50 CFR Part 18 Marine Mammals

Title 50 Part 18
e-CFR data is current as of February 7, 2020

Title 50 → Chapter I → Subchapter B → Part 18

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Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries

PART 18—MARINE MAMMALS
Contents

Subpart A—Introduction
§18.1
§18.2
§18.3
§18.4

Purpose of regulations.
Scope of regulations.
Definitions.
Information collection requirements.

Subpart B—Prohibitions
§18.11
§18.12
§18.13
§18.14

Prohibited taking.
Prohibited importation.
Prohibited uses, possession, transportation, and sales.
Marine mammals taken before the Act.

Subpart C—General Exceptions
§18.21
§18.22
§18.23
§18.24
§18.25
§18.26
§18.27

Actions permitted by international treaty, convention, or agreement.
Taking by Federal, State or local government officials.
Native exemptions.
Taking incidental to commercial fishing operations.
Exempted marine mammals or marine mammal products.
Collection of certain dead marine mammal parts.
Regulations governing small takes of marine mammals incidental to specified activities.

Subpart D—Special Exceptions
§18.30 Polar bear sport-hunted trophy import permits.
§18.31 Scientific research permits and public display permits.
§18.32 Waiver of the moratorium.

§18.33 Procedures for issuance of permits and modification, suspension, or revocation thereof.
§18.34 Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

Subpart E—Depleted Species or Stocks [Reserved]

Subpart F—Transfer of Management Authority to States

Subpart G—Notice and Hearing on Section 103 Regulations
§18.70 Basis and purpose.
§18.71 Definitions.
§18.72 Scope of regulations.
§18.73 Burden of proof.
§18.74 Notice of hearing.
§18.75 Notification by interested persons.
§18.76 Presiding officer.
§18.77 Direct testimony submitted as written documents.
§18.78 Mailing address.
§18.79 Inspection and copying of documents.
§18.80 Ex parte communications.
§18.81 Prehearing conference.
§18.82 Prehearing order.
§18.83 Determination to cancel the hearing.
§18.84 Rebuttal testimony and new issues of fact in prehearing order.
§18.85 Waiver of right to participate.
§18.86 Conduct of the hearing.
§18.87 Direct testimony.
§18.88 Cross-examination.
§18.89 Oral and written arguments.
§18.90 Recommended decision, certification of the transcript and submission of comments on the
recommended decision.
§18.91 Director's decision.

Subpart H—Waiver of Moratorium on Taking and Importation of Individual Marine Mammal Species
§18.92 Purpose of regulations.
§18.93 Scope of regulations.
§18.94 Pacific walrus (Alaska).

Subpart I [Reserved]

Subpart J—Nonlethal Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Oil and Gas Exploration, Development,
Production and Other Substantially Similar Activities in the Beaufort Sea and Adjacent Northern Coast of
Alaska
§18.121
§18.122
§18.123
§18.124
§18.125

Specified activities covered by this subpart.
Specified geographic region where this subpart applies.
Dates this subpart is in effect.
Procedure to obtain a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
How the Service will evaluate a request for a Letter of Authorization (LOA).

§18.126
§18.127
§18.128
§18.129

Authorized take allowed under a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
Prohibited take under a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
Mitigation, monitoring, and reporting requirements.
Information collection requirements.

Subpart K—Nonlethal Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Oil and Gas Activities in Cook Inlet, Alaska
§18.130
§18.131
§18.132
§18.133
§18.134
§18.135
§18.136
§18.137
§18.138
§18.139
§18.140
§18.141

Specified activities covered by this subpart.
Specified geographic region where this subpart applies.
Dates this subpart is in effect.
Authorized take allowed under a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
Procedure to obtain a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
How the Service will evaluate a request for a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
Prohibited take under a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
Mitigation.
Monitoring.
Reporting requirements.
Measures to reduce impacts to subsistence users.
Information collection requirements.

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.
Source: 39 FR 7262, Feb. 25, 1974, unless otherwise noted.
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Subpart A—Introduction
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§18.1 Purpose of regulations.
The regulations contained in this part implement the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 13611407), which among other things, restricts the taking, possession, transportation, selling, offering for sale, and
importing of marine mammals.
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§18.2 Scope of regulations.
(a) This part 18 applies solely to marine mammals and marine mammal products as defined in §18.3. For
regulations under the Act with respect to cetacea (whales and porpoises), pinnipedia, other than walrus (seals and
sea lions), see 50 CFR part 216.

(b) The provisions in this part are in addition to, and are not in lieu of, other regulations of this subchapter B which
may require a permit or prescribe additional restrictions or conditions for the importation, exportation, and
interstate transportation of wildlife. (See also part 13 of this subchapter.)
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§18.3 Definitions.
In addition to definitions contained in section 3 of the Act and in part 10 of this subchapter, and unless the context
requires otherwise, in this part 18:
Act means the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 86 Stat. 1027, 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; Pub. L. 92-522.
Alaskan Native means a person defined in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. section 1603(b)
(85 Stat. 588)) as a citizen of the United States who is of one-fourth degree or more Alaska Indian (including
Tsimshian Indians enrolled or not enrolled in the Metlaktla Indian Community), Eskimo, or Aleut blood, or
combination thereof. The term includes any Native, as so defined, either or both of whose adoptive parents are not
Natives. It also includes, in the absence of proof of a minimum blood quantum, any citizen of the United States
who is regarded as an Alaska Native by the Native village or town of which he claims to be a member and whose
father or mother is (or, if deceased, was) regarded as Native by any Native village or Native town. Any citizen
enrolled by the Secretary pursuant to section 5 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act shall be conclusively
presumed to be an Alaskan Native for purposes of this part.
Authentic native articles of handicrafts and clothing means items made by an Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo that (a) are
composed wholly or in some significant respect of natural materials and (b) are significantly altered from their
natural form and are produced, decorated, or fashioned in the exercise of traditional native handicrafts without the
use of pantographs, multiple carvers, or similar mass-copying devices. Improved methods of production utilizing
modern implements such as sewing machines or modern techniques at a tannery registered pursuant to §18.23(c)
may be used so long as no large-scale mass-production industry results. Traditional native handicrafts include, but
are not limited to, weaving, carving, stitching, sewing, lacing, beading, drawing, and painting. The formation of
traditional native groups, such as cooperatives, is permitted so long as no large-scale mass production results.
Commercial fishing operation means the lawful harvesting of fish from the marine environment for profit as part of
an on-going business enterprise. Such term shall not include sport fishing activities whether or not carried out by
charter boat or otherwise, and whether or not the fish so caught are subsequently sold.
Endangered species means a species of marine mammal listed as “endangered” pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act of 1973, 87 Stat. 884, Pub. L. 93-205 (see part 17 of this subchapter).
Incidental catch means the taking of a marine mammal (a) because it is directly interfering with commercial fishing
operations, or (b) as a consequence of the steps used to secure the fish in connection with commercial fishing
operations: Provided, however, That a marine mammal so taken must immediately be returned to the sea with a
minimum of injury; and Provided, further, That the taking of a marine mammal which otherwise meets the
requirements of this definition shall not be considered as incidental catch of that mammal if it is used subsequently
to assist in commercial fishing operations.
Marine mammal means any specimen of the following species, whether alive or dead, and any part thereof,
including but not limited to, any raw, dressed, or dyed fur or skin:

Scientific name
Ursus maritimus
Enhydra lutris
Odobenus rosmarus
Dugong dugon
Trichechus manatus
Trichechus inunguis
Trichechus senegalensis

Common name
Polar bear
Sea otter
Walrus
Dugong
West Indian manatee
Amazonian manatee
West African manatee

Date listed
Dec. 21, 1972.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Lutra felina

Marine otter

Mar. 29, 1978.

Note: Common names given may be at variance with local usage.
Native village or town means any community, association, tribe, band, clan, or group.
Pregnant means pregnant near term.
Subsistence means the use by Alaskan Natives of marine mammals taken by Alaskan Natives for food, clothing,
shelter, heating, transportation, and other uses necessary to maintain the life of the taker or for those who depend
upon the taker to provide them with such subsistence.
Take means to harass, hunt, capture, collect, or kill, or attempt to harass, hunt, capture, collect, or kill any marine
mammal, including, without limitation, any of the following: The collection of dead animals or parts thereof; the
restraint or detention of a marine mammal, no matter how temporary; tagging a marine mammal; or the negligent
or intentional operation of an aircraft or vessel, or the doing of any other negligent or intentional act which results
in the disturbing or molesting of a marine mammal.
Threatened species means a species of marine mammal listed as “threatened” pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act of 1973, 87 Stat. 884, Pub. L. 93-205.
Wasteful manner means any taking or method of taking which is likely to result in the killing or injuring of marine
mammals beyond those needed for subsistence purposes or for the making of authentic native articles of
handicrafts and clothing or which results in the waste of a substantial portion of the marine mammal and includes
without limitation the employment of a method of taking which is not likely to assure the capture or killing of a
marine mammal, or which is not immediately followed by a reasonable effort to retrieve the marine mammal.
[39 FR 7262, Feb. 25, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 13066, Mar. 29, 1978; 55 FR 14978, Apr. 20, 1990; 70 FR
48323, Aug. 17, 2005]
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§18.4 Information collection requirements.
(a) The Office of Management and Budget under 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. has approved the information collection
requirements contained in Subpart D and assigned clearance number 1018-0022. The Service is collecting this
information to review and evaluate permit applications and make decisions according to criteria established in
various Federal wildlife conservation statutes and regulations, on the issuance or denial of permits. The applicant
must respond to obtain or retain a permit.
(b) The Service estimated the public reporting burden for this collection of information to vary from 15 minutes to 4
hours per response, with an average of 1.028 hours per response, including the time for reviewing instructions,
searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the
collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden or any other aspect of this collection of
information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to the Service's Information Collection Clearance
Officer at the address provided at 50 CFR 2.1(b).
[62 FR 7329, Feb. 18, 1997, as amended at 79 FR 43965, July 29, 2014]
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Subpart B—Prohibitions
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§18.11 Prohibited taking.
Except as otherwise provided in subpart C, D, or H of this part 18, or part 403, it is unlawful for:
(a) Any person, vessel, or conveyance subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to take any marine mammal
on the high seas, or
(b) Any person, vessel, or conveyance to take any marine mammal in waters or on lands under the jurisdiction of
the United States.
[39 FR 7262, Feb. 25, 1974, as amended at 51 FR 17981, May 16, 1986]
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§18.12 Prohibited importation.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subparts C and D of this part 18, it is unlawful for any person to import any
marine mammal or marine mammal product into the United States.
(b) Regardless of whether an importation is otherwise authorized pursuant to subparts C and D of this part 18, it is
unlawful for any person to import into the United States any:
(1) Marine mammal: (i) Taken in violation of the Act, or
(ii) Taken in another country in violation of the laws of that country;
(2) Any marine mammal product if: (i) The importation into the United States of the marine mammal from which
such product is made would be unlawful under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, or
(ii) The sale in commerce of such product in the country of origin of the product is illegal.
(c) Except in accordance with an exception referred to in subpart C and §§18.31 and 18.32 of this part, it is
unlawful to import into the United States any:
(1) Marine mammal which was pregnant at the time of taking;
(2) Marine mammal which was nursing at the time of taking, or less than 8 months old, whichever occurs later;
(3) Specimen of an endangered or threatened species of marine mammals;
(4) Specimen taken from a depleted species or stock of marine mammals; or
(5) Marine mammal taken in an inhumane manner.
(d) It is unlawful to import into the United States any fish, whether fresh, frozen, or otherwise prepared, if such fish
was caught in a manner proscribed by the Secretary of Commerce for persons subject to the jurisdiction of the
United States, whether or not any marine mammals were in fact taken incident to the catching of the fish.
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§18.13 Prohibited uses, possession,
transportation, and sales.

Except as otherwise provided in the Act or these regulations, it is unlawful for:
(a) Any person to use any port, harbor, or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States for any purpose in
any way connected with a prohibited taking or any unlawful importation of any marine mammal or marine mammal
products;
(b) Any person to possess any marine mammal, or product therefrom, taken in violation of the Act or these
regulations;
(c) Any person to transport, purchase, sell, or offer to purchase or sell any marine mammal or marine mammal
product; or
(d) Any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to use in a commercial fishery, any means or method
of fishing in contravention of regulations and limitations issued by the Secretary of Commerce for that fishery to
achieve the purposes of this Act.
[39 FR 7262, Feb. 25, 1974, as amended at 51 FR 17981, May 16, 1986]
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§18.14 Marine mammals taken before the Act.
(a) Section 102(e) of the Act provides in effect that the Act shall not apply to any marine mammal taken prior to
December 21, 1972, or to any marine mammal product consisting of, or composed in whole or in part of, any
marine mammal taken before such date. Such status may be established by submitting to the Director prior to, or
at the time of importation, an affidavit containing the following:
(1) The Affiant's name and address;
(2) Identification of the Affiant;
(3) A description of the marine mammals or marine mammal products which the Affiant desires to import;
(4) A statement by the Affiant that to the best of his knowledge and belief, the marine mammals involved in the
application were taken prior to December 21, 1972;
(5) A statement by the Affiant in the following language:
The foregoing is principally based on the attached exhibits which, to the best of my knowledge and belief, are
complete, true and correct. I understand that this affidavit is being submitted for the purpose of inducing the
Federal Government to permit the importation of __________ under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
(16 U.S.C. 1361-1407) and regulations promulgated thereunder, and that any false statements may subject me to
the criminal penalties of 18 U.S.C. 1001.
(b) Either one of two exhibits shall be attached to such affidavit, and will contain either:
(1) Records or other available evidence showing that the product consists of or is composed in whole or in part of
marine mammals taken prior to December 21, 1972. Such records or other evidentiary material must include
information on how, when, where, and by whom the animals were taken, what processing has taken place since
taking, and the date and location of such processing; or
(2) A statement from a government agency of the country of origin exercising jurisdiction over marine mammals
that any and all such mammals from which the products sought to be imported were derived were taken prior to
December 21, 1972.
(c) Service agents, or Customs officers, may refuse to clear marine mammals or marine mammal products for
importation into the United States, pursuant to §14.53 of this subchapter, until the importer can demonstrate, by
production of the affidavit referred in above or otherwise, that section 102(e) of the Act applies to all affected items.
(d) This section has no application to any marine mammal or marine mammal product intended to be imported
pursuant to §18.21, §18.31 or §18.32 of this part.

