Attachment 18 - MLR article The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food price indexes and data collection

August 2020

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food
price indexes and data collection
This article describes the impact the COVID-19 pandemic
has had on price changes for food categories within the
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics import/export price indexes,
producer price indexes, and consumer price indexes. In
addition, the article assesses the pandemic’s impact on
price data collection efforts. Safety precautions established
during the pandemic created data collection challenges for
some price indexes more than others.
In March 2020, the spread of coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) and the actions taken in response to it
drastically shifted food consumption from restaurants to
homes as stay-at-home orders went into effect. At the same
time, collecting price data became more difficult; first, stores
and businesses closed, and second, Bureau of Labor

Dave Mead
[email protected]

Statistics data (BLS) collectors stopped in-person data
collection. Despite the reduction in collected price quotes,
BLS successfully maintained the quality of the broad price
indexes while excluding very few detailed price indexes
from publication. BLS price surveys were able to retain

Dave Mead is a supervisory economist in the
Office of Prices and Living Conditions, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Karen Ransom
[email protected]

sufficient price quotes by shifting data collection
techniques. This change in collection particularly affected

Karen Ransom is a supervisory economist in the
Office of Prices and Living Conditions, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.

the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
This article describes both the price changes during the
pandemic and the challenges and adjustments to data
collection that the pandemic required. We first take a look

Stephen B. Reed
[email protected]

at the global market with import and export prices. Next, we
move to the prices seen by producers and then to prices as
consumers experienced them. Finally, we take a look at the
collection and response rates for the three surveys.

Stephen B. Reed is an economist in the Office of
Prices and Living Conditions, U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
Scott Sager
[email protected]

Price changes since the pandemic

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Demand shocks and problems with supply chains
contributed to increased volatility in import, export,
producer, and consumer prices in the months following the

Scott Sager is a supervisory economist in the
Office of Prices and Living Conditions, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.

onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
Meat, fish, dairy, and eggs were especially affected by the
shifting economy brought on by the pandemic.

Import/Export Price Index
While the United States declared a national emergency on March 13, the beginning of the pandemic dates back to
the first reported case in China on November 17, 2019, which led to household lockdowns beginning there in midJanuary 2020.1 The downward impact on food demand and export prices began in January and accelerated, as
countries closed businesses and kept people home. Demand for some key exports such as soybeans and other
grains remained steady because these products are used for animal feed rather than household consumption;
however, there was a reduction in demand for other food products, especially meat.
Import meat prices declined 2.3 percent in January 2020, after seeing pork-driven increases of 2.6 percent and 3.1
percent in the previous 2 months. Chinese pork producers lost substantial production in the latter part of 2019
because an outbreak of African swine fever wiped out much of their pigs.2 In January 2020, China largely pulled
out of the market for Australian beef because of the COVID-19 pandemic, putting more supply on the world market
for that product.3 Prices for import meat continued to decline overall because of weak Asian demand, falling 8.9
percent from January to April 2020, the largest 3-month drop in import prices since the final quarter of 2015.
The reduction in world meat demand, especially from Asia, resulted in declining U.S. export meat prices. The dollar
value of U.S. exports of meat products and meat packaging products fell 22.5 percent from March to May 2020.4
Export meat prices decreased 1.8 percent in February 2020, then edged up 0.3 percent in March and then
declined 4.0 percent in April 2020.
From mid-April 2020 onward, the effects of the pandemic began to accelerate in the United States. Outbreaks in a
number of U.S. meat processing facilities led to a domestic meat shortage, causing a subsequent increase in
demand for imports.5 In turn, import meat prices rose 16.0 percent in May 2020, the largest 1-month jump since
the index was first published monthly in December 1993. Export meat prices also rose, advancing 5.0 percent in
May 2020 as less meat was available for export. Despite most U.S. meat processing facilities coming back online,
import meat prices continued to rise in June 2020, advancing a further 8.1 percent as demand from Asia slowly
increased with countries reopening. In contrast, export meat prices fell 0.4 percent.
Both export and import fish and shellfish prices experienced shocks from the demand reductions and supply chain
disruptions caused by the pandemic. In particular, lobster prices decreased because of the reduction in demand
from restaurants and the cruise industry, which was effectively shut down.6 Overall, export fish and shellfish prices
fell 17.1 percent from January to June 2020 and import fish and shellfish prices declined 8.4 percent over the
same period.
A few other export areas experienced demand reduction from the pandemic. Export prices for dairy products and
eggs fell 5.3 percent from January to April 2020 before declining 11.9 percent in May 2020. An oversupply for both
milk and cheese as the food service industry largely shut down led to the declines. In June 2020, dairy prices
rebounded sharply, increasing 24.5 percent. Higher input costs, coupled with low inventories and cold storage

