Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit
Methodology and Quality Measures
ISSN: 2167-1745

Released August 1, 2012, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA).

Fruit Chemical Use Survey Methodology
Scope and Purpose: The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Fruit Chemical Use Survey (FCUS) collects
entire farm level chemical use data from growers of select fruits in program states. The fruit and vegetable chemical
surveys have been conducted in alternating years since 1990 with data collected on vegetables in even numbered years
and fruits in odd numbered years. The states involved and the commodities surveyed are selected based on NASS acres
planted and evaluated each cycle to ensure maximum coverage. NASS aims to cover at a minimum 80 percent of targeted
fruit crop acres planted in the United States. Farm level data are combined during summary and, pending compliance with
disclosure rules, published at state and national levels. Data are published for 23 targeted fruit crops in 12 States.
Survey Timeline: Data collection may begin on October 1 and continue through mid January of the following year to
ensure completion of the crop year. NASS Field Offices (FOs) along with NASS Headquarters (HQ) spend the next
several months reviewing reported data for reasonableness and conduct producer follow-ups, as necessary. The estimates
were released to the NASS Quick Stats 2.0 system during the first week of August.
Sampling: The target population for the FCUS is all agricultural establishments with more than $1,000 in agricultural
sales (or potential sales). NASS uses a dual frame approach, consisting of list frame and area frame components, to
provide complete coverage of this target population.
NASS maintains a list of farm and ranch operators. NASS is constantly seeking new operations from outside list sources
confirmed to be qualifying farms before being added to the list. A profile, known as control data, of each operation is
maintained which indicates what the farm has historically produced and a general indication of size. This information
allows NASS to define sampling populations that are specific to each survey and employ advanced and more efficient
sample designs.
The FCUS list sample is selected based on a calculated Farm Value of Sales (FVS). All farms on the list frame with an
estimated FVS of $1,000 or more are eligible. The value of sales control data need not be exact as it is used to stratify
similar list operations into homogeneous groups.
Sampling Frames and Methods: The sample for the FCUS is selected from the NASS List Sampling Frame. The
population of interest is fruit growers having positive list frame acreage for one or more of the target fruit crops. The
sample will use the Multivariate Probability Proportional to Size (MPPS) design, in which each reporting unit’s
probability of selection depends on its total acres of the target crops. The reporting unit is one farm associated with the
selected operator. Sampled units that were known to have multiple farms had one farm randomly selected as the reporting
unit.
The 2011 FCUS consists of a single data collection phase. The sample size for the FCUS is 6,573.
Data Collection: All federal data collections require approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). NASS
must document the public need for the data, show the design applies sound statistical practice, ensure the data do not
already exist elsewhere, and show that the public is not excessively burdened. The fruit chemical use questionnaires must
display an active OMB number that gives NASS the authority to conduct the survey, a statement of the survey purpose
and the use of the collected data, a response burden statement that estimates the time required to complete the form, a