[39 FR 7262, Feb. 25, 1974, as amended at 51 FR 17981, May 16, 1986]
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Subpart C—General Exceptions
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§18.21 Actions permitted by international treaty,
convention, or agreement.
The Act and these regulations shall not apply to the extent that they are inconsistent with the provisions of any
international treaty, convention or agreement, or any statute implementing the same, relating to the taking or
importation of marine mammals or marine mammal products, which was existent and in force prior to December
21, 1972, and to which the United States was a party. Specifically, the regulations in subpart B of this part and the
provisions of the Act shall not apply to activities carried out pursuant to the Interim Convention on the
Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals signed in Washington on February 9, 1957, and the Fur Seal Act of 1966,
16 U.S.C. 1151-1187, as, in each case, from time to time amended.
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§18.22 Taking by Federal, State or local
government officials.
(a) A Federal, State or local government official or employee may take a marine mammal in the course of his
duties as an official or employee and no permit shall be required, if such taking:
(1) Is accomplished in a humane manner;
(2) Is for the protection or welfare of such mammal or from the protection of the public health or welfare; and
(3) Includes steps designed to insure return of such mammal, if not killed in the course of such taking, to its natural
habitat. In addition, any such official or employee may, incidental to such taking, possess and transport, but not sell
or offer for sale, such mammal and use any port, harbor or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States.
All steps reasonably practicable under the circumstances shall be taken by any such employee or official to
prevent injury or death to the marine mammal as the result of such taking.
(b) Each taking permitted under this section should be included in a written report, to be submitted to the Director
every six months, beginning December 31, 1973. Unless otherwise permitted by the Director, the report shall
contain a description of:
(1) The animal involved;
(2) The circumstances requiring the taking;
(3) The method of taking;

(4) The name and official position of the State official or employee involved;
(5) The disposition of the animal, including in cases where the animal has been retained in captivity, a description
of the place and means of confinement and the measures taken for its maintenance and care; and
(6) Such other information as the Director may require.
The reports shall be mailed to the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC 20240.
[39 FR 7262, Feb. 25, 1974, as amended at 51 FR 17981, May 16, 1986]
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§18.23 Native exemptions.
(a) Taking. Except as otherwise provided in part 403 of this title, any Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo who resides in
Alaska and who dwells on the coast of the North Pacific Ocean or the Arctic Ocean may take any marine mammal
without a permit, subject to the restrictions contained in this section, if such taking is:
(1) For subsistence purposes, or
(2) For purposes of creating and selling authentic native articles of handicraft and clothing, and
(3) In each case, not accomplished in a wasteful manner.
(b) Restrictions. (1) “Except for a transfer to a duly authorized representative of the Regional Director of the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service for scientific research purposes, no marine mammal taken for subsistence may be sold
or otherwise transferred to any person other than an Alaskan Native or delivered, carried, transported, or shipped
in interstate or foreign commerce, unless:
(i) It is being sent by an Alaskan Native directly or through a registered agent to a tannery registered under
paragraph (c) of this section for the purpose of processing, and will be returned directly or through a registered
agent to the Alaskan Native; or
(ii) It is sold or transferred to a registered agent in Alaska for resale or transfer to an Alaskan Native; or
(iii) It is an edible portion and it is sold in an Alaskan Native village or town.
(2) “Except for a transfer to a duly authorized representative of the Regional Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service for scientific research purposes, no marine mammal taken for purposes of creating and selling authentic
Native articles of handicraft and clothing may be sold or otherwise transferred to any person other than an Indian,
Aleut or Eskimo, or delivered, carried, transported or shipped in interstate or foreign commerce, unless:
(i) It is being sent by an Indian, Aleut or Eskimo directly or through a registered agent to a tannery registered under
paragraph (c) of this section for the purpose of processing, and will be returned directly or through a registered
agent to the Indian, Aleut or Eskimo; or
(ii) It is sold or transferred to a registered agent for resale or transfer to an Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo; or
(iii) It has been first transformed into an authentic Native article of handicraft or clothing; or
(iv) It is an edible portion and it is sold (A) in an Alaskan Native village or town or (B) to an Alaskan Native for his
consumption.
(c) The restriction in paragraph (b) shall not apply to parts or products of the Pacific walrus (Odobenis rosmarus) to
the extent that the waiver of the moratorium and the approved State/Federal regulations relating to the taking and
importation of walrus permits the delivery, sale, transportation or shipment of parts or products of the Pacific
walrus in interstate or foreign commerce.
(d) Any tannery, or person who wishes to act as an agent, within the jurisdiction of the United States may apply to
the Director for registration as a tannery or an agent which may possess and process marine mammal products for
Indians, Aleuts, or Eskimos. The application shall include the following information:

(1) The name and address of the applicant;
(2) A description of the applicant's procedures for receiving, storing, processing, and shipping materials;
(3) A proposal for a system of bookkeeping and/or inventory segregation by which the applicant could maintain
accurate records of marine mammals received from Indians, Aleuts, or Eskimos, pursuant to this section;
(4) Such other information as the Director may request;
(5) A certification in the following language:
I hereby certify that the foregoing information is complete, true, and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.
I understand that this information is submitted for the purpose of obtaining the benefit of an exception under the
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1361-1407) and regulations promulgated thereunder, and that
any false statement may subject me to the criminal penalties of 18 U.S.C. 1001.
(6) The signature of the applicant.
The sufficiency of the application shall be determined by the Director, and in that connection, he may waive any
requirement for information, or require any elaboration or further information deemed necessary. The registration
of a tannery or other agent shall be subject to the conditions as the Director prescribes, which may include, but are
not limited to provisions regarding records, inventory segregation, reports, and inspection. The Director may
charge a reasonable fee for such applications, including an appropriate apportionment of overhead and
administrative expenses of the Department of Interior.
(e) Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this section, whenever, under the Act, the Secretary determines
any species or stock of marine mammals to be depleted, he may prescribe regulations pursuant to section 103 of
the Act upon the taking of such marine mammals by any Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo and, after promulgation of such
regulations, all takings of such marine mammals by such person shall conform to such regulations.
(f) Marking, tagging, and reporting. (1) In addition to definitions contained in the Act, 50 CFR 18.3, and 50 CFR
18.27, in this paragraph (f):
(i) The term “marking and tagging” of marine mammals as specified in section 109(i) of the Act refers to the actual
physical attachment of an approved band or other such marking device or technique to the raw or unhandicrafted
(including unmarked tanned skins) skin and skull of polar bears, the tusks of walruses, and the skin and skull of
sea otters; and
(ii) The term “reporting” means the collection by Service personnel or the Service's authorized local
representatives of biological data, harvest data, and other information regarding the effect of taking of marine
mammals on populations, the collection of which the Service determines to be necessary for management
purposes. Reporting will be done on forms provided by the Service upon presentation for marking, tagging, and
reporting purposes of the marine mammal(s) or specified raw or unhandicrafted parts thereof.
(2) Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this section, but subject to the provisions and conditions contained
in this paragraph, no polar bear, walrus, or sea otter, or any parts thereof, taken or collected by an Alaskan Native
for subsistence purposes or for purposes of creating and selling authentic Native articles of handicrafts and
clothing may be possessed, transported within, or exported from Alaska unless the animal(s), or specified parts
thereof, have been reported to, and properly marked and tagged by, Service personnel or the Service's authorized
local representative; except:
(i) An Alaskan Native that harvested or participated in the harvest of a polar bear, sea otter, or walrus and who
possesses the animal, or any parts thereof, may possess the unmarked, untagged, and unreported animal(s), or
parts thereof, for a period of time not to exceed 30 days from the time of taking for the purpose of transporting the
specified parts to Service personnel or the Service's local authorized representative for marking, tagging, and
reporting;
(ii) Alaskan Natives and registered agents/tanneries may possess the specified unmarked or untagged raw,
unhandicrafted, or tanned parts thereof for a period of time not to exceed 180 days from the effective date of this
rulemaking for the purpose of transporting to Service personnel or the Service's local authorized representative for
marking and tagging if the specified parts thereof were taken or possessed between December 21, 1972, and the
effective date of this regulation. There is no reporting requirement for marine mammals, or specified parts thereof,
covered by this paragraph.

(3) Those unmarked, untagged, and unreported specified parts of polar bear, walrus, and sea otter, that must be
presented to Service personnel or an authorized Service representative for marking, tagging, and reporting are as
follows:
(i) Polar bear—skin and skull.
(ii) Walrus—tusks.
(iii) Sea otter—skin and skull.
(4) The locations where Service personnel or the Service's authorized local representative will be available for
marking, tagging, and reporting purposes will be announced annually by the Alaska Regional Director. Local
persons authorized to act as representatives for marking, tagging, and reporting purposes in the absence of
Service personnel will also be announced annually by the Alaska Regional Director.
(5) Marks and tags will be attached or applied to the skins, skulls, and tusks of the marine mammal(s) in such a
manner as to maximize their longevity and minimize their adverse effects to the appearance of the specified parts
that might result due to hindering the tanning or handicrafting of skins, or the handicrafting of tusks or skulls. If the
tag or mark comes off of the specified part the person in possession of the part shall have 30 days to present the
part and broken tag or other marking device to the Service or the Service's authorized local representative for
remarking or retagging purposes.
(6) Marks and tags for skins, skulls, and tusks will be provided by the Service. They will be numbered for
accountability and of such design, construction, and material so as to maximize their durability and longevity on
the specified parts.
(7) Data collected pursuant to this paragraph will be reported on forms provided by the Service and maintained in
the Service's Regional Office, Anchorage, Alaska. The Service will summarize the data annually and make it
publicly available. The data will also be included in the Service's annual report to Congress as set forth in section
103(f) of the Act.
(8) All items of research (e.g., radio collars, satellite transmitters, tags, etc.) that were attached to animals taken by
Alaskan Natives must be returned to Service personnel or an authorized Service representative at the time the
animal, or specified unhandicrafted parts thereof, are presented for marking, tagging, and reporting. No penalty will
be imposed under the Act for a violation of this paragraph. However, penalties may be sought by the Service under
other applicable Federal laws governing the possession and use of Federal property.
(9) Pursuant to this paragraph (f), the following specific conditions and provisions apply:
(i) Marking, tagging, and reporting of polar bears or specified parts thereof.
(A) The skin and skull of an animal must accompany each other when presented for marking, tagging, and
reporting except that the skin and skull of an animal need not be presented together for marking and tagging
purposes if taken between December 21, 1972, and the effective date of this regulation.
(B) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section, the following information must be reported by Alaskan
Natives when presenting polar bears, or specified parts thereof, for marking and tagging: sex of animal, date of kill,
and location of kill.
(C) Both the skin and the skull will be marked and tagged and a rudimentary pre-molar tooth may be removed from
the skull and retained by the Service. The skin must have the sex identifiers, such as vaginal orifice, teats, or penal
sheath or baculum, either attached to, or accompanying the skin.
(D) The skull must be skinned out and the skin may be frozen or unfrozen when presented for marking, tagging,
and reporting. If the skin is frozen, the sex identifiers, such as vaginal orifice, teats, penal sheath or baculum, must
be visible.
(E) Marks and tags must remain affixed to the skin through the tanning process and until the skin has been
severed into parts for crafting into handicrafts or for as long as is practical during the handicrafting process.
(ii) Marking, tagging, and reporting of walrus or specified parts thereof.
(A) The paired tusks of the animal(s) must, to the maximum extent practical, accompany each other when
presented for marking, tagging, and reporting purposes, except that paired tusks need not be presented together
for marking and tagging purposes if taken between December 21, 1972, and the effective date of this regulation.

(B) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section, the following information must be reported by Alaskan
Natives when presenting walrus, or specified parts thereof, for marking and tagging: date of take, sex of animal,
whether live-killed, floating-dead, or beach-found, and location of the take or location of animal if found floating and
dead or beach-found.
(C) Marks and/or tags must remain affixed to the tusks until they have been crafted into a handicraft or for as long
as is practical during the handicrafting process.
(iii) Marking, tagging, and reporting of sea otter or specified parts thereof.
(A) The skin and skull of an animal must accompany each other when presented for marking, tagging, and
reporting, except that the skin and skull of an animal need not be presented together if taken between December
21, 1972, and the effective date of this regulation.
(B) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section, the following information must be reported by Alaskan
Natives when presenting sea otters, or specified parts thereof, for marking and tagging: date of kill, sex of animal,
and location of kill.
(C) Both the skin and skull will be marked and tagged and a rudimentary pre-molar tooth may be removed from the
skull and retained by the Service. The skin must have the sex identifiers, such as vaginal orifice, teats, or penal
sheath or baculum, either attached to, or accompanying the skin.
(D) The skull must be skinned out and the skin may be frozen or unfrozen when presented for marking, tagging,
and reporting. If the skin is frozen, the sex identifiers, such as vaginal orifice, teats, or penal sheath or baculum,
must be visible.
(E) Marks and tags must remain affixed to the skin through the tanning process and until the skin has been
severed into parts for crafting into handicrafts or for as long as is practical during the handicrafting process.
(10) No person may falsify any information required to be set forth on the reporting form when the marine
mammal(s), or specified parts thereof, are presented as required by these regulations.
(11) Possession by any person of marine mammal(s), or any parts thereof, in violation of the provisions and
conditions of this §18.23(f) is subject to punishment under the penalties provided for in section 105(a)(1) of the
Act.
(12) The information collection requirements contained in this §18.23(f) have been approved by the Office of
Management and Budget under 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. and assigned clearance number 1018-0066. The
information is mandatory in order to have the marine mammal parts “marked and tagged,” and thereby made
eligible for continued lawful possession. Non-response may result in the Service determining the wildlife to be
illegally possessed and subject the individual to penalties under this title.
[39 FR 7262, Feb. 25, 1974, as amended at 40 FR 59444, Dec. 24, 1975; 45 FR 54057, Aug. 14, 1980; 51 FR
17981, May 16, 1986; 53 FR 24283, June 28, 1988]
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§18.24 Taking incidental to commercial fishing
operations.
Persons may take marine mammals incidental to commercial fishing operations until October 21,
1974: Provided,That such taking is by means of equipment and techniques prescribed in regulations issued by the
Secretary of Commerce. However, any marine mammal taken as an incidental catch may not be retained. It shall
be the immediate goal that the incidental kill or incidental serious injury of marine mammals permitted in the
course of commercial fishing operations be reduced to insignificant levels approaching a zero mortality and serious
injury rate.
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§18.25 Exempted marine mammals or marine
mammal products.
(a) The provisions of the Act and these regulations shall not apply:
(1) To any marine mammal taken before December 21, 1972, or
(2) To any marine mammal product if the marine mammal portion of such product consists solely of a marine
mammal taken before such date.
(b) The prohibitions contained in §18.12(c) (3) and (4) shall not apply to marine mammals or marine mammal
products imported into the United States before the date on which notice is published in the Federal Register of
the proposed rulemaking with respect to the designation of the species of stock concerned as depleted or
endangered:
(c) Section 18.12(b) shall not apply to articles imported into the United States before the effective date of the
foreign law making the taking or sale, as the case may be, of such marine mammals or marine mammal products
unlawful.
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§18.26 Collection of certain dead marine mammal
parts.
(a) Any bones, teeth or ivory of any dead marine mammal may be collected from a beach or from land within 1⁄4 of
a mile of the ocean. The term “ocean” includes bays and estuaries.
(b) Marine mammal parts so collected may be retained if registered within 30 days with an agent of the National
Marine Fisheries Service, or an agent of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
(c) Registration shall include (1) the name of the owner, (2) a description of the article to be registered and (3) the
date and location of collection.
(d) Title to any marine mammal parts collected under this section is not transferable, unless consented to in writing
by the agent referred to in paragraph (b) of this section.
[39 FR 7262, Feb. 25, 1974, as amended at 51 FR 17981, May 16, 1986]
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§18.27 Regulations governing small takes of
marine mammals incidental to specified activities.
(a) Purpose of regulations. The regulations in this section implement Section 101(a)(5) of the Marine Mammal
Protection Act of 1972, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1371(a)(5), which provides a mechanism for allowing, upon
request, during periods of not more than five consecutive years each, the incidental, but not intentional, taking of

small numbers of marine mammals by U.S. citizens who engage in a specified activity (other than commercial
fishing) within a specified geographical region.
(b) Scope of regulations. The taking of small numbers of marine mammals under section 101(a)(5) of the Marine
Mammal Protection Act may be allowed only if the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service (1) finds, based on the
best scientific evidence available, that the total taking during the specified time period will have a negligible impact
on the species or stock and will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of the species or stock
for subsistence uses; (2) prescribes regulations setting forth permissible methods of taking and other means of
effecting the least practicable adverse impact on the species and its habitat and on the availability of the species
for subsistence uses, paying particular attention to rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of similar significance;
and (3) prescribes regulations pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of such taking.
Note: The information collection requirement contained in this §18.27 has been approved by the Office of
Management and Budget under 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. and assigned clearance No. 1018-0070. The information is
being collected to describe the activity proposed and estimate the cumulative impacts of potential takings by all
persons conducting the activity. The information will be used to evaluate the application and determine whether to
issue Specific Regulations and, subsequently, Letters of Authorization. Response is required to obtain a benefit.
The public reporting burden from this requirement is estimated to vary from 2 to 200 hours per response with an
average of 10 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and
completing and reviewing applications for specific regulations and Letters of Authorization. Direct comments
regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of this requirement to the Service's Information Collection
Clearance Officer at the address provided at 50 CFR 2.1(b).
(c) Definitions. In addition to definitions contained in the Act and in 50 CFR 18.3 and unless the context otherwise
requires, in this section:
Citizens of the United States and U.S. citizens mean individual U.S. citizens or any corporation or similar entity if it
is organized under the laws of the United States or any governmental unit defined in 16 U.S.C. 1362(13). U.S.
Federal, State and local government agencies shall also constitute citizens of the United States for purposes of
this section.
Incidental, but not intentional, taking means takings which are infrequent, unavoidable, or accidental. It does not
mean that the taking must be unexpected. (Complete definition of take is contained in 50 CFR 18.3.)
Negligible impact is an impact resulting from the specified activity that cannot be reasonably expected to, and is
not reasonably likely to, adversely affect the species or stock through effects on annual rates of recruitment or
survival.
Small numbers means a portion of a marine mammal species or stock whose taking would have a negligible
impact on that species or stock.
Specified activity means any activity, other than commercial fishing, which takes place in a specified geographical
region and potentially involves the taking of small numbers of marine mammals. The specified activity and
specified geographical region should be identified so that the anticipated effects on marine mammals will be
substantially similar.
Specified geographical region means an area within which a specified activity is conducted and which has similar
biogeographic characteristics.
Unmitigable adverse impact means an impact resulting from the specified activity (1) that is likely to reduce the
availability of the species to a level insufficient for a harvest to meet subsistence needs by (i) causing the marine
mammals to abandon or avoid hunting areas, (ii) directly displacing subsistence users, or (iii) placing physical
barriers between the marine mammals and the subsistence hunters; and (2) that cannot be sufficiently mitigated
by other measures to increase the availability of marine mammals to allow subsistence needs to be met.
(d) Submission of requests. (1) In order for the Fish and Wildlife Service to consider allowing the taking by U.S
citizens of small numbers of marine mammals incidental to a specified activity, a written request must be submitted
to the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC 20240. Requests shall
include the following information on the activity as a whole, which includes, but is not limited to, an assessment of
total impacts by all persons conducting the activity:
(i) A description of the specific activity or class of activities that can be expected to result in incidental taking of
marine mammals;
(ii) The dates and duration of such activity and the specific geographical region where it will occur;