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stocks, pushed cheese prices dramatically higher.7 Demand appeared to recover as more states opened up and
food service slowly resumed. Milk also contributed to higher prices because of large government purchases as
part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers to Families Food Box program.8 Export nut prices decreased
20.5 percent from December 2019 to June 2020. Some of the decline resulted from a loss in demand from Asia
due to restaurant closures and decreasing purchases of some nuts (perceived luxury foods), but a record almond
crop in California also supported the drop in prices.9
Corn was another food export that recorded lower prices in response to the pandemic, but this price decline stems
from corn’s role as an energy rather than food product.10 In 2019, 39.4 percent of all corn harvested in the United
States was used for the production of ethanol.11 After the onset of the pandemic, the initial reduction in energy
demand from Asia coincided with an oil price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia, leading to a plunge in oil
prices. Low oil prices put downward pressure on prices for related energy products such as ethanol, a situation
only exacerbated by lower fuel demand in the United States once the pandemic began to spread. Export corn
prices fell 16.0 percent from February to May 2020. By June 2020, agreements within the Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to cut oil production, some renewed demand for energy prices as
economies began to reopen, and lower corn acreage than originally forecast led to a 3.8-percent increase in export
corn prices.12
Tables 1 and 2 show changes in the overall export and import price indexes for foods, feeds, and beverages, as
well as for food products affected by the pandemic. Note that there was price movement for other food areas such
as fruits and vegetables, although these changes were more attributable to factors such as weather that also
impacted the overall price indexes.
Table 1. Export price indexes for select food categories, monthly percent changes, January–June 2020
Category
Foods, feeds, and beverages
Meat, poultry, and other animal
products
Fish and shellfish
Dairy products and eggs
Nuts and preparations
Corn

January 2020February 2020March 2020April 2020May 2020June 2020

3-month change
(March 20–June 20)

2.3

-3,0

-1.5

-3.1

-0.5

1.1

-2.5

0.1

-1.8

0.3

-4.0

5.0

-0.4

0.4

2.9
1.1
-3.0
2.2

-0.6
-1.1
-3.1
0.1

-5.0
-2.7
-3.9
-0.8

1.3
-1.5
-5.2
-10.2

-2.0
-11.9
-1.5
-5.8

-11.5
24.5
-5.7
3.8

-12.2
8.1
-12.0
-12.2

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Import price indexes for select food categories, monthly percent changes, January–June 2020
Category
Foods, feeds, and beverages
Meat, poultry, and other animal
products
Fish and shellfish

January 2020February 2020March 2020April 2020May 2020June 2020

3-month change
(March 20–June 20)

0.5

1.2

-1.0

-1.6

2.3

-0.1

0.6

-2.3

-1.0

-4.0

-4.1

16.0

8.1

20.3

1.9

-1.0

-1.4

-1.8

-2.9

-1.7

-6.3

See footnotes at end of table.

