Attachment 14 - ORS Job Observation Report

Occupational Requirements Survey Job Observation Report
November 16, 2015

Executive Summary
The Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS) is an establishment survey conducted by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) for the Social Security Administration. The survey collects information on the
vocational preparation and the cognitive and physical requirements of occupations in the U.S. economy,
as well as the environmental conditions in which those occupations are performed.
BLS conducted a job observation test during the summer of 2015 to provide validation for the ORS
physical elements by comparing the data collected during pre-production to those collected through
direct job observation, which is more typical among small scale studies of job tasks. As part of this test,
Field Economists (FE) re-contacted establishments who had responded to the ORS pre-production
survey and observed workers actually performing their jobs to obtain data on the physical requirements
of the job. Our analysis has two goals. First, to assess the level of inter-rater reliability between the two
FEs observing the job. Second, to compare the data obtained from observation to the interview method
used in pre-production. The comparisons are performed by survey element and at the occupational
level defined by the eight-digit Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) code.
We find relatively high levels of inter-rater reliability among the FEs, suggesting that any future
observations could be done with single observers. We also find relatively high rates of agreement
between observed and collected data for most physical requirements. A closer examination of the
elements with lower, but still reasonable, levels of agreement leads us to find some evidence that
missing duration of physical elements in pre-production can lead to underestimates of the duration of
certain physical elements.
Overview of the Occupational Requirement Survey
In the summer of 2012, the Social Security Administration (SSA) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
signed an interagency agreement, which has been updated annually, to begin the process of testing the
collection of data on occupational requirements. As a result, BLS established the Occupational
Requirements Survey (ORS) as a test survey in late 2012. The goal of ORS is to collect and publish
occupational information that meets the needs of SSA at the level of the eight-digit standard
occupational classification (SOC) that is used by the Occupational Information Network (O*NET). 1
The ORS data are collected under the umbrella of the National Compensation Survey (NCS), which uses
Field Economists (FEs) to collect data. FEs generally collect data elements through either a personal visit
to the establishment or remotely via telephone, email, mail, or a combination of modes.

1

The occupational classification system most typically used by BLS is the six-digit SOC (http://www.bls.gov/soc/),
generally referred to as “detailed occupations”. O*NET uses a more detailed occupational taxonomy
(https://www.onetcenter.org/taxonomy.html), classifying occupations at eight-digits and referring to these as
“O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations”. There are 840 six-digit occupations and 1,110 eight-digit occupations.

1

For ORS, FEs are collecting occupationally-specific data elements to meet SSA’s needs in the following
categories:
• Physical demands
• Specific vocational preparation (SVP)
• Mental and cognitive demands
• Environmental conditions in which the work is performed.
In fiscal year 2015, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) completed data collection for the Occupational
Requirements Survey (ORS) pre-production test. The pre-production test might better be described as a
“dress rehearsal” as the collection procedures, data capture systems, and review were structured to be
as close as possible to those that will be used in production. 2 Information on the results of this preproduction test are available at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ors/preprod_coll.htm.
Background on Observation Test
The ORS job observation test was intended to assess whether the data collected through ORS interview
collection methods are systematically different than data collected through direct observation. This test
was conducted in response to both Federal Register Notice public comments and an external subject
matter expert’s recommendations for testing and validation of ORS survey design. 3
The job observation test was conducted in summer 2015, running from June-September. The
observation test involved re-contact of a subset of establishments that were interviewed as part of the
pre-production test. Two FEs were sent to observe select jobs within the establishment and record data
on the physical and environmental data elements during a one hour observation period. 4 The one hour
observation period sought to achieve a balance between gathering data on as many quotes as possible
and the respondent burden involved in conducting such a test.
As the goal of ORS is to produce estimates at the eight-digit O*NET SOC level, the observation test was
structured to allow to us compare pre-production data to observed data at the eight-digit SOC level as
well. Thus, a subset of occupations were chosen for inclusion in the test. The subset was chosen based
on two criteria:
1. Roughly 40 “quotes” were collected at the eight-digit level in the ORS pre-production test.
Quotes are the unit of collection in ORS and a quote is roughly equivalent to a job at an
establishment. 5
2. The jobs have been identified as a subset of occupations of particular interest to SSA due to
their prevalence in the work histories of those applying for Social Security Disability Insurance or
due to the physical requirements of the jobs.