(iii) Based upon the best available scientific information;
(A) An estimate of the species and numbers of marine mammals likely to be taken by age, sex, and reproductive
conditions, and the type of taking (e.g., disturbance by sound, injury or death resulting from collision, etc.) and the
number of times such taking is likely to occur;
(B) A description of the status, distribution, and seasonal distribution (when applicable) of the affected species or
stocks likely to be affected by such activities;
(C) The anticipated impact of the activity upon the species or stocks;
(D) The anticipated impact of the activity on the availability of the species or stocks for subsistence uses;
(iv) The anticipated impact of the activity upon the habitat of the marine mammal populations and the likelihood of
restoration of the affected habitat;
(v) The anticipated impact of the loss or modification of the habitat on the marine mammal population involved;
(vi) The availability and feasibility (economic and technological) of equipment, methods, and manner of conducting
such activity or other means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact upon the affected species or stocks,
their habitat, and, where relevant, on their availability for subsistence uses, paying particular attention to rookeries,
mating grounds, and areas of similar significance. (The applicant and those conducting the specified activity and
the affected subsistence users are encouraged to develop mutually agreeable mitigating measures that will meet
the needs of subsistence users.);
(vii) Suggested means of accomplishing the necessary monitoring and reporting which will result in increased
knowledge of the species through an analysis of the level of taking or impacts and suggested means of minimizing
burdens by coordinating such reporting requirements with other schemes already applicable to persons conducting
such activity; and
(viii) Suggested means of learning of, encouraging, and coordinating research opportunities, plans and activities
relating to reducing such incidental taking from such specified activities, and evaluating its effects.
(2) The Director shall determine the adequacy and completeness of a request, and if found to be adequate, will
invite information, suggestions, and comments on the preliminary finding of negligible impact and on the proposed
specific regulations through notice in the Federal Register, newspapers of general circulation, and appropriate
electronic media in the coastal areas that may be affected by such activity. All information and suggestions will be
considered by the Fish and Wildlife Service in developing final findings and effective specific regulations.
(3) The Director shall evaluate each request to determine, based on the best available scientific evidence, whether
the total taking will have a negligible impact on the species or stock and, where appropriate, will not have an
unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of such species or stock for subsistence uses. If the Director finds
that mitigating measures would render the impact of the specified activity negligible when it would not otherwise
satisfy that requirement, the Director may make a finding of negligible impact subject to such mitigating measures
being successfully implemented. Any preliminary findings of “negligible impact” and “no unmitigable adverse
impact” shall be proposed for public comment along with the proposed specific regulations.
(4) If the Director cannot make a finding that the total taking will have a negligible impact in the species or stock or
will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of such species or stock for subsistence uses, the
Director shall publish in the Federal Register the negative finding along with the basis for denying the request.
(e) Specific regulations. (1) Specific regulations will be established for each allowed activity which set forth (i)
permissible methods of taking, (ii) means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact on the species and its
habitat and on the availability of the species for subsistence uses, and (iii) requirements for monitoring and
reporting.
(2) Regulations will be established based on the best available scientific information. As new information is
developed, through monitoring, reporting, or research, the regulations may be modified, in whole or part, after
notice and opportunity for public review.
(f) Letters of Authorization. (1) A Letter of Authorization, which may be issued only to U.S. citizens, is required to
conduct activities pursuant to any specific regulations established. Requests for Letters of Authorization shall be
submitted to the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC 20240. The
information to be submitted in a request may be obtained by writing the Director. Once specific regulations are
effective, the Service will to the maximum extent possible, process subsequent applications for Letters of
Authorization within 30 days after receipt of the application by the Service.

(2) Issuance of a Letter of Authorization will be based on a determination that the level of taking will be consistent
with the findings made for the total taking allowable under the specific regulations.
(3) Notice of issuance of all Letters of Authorization will be published in the Federal Register within 30 days of
issuance.
(4) Letters of Authorization will specify the period of validity and any additional terms and conditions appropriate for
the specific request.
(5) Letters of Authorization shall be withdrawn or suspended, either on an individual or class basis, as appropriate,
if, after notice and opportunity for public comment, the Director determines: (i) The regulations prescribed are not
being substantially complied with, or (ii) the taking allowed is having, or may have, more than a negligible impact
on the species or stock, or where relevant, an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of the species or
stock for subsistence uses.
(6) The requirement for notice and opportunity for public review in paragraph (f)(5) of this section shall not apply if
the Director determines that an emergency exists which poses a significant risk to the well-being of the species or
stocks of marine mammals concerned.
(7) A violation of any of the terms and conditions of a Letter of Authorization or of the specific regulations may
subject the Holder and/or any individual who is operating under the authority of the Holder's Letter of Authorization
to penalties provided in the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1361-1407).
[48 FR 31225, July 7, 1983, as amended at 54 FR 40348, Sept. 29, 1989; 55 FR 28765, July 13, 1990; 56 FR
27463, June 14, 1991; 79 FR 43965, July 29, 2014]
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Subpart D—Special Exceptions
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§18.30 Polar bear sport-hunted trophy import
permits.
(a) Application procedure. You, as the hunter or heir of the hunter's estate, must submit an application for a permit
to import a trophy of a polar bear taken in Canada to the Division of Management Authority at the address
provided at 50 CFR 2.1(b). You must use an official application (Form 3-200) provided by the Service and must
include as an attachment all of the following additional information:
(1) Certification that:
(i) You or the deceased hunter took the polar bear as a personal sport-hunted trophy;
(ii) You will use the trophy only for personal display purposes;
(iii) The polar bear was not a pregnant female, a female with dependent nursing cub(s) or a nursing cub (such as
in a family group), or a bear in a den or constructing a den when you took it; and
(iv) For a polar bear taken after April 30, 1994, you made sure the gall bladder and its contents were destroyed;
(2) Name and address of the person in the United States receiving the polar bear trophy if other than yourself;
(3) For a polar bear received as an inheritance, documentation to show that you are the legal heir of the decedent
who took the trophy;

(4) Proof that you or the decedent legally harvested the polar bear in Canada as shown by one of the following:
(i) A copy of the Northwest Territories (NWT) or Nunavut Territory hunting license and tag number;
(ii) A copy of the Canadian CITES export permit that identifies the polar bear by hunting license and tag number;
(iii) A copy of the NWT or Nunavut Territory export permit; or
(iv) A certification from the Department of Resources, Wildlife, and Economic Development, Northwest Territories,
or the Department of Sustainable Development, Nunavut Territory, that you or the decedent legally harvested the
polar bear, giving the tag number, location (settlement and population), and season you or the decedent took the
bear;
(5) An itemized description of the polar bear parts you wish to import, including size and the sex of the polar bear;
(6) The month and year the polar bear was sport hunted;
(7) The location (nearest settlement or community) where the bear was sport hunted;
(8) For a female bear or a bear of unknown sex that was taken before January 1, 1986, documentary evidence
that the bear was not pregnant at the time of take, including, but not limited to, documentation, such as a hunting
license or travel itinerary, that shows the bear was not taken in October, November, or December or that shows
that the location of the hunt did not include an area that supported maternity dens; and
(9) For a female bear, bear of unknown sex, or male bear that is less than 6 feet in length (from tip of nose to the
base of the tail) that was taken prior to the 1996/97 NWT polar bear harvest season, available documentation to
show that the bear was not nursing, including, but not limited to, documentation, such as a certification from the
NWT, that the bear was not taken while part of a family group.
(b) Definitions. In addition to the definitions in this paragraph, the definitions in 50 CFR 10.12, 18.3, and 23.3 apply
to this section.
(1) Sport-hunted trophy means a mount, rug or other display item composed of the hide, hair, skull, teeth,
baculum, bones, and claws of the specimen which was taken by the applicant or decedent during a sport hunt for
personal, noncommercial use and does not include any internal organ of the animal, including the gall bladder.
Articles made from the specimen, such as finished or unfinished, worked, manufactured, or handicraft items for
use as clothing, curio, ornamentation, jewelry, or as a utilitarian item are not considered trophy items.
(2) Management agreement means a written agreement between parties that share management responsibilities
for a polar bear population which describes what portion of the harvestable quota will be allocated to each party
and other measures which may be taken for the conservation of the population, such as harvest seasons, sex ratio
of the harvest, and protection of females and cubs.
(c) Procedures for issuance of permits and modification, suspension or revocation of permits. We, the Service,
shall suspend, modify or revoke permits issued under this section:
(1) In accordance with regulations contained in §18.33; and
(2) If, in consultation with the appropriate authority in Canada, we determine that the sustainability of Canada's
polar bear populations is being adversely affected or that sport hunting may be having a detrimental effect on
maintaining polar bear populations throughout their range.
(d) Issuance criteria. In deciding whether to issue an import permit for a sport-hunted trophy, we must determine in
addition to the general criteria in part 13 of this subchapter whether:
(1) You previously imported the specimen into the United States without a permit;
(2) The specimen meets the definition of a sport-hunted trophy in paragraph (b) of this section;
(3) You legally harvested the polar bear in Canada;
(4) Canada has a monitored and enforced sport-hunting program consistent with the purposes of the 1973
International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears;
(5) Canada has a sport-hunting program, based on scientifically sound quotas, ensuring the maintenance of the
affected population at a sustainable level; and
(6) The export and subsequent import:

(i) Are consistent with the provisions of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements and conventions; and
(ii) Are not likely to contribute to illegal trade in bear parts, including for bears taken after April 30, 1994, that the
gall bladder and its contents were destroyed.
(e) Additional permit conditions. Your permit to import a sport-hunted trophy of a polar bear taken in Canada is
subject to the permit conditions outlined in §18.31(d) and the following additional permit conditions:
(1) You, the permittee, may not import internal organs of the polar bear, including the gall bladder;
(2) After import you may not alter or use the trophy in a manner inconsistent with the definition of a sport-hunted
polar bear trophy as given in §18.30(b);
(3) You may not import a sport-hunted trophy if the polar bear at the time you or the decedent took it was:
(i) A nursing bear or a female with nursing young (i.e., part of a family group);
(ii) A pregnant female; or
(iii) A bear moving into a den or in a den;
(4) You must present to Service personnel at the time of import a valid CITES document from the country of export
or re-export;
(5) You must comply with the following import procedures:
(i) Import the sport-hunted trophy through a designated port for wildlife imports (see §14.12 of this subchapter)
during regular business hours, except for full mount trophies that have been granted an exception to designated
port permit requirements under §14.32 of this subchapter;
(ii) Not send the trophy through the international mail; and
(iii) Notify Service personnel at the port at least 48 hours before the import (see §14.54 of this subchapter) and
make arrangements for Service personnel to affix a tag in accordance with paragraph (e)(7) of this section prior to
being cleared (see §14.52 of this subchapter);
(6) You must import all parts of a single trophy at the same time;
(7) The following tagging/marking procedures apply:
(i) Service personnel must affix a permanently locking tag that contains a unique serial number and the common
name “polar bear” to the hide which must remain fixed indefinitely to the hide as proof of legal import; and
(ii) Service personnel must permanently mark upon import the parts of the trophy other than the hide, such as the
skull and bones, with the hide tag number; and
(8) If the tag comes off the hide, you must within 30 days:
(i) Contact the nearest Service office at a designated port or a Law Enforcement office as given in §10.22 of this
subchapter to schedule a time to present the trophy for retagging;
(ii) Provide as proof that the trophy had been tagged and legally imported a copy of the:
(A) Canceled CITES export permit or re-export certificate;
(B) Canceled U.S. import permit issued under this section; or
(C) Cleared wildlife declaration form (3-177); and
(iii) Present either the broken tag, or if the tag was lost, a signed written explanation of how and when the tag was
lost.
(f) Duration of permits. The permit will be valid for no more than one year from the date of issuance.
(g) Fees. (1) You must pay the standard permit processing fee as given in §13.11(4) when filing an application.
(2) You must pay the issuance fee of $1,000 when we notify you the application is approved. We cannot issue an
import permit until you pay this fee. We will use the issuance fee to develop and implement cooperative research
and management programs for the conservation of polar bears in Alaska and Russia under section 113(d) of the
Marine Mammal Protection Act.