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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Producer Price Index
The COVID-19 pandemic led to fluctuations in domestic producer prices, particularly in the food sector, as many
places instituted stay-at-home orders in an effort to limit the spread of the disease. These restrictions reduced
demand from restaurants, which were effectively turned into takeout establishments, while demand from grocery
stores rose as consumers, unaware of how long they would be quarantined at home, increased purchases of food.
Suppliers had a difficult time meeting this increased consumer-driven demand as some businesses had to shut
down or limit production capacity when COVID-19 outbreaks occurred at their plants.13 In addition, producers were
trying to reorient their processing and supply channels from restaurants and institutional customers to
supermarkets, which have different product sizes and packaging requirements.14 This reduction in demand by
processors forced farmers to either accept lower prices for their product or destroy perishable products because of
the lack of an available market.15
Overall, the Producer Price Index (PPI) for final-demand foods decreased only 0.1 percent between March and
June 2020, but the minimal cumulative movement masked an underlying monthly volatility within the index.16 With
no change in March 2020, prices for final-demand foods fell 0.5 percent in April 2020, as the index for corn
dropped 19.1 percent and prices for dairy products declined 4.4 percent. In May 2020, the index for final-demand
foods jumped by a record 6.0 percent, as meat prices surged 40.4 percent. In June 2020, the index for finaldemand foods reversed course again, falling 5.2 percent, as prices for meats dropped 27.7 percent and the index
for eggs fell 12.7 percent. (See table 3.)
The price patterns seen in international trade are also reflected in the domestic prices for meat, dairy, eggs, and
corn. The PPIs that reflect the supply chain of meat consumption saw many significant price changes. Slaughter
livestock and meats both experienced large price changes since March 2020. After declining early in 2020 as a
result of lower domestic seasonal demand following the holidays, the PPI for meats jumped nearly 50 percent
between March and May 2020, mainly because of the combination of lower supplies from processors and higher
consumer demand. A bottleneck at processing plants (caused by retooling packaging lines) and COVID-19
shutdowns reduced demand for slaughter livestock, whose prices fell over 8 percent in March 2020, forcing
ranchers to either accept lower prices or withhold their livestock from sale.17 In June 2020, as stay-at-home orders
were lifted throughout the country, restaurant demand increased, and supply chains started to revert to normal, as
measured by the PPI for meats, which dropped over 25 percent, returning to near its pre-COVID-19 levels.
Dairy products were also heavily influenced by the pandemic. The PPI for dairy products fell 2.7 percent between
February and June 2020, as school closures and stay-at-home orders substantially reduced dairy demand from
restaurants and school lunch programs. Like meat processors, dairy producers were unable to quickly reorient
their production facilities from institutional-sized to consumer-sized product packaging. Because demand for raw
milk by dairy product manufacturers was very low, some dairy farmers could not find a market for their product,
seeing no other option but to dump their perishable inventory rather than ship it for further processing.18 Overall,
the PPI for raw milk fell about 40 percent between February and June 2020.
Prices for eggs as measured by the PPI initially increased over 50 percent between February and April 2020. This
initial increase was due to higher demand for eggs in preparation for the upcoming Easter holiday. Eggs were used
for cooking and decorative purposes, and demand for them was driven by consumer panic buying resulting from
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the stay-at-home orders implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.19 In May 2020, eggs once destined
for newly closed restaurants and food service buyers were redirected into supermarket supply channels. These
increased supplies, coupled with lower demand after the Easter holiday, resulted in a price drop of over 40 percent
in May 2020. To bring supplies and demand back into balance, some egg producers culled their flocks or donated
their eggs to foodbanks.20
World economic contraction due to the COVID-19 pandemic and a crude petroleum price war between OPEC and
Russia led to historically low prices for crude petroleum.21 Corn’s relationship with the energy sector is
demonstrated by movements in the PPI for corn. Domestic corn prices trended with export prices, falling from
February to May 2020 and rising in June 2020. The earlier downward trend was due to the role of corn in the
production of ethanol, which is blended with crude petroleum to produce gasoline. Although planting and growth
progress were close to historical averages, ensuring stable supply, the demand for corn to produce ethanol
dropped precipitously as gasoline demand plummeted in late March and early April 2020. Corn prices fell with
rising inventory levels of refined petroleum products, as consumers and industry depressed demand after the
implementation of stay-at-home orders. Market conditions in the petroleum sector severely reduced the production
of ethanol and led to the closure of some ethanol producing facilities.22 In addition, a number of state governments
campaigned to support the domestic oil and gas industries by waiving ethanol blending requirements from the
Renewable Fuel Standard during the COVID-19 crisis; this prospect of a further reduction in demand put additional
pressure on the price of corn.23 Overall, the PPI for corn prices fell more than 20 percent between February and
May 2020. In June 2020, the price for corn rose about 6 percent as ethanol production increased with state
economies slowly beginning to reopen and consumers becoming more comfortable leaving the house and
traveling, causing demand for gasoline to rise.
Table 3. Producer price indexes for select food categories, monthly percent changes, seasonally adjusted,
January–June 2020
Category

January 2020 February 2020 March 2020 April 2020 May 2020 June 2020

Final demand foods
Slaughter livestock
Meats
Raw milk
Dairy products
Eggs for fresh use
(NSA)
Corn

3-month change
(March 20–June 20)

0.2
0.3
-2.1
-3.8
-0.4

-1.8
-4.4
-2.4
-1.8
-0.6

0.0
-8.1
-1.8
-6.6
-0.4

-0.5
-3.1
4.2
-3.8
-4.4

6.0
10.3
40.4
-22.4
-4.0

-5.2
-10.5
-27.7
-13.0
6.6

-0.1
-4.4
5.7
-35.1
-2.2

-35.2

33.4

26.4

31.8

-44.6

-12.7

-36.2

4.0

-6.5

-0.2

-19.1

-5.0

6.3

-18.3

Note: NSA = not seasonally adjusted.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Consumer Price Index
Unsurprisingly, consumer prices for food were also affected by COVID-19, with food at home indexes generally
rising and food away from home indexes becoming more volatile.24