confidentiality statement that the respondent’s information will be protected from disclosure, and a statement that
response to the survey is voluntary and not required by law.
Using these questionnaires, chemical data are collected only by personal visit from an enumerator. Letters were mailed
out to producers prior to field contact stating the importance of cooperation and that contact will be made in the coming
weeks. Once contact is made by the field enumerator, an appointment is made to collect data when the farm operator
indicates no further chemical applications are remaining. The field enumerator returns the questionnaires to the NASS FO
for editing. The FO sends their completed questionnaires to the National Processing Center (NPC) for keying and
scanning. Questionnaire responses are captured and edited for consistency using automated systems.
Survey Edit: As survey data are collected and captured, they are edited for consistency and reasonableness using
automated systems. Reported data are typically first edited as a “batch” of data when first captured. The edit logic ensures
administrative coding follows the methodological rules associated with the survey design. Relationships between data
items on the current survey are verified and in certain situations, items are compared to data from earlier surveys to make
sure certain relationships are logical. The edit determines the status of each record to be either “dirty” or “clean”. NASS
FO statisticians will correct the errors on the report or comment to their validity if the data are deemed to be correct. Only
clean records are eligible for analysis tools and summary.
Analysis Tools: Chemical use data are processed through an interactive data analysis tool which displays data for all
reports by product or commodity. This application tool provides various tables, charts, and listing tools that allow the
analyst to compare an individual record to other similar records within their state or at a national level. Outliers and
unusual data relationships are investigated by FO and HQ statisticians to determine validity. Suspect data found to be in
error are corrected.
Nonsampling Errors: Nonsampling errors are present in any survey process. These errors include reporting, recording,
editing, and imputation errors. Steps are taken to minimize the impact of these errors, such as comprehensive interviewer
training, validation and verification of processing systems, detailed computer edits, and the analysis tool. Re-contact with
respondents is conducted on an as needed basis.
Nonresponse Adjustment: Response to the FCUS is voluntary. Some producers refuse to participate in the survey, others
cannot be located during the data collection period, and some submit incomplete reports. These nonrespondents must be
accounted for if accurate estimates of total chemical usage. For this survey, item level nonresponse is accounted for by
imputing data where there are missing values. Imputed rates of application for chemicals are calculated through an
automated imputation system that calculates an unweighted mean for an imputation group based on commodity, state, and
product. When a group lacks sufficient responses, groups are collapsed to preserve as much of the homogeneity as
possible.
Calibration: Calibration is a weighting technique used in survey sampling to adjust the survey weights for sampled
elements so that the weighted sum of a set of benchmark variables equals a pre-determined set of values for the
population. The input to the calibration algorithm is the weights generated from the sampling procedures. Sampling
weights are calculated based on numerous factors so that the sample allocations are representative of the entire population
of farms at the state level for the target fruit crop(s) in that state. Due to survey nonresponse, weights are adjusted through
a calibration algorithm. Calibration adjusts the sampling weights so the expanded data will match planted acreage totals
from the July Noncitrus Fruits and Nuts report and the September Citrus Fruits Summary. This ensures that the chemical
data collected will accurately represent the chemical usage for all target fruit crops for the entire target population.
Estimators: The FCUS utilizes direct expansions and/or ratio indications for all survey indications. Direct expansions are
calculated by applying sampling weights and non-response adjustments to reported data and summing these values.
Outliers: NASS conducts a review of outliers found in the chemical use data by reviewing application rates for all records
for the same product and commodity combinations. The FO and HQ statisticians work together to ensure the data are as
accurate as possible. The FO statisticians review outliers within their states, and the HQ statistician examines outliers
across all states for the published categories. A determination is made as to whether an adjustment to the application data

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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

is required. Most outliers trace back to unique situations that do not exist in the target population as much as the survey
weight would indicate.
Estimation: HQ statisticians execute a summary that generates state level and national level indications. Field office
statisticians are responsible for performing a detailed review of their survey results and providing comments that justify
their survey results. HQ statisticians conduct a final review of survey results from all states. Any irregularities revealed by
the summary must be investigated and, if necessary, resolved. After final review, national level summary results are
adopted as official national estimates except in cases where strong justification supports deviating from survey totals.
For this survey there are two main types of data that NASS estimates - pesticide application and Integrated Pesticide
Management (IPM) data. For the application data, NASS collects information about commercial pesticides applied during
the crop year. Fertilizer data is collected every other survey year. For pesticides, these applications are collected at the
product level, generally per application. These product level data are converted to pounds of active ingredient,
summarized, and published. If there are not a sufficient number of reports, the data are suppressed from publication, along
with any needed complementary suppression.
For the pesticide application data, NASS estimates Area Applied (percent acres treated), Number of Applications, Rate
per Application (pounds of active ingredient per acre), Rate per Crop Year (number of applications multiplied by rate per
application), and Total Amount Applied. In order to publish data for an active ingredient, there must be a minimum
number of reports for the specific active ingredient at the summary level (by crop, by state, or all program states). If there
are not a sufficient number of reports, the data is suppressed from publication, along with any needed complementary
suppression.
The standard deviation for each active ingredient is calculated to determine data distribution for each crop. Chemical
distribution rates are given by active ingredient for the Percent of Acres Treated, Number of Applications, Rate per
Application, and Rate per Crop Year. Rate Distribution tables include the median, the 10th and 90th percentiles, the mean,
and the coefficient of variation (CV) for an active ingredient when a sufficient number of farm operators report applying it
on the specified crop.
The IPM data are generally a series of yes/no questions pertaining to specific pest management practices. IPM data are
collected for the entire operation. From these data, NASS releases the percent of operations using the practice as well as
the percent of acreage. The percent of acreage assumes that, if the operation uses the practice on one acre, it is used on all
acres. This also means that the IPM data are not crop specific; they are distributed across all fruit acres.