(h) Scientific review. (1) We will undertake a scientific review of the impact of permits issued under this section on
the polar bear populations in Canada within 2 years of March 20, 1997.
(i) The review will provide an opportunity for public comment and include a response to the public comment in the
final report; and
(ii) We will not issue permits under this section if we determine, based upon scientific review, that the issuance of
permits under this section is having a significant adverse impact on the polar bear populations in Canada; and
(2) After the initial review, we may review whether the issuance of permits under this section is having a significant
adverse impact on the polar bear populations in Canada annually in light of the best scientific information
available. The review must be completed no later than January 31 in any year a review is undertaken.
(i) Findings. Polar bear sport-hunted trophies may only be imported after issuance of an import permit, and in
accordance with the following findings and conditions:
(1) We have determined that the Northwest Territories and Nunavut Territory, Canada, have a monitored and
enforced sport-hunting program that meets issuance criteria of paragraphs (d) (4) and (5) of this section for the
following populations: Southern Beaufort Sea, Northern Beaufort Sea, Viscount Melville Sound (subject to the
lifting of the moratorium in this population), Western Hudson Bay, M'Clintock Channel (only for polar bears lawfully
taken on or before May 31, 2000), Lancaster Sound, and Norwegian Bay, and that:
(i) For the Southern Beaufort Sea population, no bears are taken west of the equidistant line of the Beaufort Sea;
(ii) For all populations, females with cubs, cubs, or polar bears moving into denning areas or already in dens are
protected from taking by hunting activities; and
(iii) For all populations, management agreements among all management entities with scientifically sound quotas
are in place; and
(2) Any sport-hunted trophy taken in the Northwest Territories, Canada, between December 21, 1972, and April 30,
1994, may be issued an import permit when:
(i) From an approved population listed in paragraph (i)(1); and
(ii) The issuance criteria of paragraph (d) (1), (2), (3), and (6) of this section are met.
[62 FR 7329, Feb. 18, 1997, as amended at 64 FR 1539, Jan. 11, 1999; 66 FR 1907, Jan. 10, 2001; 66 FR 50851,
Oct. 5, 2001; 79 FR 43965, July 29, 2014]
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§18.31 Scientific research permits and public
display permits.
The Director may, upon receipt of an application and in accordance with the issuance criteria of this section, issue
a permit authorizing the taking and importation of marine mammals for scientific research purposes or for public
display.
(a) Application procedure. Applications for permits to take and import marine mammals for scientific research
purposes or for public display shall be submitted to the Director. Each such application must contain the general
information and certification required by §13.12(a) of this subchapter plus the following additional information:
(1) A statement of the purpose, date, location and manner of the taking or importation;
(2) A description of the marine mammal or the marine mammal products to be taken or imported, including the
species or subspecies involved; the population stock, when known, the number of specimens or products (or the
weight thereof, where appropriate); and the anticipated age, size, sex, and condition (i.e., whether pregnant or
nursing) of the animals involved;

(3) If the marine mammal is to be taken and transported alive, a complete description of the manner of
transportation, care and maintenance, including the type, size, and construction of the container or artificial
environment; arrangements for feeding and sanitation; a statement of the applicant's qualifications and previous
experience in caring for and handling captive marine mammals and a like statement as to the qualifications of any
common carrier or agent to be employed to transport the animal; and a written certification of a licensed
veterinarian knowledgeable in the field of marine mammals that he has personally reviewed the arrangements for
transporting and maintaining the animals and that in his opinion they are adequate to provide for the well-being of
the animal;
(4) If the application is for a scientific research permit, a detailed description of the scientific research project or
program in which the marine mammal or marine mammal product is to be used including a copy of the research
proposal relating to such program or project and the names and addresses of the sponsor or cooperating
institution and the scientists involved;
(5) If the application is for a scientific research permit, and if the marine mammal proposed to be taken or imported
is listed as an endangered or threatened species or has been designated by the Secretary as depleted, a detailed
justification of the need for such a marine mammal, including a discussion of possible alternatives, whether or not
under the control of the applicant; and
(6) If the application is for a public display permit, a detailed description of the proposed use to which the marine
mammal or marine mammal product is to be put, including the manner, location, and times of display, whether
such display is for profit, an estimate of the numbers and types of persons who it is anticipated will benefit for such
display, and whether and to what extent the display is connected with educational or scientific programs. There
shall also be included a complete description of the enterprise seeking the display permit and its educational, and
scientific qualifications, if any.
(b) Review by Marine Mammal Commission. Upon receipt of an application the Director shall forward the
application to the Marine Mammal Commission together with a request for the recommendations of the
Commission and the Committee of Scientific Advisors on Marine Mammals. In order to comply with the time limits
provided in these regulations, the Director shall request that such recommendation be submitted within 30 days of
receipt of the application by the Commission. If the Commission or the Committee, as the case may be, does not
respond within 30 days from the receipt of such application by the Commission, the Director shall advise the
Commission in writing that failure to respond within 45 days from original receipt of the application (or such longer
time as the Director may establish) shall be considered as a recommendation from the Commission and the
Committee that the permit be issued. The Director may also consult with any other person, institution or agency
concerning the application.
(c) Issuance criteria. Permits applied for under this section shall be issued, suspended, modified and revoked
pursuant to regulations contained in §18.33. In determining whether to issue a scientific research permit, the
Director shall consider whether the proposed taking or importation will be consistent with the policies and purposes
of the Act; and whether the granting of the permit is required to further a bona fide and necessary or desirable
scientific purpose, taking into account the benefits anticipated to be derived from the scientific research
contemplated and the effect of the purposed taking or importation on the population stock and the marine
ecosystem. In determining whether to issue a public display permit, the Director shall consider whether the
proposed taking or importation will be consistent with the policies and purposes of the Act; whether a substantial
public benefit will be gained from the display contemplated, taking into account the manner of the display and the
anticipated audience on the one hand, and the effect of the proposed taking or importation on the population
stocks of the marine mammal in question and the marine ecosystem on the other; and the applicant's
qualifications for the proper care and maintenance of the marine mammal or the marine mammal product, and the
adequacy of his facilities.
(d) Additional permit conditions. In addition to the general conditions set forth in part 13 of this subchapter B,
permits issued under this section shall be subject to the following conditions:
(1) Any permit issued under these regulations must be in the possession of the person to whom it is issued (or an
agent of such person) during:
(i) The time of the authorized taking or importation;
(ii) The period of any transit of such person or agent which is incidental to such taking or importation; and
(iii) Any other time while any marine mammal taken or imported under such permit is in the possession of such
person or agent.

(2) A duplicate copy of the issued permit must be physically attached to the container, package, enclosure, or
other means of containment, in which the marine mammal is placed for purposes of storage, transit, supervision,
or care.
(e) Tenure of permits. The tenure of permits for scientific research or public display shall be designated on the face
of the permit.
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§18.32 Waiver of the moratorium.
See subpart F (Waiver of the moratorium; State laws and regulations) and subpart G (Notice and Hearing on
section 103 Regulations) for procedures regarding waivers of the moratorium in those circumstances where a
state provides an acceptable management program for a species or population stock within its jurisdiction.
[40 FR 59442, Dec. 24, 1975]
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§18.33 Procedures for issuance of permits and
modification, suspension, or revocation thereof.
(a) Whenever application for a permit is received by the director which the director deems sufficient, he shall, as
soon as practicable, publish a notice thereof in the Federal Register. Such notice shall set forth a summary of the
information contained in such application. Any interested party may, within 30 days after the date of publication of
such notice, submit to the director his written data or views with respect to the taking or importation proposed in
such application and may request a hearing in connection with the action to be taken thereon.
(b) If the request for a hearing is made within the 30-day period referred to in paragraph (a) of this section, or if the
director determines that a hearing would otherwise be advisable, the director may, within 60 days after the date of
publication of the notice referred to in paragraph (a) of this section, afford to such requesting party or parties an
opportunity for a hearing. Such hearing shall also be open to participation by any interested members of the public.
Notice of the date, time, and place of such hearing shall be published in the Federal Register not less than 15 days
in advance of such hearing. Any interested person may appear in person or through representatives at the hearing
and may submit any relevant material, data, views, comments, arguments, or exhibits. A summary record of the
hearing shall be kept.
(c) As soon as practicable but not later than 30 days after the close of the hearing (or if no hearing is held, as soon
as practicable after the end of the 30 days succeeding publication of the notice referred to in paragraph (a) of this
section the director shall issue or deny issuance of the permit. Notice of the decision of the director shall be
published in the Federal Register within 10 days after the date of such issuance or denial. Such notice shall
include the date of the issuance or denial and indicate where copies of the permit, if issued, may be obtained.
(d) Any permit shall be subject to modification, suspension, or revocation by the director in whole or in part in
accordance with these regulations and the terms of such permits. The permittee shall be given written notice by
registered mail, return receipt requested, of any proposed modification, suspension, or revocation. Such notice
shall specify:
(1) The action proposed to be taken along with a summary of the reasons therefor;
(2) In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 558, the steps which the permittee may take to demonstrate or achieve
compliance with all lawful requirements; and

(3) That the permittee is entitled to a hearing thereon if a written request for such a hearing is received by the
Director within 10 days after receipt of the aforesaid notice or such other later date as may be specified in the
notice to the permittee. The time and place of the hearing, if requested by the permittee, shall be determined by
the director and a written notice thereof given to the permittee by registered mail, return receipt requested, not less
than 15 days prior to the date of hearing specified. The director may, in his discretion, allow participation at the
hearing by interested members of the public. The permittee and other parties participating may submit all relevant
material, data, views, comments, arguments, and exhibits at the hearing. A summary record shall be kept of any
such hearing.
(e) The Director shall make a decision regarding the proposed modification, suspension, or revocation, as soon as
practicable after the close of the hearing, or if no hearing is held, as soon as practicable after the close of the 10
day period during which a hearing could have been requested. Notice of the modification, suspension, or
revocation shall be published in the Federal Register within 10 days from the date of the Director's decision. In no
event shall the proposed action take effect until notice of the Director's decision is published in the Federal
Register.
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§18.34 Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar
bears.
(a) These guidelines are intended for use in safely deterring polar bears in the wild. They provide acceptable types
of deterrence actions that any person, or their employee, or their agent, can use to deter a polar bear from
damaging private property; or that any person can use to deter a polar bear from endangering personal safety; or
that a government employee can use to deter a polar bear from damaging public property, and not cause the
serious injury or death of a polar bear. Anyone acting in such a manner and conducting activities that comply with
the guidelines in this subpart does not need authorization under the MMPA to conduct such deterrence.
Furthermore, actions consistent with these guidelines do not violate the take prohibitions of the MMPA or this part.
A Federal, State or local government official or employee may take a polar bear in the course of his duties as an
official or employee, as long as such taking is accomplished in accordance with §18.22 of this part.
(b) There are two types of deterrence measures that a person, or their employee, or their agent could follow to
nonlethally deter a polar bear. Each type of measure includes a suite of appropriate actions that the public may
use.
(1) Passive deterrence measures. Passive deterrence measures are those that prevent polar bears from gaining
access to property or people. These measures provide for human safety and do not increase the risk of serious
injury or death of a polar bear. They include:
(i) Rigid fencing. Rigid fencing and other fixed barriers such as gates and fence skirting can be used around
buildings or areas to limit bears from accessing community or industrial sites and buildings. Fencing areas 5 acres
(∼2 ha) and smaller can be used to limit human-bear interactions. Industry standard chain-link fencing material
can be used. Chain-link fencing can be placed around buildings on pilings as fence skirting to limit access of bears
underneath the buildings.
(ii) Bear exclusion cages. Bear exclusion cages provide a protective shelter for people in areas frequented by
bears. Cages erected at building entry and exit points exclude polar bears from the immediate area and allow safe
entry and exit for persons gaining access to, or leaving, a building should a polar bear be in the vicinity.
Additionally, they provide an opportunity for people exiting a building to conduct a visual scan upon exit. Such a
scan is especially important in areas where buildings are constructed above ground level due to permafrost
because bears may be resting underneath. These cages can be used at homes or industrial facilities to deter
bears as well. Cages can be used in remote areas where bear use is not known, and along bear travel corridors,
e.g., within 0.5 mile from coastline, to deter bears from facilities. Cages must be no smaller than 4 ft (width) by 4 ft
(length) by 8 ft (height). Bars must be no smaller than 1 inch wide. Distance between bars must be no more than 4
inches clear on stairways and landings or when otherwise attached to a habitable structure; they may be no more

than 5 inches clear for use in cages not attached to any habitable structure. A 4-inch distance between the bars
would be sufficient to prevent a bear from reaching through, while providing visible space between bars. The
ceiling of the cage must be enclosed.
(iii) Bear-resistant garbage containers. Bear-resistant garbage containers prevent bears from accessing garbage
as a food source and limit polar bears from becoming food-conditioned or habituated to people and facilities. The
absence of habituation further reduces the potential for bear-human interactions. Bear-resistant garbage cans and
garbage bins are manufactured by various companies and in various sizes. Commercially designed residential
bear-resistant containers (32-130 gallons) can be used. Two- to 6-cubic yard containers can be specifically
designed by commercial vendors as bear-proof containers or have industry-standard lid locks to prohibit bear
entry, depending on the need and location. For remote seasonal camps, garbage can be temporarily stored in
steel drums secured with locking rings and a gasket, and removed from the site when transportation is available.
Larger garbage containers, such as dumpsters or “roll-offs” (20 to 40 cubic yards), can limit bear-human
interactions when the containers have bear-proof lids. Lids must be constructed of heavy steel tubing or similarly
constructed with heavy expanded metal.
(2) Preventive deterrence measures. Preventive deterrence measures are those that can dissuade a polar bear
from initiating an interaction with property or people. These measures provide for safe human use and do not
increase the risk of serious injury or death of a polar bear. These are:
(i) Acoustic devices. Acoustic deterrent devices may be used to create an auditory disturbance causing polar
bears to move away from the affected area. The reasonable use of loud noises, e.g., vehicle engines, automobile
sirens or horns, and air-horns, where such auditory stimuli could startle a bear and disrupt its approach to property
or people, is authorized. This authorization is limited to deterrent devices with a sound strength of no greater than
140 dB SPL to be deployed for no more than a 30-second continuous time interval. The use of commercially
available air horns or other audible products used as perimeter alarms, which create sounds that fall below this
upper limit, is acceptable.
(ii) Vehicle or boat deterrence. Patrolling the periphery of a compound or encampment using a vehicle, such as a
truck or all-terrain vehicle (e.g., a snowmobile or a four wheeler), and deterring, but not chasing, polar bears with
engine noise, or by blocking their approach without making a physical contact with the animal, is an acceptable
preventive deterrence. Similarly patrolling an area in a small boat using similar methods is acceptable.
(c) The deterrence guidelines are passive or preventive in nature. Any action to deter polar bears that goes
beyond these specific measures could result in a taking and, unless otherwise exempted under the MMPA, would
require separate authorization. The Service acknowledges that there will be numerous new techniques developed,
or new applications of existing techniques, for deterring bears. The Service will work to establish a system for
evaluating new bear deterrence applications and techniques and will update this set of guidelines with examples of
future approved methods. Deterrence actions (other than the measures described in these guidelines) that do not
result in serious injury or death to a polar bear remain permissible for persons identified in section 101(a)(4)(A) of
the MMPA. Prior to conducting activities beyond those specifically described in these guidelines, persons should
contact the Service's Alaska Regional Office's Marine Mammal Program for further guidance (for the location of
the Alaska Regional Office see 50 CFR 2.2(g)).
[75 FR 61637, Oct. 6, 2010]
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Subpart E—Depleted Species or Stocks [Reserved]
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Subpart F—Transfer of Management Authority to
States
Note: Regulations governing the transfer of management authority to States pursuant to section 109 of the Marine
Mammal Protection Act for marine mammal species under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior are found
at part 403 of this title.
[48 FR 22456, May 18, 1983]
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Subpart G—Notice and Hearing on Section 103
Regulations
Source: 41 FR 5396, Feb. 6, 1976, unless otherwise noted.
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§18.70 Basis and purpose.
(a) Sections 101(a)(2), 101(a)(3)(A), and 101(b) of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1371(a)
(2), 1371(a)(3)(A), and 1371(b)) and these regulations authorize the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, to: (1)
Impose regulations governing the taking of marine mammals incidental to commercial fishing operations; (2) waive
the moratorium and adopt regulations with respect to the taking and importing of animals from each species of
marine mammals under his jurisdiction; and (3) prescribe regulations governing the taking of depleted marine
mammals by any Indian, Aleut or Eskimo, respectively. In prescribing regulations to carry out the provisions of said
sections, the act refers the Director to section 103 (16 U.S.C. 1373). In accordance with section 103(d),
regulations must be made on the record after opportunity for an agency hearing on such regulations and, in the
case of a waiver, on the determination by the Director to waive the moratorium pursuant to section 101(a)(3)(A)
(16 U.S.C. 1371(a)(3)(A)).
(b) [Reserved]
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§18.71 Definitions.
Definitions shall be the same as in subpart A of this part except as follows:
(a) Party means for the purposes of this subpart:
(1) The Director or his representative; or

