713 short interviews, lasting an average of four minutes (.067 hours) each and 27,093 long interviews lasting an average of eight minutes (.133 hours) each. Interview length estimates for the 2020 PPCS are based on observed times from the 2018 PPCS; the addition of Question 40 to the police contact interviews is not expected to increase the burden.
Table 1. PPCS Burden Hour Estimates, 2018 and 2020
|
Number of PPCS persons |
Time per interview |
Burden hours (A x B) |
Total expected PPCS eligible persons |
144,882 |
|
|
Expected PPCS interviews |
108,806 |
|
|
Expected PPCS short interviews |
81,713 |
.067 hours |
5,448 hours |
Expected PPCS long interviews |
27,093 |
.133 hours |
3,612 hours |
Expected PPCS noninterviews |
36,076 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2020 PPCS burden hours estimate |
|
|
9,060 hours |
2018 PPCS burden hours on file |
|
|
8,983 hours |
Change in respondent burden hours from 2018 to 2020 |
|
|
77 hours |
There are no costs to respondents other than that of their time to respond.
Data Collection Agent Cost Summary
The Census Bureau will act as the data collection agent for the 2020 PPCS. Under an Interagency Agreement (IAA), Census finalized the 2020 PPCS survey instrument; will develop all data collection support and training materials; train interviewers and support staff; and will collect, process, and disseminate the 2020 PPCS data. The total estimated costs of these activities is $1,386,701. BJS will bear all costs.
Estimated Census Bureau Costs |
|
|
Division |
Estimated Cost |
|
CBSM (Expert Review & Cognitive Testing) |
$0 |
|
DSMD (Sample Design and Estimation) |
$172,855 |
|
ADSD (Instrument Development) |
$46,437 |
|
DSD (Data Processing) |
$165,276 |
|
FLD (Data Collection) |
$744,012 |
|
ADDP-SO (Survey Operations and Project Management) |
$258,121 |
|
Census Subtotal |
$1,386,701 |
|
BJS Cost Estimate Summary
These costs include $78,752 for data collection of the 2020 PPCS, overall program management, data analysis, publication review, and dissemination by BJS:
Staff salaries |
Base salary |
Fringe |
Salary estimates |
GS-15 Supervisory Statistician (1 @ 10%) |
$150,000 |
$42,000 |
$19,200 |
GS-15 Chief Editor, BJS (1 @ 3%) |
$150,000 |
$42,000 |
$5,760 |
GS-14 Statistician, BJS (1 @ 10%) |
$130,000 |
$36,400 |
$16,640 |
GS-13 Statistician, BJS (1@ 10%) |
$110,000 |
$30,800 |
$14,080 |
GS-12 Statistician, BJS (1 @ 10%) |
$100,000 |
$28,000 |
$12,800 |
Subtotal: Salary and fringe (28%) |
|
|
$68,480 |
Other administrative costs of salary & fringe (15%) |
|
|
$10,272
|
BJS Subtotal |
|
|
$78,752 |
Census Subtotal |
$1,386,701 |
Total estimated BJS and U.S. Census Bureau costs $1,465,453
15. Reason for Change in Burden
In an effort to minimize respondent burden and nonresponse on supplements to the NCVS, supplemental questionnaires are designed to take no longer than 10 to 15 minutes to administer. For the PPCS, only those respondents who indicate that they had contact will be asked additional questions about their interaction with the police. BJS expects a 77 hour increase in respondent burden from the 2018 PPCS. The 2018 burden estimate was based on interview times observed during the 2015 PPCS and the 2020 burden estimate is based on interview times observed during the 2018 PPCS. The change in burden hour estimates reflect the changes to the PPCS questionnaire between 2015 and 2018 and the net increase in the NCVS sample between 2018 and 2020.
16. Project Schedule
The schedule for the 2020 PPCS is as follows. The dates are good faith estimates and are subject to change:
November 2019: Complete the development and testing (by the Census Bureau) of the CAPI instrument, ensuring that it functions as designed and that all survey skip patterns have been properly programmed. The testing will be done in consultation with BJS.
December 2019: The Census Bureau completes the development of all training materials and distributes to the field representatives
January 2020–June 2020: Interviews for the 2020 PPCS are conducted by the Census Bureau field representatives
During the interview period, the Census Bureau provides the BJS with monthly reports on response rates, contact ‘hit rates,’ and the number of interviews conducted in a language other than English.
February 2020–October 2020: Data monitoring and processing takes place on an ongoing basis
November 2020: Computer processing and weighting of the data are completed
December 2020: The Census Bureau prepares and delivers a 2020 PPCS public use file and accompanying file documentation to BJS
BJS will be responsible for the statistical analysis and publication of the data from the 2020 PPCS. Contingent on the processing and delivery of the final data file, BJS anticipates releasing a report on the prevalence and characteristics of contact between the police and the public within a year of receiving the data file.
Immediately following the publication of the BJS report the data are archived at the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan. Researchers can download public use files of the PPCS data and codebooks to conduct their own analyses. The public use files are produced by the Census Bureau and ICPSR. All information that might identify individual respondents is removed from the files prior to being sent to the ICPSR.
To further enhance the utility of the data, in addition to the public use files housed at ICPSR, the geographically identified PPCS files will now be available in the Census Bureau secure federal statistical research data centers (FSRDC). The FSRDC files can be accessed by researchers who submit a proposal approved by BJS for the research they plan to conduct using the data and agree to all confidentiality and protected use constraints. Data are typically available through ICPSR and the FSRDCs by the fall of the year following collection.
17. Display of Expiration Date
The OMB approval number and expiration date will be displayed on the PPCS introduction screen within the CAPI instrument. The final PPCS CAPI instrument for fielding in January 2020 must be finalized and put into the Census production system in December 2019.
18. Exceptions to the Certification Statement
There are no exceptions.
1 https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpp15.pdf
2 Ioimo, et al (2008) The Citizen’s View of Biased Policing, Professional Issues in Criminal Justice, 3: 1-13.
| File Type | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document |
| Author | Davis, Elizabeth |
| File Modified | 0000-00-00 |
| File Created | 2021-01-15 |