2

The sample design was similar that which will be used in production, but altered to meet test goals.
A link to the subject matter expert’s report can be found here: http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ors/pre-prod_estval.pdf
4
The FEs used devices to collect data on a subset of the ORS environmental elements. Unfortunately, there were
problems with the readings from some devices, resulting in us dropping the analysis of those elements from this
report.
5
For more information on “quotes” as measures in NCS (equivalent to their use as measures in ORS), see the BLS
Handbook of Methods, http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch8.pdf.
3

2

This resulted in the following occupations sampled for the observation test:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Nursing assistants
Cooks, institution and cafeteria
Cooks, restaurant
Waiters and waitresses
Dishwashers
Janitors and cleaners
Maids and housekeeping cleaners
Cashiers
Retail Salespeople
Receptionists and information clerks
Team Assemblers
Industrial truck and tractor operators
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

Procedures for the Observation Test
The sample consisted of 540 preselected quotes (456 from private industry, and 84 from State and local
governments) from existing ORS pre-production test establishments. The test sample frame units were
ordered by a combination of geography, industry and size class to ensure a good distribution of available
establishments within each of the targeted occupations. The sample was drawn as two separate lists to
allow occupations collected near the end of the pre-production collection to have a chance of selection.
For each of the sampled establishments and occupations, the first of two FEs secured the appointment
and explained to the respondent the reason for the follow-up visit. Both field economists then
simultaneously collected data via personal visit. If possible the FEs observed the same employee for the
entire 60-minute observation period, but if for some reason that was not possible each FE was to
observe an employee in the preselected job and document the situation in the remarks field. The FEs
were instructed not to look at data recorded from the pre-production test for their establishments nor
to discuss or reconcile their data with one another. Each FE independently recorded and coded their
observations during the personal visit. FEs attempted to be as inconspicuous as possible and not to ask
questions of the observed employee.
The FEs were instructed to code the duration in minutes and to code a duration of zero if the element
was not observed. Some elements had additional questions such as whether it was performed with one
hand or both, and for these elements the FE was to check the appropriate box and note the duration in
minutes. FEs checked their data for accurate recording before marking the schedule and quote
complete. Two collection debrief meetings occurred (one mid-test and one at the end of collection) to
assess how the process worked.
Response Rates
Of those 540 jobs in the sample, FEs contacted 405 and observed 244, a 60% response rate. As shown in
Table 1, the refusal rate varied considerably by occupation.

3

Table 1: Job Observation Response Rates
Occupation

Observed

Not contacted

Refused

Total Sampled

Response Rate

Nursing assistants
Cooks, institution and cafeteria
Cooks, restaurant

9
19
16

11
9
13

20
12
11

40
40
40

31%
61%
59%

Waiters and waitresses
Dishwashers
Janitors and cleaners
Maids and housekeeping cleaners
Childcare workers
Cashiers

19
13
25
20
6
22

11
15
6
12
16
7

10
12
9
8
10
11

40
40
40
40
32
40

66%
52%
74%
71%
37%
67%

Retail salespeople
Receptionists and information clerks
Team assemblers
Industrial truck and tractor operators
Laborers and freight, stock and , material
movers, hand
Total

17
23
17
17
21

10
6
4
8
7

13
11
7
15
12

40
40
28
40
40

57%
68%
71%
53%
64%

244

135

161

540

60%

As expected, childcare workers and nursing assistants had very high refusal rates. These refusals largely
stemmed from establishments’ concerns about privacy under state and national laws. Some successful
observations of both of these occupations did occur during the observation test, however, due to the
small sample size we do not include them in our test analysis.
Measures of Inter-rater Agreement
The use of two FEs was intended to determine whether there was adequate inter-rater agreement.
Requiring two FEs to observe the same job at the same time led to logistical difficulties in scheduling the
observations and, in some cases, very close quarters for the FEs if the job being observed was confined
to a small space (such as dishwashers). In addition to evaluating accuracy of the data collected,
calculating inter-rater reliability might also lead to structural changes to any future job observations (i.e.
some jobs for which only one rater is required).
To evaluate inter-rater reliability, we compared the duration data on a set of the physical requirements
of jobs.