(2) A person who has notified the Director by specified dates of his or her intent to participate in the hearing
pursuant to §§18.75 and 18.84(b).
(b) Presiding officer means, for the purposes of this subpart, an administrative law judge of the Office of Hearings
and Appeals appointed in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 3105.
(c) Witness means, for the purposes of this subpart, any person who provides direct testimony on the proposed
regulations and waiver. A person may be both a party and a witness.
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§18.72 Scope of regulations.
The procedural regulations in this subpart govern the practice and procedure in hearings held under section 103(d)
of the Act. These hearings will be governed by the provisions of sections 556 and 557 of the Administrative
Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 556 and 557). The regulations shall be construed to secure the just, speedy, and
inexpensive determination of all issues raised with respect to any waiver and/or regulation proposed pursuant to
section 103(d) of the act in a manner which gives full protection to the rights of all persons affected thereby.
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§18.73 Burden of proof.
The proponents of the proposed regulations and waiver must demonstrate that any taking or importation of any
marine mammal under such proposed regulations and waiver would be consistent with the act.
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§18.74 Notice of hearing.
(a) A notice of hearing on any proposed regulations shall be published in the Federal Register, together with the
Director's proposed determination to waive the moratorium pursuant to section 101(a)(3)(A) (16 U.S.C. 1371(a)(3)
(A)), where applicable.
(b) The notice shall state:
(1) The nature of the hearing;
(2) The place and date of the hearing. The date shall not be less than 60 days after publication of notice of the
hearing;
(3) The legal authority under which the hearing is to be held;
(4) The proposed regulations and waiver, where applicable, and a summary of the statements required by section
103(d) of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1373(d));
(5) Issues of fact which may be involved in the hearing;
(6) If an Environmental Impact Statement is required, the date of publication of the Statement and the times and
place(s) where the Statement and comments thereon may be viewed and copied;

(7) Any written advice received from the Marine Mammal Commission;
(8) The times and place(s) where records and submitted direct testimony will be kept for public inspection, along
with appropriate references to any other documents;
(9) The final date for filing with the Director a notice of intent to participate in the hearing pursuant to §18.75;
(10) The final date for submission of direct testimony on the proposed regulations and waiver, if applicable, and the
number of copies required;
(11) The docket number assigned to the case which shall be used in all subsequent proceedings; and
(12) The place and date of the prehearing conference.
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§18.75 Notification by interested persons.
Any person desiring to participate as a party shall notify the Director, by certified mail, on or before the date
specified in the notice of hearing.
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§18.76 Presiding officer.
(a) Upon publication of the notice of hearing pursuant to §18.74, the Office of Hearings and Appeals shall appoint
a presiding officer pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 3105. No individual who has any conflict of interest, financial or otherwise,
shall serve as presiding officer in such proceeding.
(b) The presiding officer, in any proceeding under this subpart, shall have power to:
(1) Change the time and place of the hearing and adjourn the hearing;
(2) Evaluate direct testimony submitted pursuant to these regulations, make a preliminary determination of the
issues, conduct a prehearing conference to determine the issues for the hearing agenda, and cause to be
published in the Federal Register a final hearing agenda;
(3) Rule upon motions, requests and admissibility of direct testimony;
(4) Administer oaths and affirmations, question witnesses and direct witnesses to testify;
(5) Modify or waive any rule (after notice) when determining no party will be prejudiced;
(6) Receive written comments and hear oral arguments;
(7) Render a recommended decision; and
(8) Do all acts and take all measures, including regulation of media coverage, for the maintenance of order at and
the efficient conduct of the proceeding.
(c) In case of the absence of the original presiding officer or his inability to act, the powers and duties to be
performed by the original presiding officer under this part in connection with a proceeding may, without abatement
of the proceeding, be assigned to any other presiding officer by the Office of Hearings and Appeals unless
otherwise ordered by the Director.
(d) The presiding officer shall withdraw from the proceeding upon his own motion or upon the filing of a motion by
a party under §18.76(e) if he deems himself disqualified under recognized canons of judicial ethics.

(e) A presiding officer may be requested to withdraw at any time prior to the recommended decision. If there is
filed by a party in good faith a timely and sufficient affidavit alleging the presiding officer's personal bias, malice,
conflict of interest or other basis which might result in prejudice to a party, the hearing shall recess. The Director of
the Office of Hearings and Appeals shall immediately determine the matter as a part of the record and decision in
the proceeding, after making such investigation or holding such hearings, or both, as he may deem appropriate in
the circumstances.
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§18.77 Direct testimony submitted as written
documents.
(a) Unless otherwise specified, all direct testimony, including accompanying exhibits, must be submitted to the
presiding officer in writing no later than the dates specified in the notice of the hearing (§18.74), the prehearing
order (§18.82), or within 15 days after the conclusion of the prehearing conference (§18.84) as the case may be.
All direct testimony, referred to in the affidavit and made a part thereof, must be attached to the affidavit. Direct
testimony submitted with exhibits must state the issue to which the exhibit relates; if no such statement is made,
the presiding officer shall determine the relevance of the exhibit to the issues published in the Federal Register.
(b) The direct testimony submitted shall contain:
(1) A concise statement of the witness' interest in the proceeding and his position regarding the issues presented.
If the direct testimony is presented by a witness who is not a party, the witness shall state his relationship to the
party; and
(2) Facts that are relevant and material.
(c) The direct testimony may propose issues of fact not defined in the notice of the hearing and the reason(s) why
such issues should be considered at the hearing.
(d) Ten copies of all direct testimony must be submitted unless the notice of the hearing otherwise specifies.
(e) Upon receipt, direct testimony shall be assigned a number and stamped with that number and the docket
number.
(f) Contemporaneous with the publication of the notice of hearing, the Director's direct testimony in support of the
proposed regulations and waiver, where applicable, shall be available for public inspection as specified in the
notice of hearing. The Director may submit additional direct testimony during the time periods allowed for
submission of such testimony by witnesses.
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§18.78 Mailing address.
Unless otherwise specified in the notice of hearing, all direct testimony shall be addressed to the Presiding Officer,
c/o Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC 20240. All affidavits and exhibits shall be clearly
marked with the docket number of the proceedings.
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§18.79 Inspection and copying of documents.
Any document in a file pertaining to any hearing authorized by this subpart or any document forming part of the
record of such a hearing may be inspected and/or copied in the Office of the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Washington, DC 20240, unless the file is in the care and custody of the presiding officer, in which case he
shall notify the parties as to where and when the record may be inspected.
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§18.80 Ex parte communications.
(a) After notice of a hearing is published in the Federal Register, all communications, whether oral or written,
involving any substantive or procedural issue and directed either to the presiding officer or to the Director, Deputy
Director or Marine Mammal Coordinator, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, without reference to these rules of
procedure, shall be deemed ex parte communications and are not to be considered part of the record for decision.
(b) A record of oral conversations shall be made by the above persons who are contacted. All communications
shall be available for public viewing at times and place(s) specified in the notice of hearing.
(c) The presiding officer shall not communicate with any party on any fact in issue or on the merits of the matter
unless notice and opportunity is given for all parties to participate.
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§18.81 Prehearing conference.
(a) After an examination of all the direct testimony submitted pursuant to §18.77, the presiding officer shall make a
preliminary determination of issues of fact which may be addressed at the hearing.
(b) The presiding officer's preliminary determination shall be made available at the place or places provided in the
notice of the hearing (§18.74(b)(8)) at least five days before the prehearing conference is held.
(c) The purpose of the prehearing conference shall be to enable the presiding officer to determine, on the basis of
the direct testimony submitted and prehearing discussions:
(1) Whether the presiding officer's preliminary determination of issues of fact for the hearing has omitted any
significant issues;
(2) What facts are not in dispute;
(3) Which witnesses may appear at the hearing; and
(4) The nature of the interest of each party and which parties' interests are adverse.
(d) Only parties may participate in the prehearing conference, and a party may appear in person or be represented
by counsel.
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§18.82 Prehearing order.
(a) After the prehearing conference, the presiding officer shall prepare a prehearing order which shall be published
in the Federal Register within ten days after the conclusion of the conference. A copy of the prehearing order shall
be mailed to all Parties.
(b) The prehearing order shall list: (1) All the issues which the hearing shall address, the order in which those
issues shall be presented, and the direct testimony submitted which bears on the issues; and (2) a final date for
submission of direct testimony on issues of fact not included in the notice of hearing if such issues are presented.
The prehearing order may also specify a final date for submission of direct testimony to rebut testimony previously
submitted during the time specified in the notice of the hearing.
(c) The presiding officer shall publish with the prehearing order a list of witnesses who may appear at the hearing,
a list of parties, the nature of the interest of each party, and which parties interests are adverse on the issues
presented.
(d) All parties shall be bound by the prehearing order.
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§18.83 Determination to cancel the hearing.
(a) If the presiding officer determines that no issues of material fact are presented by the direct testimony
submitted prior to the date of the hearing, he may publish in the Federal Register such determination and that on
issues of material fact a hearing shall not be held. The presiding officer may provide an opportunity for argument
on any issues of law presented by the direct testimony.
(b) Promptly after oral argument, if any, the presiding officer shall make a recommended decision based on the
record, which in this case shall consist of the direct testimony and any oral argument presented. He shall transmit
to the Director his recommended decision, the record and a certificate stating that the record contains all the
written direct testimony. The Director shall then make a final decision in accordance with these regulations
(§18.91).
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§18.84 Rebuttal testimony and new issues of fact
in prehearing order.
(a) Direct testimony to rebut testimony offered during the time period specified in the notice of hearing may be
submitted pursuant to these regulations within fifteen days after the conclusion of the prehearing conference
unless the presiding officer otherwise specifies in the prehearing order.
(b) If the prehearing order presents issues not included in the notice of the hearing published pursuant to §18.74:
(1) Any person interested in participating at the hearing on such issues presented shall notify the Director by
certified mail of an intent to participate not later than ten days after publication of the prehearing order. Such
person may present direct testimony or cross-examine witnesses only on such issues presented unless he
previously notified the Director pursuant to §18.75; and
(2) Additional written direct testimony concerning such issues may be submitted within the time provided in the
prehearing order. Such direct testimony will comply with the requirements of §18.77.

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§18.85 Waiver of right to participate.
Any person who fails to notify the Director of his intent to participate pursuant to §18.75 or §18.84 shall be deemed
to have waived his right to participate as a party.
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§18.86 Conduct of the hearing.
(a) The hearing shall be held at the time and place fixed in the notice of hearing, unless the presiding officer
changes the time or place. If a change occurs, the presiding officer shall publish the change in the Federal
Registerand shall expeditiously notify all parties by telephone or by mail. If the change in time or place of hearing
is made less than five days before the date previously fixed for the hearing, the presiding officer shall also
announce, or cause to be announced, the change at the time and place previously fixed for the hearing.
(b) The presiding officer shall, at the commencement of the hearing, introduce into the record the notice of hearing
as published in the Federal Register, all subsequent notices published in the Federal Register, the Environmental
Impact Statement if it is required and the comments thereon and agency responses to the comments, and a list of
all parties. Direct testimony shall then be received with respect to the matters specified in the prehearing order in
such order as the presiding officer shall announce. With respect to direct testimony submitted as rebuttal testimony
or in response to new issues presented by the prehearing conference, the presiding officer shall determine the
relevancy of such testimony.
(c) The hearing shall be publicly conducted and reported verbatim by an official reporter.
(d) If a party objects to the admission or rejection of any direct testimony or to any other ruling of the presiding
officer during the hearing, he shall state briefly the grounds of such objection, whereupon an automatic exception
will follow if the objection is overruled by the presiding officer. The transcript shall not include argument or debate
thereon except as ordered by the presiding officer. The ruling of the presiding officer on any objection shall be a
part of the transcript and shall be subject to review at the same time and in the same manner as the Director's final
decision. Only objections made before the presiding officer may subsequently be relied upon in the proceedings.
(e) All motions and requests shall be addressed to, and ruled on by, the presiding officer if made prior to his
certification of the transcript, or by the Director if made thereafter.
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§18.87 Direct testimony.
(a) Only direct testimony submitted as provided in these regulations and introduced at the hearing by a witness
shall be considered part of the record. Such direct testimony, when written, shall not be read into evidence but
shall become a part of the record subject to exclusion of irrelevant and immaterial parts thereof.
(b) The witness introducing direct testimony shall:
(1) State his name, address and occupation;

(2) State qualifications for introducing the direct testimony. If an expert, the witness shall briefly state the scientific
or technical training which qualifies him as an expert;
(3) Identify the direct testimony previously submitted in accordance with these regulations; and
(4) Submit to appropriate cross- and direct-examination. Cross-examination shall be by a party whose interests are
adverse on the issue presented to the witness if the witness is a party, or to the interests of the party who
presented the witness.
(c) A party shall be deemed to have waived the right to introduce direct-testimony if such party fails to present a
witness to introduce the direct-testimony.
(d) Official notice may be taken of such matters as are judicially noticed by the courts of the United States. Parties
shall be given adequate notice, by the presiding officer, at the hearing, of matters so noticed and shall be given
adequate opportunity to show that such facts are inaccurate or are erroneously noticed.
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§18.88 Cross-examination.
(a) The presiding officer may:
(1) Require the cross-examiner to outline the intended scope of the examination; and
(2) Exclude cross-examination questions that are immaterial, irrelevant or unduly repetitious.
(b) Any party shall be given an opportunity to appear, either in person or through an authorized counsel or
representative, to cross-examine witnesses. Before cross-examining a witness, the party or counsel shall state his
name, address and occupation. If counsel cross-examines the witness, counsel shall state for the record the
authority to act as counsel. Cross-examiners shall be assumed to be familiar with the direct testimony.
(c) Any party or party's counsel who fails to appear at the hearing to cross-examine an “adverse” witness shall be
deemed to have waived the right to cross-examine that witness.
(d) Scientific, technical or commercial publications may only be utilized for the limited purposes of impeaching
witnesses under cross-examination unless previously submitted and introduced in accordance with these
regulations.
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§18.89 Oral and written arguments.
(a) The presiding officer may, in his discretion, provide for oral argument by parties at the end of the hearing. Such
argument, when permitted, may be limited by the presiding officer to the extent necessary for the expeditious
disposition of the proceeding.
(b) The presiding officer shall announce at the hearing a reasonable period of time within which any party may file
with the presiding officer proposed findings and conclusions and written arguments or briefs, which are based
upon the record and citing where practicable the relevant page or pages of the transcript. If a party filing a brief
desires the presiding officer to reconsider any objection made by such party to a ruling of the presiding officer, he
shall specifically identify such rulings by reference to the pertinent pages of the transcript and shall state his
arguments thereon as a part of the brief.
(c) Oral or written arguments shall be limited to issues arising from direct testimony on the record.
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§18.90 Recommended decision, certification of the
transcript and submission of comments on the
recommended decision.
(a) Promptly after expiration of the period for receiving written briefs, the presiding officer shall make a
recommended decision based on the record and transmit the decision to the Director. The recommended decision
shall include:
(1) A statement containing a description of the history of the proceedings;
(2) Findings on the issues of fact with the reasons therefor; and
(3) Rulings on issues of law.
(b) The presiding officer shall also transmit to the Director the transcript of the hearing, the original and all copies
of the direct testimony, and written comments. The presiding officer shall attach to the original transcript of the
hearing a certificate stating that to the best of his knowledge and belief the transcript is a true transcript of the
testimony given at the hearing except in such particulars as are specified.
(c) Upon receipt of the recommended decision, the Director shall send a copy thereof to each party by certified
mail and shall publish in the Federal Register a notice of the receipt of the recommended decision by the Director.
The notice shall include:
(1) A summary of the recommended decision;
(2) A statement that any interested person may file written comments on the recommended decision with the
Director by a specified date;
(3) The time(s) and place(s) where the record of the hearing transmitted to the Director pursuant to paragraph (b)
of this section may be inspected by interested persons; and
(4) The time(s) and place(s) where the recommended decision may be inspected and/or copied by interested
persons.
(d) Within thirty days after the notice of receipt of the recommended decision has been published in the Federal
Register, any interested person may file with the Director any written comments on the recommended decision. All
comments, including recommendations from or consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission, must be
submitted during the thirty-day period to the Director at the above address.
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§18.91 Director's decision.
(a) Upon receipt of the recommended decision and transcript and after the thirty-day period for receiving written
comments on the recommended decision has passed, the Director shall make a final decision on the proposed
regulations and waiver, where applicable. The Director's decision may affirm, modify, or set aside, in whole or in
part, the recommended findings, conclusions and decision of the presiding officer. The Director may also remand
the hearing record to the presiding officer for a fuller development of the record.
(b) The Director's decision shall include:
(1) A statement containing a description of the history of the proceeding;

(2) Findings on the issues of fact with the reasons therefor;
(3) Rulings on issues of law; and
(4) Any other relevant information which the Director deems appropriate.
(c) The Director's decision shall be published in the Federal Register. If the waiver is approved, the final adopted
regulations shall be promulgated with the decision, or as soon thereafter as practicable.
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Subpart H—Waiver of Moratorium on Taking and
Importation of Individual Marine Mammal Species
Source: 41 FR 14373, Apr. 5, 1976, unless otherwise noted.
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§18.92 Purpose of regulations.
The regulations contained in this subpart fulfill the requirements of section 103 of the Act for regulations to govern
the taking and importation of each species of marine mammal for which the moratorium imposed by section 101
has been waived.
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§18.93 Scope of regulations.
(a) The provisions in this subpart apply only after (1) the Director has made a decision to waive a moratorium
pursuant to section 101(a)(3)(A) of the Act, (2) the opportunity for a hearing required by section 103(d) of the Act
has been provided, and (3) the Director has made a determination, in the case of State laws and regulations, to
approve such State laws and regulations pursuant to section 109(a)(2) of the Act and subpart F of this part.
(b) The provisions of this subpart, unless specifically stated, apply to all taking and/or importation of each species
of marine mammal for which the moratorium has been waived other than takings for scientific research or public
display, which are governed by §18.31 of this part, or takings incidental to commercial fishing operations which are
governed by §18.24.
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§18.94 Pacific walrus (Alaska).