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

3

Quality Metrics for Agricultural Chemical Usage
Purpose and Definitions: Under the guidance of the Statistical Policy Office of the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), the United States Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) provides data
users with quality metrics for its published data series. The metrics tables below describe the performance data for the
survey contributing to the publication. The accuracy of data products may be evaluated through sampling and nonsampling error. The measurement of error due to sampling in the current period is evaluated by the coefficient of variation
for each estimated item. Non-sampling error is evaluated by response rates and the percent of the estimate from
respondents.
Sample Size is the number of observations selected from the population that are used to be representative of the entire
population.
Response rates measure the proportion of the sample that is represented by the responding units in the survey.
Coefficient of Variation provides a measure of the size for the standard error relative to the point estimate and is used to
measure the precision of the results of a survey estimator.

Fruit Chemical Distribution, Sample Size, and Response Rates – Program States: 2011
State

Sample size

Response rate

2011

2011

California ...................................................................
Florida ........................................................................
Georgia ......................................................................
Michigan ....................................................................
New Jersey ................................................................
New York ...................................................................
North Carolina ............................................................
Oregon .......................................................................
Pennsylvania .............................................................
South Carolina ...........................................................
Texas .........................................................................
Washington ................................................................

2,287
565
158
622
167
384
256
614
239
75
377
829

52.2
63.4
72.8
70.6
68.3
64.8
72.3
68.4
72.8
68.0
62.1
65.5

Program States ..........................................................

6,573

62.0

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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Apples: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
2,4-D, dimeth. salt .....................................................
Carfentrazone-ethyl ..................................................
Diuron .......................................................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................
Glyphosate pot. salt ..................................................
Oryzalin ....................................................................
Paraquat ...................................................................
Pendimethalin ...........................................................
Rimsulfuron ..............................................................
Simazine ...................................................................
Terbacil .....................................................................

12
25
21
16
27
43
18
16
30
23
50

4
6
3
9
8
19
4
7
11
4
2

8
5
8
5
9
12
7
8
8
6
23

9
7
11
11
8
18
7
12
11
8
23

Insecticides
Abamectin ................................................................
Acetamiprid ...............................................................
Azinphos-methyl .......................................................
Beta-cyfluthrin ...........................................................
Bifenazate ................................................................
Bt kurstaki ABTS-351 ................................................
Carbaryl ....................................................................
Chlorantraniliprole .....................................................
Chlorpyrifos ..............................................................
Clothianidin ...............................................................

10
8
9
19
23
23
8
10
9
17

3
8
5
6
1
15
3
4
2
10

5
4
3
4
3
(NA)
4
2
3
6

5
6
5
7
3
(NA)
5
4
3
12

Cyfluthrin ..................................................................
Diazinon ...................................................................
Emamectin benzoate ................................................
Endosulfan ................................................................
Esfenvalerate ............................................................
Etoxazole ..................................................................
Fenpropathrin ...........................................................
Fenpyroximate ..........................................................
Flubendiamide ..........................................................
Formetanate hydro. ..................................................

17
22
13
62
11
21
15
12
20
11

7
4
6
18
6
2
8
3
6
7

12
9
2
10
6
5
6
4
6
3

13
7
7
18
7
5
10
3
7
8

Imidacloprid ..............................................................
Indoxacarb ................................................................
Kaolin .......................................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin ..................................................
Methomyl ..................................................................
Methoxyfenozide .......................................................
Novaluron .................................................................
Petroleum distillate ...................................................
Phosmet ...................................................................
Pyridaben .................................................................

9
28
31
10
14
14
19
35
8
20

5
13
10
8
20
3
4
17
6
5

3
7
7
4
13
2
6
13
5
5

7
10
7
7
17
4
6
20
8
9

Pyriproxyfen ..............................................................
Spinetoram-J ............................................................
Spinetoram-L ............................................................
Spinsosad .................................................................
Spirotetramat ............................................................
Thiacloprid ................................................................
Thiamethoxam ..........................................................

27
13
13
30
26
9
9

12
4
4
7
8
4
8

7
3
3
6
4
3
4

12
3
3
12
8
5
6

See footnote(s) at end of table.

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

--continued

5

Apples: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011 (continued)
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Fungicides
Bacillus subtilis ..........................................................
Basic copper sulfate ..................................................
Boscalid ....................................................................
Calcium polysulfide ...................................................
Captan ......................................................................
Copper chloride hyd. .................................................
Copper hydroxide ......................................................
Cyprodinil ..................................................................
Difenoconazole .........................................................
Dodine ......................................................................