4

Table 2: ORS Physical Elements Analyzed
Physical Demand
Climbing Ramps/Stairs
Climbing Ladders/Ropes/Scaffolding
Communicating Verbally
Crawling
Crouching
Fine Manipulation
Foot/Leg Controls
Gross Manipulation
Keyboarding
Kneeling

Lifting/Carrying

Pushing/Pulling
Reaching At/Below Shoulder Level
Reaching Overhead
Stooping

Description
Ascending or descending ramps and/or stairs
using feet and legs.
Ascending or descending ladders, scaffolding,
ropes, or poles and the like.
Expressing or exchanging ideas by means of
the spoken word to impart oral information.
Moving about on hands and knees or hands
and feet.
Bending body downward and forward by
bending legs and spine.
Picking, pinching, or otherwise working
primarily with fingers rather than the whole
hand or arm.
Use of one or both feet or legs to move
controls on machinery or equipment.
Seizing, holding, grasping, turning, or
otherwise working with hand(s)
Entering text or data into a computer or other
machine by means of a keyboard or other
device.
Bending legs at knees to come to rest on
knee(s).
Lifting is to raise or lower an object from one
level to another (includes upward pulling).
Carrying is to transport an object usually by
holding it in the hands, or arms, but may occur
on the shoulder.
Exerting force upon an object so that it moves
away (pushing) or toward (pulling) the force.
Extending hands and arms from 0 up to 150
degrees in a vertical arc.
Extending hands and arms in a 150 to 180
degrees vertical arc.
Bending the body downward and forward by
bending the spine at the waist.

The duration of most physical elements for pre-production were classified into five categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Not present
Seldom – up to 2% of the day.
Occasionally – 2% up to one-third of the day.
Frequently – one-third up to two-thirds of the day.
Constantly –two-thirds or more of the day.

5

For the job observation test, we also classified duration using these categories based on the percent of
the observed time spent in the activity. We then calculated inter-rater reliability by element. The interrater agreement is weighted to penalize for disagreements of higher magnitudes (e.g. If FE A records an
element as occurring frequently and FE B records the same element as not present it is penalized more
than one recording frequently and the other occasionally). 6
Table 3: Inter-rater Agreement Measures, by Element
Physical Demand

Agreement

Climbing Ladders/Ropes/Scaffolding

98.2%

Climbing Ramps/Stairs
Communicating Verbally
Crawling
Crouching
Fine Manipulation
Foot/Leg Controls

94.1%
85.6%
98.2%
85.4%
82.3%
95.2%

Gross Manipulation
Keyboarding
Keyboarding- 10 Key
Keyboarding- Other
Keyboarding- Touchscreen
Kneeling

86.6%
97.1%
96.7%
95.5%
95.8%
94.8%

Lifting/Carrying
Pushing/Pulling with Feet
Pushing/Pulling with Feet and Legs
Pushing/Pulling with Hands and Arms
Reaching At/Below Shoulder Level
Reaching Overhead

77.6%
95.0%
82.4%
78.9%
79.6%
85.1%

Stooping

82.7%

To further examine the elements with lower levels of agreement, we produce scatter plots of the
rankings of the two FEs separately for each occupation for the elements with inter-rater agreement
below 80% - lifting/carrying, pushing/pulling with hands and arms, and reaching at or below shoulder
level. Our goal in plotting agreement by occupation is to determine whether certain occupations appear
to have higher levels of disagreement, which may be useful for training purposes.

6

Statistical measures of agreement and reliability were also calculated. These are available in the report,
“Agreement across Modes of Collection in the Occupational Requirements Survey: Results from a Pilot Job
Observation Test,” to be presented at the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology in December 2015. This
report will be posted to the ORS website in December.

6

The 45 degree line provides a reference line for perfect agreement – both FEs’ duration measures fall
into the same category. Points substantially off the diagonal line represent major disagreements in the
duration ranking.

Figure 1. Scatterplots of Lift and Carry Agreement, by Occupation

Lift and Carry Agreement
cooks rest

waiters

dishwashers

janitors

maids

cashiers

ret. sales

receptionists

team asmblrs

ind trk oper

lbr, mat movr, hand

0

5

0

FE B

5

0

5

cooks inst

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

FE A

Turning first to the lift and carry element, we see that the levels of disagreement appear to vary by
occupation. Team assemblers, for example, have durations that mostly lie on the diagonal line and
when disagreements do occur they rarely are large in magnitude (i.e. it is never the case that FE A rates
lift and carry as constantly present and FE B rates it as only occasionally present.) Receptionists, on the
other hand, display several cases where the categories of rating are substantially different. In multiple
cases one FE rated lift and carry as frequent or constant when the other rated it as not present. This
suggests that additional training on this element is needed in particular occupations. For this element
there was some confusion about the threshold required to classify an action as a “lift and carry”, which
may drive the disparity.