(a) Pursuant to sections 101(a)(3)(A) 103, and 109 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, the moratorium
on the hunting and killing of Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) in waters or on lands subject to the jurisdiction of
the State of Alaska, the United States, or on the high seas by any person, vessel, or conveyance subject to the
jurisdiction of the State of Alaska or the United States, is waived, provided that beginning August 2, 1979 this
waiver shall not be effective, and no taking or importation under the waiver shall be allowed, until this section is
amended to establish regulations to effectively control taking and otherwise implement the waiver.
(b) [Reserved]
[41 FR 14373, Apr. 5, 1976, as amended at 44 FR 45566, Aug. 2, 1979]
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Subpart I [Reserved]
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Subpart J—Nonlethal Taking of Marine Mammals
Incidental to Oil and Gas Exploration, Development,
Production and Other Substantially Similar Activities
in the Beaufort Sea and Adjacent Northern Coast of
Alaska
Source: 81 FR 52316, Aug. 5, 2016, unless otherwise noted.
Effective Date Note: At 81 FR 52316, Aug. 5, 2016, Subpart J was added, effective Aug. 5, 2016, through Aug. 5,
2021.
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§18.121 Specified activities covered by this
subpart.
Regulations in this subpart apply to the nonlethal incidental, but not intentional, take of small numbers of polar
bear and Pacific walrus by U.S. citizens while engaged in oil and gas exploration, development, production, and/or
other substantially similar activities in the Beaufort Sea and adjacent northern coast of Alaska. “U.S. citizens” is
defined in 50 CFR 18.27(c). The term “small numbers” is also defined in 50 CFR 18.27(c), however, we do not rely
on that definition here as it conflates “small numbers” with “negligible impacts.” Regulations in this subpart rely on
a small numbers determination where we estimated the likely number of takes of polar bears and Pacific walruses
during the specified activities, and evaluated if that take is small relative to the size of the population or stock.
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§18.122 Specified geographic region where this
subpart applies.
This subpart applies to the specified geographic region that encompasses all Beaufort Sea waters east of a northsouth line through Point Barrow, Alaska (71°23′29″ N., −156°28′30″ W., BGN 1944), and approximately 322
kilometers (km) (∼200 miles (mi)) north of Point Barrow, including all Alaska State waters and Outer Continental
Shelf (OCS) waters, and east of that line to the Canadian border.
(a) The offshore boundary of the Beaufort Sea incidental take regulations (ITR) region will match the boundary of
the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Beaufort Sea Planning area, approximately 322 km (∼200 mi)
offshore. The onshore region is the same north/south line at Barrow, 40.2 km (25 mi) inland and east to the
Canning River.
(b) The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is not included in the Beaufort Sea ITR region. Figure 1 shows the area
where this subpart applies.
eCFR graphic er05au16.037.gif
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§18.123 Dates this subpart is in effect.
Regulations in this subpart are effective from August 5, 2016, through August 5, 2021, for year-round oil and gas
exploration, development, production and other substantially similar activities.
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§18.124 Procedure to obtain a Letter of
Authorization (LOA).
(a) An applicant must be a U.S. citizen as defined in §18.27(c).
(b) If an applicant proposes to conduct oil and gas industry exploration, development, production, and/or other
substantially similar activity in the Beaufort Sea ITR region described in §18.122 that may cause the taking of
Pacific walruses and/or polar bears and wants nonlethal incidental take authorization under the regulations in this
subpart J, the applicant must apply for an LOA. The applicant must submit the request for authorization to the
Service's Alaska Region Marine Mammals Management Office (see §2.2 for address) at least 90 days prior to the
start of the activity.
(c) The request for an LOA must include the following information and must comply with the requirements set forth
in §18.128:
(1) A plan of operations that describes in detail the activity (e.g., type of project, methods, and types and numbers
of equipment and personnel, etc.), the dates and duration of the activity, and the specific locations of and areas
affected by the activity.

(2) A site-specific marine mammal monitoring and mitigation plan to monitor and mitigate the effects of the activity
on Pacific walruses and polar bears.
(3) A site-specific Pacific walrus and polar bear safety, awareness, and interaction plan. The plan for each activity
and location will detail the policies and procedures that will provide for the safety and awareness of personnel,
avoid interactions with Pacific walruses and polar bears, and minimize impacts to these animals.
(4) A Plan of Cooperation (POC) to mitigate potential conflicts between the activity and subsistence hunting, where
relevant. Applicants must provide documentation of communication with potentially affected subsistence
communities along the Beaufort Sea coast (i.e., Kaktovik, Nuiqsut, and Barrow) and appropriate subsistence user
organizations (i.e., the Eskimo Walrus Commission or North Slope Borough) to discuss the location, timing, and
methods of activities and identify and mitigate any potential conflicts with subsistence walrus and polar bear
hunting activities. Applicants must specifically inquire of relevant communities and organizations if the activity will
interfere with the availability of Pacific walruses and/or polar bears for the subsistence use of those groups.
Applications for Letters of Authorization must include documentation of all consultations with potentially affected
user groups. Documentation must include a summary of any concerns identified by community members and
hunter organizations, and the applicant's responses to identified concerns.
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§18.125 How the Service will evaluate a request
for a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
(a) We will evaluate each request for an LOA based on the specific activity and the specific geographic location.
We will determine whether the level of activity identified in the request exceeds that analyzed by us in considering
the number of animals likely to be taken and evaluating whether there will be a negligible impact on the species or
an adverse impact on the availability of the species for subsistence uses. If the level of activity is greater, we will
reevaluate our findings to determine if those findings continue to be appropriate based on the greater level of
activity that the applicant has requested. Depending on the results of the evaluation, we may grant the
authorization, add further conditions, or deny the authorization.
(b) In accordance with §18.27(f)(5), we will make decisions concerning withdrawals of an LOA, either on an
individual or class basis, only after notice and opportunity for public comment.
(c) The requirement for notice and public comment in paragraph (b) of this section will not apply should we
determine that an emergency exists that poses a significant risk to the well-being of the species or stocks of polar
bears or Pacific walruses.
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§18.126 Authorized take allowed under a Letter of
Authorization (LOA).
(a) An LOA allows for the nonlethal, non-injurious, incidental, but not intentional take by Level B harassment, as
defined in §18.3 and under section 3 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 1371 et seq.), of Pacific
walruses and/or polar bears while conducting oil and gas industry exploration, development, production, and/or
other substantially similar activities within the Beaufort Sea ITR region described in §18.122.
(b) Each LOA will identify terms and conditions for each activity and location.
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§18.127 Prohibited take under a Letter of
Authorization (LOA).
Except as otherwise provided in this subpart, prohibited taking is described in §18.11 as well as:
(a) Intentional take, Level A harassment, as defined in section 3 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (16 U.S.C.
1371 et seq.), and lethal incidental take of polar bears or Pacific walruses; and
(b) Any take that fails to comply with this subpart or with the terms and conditions of an LOA.
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§18.128 Mitigation, monitoring, and reporting
requirements.
(a) Mitigation measures for all Letters of Authorization (LOAs). Holders of an LOA must implement policies and
procedures to conduct activities in a manner that minimizes to the greatest extent practicable adverse impacts on
Pacific walruses and/or polar bears, their habitat, and the availability of these marine mammals for subsistence
uses. Adaptive management practices, such as temporal or spatial activity restrictions in response to the presence
of marine mammals in a particular place or time or the occurrence of Pacific walruses and/or polar bears engaged
in a biologically significant activity (e.g., resting, feeding, denning, or nursing, among others) must be used to avoid
interactions with and minimize impacts to these animals and their availability for subsistence uses.
(1) All holders of an LOA must:
(i) Cooperate with the Service's Marine Mammals Management Office and other designated Federal, State, and
local agencies to monitor and mitigate the impacts of oil and gas industry activities on Pacific walruses and polar
bears.
(ii) Designate trained and qualified personnel to monitor for the presence of Pacific walruses and polar bears,
initiate mitigation measures, and monitor, record, and report the effects of oil and gas industry activities on Pacific
walruses and/or polar bears.
(iii) Have an approved Pacific walrus and polar bear safety, awareness, and interaction plan on file with the
Service's Marine Mammals Management Office and onsite, and provide polar bear awareness training to certain
personnel. Interaction plans must include:
(A) The type of activity and where and when the activity will occur (i.e., a summary of the plan of operation);
(B) A food, waste, and other “bear attractants” management plan;
(C) Personnel training policies, procedures, and materials;
(D) Site-specific walrus and polar bear interaction risk evaluation and mitigation measures;
(E) Walrus and polar bear avoidance and encounter procedures; and
(F) Walrus and polar bear observation and reporting procedures.
(2) All applicants for an LOA must contact affected subsistence communities and hunter organizations to discuss
potential conflicts caused by the activities and provide the Service documentation of communications as described
in §18.124.

(b) Mitigation measures for onshore activities. Holders of an LOA must undertake the following activities to limit
disturbance around known polar bear dens:
(1) Attempt to locate polar bear dens. Holders of an LOA seeking to carry out onshore activities in known or
suspected polar bear denning habitat during the denning season (November-April) must make efforts to locate
occupied polar bear dens within and near areas of operation, utilizing appropriate tools, such as forward-looking
infrared (FLIR) imagery and/or polar bear scent-trained dogs. All observed or suspected polar bear dens must be
reported to the Service prior to the initiation of activities.
(2) Observe the exclusion zone around known polar bear dens. Operators must observe a 1.6-km (1-mi)
operational exclusion zone around all known polar bear dens during the denning season (November-April, or until
the female and cubs leave the areas). Should previously unknown occupied dens be discovered within 1 mi of
activities, work must cease and the Service contacted for guidance. The Service will evaluate these instances on a
case-by-case basis to determine the appropriate action. Potential actions may range from cessation or
modification of work to conducting additional monitoring, and the holder of the authorization must comply with any
additional measures specified.
(3) Use the den habitat map developed by the USGS. A map of potential coastal polar bear denning habitat can be
found at: http://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/polar__bears/denning.html. This measure ensures that the
location of potential polar bear dens is considered when conducting activities in the coastal areas of the Beaufort
Sea.
(4) Polar bear den restrictions. Restrict the timing of the activity to limit disturbance around dens.
(c) Mitigation measures for operational and support vessels. (1) Operational and support vessels must be staffed
with dedicated marine mammal observers to alert crew of the presence of walruses and polar bears and initiate
adaptive mitigation responses.
(2) At all times, vessels must maintain the maximum distance possible from concentrations of walruses or polar
bears. Under no circumstances, other than an emergency, should any vessel approach within an 805-m (0.5-mi)
radius of walruses or polar bears observed on land or ice.
(3) Vessel operators must take every precaution to avoid harassment of concentrations of feeding walruses when
a vessel is operating near these animals. Vessels should reduce speed and maintain a minimum 805-m (0.5-mi)
operational exclusion zone around feeding walrus groups. Vessels may not be operated in such a way as to
separate members of a group of walruses from other members of the group. When weather conditions require,
such as when visibility drops, vessels should adjust speed accordingly to avoid the likelihood of injury to walruses.
(4) Vessels bound for the Beaufort Sea ITR Region may not transit through the Chukchi Sea prior to July 1. This
operating condition is intended to allow walruses the opportunity to move through the Bering Strait and disperse
from the confines of the spring lead system into the Chukchi Sea with minimal disturbance. It is also intended to
minimize vessel impacts upon the availability of walruses for Alaska Native subsistence hunters. Exemption
waivers to this operating condition may be issued by the Service on a case-by-case basis, based upon a review of
seasonal ice conditions and available information on walrus and polar bear distributions in the area of interest.
(5) All vessels must avoid areas of active or anticipated walrus or polar bear subsistence hunting activity as
determined through community consultations.
(6) In association with marine activities, we may require trained marine mammal monitors on the site of the activity
or on board drill ships, drill rigs, aircraft, icebreakers, or other support vessels or vehicles to monitor the impacts of
Industry's activity on polar bear and Pacific walruses.
(d) Mitigation measures for aircraft. (1) Operators of support aircraft should, at all times, conduct their activities at
the maximum distance possible from concentrations of walruses or polar bears.
(2) Under no circumstances, other than an emergency, should aircraft operate at an altitude lower than 457 m
(1,500 ft) within 805 m (0.5 mi) of walruses or polar bears observed on ice or land. Helicopters may not hover or
circle above such areas or within 805 m (0.5 mile) of such areas. When weather conditions do not allow a 457-m
(1,500-ft) flying altitude, such as during severe storms or when cloud cover is low, aircraft may be operated below
this altitude. However, when weather conditions necessitate operation of aircraft at altitudes below 457 m (1,500
ft), the operator must avoid areas of known walrus and polar bear concentrations and should take precautions to
avoid flying directly over or within 805 m (0.5 mile) of these areas.
(3) Plan all aircraft routes to minimize any potential conflict with active or anticipated walrus or polar bear hunting
activity as determined through community consultations.