33
11
10
21
2
28
21
8
5
23

7
6
4
6
4
12
9
6
5
9

(NA)
8
2
6
4
17
16
3
6
8

(NA)
8
4
4
5
15
12
8
8
13

Fenarimol ..................................................................
Fenbuconazole .........................................................
Kresoxim-methyl .......................................................
Mancozeb .................................................................
Metiram .....................................................................
Mono-potassium salt .................................................
Myclobutanil ..............................................................
Oxytetracycline calc ..................................................
Potassium bicarbon. ..................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................

20
11
10
5
15
21
13
22
85
10

7
8
6
4
9
11
7
9
38
4

5
3
4
2
8
17
2
7
3
2

5
8
5
3
11
15
7
13
40
4

Pyrimethanil ..............................................................
Streptomycin sulfate ..................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Thiophanate-methyl ..................................................
Trifloxystrobin ............................................................
Triflumizole ...............................................................
Ziram ........................................................................

19
8
13
8
18
15
10

7
10
7
7
6
4
8

7
6
6
7
4
4
5

7
13
5
10
8
7
7

Other Chemicals
Benzyladenine ..........................................................
Butenoic Acid Hydro. .................................................
Cytokinins .................................................................
Dodecadien-1-ol ........................................................
Dodecanol .................................................................
Ethephon ..................................................................
Flutriafol ....................................................................
Gibberellins A4A7 .....................................................
Mineral oil .................................................................
NAA, Ammonium salt ................................................

9
14
23
11
13
13
23
14
10
18

3
4
12
2
3
4
6
5
7
6

10
5
5
12
4
11
2
5
7
26

9
5
14
13
5
10
6
9
13
26

NAA, Potassium salt .................................................
NAA, Sodium ............................................................
NAD ..........................................................................
Prohexadione calcium ...............................................
Spirodiclofen .............................................................
Tetradecanol .............................................................

15
8
25
18
16
13

3
10
5
6
3
3

19
7
7
8
3
4

20
9
10
10
2
4

(NA) Not available.

6

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Avocados: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................

47

17

18

14

Insecticides
Abamectin ................................................................

20

9

15

22

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil .................................................................

25

5

9

11

Blackberries: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Fungicides
Boscalid ....................................................................
Calcium polysulfide ...................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

20
45
21

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

10
13
10

19
22
19

16
23
15

7

Blueberries: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Diuron .......................................................................
Flumioxazin ...............................................................
Glufosinate-ammonium .............................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ...................................................
Hexazinone ...............................................................
Mesotrione ................................................................
Norflurazon ...............................................................
Oryzalin .....................................................................
Paraquat ...................................................................
Sethoxydim ...............................................................
Simazine ...................................................................
Terbacil .....................................................................

15
22
27
17
18
12
17
20
19
30
19
20

3
5
10
7
6
5
3
5
18
10
7
5

9
5
9
12
14
11
7
13
6
18
10
12

11
6
16
15
15
15
8
12
18
15
15
11

Insecticides
Acetamiprid ...............................................................
Azinphos-methyl .......................................................
Carbaryl ....................................................................
Diazinon ....................................................................
Esfenvalerate ............................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................
Malathion ..................................................................
Methomyl ..................................................................
Methoxyfenozide .......................................................
Phosmet ....................................................................
Xylene .......................................................................
Zeta-cypermethrin .....................................................

25
20
23
20
14
19
11
22
16
8
20
11

6
9
12
12
6
6
13
10
5
6
13
6

3
4
6
15
9
6
10
6
6
1
13
5

6
10
14
8
11
8
13
13
10
6
14
6

Fungicides
Azoxystrobin .............................................................
Boscalid ....................................................................
Calcium polysulfide ...................................................
Captan ......................................................................
Chlorothalonil ............................................................
Copper hydroxide ......................................................
Cyprodinil ..................................................................
Fenbuconazole .........................................................
Fenhexamid ..............................................................
Fludioxonil .................................................................
Propiconazole ...........................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................
Ziram ........................................................................

19
7
34
10
23
31
13
7
29
13
28
7
13

22
7
2
7
6
19
11
6
9
11
12
7
7

5
2
29
4
9
25
4
6
5
4
8
2
2

19
8
29
8
11
13
15
8
10
15
13
8
7

Other Chemicals
Reynoutria sachaline .................................................