7

Figure 2. Scatterplots of Pushing and Pulling with Hands and Arms Agreement, by Occupation

Push/Pull Hands/Arms Agreement
cooks rest

waiters

dishwashers

janitors

maids

cashiers

ret. sales

receptionists

team asmblrs

ind trk oper

lbr, mat movr, hand

0

5

0

FE B

5

0

5

cooks inst

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

FE A
G

h b

A similar result can be seen for the push/pull with hands and feet element. For most occupations there
are few cases of the ratings differing by more than one category (ex. frequent versus constant), but
among cashiers and receptionists, there were more substantial disagreements. This, again, suggests
some additional guidance regarding the minimum threshold for pushing/pulling may be needed.

8

Figure 3. Scatterplots of Reaching At or Below Shoulder Agreement, by Occupation

Reaching At or Below Shoulder Agreement
cooks rest

waiters

dishwashers

janitors

maids

cashiers

ret. sales

receptionists

team asmblrs

ind trk oper

lbr, mat movr, hand

0

5

0

FE B

5

0

5

cooks inst

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

FE A
G

h b

Finally, we look at reaching at or below the shoulder (Figure 3). The overall agreement level for this
element is roughly 80%, however we opted to break this element out by occupation to determine
whether some of the disagreement between reaching may be explained by different interpretations by
the FEs of reaching at or below the shoulder versus reaching overhead. To examine this we
superimpose the reaching overhead into the reaching at or below the shoulder graph (Figure 4). Our
expectation is that if the FEs are classifying the elements differently from one another (i.e. identifying a
reach as overhead when the other identifies it at/below the shoulder) then the off-diagonal measures of
disagreement should “cancel out” – that is, if many cases of disagreements are seen above the diagonal
for reaching at/below the shoulder, then the disagreements for reaching overhead should be more likely
to lie below the diagonal line.

9

Figure 4: Scatterplots of Reaching At or Below Shoulder and Reaching Overhead, by Occupation

Reaching Overhead vs Shoulder/Below
cooks rest

waiters

dishwashers

janitors

maids

cashiers

ret. sales

receptionists

team asmblrs

ind trk oper

lbr, mat movr, hand

0

5

0

FE B

5

0

5

cooks inst

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

FE A
overhead_pct_scalea
y

at_below_shoulder_pct_scalea

We see this pattern in occupations such as laborers, cooks, waiters, and maids, suggesting that
additional training on reaching would be helpful. Looking at maids, for example, one can see many
cases where reaching at or below the shoulder (the red dot) is recorded as frequent or constant by FE B
but only as occasional by FE A. When we superimpose reaching overhead on the same graph (the blue
dot) we see that FE B is more likely to record not present/seldom when FE A records the duration as
occasionally. This suggests that FE A and FE B may have different perceptions about the reaching
thresholds – overhead versus at or below the shoulder. It is important to note that this distinction has
been addressed through minor changes to the definitions for ORS. In the current production collection,
overhead reaching involves a hand higher than the head. All other reaching is at or below shoulder level.

Observation and Pre-production Agreement
We next turn to an evaluation of the agreement between the observed values of the data elements and
those collected in the pre-production test. We will refer to these as “observed” and “collected” values
hereon. Measuring agreement between observed and collected data is complicated by two factors:
1. The observation test was of short duration, which may lead to discrepancies between the
presence/absence of certain physical requirements. In particular, we expect high degrees of
agreement in the presence or absence of physical requirements for those requirements with
10

durations that fall into the “frequent” or “constant” categories and lower levels of agreement
for elements that occur “occasionally” or “seldom.”
2. In pre-production collection, roughly 20% of the physical requirements that were classified as
“present” in the job had no duration provided by the respondent. The unknown duration is
especially high in particular elements – in the sample of jobs that were observed, the collected
data has missing duration in nearly 30% of the cases for communicate verbally and 25% of the
cases for fine manipulation.
For most (but not all) observed jobs we have pairs of observations that we can compare with the
collected data from pre-production on the same job at the same establishment. There are multiple
ways to deal with having two observations on the same job – we consider the mean values across the
two field economists, the max of the two values, and the min of the two values. The results were not
appreciably different for these three approaches, which is not surprising since the inter-rater agreement
was relatively high. In our analysis we use the maximum value approach to capturing the duration of the
observed elements.
We measure agreement in the duration of the physical elements, using the weighted approach that was
also used to generate inter-rater agreement in the earlier section and “penalizes” for higher increments
of disagreement in the duration results.