(e) Mitigation measures for sound-producing offshore activities. Any offshore activity expected to produce pulsed
underwater sounds with received sound levels ≥160 dB re 1 µPa will be required to establish and monitor
acoustically verified mitigation zones surrounding the sound source and implement adaptive mitigation measures
as follows:
(1) Mitigation zones. (i) A walrus monitoring zone is required where the received pulsed sound level would be ≥160
dB re 1 µPa. Walruses in this zone are assumed to experience Level B take.
(ii) A walrus mitigation zone is required where the received pulsed sound level would be ≥180 dB re 1 µPa.
(iii) A walrus or polar bear mitigation zone is required where the received pulsed sound level would be ≥190 dB re
1 µPa.
(2) Adaptive mitigation measures.
(i) Ramp-up procedures. For all sound sources, including sound source testing, the following sound ramp-up
procedures must be used to allow walruses and polar bears to depart the mitigation zones:
(A) Visually monitor the ≥180 dB re 1 µPa and ≥190 dB re 1 µPa mitigation zones and adjacent waters for
walruses and polar bears for at least 30 minutes before initiating ramp-up procedures. If no walruses or polar
bears are detected, ramp-up procedures may begin. Do not initiate ramp-up procedures when mitigation zones are
not observable (e.g., at night, in fog, during storms or high sea states, etc.).
(B) Initiate ramp-up procedures by activating a single, or least powerful, sound source, in terms of energy output
and/or volume capacity.
(C) Continue ramp-up by gradually increasing sound output over a period of at least 20 minutes, but no longer
than 40 minutes, until the desired operating level of the sound source is obtained.
(ii) Power down. Immediately power down a sound source when:
(A) One or more walruses is observed or detected within the area delineated by the pulsed sound ≥180 dB re 1
µPa walrus mitigation zone; and
(B) One or more walruses or polar bears are observed or detected within the area delineated by the pulsed sound
≥190 dB re 1 µPa walrus or polar bear mitigation zone.
(iii) Shut down. (A) If the power down operation cannot reduce the received pulsed sound level to <180 dB re 1
µPa (walrus) or <190 dB re 1 µPa (walrus or polar bear), the operator must immediately shut down the sound
source.
(B) If observations are made or credible reports are received that one or more walruses or polar bears within the
area of the sound source activity are believed to be in an injured or mortal state, or are indicating acute distress
due to received sound, the sound source must be immediately shut down and the Service contacted. The sound
source will not be restarted until review and approval has been given by the Service. The ramp-up procedures
must be followed when restarting.
(f) Mitigation measures for the subsistence use of walruses and polar bears. Holders of Letters of Authorization
must conduct their activities in a manner that, to the greatest extent practicable, minimizes adverse impacts on the
availability of Pacific walruses and polar bears for subsistence uses.
(1) Community consultation. Prior to receipt of an LOA, applicants must consult with potentially affected
communities and appropriate subsistence user organizations to discuss potential conflicts with subsistence walrus
and polar bear hunting caused by the location, timing, and methods of operations and support activities (see
§18.124 for details). If community concerns suggest that the activities may have an adverse impact on the
subsistence uses of these species, the applicant must address conflict avoidance issues through a POC as
described in paragraph (f)(2) of this section.
(2) Plan of Cooperation (POC). When appropriate, a holder of an LOA will be required to develop and implement a
Service-approved POC. The POC must include:
(i) A description of the procedures by which the holder of the LOA will work and consult with potentially affected
subsistence hunters; and
(ii) A description of specific measures that have been or will be taken to avoid or minimize interference with
subsistence hunting of walruses and polar bears and to ensure continued availability of the species for
subsistence use.

(iii) The Service will review the POC to ensure that any potential adverse effects on the availability of the animals
are minimized. The Service will reject POCs if they do not provide adequate safeguards to ensure the least
practicable adverse impact on the availability of walruses and polar bears for subsistence use.
(g) Monitoring requirements. Holders of an LOA will be required to:
(1) Develop and implement a site-specific, Service-approved marine mammal monitoring and mitigation plan to
monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures and the effects of activities on walruses, polar
bears, and the subsistence use of these species.
(2) Provide trained, qualified, and Service-approved onsite observers to carry out monitoring and mitigation
activities identified in the marine mammal monitoring and mitigation plan.
(3) For offshore activities, provide trained, qualified, and Service-approved observers on board all operational and
support vessels to carry out monitoring and mitigation activities identified in the marine mammal monitoring and
mitigation plan. Offshore observers may be required to complete a marine mammal observer training course
approved by the Service.
(4) Cooperate with the Service and other designated Federal, State, and local agencies to monitor the impacts of
oil and gas activities on walruses and polar bears. Where information is insufficient to evaluate the potential effects
of activities on walruses, polar bears, and the subsistence use of these species, holders of an LOA may be
required to participate in joint monitoring and/or research efforts to address these information needs and ensure
the least practicable impact to these resources.
(h) Reporting requirements. Holders of an LOA must report the results of monitoring and mitigation activities to the
Service's Marine Mammals Management Office via email at: [email protected].
(1) In-season monitoring reports—(i) Activity progress reports. Holders of an LOA must:
(A) Notify the Service at least 48 hours prior to the onset of activities;
(B) Provide the Service weekly progress reports of any significant changes in activities and/or locations; and
(C) Notify the Service within 48 hours after ending of activities.
(ii) Walrus observation reports. Holders of an LOA must report, on a weekly basis, all observations of walruses
during any Industry activity. Upon request, monitoring report data must be provided in a common electronic format
(to be specified by the Service). Information in the observation report must include, but is not limited to:
(A) Date, time, and location of each walrus sighting;
(B) Number of walruses;
(C) Sex and age (if known);
(D) Observer name and contact information;
(E) Weather, visibility, sea state, and sea-ice conditions at the time of observation;
(F) Estimated range at closest approach;
(G) Industry activity at time of sighting;
(H) Behavior of animals sighted;
(I) Description of the encounter;
(J) Duration of the encounter; and
(K) Mitigation actions taken.
(iii) Polar bear observation reports. Holders of an LOA must report, within 48 hours, all observations of polar bears
and potential polar bear dens, during any Industry activity. Upon request, monitoring report data must be provided
in a common electronic format (to be specified by the Service). Information in the observation report must include,
but is not limited to:
(A) Date, time, and location of observation;
(B) Number of bears;
(C) Sex and age (if known);

(D) Observer name and contact information;
(E) Weather, visibility, sea state, and sea-ice conditions at the time of observation;
(F) Estimated closest distance of bears from personnel and facilities;
(G) Industry activity at time of sighting;
(H) Possible attractants present;
(I) Bear behavior;
(J) Description of the encounter;
(K) Duration of the encounter; and
(L) Mitigation actions taken.
(2) Notification of LOA incident report. Holders of an LOA must report, as soon as possible, but within 48 hours, all
LOA incidents during any Industry activity. An LOA incident is any situation when specified activities exceed the
authority of an LOA, when a mitigation measure was required but not enacted, or when injury or death of a walrus
or polar bear occurs. Reports must include:
(i) All information specified for an observation report;
(ii) A complete detailed description of the incident; and
(iii) Any other actions taken.
(3) Final report. The results of monitoring and mitigation efforts identified in the marine mammal monitoring and
mitigation plan must be submitted to the Service for review within 90 days of the expiration of an LOA, or for
production LOAs, an annual report by January 15th of each calendar year. Upon request, final report data must be
provided in a common electronic format (to be specified by the Service). Information in the final (or annual) report
must include, but is not limited to:
(i) Copies of all observation reports submitted under the LOA;
(ii) A summary of the observation reports;
(iii) A summary of monitoring and mitigation efforts including areas, total hours, total distances, and distribution;
(iv) Analysis of factors affecting the visibility and detectability of walruses and polar bears during monitoring;
(v) Analysis of the effectiveness of mitigation measures;
(vi) Analysis of the distribution, abundance, and behavior of walruses and/or polar bears observed; and
(vii) Estimates of take in relation to the specified activities.
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§18.129 Information collection requirements.
(a) We may not conduct or sponsor and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it
displays a currently valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number. OMB has approved the
collection of information contained in this subpart and assigned OMB control number 1018-0070. You must
respond to this information collection request to obtain a benefit pursuant to section 101(a)(5) of the Marine
Mammal Protection Act. We will use the information to:
(1) Evaluate the application and determine whether or not to issue specific Letters of Authorization; and
(2) Monitor impacts of activities and effectiveness of mitigation measures conducted under the Letters of
Authorization.

(b) Comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of this requirement must be submitted to the
Information Collection Clearance Officer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, at the address listed in 50 CFR 2.1.
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Subpart K—Nonlethal Taking of Marine Mammals
Incidental to Oil and Gas Activities in Cook Inlet,
Alaska
Effective Date Note: At 84 FR 37745, Aug. 1, 2019, Subpart K was added, effective Aug. 1, 2019 through Aug. 1,
2024.
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§18.130 Specified activities covered by this
subpart.
Regulations in this subpart apply to the nonlethal incidental, but not intentional, take, as defined in 50 CFR 18.3
and under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 1362), of small numbers of northern sea otters (Enhydra
lutris kenyoni; hereafter “otter,” “otters,” or “sea otters”) by Hilcorp Alaska, LLC, Harvest Alaska, LLC, and the
Alaska Gasline Development Corporation while engaged in activities associated with or in support of oil and gas
exploration, development, production, and transportation in Cook Inlet, Alaska.
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§18.131 Specified geographic region where this
subpart applies.
(a) The specified geographic region is Cook Inlet, Alaska, south of a line from the Susitna River Delta to Point
Possession (approximately 61°15′54″ N, 150°41′07″ W, to 61°02′19″ N, 150°23′48″ W, WGS 1984) and north of a
line from Rocky Cove to Coal Cove (approximately 59°25′56″ N, 153°44′25″ W and 59°23′48″ N, 151°54′28″ W,
WGS 1984), excluding Ursus Cove, Iniskin Bay, Iliamna Bay, and Tuxedni Bay.
(b) The geographic area of this incidental take regulation (ITR) includes all Alaska State waters and Outer
Continental Shelf Federal waters within this area as well as all adjacent rivers, estuaries, and coastal lands where
sea otters may occur, except for those areas explicitly excluded in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) Map of the Cook Inlet ITR region follows:
eCFR graphic er01au19.000.gif
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§18.132 Dates this subpart is in effect.
Regulations in this subpart are effective from August 1, 2019, to August 1, 2024.
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§18.133 Authorized take allowed under a Letter of
Authorization (LOA).
(a) To incidentally take marine mammals pursuant to the regulations in this subpart,, Hilcorp Alaska, LLC, Harvest
Alaska, LLC, or the Alaska Gasline Development Corporation (hereafter “the applicant”) must apply for and obtain
an LOA in accordance with §§18.27(f) and 18.134. The applicant is a U.S. citizen as defined in §18.27(c).
(b) An LOA allows for the nonlethal, incidental, but not intentional take by harassment of sea otters during activities
specified in §18.130 within the Cook Inlet ITR region described in §18.131.
(c) Each LOA will set forth:
(1) Permissible methods of incidental take;
(2) Means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact (i.e., mitigation) on the species, its habitat, and the
availability of the species for subsistence uses; and
(3) Requirements for monitoring and reporting.
(d) Issuance of the LOA(s) must be based on a determination that the level of take will be consistent with the
findings made for the total allowable take under these regulations in this subpart.
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§18.134 Procedure to obtain a Letter of
Authorization (LOA).
(a) The applicant must submit the request for authorization to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) Alaska
Region Marine Mammals Management Office (MMM), MS 341, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska, 99503,
at least 90 days prior to the start of the proposed activity.
(b) The request for an LOA must comply with the requirements set forth in §§18.137 through 18.139 and must
include the following information:
(1) A plan of operations that describes in detail the proposed activity (type of project, methods, and types and
numbers of equipment and personnel, etc.), the dates and duration of the activity, and the specific locations of and
areas affected by the activity. Changes to the proposed project without prior authorization may invalidate an LOA.
(2) A site-specific marine mammal monitoring and mitigation plan to monitor and mitigate the effects of the activity
on sea otters.
(3) An assessment of potential effects of the proposed activity on subsistence hunting of sea otters.

(i) The applicant must communicate with potentially affected subsistence communities along the Cook Inlet coast
and appropriate subsistence user organizations to discuss the location, timing, and methods of proposed activities
and identify any potential conflicts with subsistence hunting activities.
(ii) The applicant must specifically inquire of relevant communities and organizations if the proposed activity will
interfere with the availability of sea otters for the subsistence use of those groups.
(iii) The applicant must include documentation of consultations with potentially affected user groups.
Documentation must include a list of persons contacted, a summary of input received, any concerns identified by
community members and hunter organizations, and the applicant's responses to identified concerns.
(iv) If any concerns regarding effects of the activity on sea otter subsistence harvest are identified, the applicant
will provide to the Service a Plan of Cooperation (POC) with specific steps for addressing those concerns,
including a schedule for ongoing community engagement and suggested measures that will be implemented to
mitigate any potential conflicts with subsistence hunting.
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§18.135 How the Service will evaluate a request
for a Letter of Authorization (LOA).
(a) The Service will evaluate each request for an LOA to determine if the proposed activity is consistent with the
analysis and findings made for these regulations. Depending on the results of the evaluation, we may grant the
authorization, add further conditions, or deny the authorization.
(b) Once issued, the Service may withdraw or suspend an LOA if the project activity is modified in a way that
undermines the results of the previous evaluation, if the conditions of the regulations in this subpart are not being
substantially complied with, or if the taking allowed is or may be having more than a negligible impact on the
affected stock of sea otters or an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of sea otters for subsistence uses.
(c) The Service will make decisions concerning withdrawals of an LOA, either on an individual or class basis, only
after notice and opportunity for public comment in accordance with §18.27(f)(5). The requirement for notice and
public comment will not apply should we determine that an emergency exists that poses a significant risk to the
well-being of the species or stocks of sea otters.
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§18.136 Prohibited take under a Letter of
Authorization (LOA).
(a) Except as otherwise provided in this subpart, prohibited taking is described in §18.11 as well as: Intentional
take, lethal incidental take of sea otters, and any take that fails to comply with this subpart or with the terms and
conditions of an LOA.
(b) If project activities cause unauthorized take, the applicant must take the following actions:
(1) Cease activities immediately (or reduce activities to the minimum level necessary to maintain safety) and report
the details of the incident to the Service MMM within 48 hours; and
(2) Suspend further activities until the Service has reviewed the circumstances, determined whether additional
mitigation measures are necessary to avoid further unauthorized taking, and notified the applicant that it may
resume project activities.

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§18.137 Mitigation.
(a) Mitigation measures for all LOAs. The applicant, including all personnel operating under the applicant's
authority (or “operators,” including contractors, subcontractors, and representatives) must undertake the following
activities to avoid and minimize take of sea otters by harassment.
(1) Implement policies and procedures to avoid interactions with and minimize to the greatest extent practicable
adverse impacts on sea otters, their habitat, and the availability of these marine mammals for subsistence uses.
(2) Develop avoidance and minimization policies and procedures, in cooperation with the Service, that include
temporal or spatial activity restrictions to be used in response to the presence of sea otters engaged in a
biologically significant activity (e.g., resting, feeding, hauling out, mating, or nursing).
(3) Cooperate with the Service's MMM Office and other designated Federal, State, and local agencies to monitor
and mitigate the impacts of oil and gas industry activities on sea otters.
(4) Allow Service personnel or the Service's designated representative to board project vessels or visit project
work sites for the purpose of monitoring impacts to sea otters and subsistence uses of sea otters at any time
throughout project activities so long as it is safe to do so.
(5) Designate trained and qualified protected species observers (PSOs) to monitor for the presence of sea otters,
initiate mitigation measures, and monitor, record, and report the effects of the activities on sea otters. The
applicant is responsible for providing training to PSOs to carry out mitigation and monitoring.
(6) Have an approved mitigation and monitoring plan on file with the Service MMM and onsite that includes the
following information:
(i) The type of activity and where and when the activity will occur (i.e., a summary of the plan of operation);
(ii) Personnel training policies, procedures, and materials;
(iii) Site-specific sea otter interaction risk evaluation and mitigation measures;
(iv) Sea otter avoidance and encounter procedures; and
(v) Sea otter observation and reporting procedures.
(7) Contact affected subsistence communities and hunter organizations to identify any potential conflicts that may
be caused by the proposed activities and provide the Service documentation of communications as described in
§18.134.
(b) Mitigation measures for in-water noise-generating work. The applicant must carry out the following measures:
(1) Mitigation zones. Establish mitigation zones for project activities that generate underwater sound levels ≥160
decibels (dB) between 125 hertz (Hz) and 38 kilohertz (kHz) (hereafter “noise-generating work”).
(i) All dB levels are referenced to 1 µPa for underwater sound. All dB levels herein are dBRMS unless otherwise
noted; dBRMS refers to the root-mean-squared dB level, the square root of the average of the squared sound
pressure level, typically measured over 1 second.
(ii) Mitigation zones must include all in-water areas where work-related sound received by sea otters will match the
levels and frequencies in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. Mitigation zones will be designated as follows:
(A) An Exclusion Zone (EZ) will be established throughout all areas where sea otters may be exposed to sound
levels capable of causing Level A take as shown in the table in paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section.
(B) The Safety Zone (SZ) is an area larger than the EZ and will include all areas within which sea otters may be
exposed to noise levels that will likely result in Level B take as shown in the table in paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this
section.