23

26

13

31

8

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Cherries, Sweet: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
2,4-D, dimeth. salt .....................................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................
Oryzalin ....................................................................
Oxyfluorfen ...............................................................
Paraquat ...................................................................
Pendimethalin ...........................................................

49
21
29
21
14
25

9
13
8
12
9
6

15
10
10
30
24
28

21
20
13
41
23
32

Insecticides
Abamectin ................................................................
Acetamiprid ...............................................................
Azinphos-methyl .......................................................
Carbaryl ....................................................................
Chlorpyrifos ..............................................................
Diazinon ...................................................................
Dimethoate ...............................................................
Esfenvalerate ............................................................
Flubendiamide ..........................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................

50
33
10
17
11
33
21
31
19
12

11
3
4
6
4
11
1
9
9
4

3
4
3
5
3
5
6
10
5
2

14
7
4
5
6
12
6
8
12
4

Lambda-cyhalothrin ..................................................
Malathion ..................................................................
Methoxyfenozide .......................................................
Permethrin ................................................................
Spinetoram-J ............................................................
Spinetoram-L ............................................................
Spinsosad .................................................................
Thiamethoxam ..........................................................

14
20
26
34
17
17
17
24

8
14
5
9
4
4
15
7

10
5
5
19
3
3
21
4

16
11
8
18
6
6
12
7

Fungicides
Basic copper sulfate .................................................
Boscalid ....................................................................
Calcium polysulfide ...................................................
Captan ......................................................................
Chlorothalonil ............................................................
Copper hydroxide .....................................................
Fenarimol .................................................................
Fenbuconazole .........................................................
Iprodione ..................................................................
Myclobutanil ..............................................................

21
12
108
12
12
19
20
9
29
24

5
4
30
13
9
8
9
7
6
5

14
2
59
7
6
4
3
11
6
2

12
4
29
17
10
10
11
13
4
6

Potassium bicarbon. .................................................
Propiconazole ...........................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................
Quinolin ....................................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Tebuconazole ...........................................................
Thiophanate-methyl ..................................................
Trifloxystrobin ...........................................................
Triflumizole ...............................................................
Ziram ........................................................................

24
28
10
16
16
44
19
15
15
10

7
8
4
5
10
19
7
9
5
13

2
3
2
1
5
13
5
4
2
5

6
7
4
5
8
12
8
11
5
12

Other Chemicals
Cytokinins .................................................................
Ethephon ..................................................................
Gibberellic acid .........................................................
Mineral oil .................................................................

57
10
14
21

36
1
4
24

7
9
18
10

43
10
19
28

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

9

Cherries, Tart: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
2,4-D, dimeth. salt .....................................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ...................................................
Paraquat ...................................................................

30
14
44

5
3
5

16
10
14

17
11
13

Insecticides
Azinphos-methyl .......................................................
Chlorpyrifos ...............................................................
Esfenvalerate ............................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................
Permethrin ................................................................
Phosmet ....................................................................
Thiamethoxam ..........................................................

8
29
10
45
22
25
34

19
14
51
9
10
4
5

24
26
51
13
17
5
4

10
38
8
13
11
4
5

Fungicides
Boscalid ....................................................................
Captan ......................................................................
Chlorothalonil ............................................................
Dodine ......................................................................
Fenbuconazole .........................................................
Myclobutanil ..............................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Tebuconazole ...........................................................
Trifloxystrobin ............................................................

33
27
8
12
38
22
33
18
59
17

5
9
32
19
10
19
5
57
15
40

6
4
12
12
11
7
6
67
10
28

7
9
21
8
14
15
7
15
23
14

Other Chemicals
Ethephon ..................................................................
Gibberellic acid .........................................................

5
39

3
6

11
17

13
17

10

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Grapefruit: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Bromacil ...................................................................
Diuron .......................................................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................
Glyphosate pot. salt ..................................................
Norflurazon ...............................................................
Simazine ...................................................................

61
43
65
69
59
65

7
10
16
24
26
7

5
6
18
12
34
4

12
12
32
23
59
11

Insecticides
Abamectin ................................................................
Chlorpyrifos ..............................................................
Diflubenzuron ...........................................................
Fenbutatin-oxide .......................................................
Fenpropathrin ...........................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................
Pyridaben .................................................................
Pyriproxyfen ..............................................................
Spirotetramat ............................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Thiamethoxam ..........................................................
Zeta-cypermethrin .....................................................