Table 4: Agreement Between Observed and Collected Measures, by Element
Physical Demand

Agreement

Climbing Ladders/Ropes/Scaffolding
Climbing Ramps/Stairs
Communicating Verbally

91.46%
84.68%
80.61%

Crawling
Crouching
Fine Manipulation
Foot/leg Controls
Gross Manipulation
Keyboarding

95.41%
70.17%
78.18%
90.40%
76.72%
90.10%

Keyboarding- 10 Key
Keyboarding- Other
Keyboarding- Touchscreen

94.29%
93.16%
91.46%
81.15%
94.75%
73.40%

Kneeling
Pushing/Pulling with Feet
Pushing/Pulling with Feet and Legs
Pushing/Pulling with Hands and Arms
Reaching At/Below Shoulder Level
Reaching Overhead
Stooping

71.29%
77.39%
79.86%
75.00%

11

Again we focus on the elements with the lowest levels of agreement: crouching, stooping, reaching,
manipulating, and pushing/pulling and look for patterns at the occupation level.
We look for evidence that observed durations are consistently higher than the collected durations,
suggesting that establishment respondents may be understating the duration of certain physical
requirements.
For the reaching elements, we do not see a pattern in the agreement plots (generally they cluster
around the 45 degree line with points both above and below the line). For crouching we see higher
durations for receptionists and maids in the observed than the collected data. Similarly, for
pushing/pulling with feet and legs there are higher durations in the observed data for maids, waiters,
and janitors. For the remainder of the elements – stooping, fine manipulation, gross manipulation, and
pushing/pulling with hands and arms, durations for the observed data appear to be higher than the
collected data across several of the occupations collected.
This provides some evidence that respondents underreport duration, when duration is actually
reported. Recall that roughly 20% of the physical elements collected in pre-production were classified
as “present, duration unknown”. Can the observation data tell us something about this category among
the elements whose duration appears to be understated in the collected data?
It appears so. We examine the observed frequency of the duration categories for stooping, fine
manipulation, gross manipulation, and pushing/pulling with hands and arms. For stooping, 49 of the
quotes that were observed were categorized as “present, duration unknown” during pre-production.
Among these, 88% were observed with durations of occasionally or higher (37% were frequently or
constantly). For fine manipulation, 58 quotes that were observed were categorized as “present,
duration unknown” during pre-production and of these 91% were observed with duration occasionally
or higher. The same patterns hold for gross manipulation and pushing/pulling with hands and arms.
From this, it appears that the “underestimate” of duration from the collected data is due to the missing
duration being more likely to correlate with long duration observed. As a counter-example, 46 observed
quotes had reaching overhead categorized as “present, duration unknown” in pre-production and only
one of these was classified as frequently or constantly in the observation test.

Summary and Recommendations
The purpose of the job observation test was to provide validation for the ORS physical elements by
comparing the data collected during pre-production to those collected from a different source –
observation. Two field economists were assigned to observe the same job for 60 minutes and record
the duration of each of the physical elements of the job.
Initial results show high levels of inter-rater reliability among the FEs, suggesting that any future
observations could be done without pairs of FEs, provided that training is provided prior to the test that
focuses on understanding the definitions of the elements, as well as the thresholds for the physical
elements to be deemed present.
Comparing the observed data to that collected during pre-production proved somewhat more
complicated due to the limited length of the observation resulting in some elements classified as “not
12

present” that were more likely present with very low frequency (“seldom”). The measures of
agreement for duration are relatively strong, however, suggesting that the collected data and observed
data have high levels of agreement across most elements.
Drilling down to the elements with lower levels of agreement, leads us to find some evidence that
“present, duration unknown” classifications in pre-production can lead to underestimates of the
duration of certain physical elements. The observation test suggests that for several elements the
missing duration is distributed very differently than the collected duration, leading to estimates that
may under- or overstate the frequency of a physical element.
One approach to dealing with this is to provide additional guidance to both field economists and the
respondent to aid in estimating duration of the element. A second approach would be to continue to
select a subsample of ORS occupations for direct observation.

13