(C) Both the EZ and SZ will be centered on the sound source. The method of estimation and minimum radius of
each zone will be specified in any LOA issued under §18.135 and will be based on onsite sound source verification
(SSV), if available, or the best available science.
(D) Onsite SSV testing will be conducted prior to two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) seismic
surveys.
(E) Seismic surveys (2D and 3D) must be conducted using equipment that generates the lowest practicable levels
of underwater sound within the range of frequencies audible to sea otters.
(iii) Summary of acoustic exposure thresholds for take of sea otters from underwater sound in the frequency range
125 Hz-38 kHz:
Table 1 to §18.137(b)(1)(iii)

Marine
mammals
Sea otters
1Based

Injury (Level A) threshold1
Impulsive
232 dB peak; 203 dB
SELCUM

Disturbance (Level B)
threshold
Non-impulsive All
219 dB
160 dBRMS.
SELCUM

on acoustic criteria for otariid pinnipeds from the National Marine Fisheries Service. Sound source types
are separated into impulsive (e.g., seismic, pipe driving, sub-bottom profiler) and non-impulsive (drilling, water jet)
and require estimation of the distance to the peak received sound pressure level (peak) and 24-hr cumulative
sound exposure level (SELCUM).
(2) Monitoring. Designate trained and qualified PSOs or “observers” to monitor for the presence of sea otters in
mitigation zones, initiate mitigation measures, and record and report the effects of project work on otters for all
noise-generating work.
(3) Mitigation measures for sea otters in mitigation zones. The following actions will be taken in response to otters
in mitigation zones:
(i) Sea otters that are under no visible distress within the SZ must be monitored continuously. Power down, shut
down, or maneuver away from the sea otter if practicable to reduce sound received by the animal. Maintain 100-m
(301-ft) separation distance whenever possible. Exposures in this zone are counted as one Level B take per
animal per day.
(ii) When sea otters are observed within or approaching the EZ, noise-generating work as defined in paragraph (b)
(1) of this section must be immediately shut down or powered down to reduce the size of the zone sufficiently to
exclude the animal from the zone. Vessel speed or course may be altered to achieve the same task. Exposures in
this zone are counted as one Level A take per animal per day.
(iii) When sea otters are observed in visible distress (for example, vocalizing, repeatedly spy-hopping, or fleeing),
noise-generating work as defined in paragraph (b)(1) of this section must be immediately shut down or powered
down to reduce the size of the zone sufficiently to exclude the animal from the zone.
(iv) Following a shutdown, the noise-generating activity will not resume until the sea otter has cleared the EZ. The
animal will be considered to have cleared the EZ if it is visually observed to have left the EZ or has not been seen
within the EZ for 30 minutes or longer.
(4) Ramp-up procedures. Prior to noise-generating work, a “ramp-up” procedure must be used to increase the
levels of underwater sound from noise-generating work at a gradual rate.
(i) Seismic surveys: A ramp-up will be used at the initial start of airgun operations and prior to restarting after any
period greater than 10 minutes without airgun operations, including a power-down or shutdown event (described in
paragraphs (b)(6) and (7) of this section). During geophysical work, the number and total volume of airguns will be
increased incrementally until the full volume is achieved. The rate of ramp-up will be no more than 6 dB per 5minute period. Ramp-up will begin with the smallest gun in the array that is being used for all airgun array
configurations. During the ramp-up, the applicable mitigation zones (based on type of airgun and sound levels
produced) must be maintained. It will not be permissible to ramp up the full array from a complete shutdown in
thick fog or at other times when the outer part of the EZ is not visible. Ramp-up of the airguns will not be initiated if
a sea otter is sighted within the EZ at any time.

(ii) Pile/pipe driving: A ramp-up of the hammering will precede each day's pipe/pile driving activities or if pipe/pile
driving has ceased for more than 1 hour. The EZ will be determined clear of sea otters 30 minutes prior to a rampup to ensure no sea otters are within or entering the EZ. Initial hammering starts will not begin during periods of
poor visibility (e.g., night, fog, wind) when the entire EZ is not visible. The ramp-up procedure for impact hammers
involves initially starting with three soft strikes at 40 percent energy, followed by a 1-minute waiting period followed
by two subsequent three-strike sets. For vibratory hammers, initial noise generation will be limited to 15 seconds at
a reduced energy level, followed by a 1-minute waiting period. This cycle will be repeated two additional times.
Monitoring will occur during all hammering sessions.
(iii) All activities: Any shutdown due to sea otters sighted within the EZ must be followed by a 30-minute all-clear
period and then a standard full ramp-up. Any shutdown for other reasons resulting in the cessation of the sound
source for a period greater than 30 minutes must also be followed by full ramp-up procedures. If otters are
observed during a ramp-up effort or prior to startup, a PSO must record the observation and monitor the animal's
position until it moves out of visual range. Noise-generating work may commence if, after a full and gradual effort
to ramp up the underwater sound level, the otter is outside of the EZ and does not show signs of visible distress
(for example, vocalizing, repeatedly spy-hopping, or fleeing).
(5) Startup procedures. (i) Visual monitoring must begin at least 30 minutes prior to, and continue throughout,
ramp-up efforts.
(ii) Visual monitoring must continue during all noise-generating work occurring in daylight hours.
(6) Power-down procedures. A power-down procedure involves reducing the volume of underwater sound
generated to prevent an otter from entering the EZ.
(i) Whenever a sea otter is detected outside the EZ and, based on its position and motion relative to the noisegenerating work, appears likely to enter the EZ but has not yet done so, operators may reduce power to noisegenerating equipment as an alternative to a shutdown.
(ii) Whenever a sea otter is detected in the SZ, an operator may power down when practicable to reduce Level B
take.
(iii) During a power-down of seismic work, the number of airguns in use may be reduced, such that the EZ is
reduced, making the sea otters unlikely to enter the EZ. A mitigation airgun (airgun of small volume such as the
10-in3 gun) will be operated continuously during a power-down of seismic work.
(iv) After a power-down, noise-generating work will not resume until the sea otter has cleared the applicable EZ.
The animal will be considered to have cleared the applicable zone if it is visually observed to have left the EZ and
has not been seen within the zone for 30 minutes.
(7) Shutdown procedure. A shutdown occurs when all noise-generating work is suspended.
(i) Noise-generating work will be shut down completely if a sea otter enters the EZ.
(ii) The shutdown procedure will be accomplished within several seconds of the determination that a sea otter is
either in or about to enter the EZ or as soon as practicable considering worker safety and equipment integrity.
(iii) Noise-generating work will not proceed until all sea otters have cleared the EZ and the PSOs on duty are
confident that no sea otters remain within the EZ. An otter will be considered to have cleared the EZ if it is visually
observed to have left the EZ or has not been seen within the zone for 30 minutes.
(iv) Visual monitoring must continue for 30 minutes after use of the acoustic source ceases or the sun sets,
whichever is later.
(8) Emergency shutdown. If observations are made or credible reports are received that one or more sea otters
are within the area of noise-generating work and are indicating acute distress associated with the work, such as
any injury due to seismic noise or persistent vocalizations indicating separation of mother from pup, the work will
be immediately shut down and the Service contacted. Work will not be restarted until review and approval by the
Service.
(9) To ensure the proposed activities remain consistent with the estimated take of sea otters, operators may not
conduct 3D seismic surveys where doing so will generate underwater noise levels that are likely to exceed
acoustic exposure thresholds within areas of estimated sea otter densities greater than 0.026 otters per km. Maps
of the areas will be provided to 3D seismic operators and may be adjusted based on SSV results. This does not
apply to 2D seismic surveys.

(c) Mitigation for all in-water construction and demolition activity. (1) The applicant must implement a minimum EZ
of a 10-m radius around the in-water construction and demolition. If a sea otter comes within or approaches the
EZ, such operations must cease. A larger EZ may be required for some activities, such as blasting, and will be
specified in the LOA.
(2) All work in intertidal areas shall be conducted during low tide when the site is dewatered to the maximum
extent practicable.
(3) The applicant must evaluate alternatives to pile-supported facilities. If no practicable alternative exists, the
applicant must then evaluate the use of sound-attenuation devices such as pile caps and cushions, bubble
curtains, and dewatered cofferdams during construction. The Service may require sound-attenuation devices or
alternatives to pile-supported designs.
(d) Measures for vessel-based activities. (1) Vessel operators must take every precaution to avoid harassment of
sea otters when a vessel is operating near these animals.
(2) Vessels must remain at least 500 m from rafts of otters unless safety is a factor.
(3) Vessels must reduce speed and maintain a distance of 100 m (328 ft) from all sea otters unless safety is a
factor.
(4) Vessels must not be operated in such a way as to separate members of a group of sea otters from other
members of the group.
(5) When weather conditions require, such as when visibility drops, vessels must adjust speed accordingly to avoid
the likelihood of injury to sea otters.
(6) Vessels in transit and support vessels must use established navigation channels or commonly recognized
vessel traffic corridors, and must avoid alongshore travel in shallow water (<20 m) whenever practicable.
(7) All vessels must avoid areas of active or anticipated subsistence hunting for sea otters as determined through
community consultations.
(8) Vessel operators must be provided written guidance for avoiding collisions and minimizing disturbances to sea
otters. Guidance will include measures identified in paragraphs (d)(1) through (7) of this section.
(e) Mitigation measures for aircraft activities. (1) Aircraft must maintain a minimum altitude of 305 m (1,000 ft) to
avoid unnecessary harassment of sea otters, except during takeoff and landing, and when a lower flight altitude is
necessary for safety due to weather or restricted visibility.
(2) Aircraft must not be operated in such a way as to separate members of a group of sea otters from other
members of the group.
(3) All aircraft must avoid areas of active or anticipated subsistence hunting for sea otters as determined through
community consultations.
(4) Unmanned aerial systems or drones must not cause take by harassment of sea otters. Measures for avoidance
of take may be required in an LOA, and may include maintaining a minimum altitude and horizontal distance no
less than 100 m away from otters, conducting continuous visual monitoring by PSOs, and ceasing activities in
response to sea otter behaviors indicating any reaction to drones.
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§18.138 Monitoring.
(a) Operators shall work with PSOs to apply mitigation measures, and shall recognize the authority of PSOs, up to
and including stopping work, except where doing so poses a significant safety risk to personnel.
(b) Duties of PSOs include watching for and identifying sea otters, recording observation details, documenting
presence in any applicable monitoring zone, identifying and documenting potential harassment, and working with
operators to implement all appropriate mitigation measures.

(c) A sufficient number of PSOs will be available to meet the following criteria: 100 percent monitoring of EZs
during all daytime periods of underwater noise-generating work; a maximum of 4 consecutive hours on watch per
PSO; a maximum of approximately 12 hours on watch per day per PSO.
(d) All PSOs will complete a training course designed to familiarize individuals with monitoring and data collection
procedures. A field crew leader with prior experience as a sea otter observer will supervise the PSO team. Initially,
new or inexperienced PSOs will be paired with experienced PSOs so that the quality of marine mammal
observations and data recording is kept consistent. Resumes for candidate PSOs will be made available for the
Service to review.
(e) Observers will be provided with reticule binoculars (10x42), big-eye binoculars or spotting scopes (30x),
inclinometers, and range finders. Field guides, instructional handbooks, maps and a contact list will also be made
available.
(f) Observers will collect data using the following procedures:
(1) All data will be recorded onto a field form or database.
(2) Global positioning system data, sea state, wind force, and weather will be collected at the beginning and end of
a monitoring period, every hour in between, at the change of an observer, and upon sightings of sea otters.
(3) Observation records of sea otters will include date; time; the observer's locations, heading, and speed (if
moving); weather; visibility; number of animals; group size and composition (adults/juveniles); and the location of
the animals (or distance and direction from the observer).
(4) Observation records will also include initial behaviors of the sea otters, descriptions of project activities and
underwater sound levels being generated, the position of sea otters relative to applicable monitoring and mitigation
zones, any mitigation measures applied, and any apparent reactions to the project activities before and after
mitigation.
(5) For all otters in or near a mitigation zone, observers will record the distance from the vessel to the sea otter
upon initial observation, the duration of the encounter, and the distance at last observation in order to monitor
cumulative sound exposures.
(6) Observers will note any instances of animals lingering close to or traveling with vessels for prolonged periods
of time.
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§18.139 Reporting requirements.
(a) Operators must notify the Service at least 48 hours prior to commencement of activities.
(b) Weekly reports will be submitted to the Service during in-water seismic activities. The reports will summarize
project activities, monitoring efforts conducted by PSOs, the number of sea otters detected, the number exposed
to sound levels greater than 160 dB, SSV results, and descriptions of all behavioral reactions of sea otters to
project activities.
(c) Monthly reports will be submitted to the Service MMM for all months during which noise-generating work takes
place. The monthly report will contain and summarize the following information: Dates, times, weather, and sea
conditions (including Cook Inlet marine state and wind force) when sea otters were sighted; the number, location,
distance from the sound source, and behavior of the otters; the associated project activities; and a description of
the implementation and effectiveness of mitigation measures with a discussion of any specific behaviors the otters
exhibited in response to mitigation.
(d) A final report will be submitted to the Service within 90 days after the expiration of each LOA. It will include the
following items:
(1) Summary of monitoring efforts (hours of monitoring, activities monitored, number of PSOs, and, if requested by
the Service, the daily monitoring logs).

(2) All project activities will be described, along with any additional work yet to be done. Factors influencing
visibility and detectability of marine mammals (e.g., sea state, number of observers, and fog and glare) will be
discussed.
(3) The report will also address factors affecting the presence and distribution of sea otters (e.g., weather, sea
state, and project activities). An estimate will be included of the number of sea otters exposed to noise at received
levels greater than or equal to 160 dB (based on visual observation).
(4) The report will describe changes in sea otter behavior resulting from project activities and any specific
behaviors of interest.
(5) It will provide a discussion of the mitigation measures implemented during project activities and their observed
effectiveness for minimizing impacts to sea otters. Sea otter observation records will be provided to the Service in
the form of electronic database or spreadsheet files.
(6) The report will also evaluate the effectiveness of the POC (if applicable) for preventing impacts to subsistence
users of sea otters, and it will assess any effects the operations may have had on the availability of sea otters for
subsistence harvest.
(e) All reports shall be submitted by email to [email protected].
(f) Injured, dead, or distressed sea otters that are not associated with project activities (e.g., animals known to be
from outside the project area, previously wounded animals, or carcasses with moderate to advanced
decomposition or scavenger damage) must be reported to the Service within 24 hours of the discovery to either
the Service MMM (1-800-362-5148, business hours); or the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward (1-888-774-7325, 24
hours a day); or both. Photographs, video, location information, or any other available documentation shall be
provided to the Service.
(g) Operators must notify the Service upon project completion or end of the work season.
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§18.140 Measures to reduce impacts to
subsistence users.
(a) Prior to conducting the work, the applicant will take the following steps to reduce potential effects on
subsistence harvest of sea otters:
(1) Avoid work in areas of known sea otter subsistence harvest;
(2) Discuss the planned activities with subsistence stakeholders including Cook Inlet villages, traditional councils,
and the Cook Inlet Regional Citizens Advisory Council;
(3) Identify and work to resolve concerns of stakeholders regarding the project's effects on subsistence hunting of
sea otters; and
(b) If any unresolved or ongoing concerns remain, develop a POC in consultation with the Service and subsistence
stakeholders to address these concerns. The POC must include a schedule for ongoing community engagement
and specific measures for mitigating any potential conflicts with subsistence hunting.
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§18.141 Information collection requirements.

(a) We may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it
displays a currently valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number. OMB has approved the
collection of information contained in this subpart and assigned OMB control number 1018-0070. The applicant
must respond to this information collection request to obtain a benefit pursuant to section 101(a)(5) of the Marine
Mammal Protection Act. We will use the information to:
(1) Evaluate the application and determine whether or not to issue specific LOAs; and
(2) Monitor impacts of activities and effectiveness of mitigation measures conducted under the LOAs.
(b) Comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of this requirement must be submitted to the
Information Collection Clearance Officer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, at the address listed in 50 CFR part 2.1.