52
77
70
79
64
27
61
85
41
51
59
50

69
111
39
11
44
39
4
45
35
73
50
40

54
58
9
2
37
7
9
62
6
8
15
11

19
53
36
12
12
39
7
40
36
76
64
34

Fungicides
Copper hydroxide .....................................................
Fenbuconazole .........................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................
Trifloxystrobin ...........................................................

38
37
92
64

112
43
26
99

14
16
41
65

110
59
64
37

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil .................................................................
Spirodiclofen .............................................................

44
34

59
35

14
17

47
20

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

11

Grapes, All: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Carfentrazone-ethyl ...................................................
Flumioxazin ...............................................................
Glufosinate-ammonium .............................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ...................................................
Glyphosate pot. salt ..................................................
Oryzalin .....................................................................
Oxyfluorfen ...............................................................
Paraquat ...................................................................
Pendimethalin ...........................................................
Rimsulfuron ...............................................................
Simazine ...................................................................

34
23
14
21
26
77
17
60
33
55
48

4
10
6
5
18
4
10
9
3
4
12

17
15
13
7
5
19
14
7
17
27
14

18
16
13
9
16
16
12
10
17
26
20

Insecticides
Abamectin .................................................................
Bifenthrin ...................................................................
Carbaryl ....................................................................
Fenpropathrin ............................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................
Methoxyfenozide .......................................................
Spirotetramat ............................................................

33
28
27
50
15
21
31

8
7
9
15
5
4
3

7
13
6
21
12
10
4

4
13
13
21
13
10
5

Fungicides
Azoxystrobin .............................................................
Basic copper sulfate ..................................................
Boscalid ....................................................................
Captan ......................................................................
Copper hydroxide ......................................................
Cyprodinil ..................................................................
Difenoconazole .........................................................
Fenarimol ..................................................................
Fenhexamid ..............................................................
Kresoxim-methyl .......................................................

43
107
18
17
20
18
40
49
28
27

12
29
5
23
7
7
5
4
5
1

2
29
5
6
7
8
4
12
2
11

12
10
4
28
10
12
4
16
5
11

Mancozeb .................................................................
Mandipropamide Techn .............................................
Myclobutanil ..............................................................
Potassium bicarbon. ..................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................
Quinoline ...................................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Tebuconazole ...........................................................
Trifloxystrobin ............................................................
Triflumizole ...............................................................
Ziram ........................................................................

9
19
27
36
18
26
11
32
13
25
31

7
12
10
18
5
3
21
20
19
8
7

3
3
5
9
5
3
9
3
6
5
8

7
11
13
13
4
5
16
22
14
10
13

Other Chemicals
Gibberellic acid .........................................................
Mineral oil .................................................................

13
22

28
16

22
13

31
19

12

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Grapes, Raisin: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Fungicides
Sulfur ........................................................................

24

22

10

30

Grapes, Wine: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Flumioxazin ..............................................................
Glufosinate-ammonium .............................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................
Glyphosate pot. salt ..................................................
Oxyfluorfen ...............................................................
Pendimethalin ...........................................................

24
14
26
20
21
33

13
7
8
9
12
3

14
19
9
11
17
18

16
17
12
12
14
18

Insecticides
Abamectin ................................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................

30
18

4
5

4
20

7
20

Fungicides
Boscalid ....................................................................
Copper hydroxide .....................................................
Cyprodinil .................................................................
Kresoxim-methyl .......................................................
Myclobutanil ..............................................................
Potassium bicarbon. .................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................
Quinoline ..................................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Tebuconazole ...........................................................
Trifloxystrobin ...........................................................

32
21
29
31
22
84
32
17
16
25
19

7
7
5
4
5
28
7
4
17
10
10

9
10
7
5
4
3
9
4
6
4
6

6
11
8
6
6
29
6
4
21
7
11

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil .................................................................

26

12

16

16

Lemons: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................

56

22

55

48

Other Chemicals
Gibberellic acid .........................................................
Mineral oil .................................................................

32
97

6
11

13
63

14
56

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

13

Oranges, All: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
2,4-D, isoprop. salt ....................................................
Bromacil ....................................................................
Diuron .......................................................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ...................................................
Glyphosate pot. salt ..................................................
Norflurazon ...............................................................
Paraquat ...................................................................
Pendimethalin ...........................................................
Rimsulfuron ...............................................................
Simazine ...................................................................

30
28
26
42
122
33
28
63
270
54

16
11
15
40
38
25
11
36
124
8

23
18
23
24
34
24
13
17
23
14

24
26
20
28
63
21
18
41
115
16

Insecticides
Abamectin .................................................................
Carbaryl ....................................................................
Chlorpyrifos ...............................................................
Diflubenzuron ............................................................
Dimethoate ...............................................................
Fenpropathrin ............................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................
Malathion ..................................................................
Phosmet ....................................................................
Pyriproxyfen ..............................................................

13
54
42
45
32
25
35
98
30
54

19
34
33
42
48
49
22
14
21
41

15
4
49
76
21
5
21
90
18
19

23
33
25
45
37
53
19
80
22
34

Spinetoram-J .............................................................
Spinetoram-L ............................................................
Spinsosad .................................................................
Spirotetramat ............................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Thiamethoxam ..........................................................
Zeta-cypermethrin .....................................................

26
26
228
26
46
31
14

11
11
10
14
18
6
20

5
5
26
5
7
37
2

14
14
17
12
19
35
20

Fungicides
Basic copper sulfate ..................................................
Copper hydroxide ......................................................
Mefenoxam ...............................................................
Trifloxystrobin ............................................................

35
19
32
34

21
18
13
4

12
11
29
21

26
13
26
24

Other Chemicals
2,4-D, isoprop ester ...................................................
Gibberellic acid .........................................................
Mineral oil .................................................................
Spirodiclofen .............................................................

23
58
13
36

46
32
24
44

25
3
15
3

70
35
19
44

14

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Peaches: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
2,4-D, dimeth. salt .....................................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................
Oxyfluorfen ...............................................................
Paraquat ...................................................................
Pendimethalin ...........................................................
Simazine ...................................................................

122
64
78
234
57
61

5
8
6
42
4
18

45
11
51
161
129
18

45
15
52
119
128
21

Insecticides
Acetamiprid ...............................................................
Beta-cyfluthrin ...........................................................
Carbaryl ....................................................................
Chlorantraniliprole .....................................................
Chlorpyrifos ..............................................................
Cyfluthrin ..................................................................
Endosulfan ................................................................
Esfenvalerate ............................................................
Fenpropathrin ...........................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin ..................................................
Methomyl ..................................................................
Permethrin ................................................................
Phosmet ...................................................................
Thiamethoxam ..........................................................

36
63
30
95
109
26
73
36
28
43
59
22
150
65
59

6
53
10
14
29
73
34
14
22
10
42
11
91
36
35

8
14
21
13
50
4
61
14
15
15
19
12
27
20
17

9
40
23
17
38
72
87
26
11
16
31
13
98
25
33

Fungicides
Basic copper sulfate .................................................
Boscalid ....................................................................
Captan ......................................................................
Chlorothalonil ............................................................
Copper hydroxide .....................................................
Cyprodinil .................................................................
Fenbuconazole .........................................................
Iprodione ..................................................................
Myclobutanil ..............................................................
Oxytetracycline calc ..................................................

78
50
31
29
53
252
58
94
25
36

16
12
19
56
54
13
5
3
18
7

69
9
8
24
52
3
15
10
12
13

85
7
17
78
87
13
20
11
9
10

Propiconazole ...........................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Tebuconazole ...........................................................
Thiophanate-methyl ..................................................
Ziram ........................................................................

40
50
11
128
46
87

37
12
25
47
75
25

4
10
27
21
26
8

36
7
45
64
53
32

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil .................................................................

101

32

53

28

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

15

Pears: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
2,4-D, dimeth. salt .....................................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ...................................................

31
20

23
11

11
9

32
15

Insecticides
Abamectin .................................................................
Acetamiprid ...............................................................
Azinphos-methyl .......................................................
Bifenazate .................................................................
Buprofezin .................................................................
Chlorantraniliprole .....................................................
Chlorpyrifos ...............................................................
Endosulfan ................................................................
Etoxazole ..................................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................

12
24
23
25
20
16
19
16
21
22

3
6
6
3
16
6
4
7
7
6

3
4
4
3
4
2
2
3
2
10

4
6
5
5
18
6
5
10
8
15

Kaolin ........................................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin ...................................................
Novaluron .................................................................
Petroleum distillate ....................................................
Piperonyl butoxide .....................................................
Pyridaben ..................................................................
Pyriproxyfen ..............................................................
Spinetoram-J .............................................................
Spinetoram-L ............................................................
Spirotetramat ............................................................
Thiamethoxam ..........................................................

22
13
20
19
15
16
10
13
13
10
16

30
4
5
8
9
6
4
5
5
6
6

11
2
2
9
9
2
2
1
1
1
5

22
6
5
13
18
6
5
6
6
6
6

Fungicides
Basic copper sulfate ..................................................
Boscalid ....................................................................
Calcium polysulfide ...................................................
Copper hydroxide ......................................................
Mancozeb .................................................................
Oxytetracycline calc ..................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................
Streptomycin sulfate ..................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................

24
15
46
15
9
16
15
15
16

5
6
18
15
9
29
6
35
6

5
2
12
18
6
11
2
28
5

6
7
23
13
8
21
7
28
6

Thiophanate-methyl ..................................................
Trifloxystrobin ............................................................
Triflumizole ...............................................................
Ziram ........................................................................

18
45
15
38

5
21
5
21

5
2
6
8

6
21
10
24

Other Chemicals
Benzyladenine ..........................................................
Cytokinins .................................................................
Dodecadien-1-ol ........................................................
Dodecanol .................................................................
Mineral oil .................................................................
NAA, Ammonium salt ................................................
NAA, Potassium salt .................................................
Tetradecanol .............................................................

18
31
29
33
8
32
21
33

3
13
11
14
4
3
3
14

24
8
11
15
8
14
7
15

24
19
10
22
8
15
8
22

16

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Prunes: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................
Oxyfluorfen ...............................................................

366
365

35
50

21
68

21
110

Insecticides
Esfenvalerate ............................................................

676

32

24

54

Fungicides
Chlorothalonil ............................................................
Propiconazole ...........................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................

456
614
641

7
53
22

16
7
129

16
46
120

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil .................................................................

828

39

12

43

Raspberries: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Carfentrazone-ethyl ..................................................
Paraquat ...................................................................
Simazine ...................................................................

12
6
26

10
8
12

8
6
6

14
8
9

Insecticides
Bifenthrin ..................................................................
Diazinon ...................................................................

9
15

8
6

1
15

8
14

Fungicides
Boscalid ....................................................................
Captan ......................................................................
Cyprodinil .................................................................
Fludioxonil ................................................................
Pyraclostrobin ...........................................................

15
6
8
8
15

6
8
10
10
6

(Z)
19
21
21
(Z)

6
16
23
23
6

(Z) Less than half of the unit shown.

Tangelos: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glyphosate iso. salt ..................................................

42

27

28

51

Insecticides
Abamectin ................................................................

37

52

29

26

Fungicides
Copper hydroxide .....................................................

32

38

17

45

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil .................................................................
Spirodiclofen .............................................................

34
48

7
17

12
13

10
8

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

17

Tangerines: Agricultural Chemical Distribution Table – Program States: 2011
Active ingredient

Precent of acres
treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Diuron .......................................................................
Glyphosate iso. salt ...................................................
Glyphosate pot. salt ..................................................

76
64
91

71
14
67

67
16
33

15
23
68

Insecticides
Abamectin .................................................................
Chlorpyrifos ...............................................................
Diflubenzuron ............................................................
Fenpropathrin ............................................................
Imidacloprid ..............................................................
Spinetoram-J .............................................................
Spinetoram-L ............................................................
Spirotetramat ............................................................
Sulfur ........................................................................
Zeta-cypermethrin .....................................................

138
178
29
225
216
81
81
38
30
21

83
12
17
67
99
6
6
10
27
12

39
332
68
70
51
161
161
11
15
3

76
345
82
10
111
161
161
18
21
14

Fungicides
Copper hydroxide ......................................................

301

211

123

93

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil .................................................................
Spirodiclofen .............................................................

137
119

78
16

183
59

246
64

18

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Methodology and Quality Measures (August 2012)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Information Contacts
Process

Unit

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Demographics Branch ........................................
Data Collection ................................ Program Administration Branch ..........................
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Media Contact ................................. Public Affairs Section ..........................................

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Email
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basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental
status, religion, sexual orientation, political beliefs, genetic information, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual's
income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with
disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)
should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Stop 9410, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call toll-free at
(866) 632-9992 (English) or (800) 877-8339 (TDD) or (866) 377-8642 (English Federal-relay) or (800) 845-6136
(Spanish Federal-relay). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.