Food at home price movements
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Since March 2020, consumer price indexes for food at home posted some of the largest monthly increases of
recent years. The global and domestic price trends highlighted by import/export and producer price indexes also
show up in the price changes seen in local grocery stores. The food at home price index increased 4.3 percent
(seasonally adjusted) from March to June 2020 after rising 1.1 percent over the previous 12 months. This trend
was partly driven by the previously noted supply issues in the beef industry; beef prices for consumers rose more
than 20 percent from March to June 2020. This increase contributed to the 10-percent increase in the CPI for
meats, poultry, fish, and eggs over the same period. However, while prices for meats, poultry, fish, and eggs
increased the most among major grocery store food groups, all other food at home CPIs increased broadly from
March to June 2020. (See table 4.)
Table 4. Consumer price indexes for select food at home categories, 12-month and 3-month percent
change
Category

12-month percent change,

3-month percent change (SA),

March 2019–March 2020

March–June 2020

Food at home
Cereals and bakery products
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs
Beef and veal
Dairy and related products
Fruits and vegetables
Nonalcholic beverages
Other food at home

1.1
0.1
2.3
3.8
3.7
-1.9
1.4
1.4

4.3
3.1
10.3
20.4
2.1
2.5
3.6
2.1

Note: SA = seasonally adjusted.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Food away from home price movements
The main price indexes within food away from home—full-service and limited-service meals and snacks—typically
show very little volatility. With fewer prices in the index and changes in the market, the price indexes for the two
major product groups have fluctuated more in recent months. Prices rose more than usual among products in the
limited-service meals and snack category, which has shown higher-than-usual price growth since March 2020.
Prices for full-service meals and snacks declined in April 2020, but increased sharply in June 2020. Recent
increases reflect, in part, higher input costs seen in food at home indexes. (See table 5.)
Table 5. Consumer price indexes for select food away from home categories, monthly percent changes,
seasonally adjusted, January–June 2020
Category
Food away from home
Full-service meals
and snacks
Limited-service
meals and snacks

January 2020 February 2020 March 2020 April 2020 May 2020 June 2020

3-month change
(March 20–June 20)

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.5

1.0

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.3

0.2

0.9

0.7

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.6

0.5

1.8

See footnotes at end of table.

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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Changes to data collection in the face of the pandemic
Safety precautions established during the current pandemic created data collection challenges for some price
indexes more than others. While the surveys for import, export, and producer prices were able to continue normal
data collection during the pandemic, the survey for consumer prices saw significant data collection challenges, as
its data are typically collected by in-person visits that were completely halted across the country in mid-March
2020.

Import/Export Price Index
Price collection for U.S. Import and Export Index for foods, feeds, and beverages dropped after the COVID-19
pandemic started in March 2020. For imports, survey response rates for foods, feeds, and beverages were 4.8
percentage points lower in April 2020 than in April 2019. Response rates were 5.9 percentage points lower in May
2020 than in May 2019, and 5.1 percentage points lower in June 2020 than a year earlier. Although response rates
for export foods, feeds, and beverages were higher than those for imports in all 3 months, they were lower than
they were in 2019—by 9.0 percentage points in April 2020, 6.8 percentage points in May 2020, and 9.3 percentage
points in June 2020. Import and export prices are revised in the 3 months after initial publication. While response
rates improved after these revisions, they remained below their year-ago levels. There were no changes in data
collection and estimation procedures.

Producer Price Index
In the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic, PPI response rates remained consistent with historical
averages for almost all sectors. Although no concrete evidence exists that could explain why PPI response rates
were nominally affected, two factors were working in favor of the PPI. First, monthly pricing data used to calculate
the PPI are primarily collected online through the BLS Internet Data Collection Facility. Second, and anecdotally,
when BLS staff attempted to follow up with survey respondents about extreme price movements, they found them
to be more accessible during the COVID-19 pandemic as many businesses had directed their administrative staff
to work from home. Since PPI response rates were largely unaffected, there were no changes in data collection
and estimation procedures.

Consumer Price Index
The CPI for commodities and services is calculated from price data that BLS collects in retail stores and
restaurants. In-person data collection focuses on specific items in specific stores and locations, and these items
are considered to be representative of the consumer market basket. Safety precautions necessitated by the
COVID-19 pandemic had a large and immediate impact on the data collection process for the CPI program.
Food price data, both in grocery stores and in restaurants, are typically collected almost entirely by personal visit to
the location. This in-person data collection was completely halted across the country on March 16, 2020. Since
measuring food price change is essential to the CPI, BLS had to introduce new procedures that would allow for the
collection of data in amounts sufficient for the publication of accurate food indexes. These methods included
replacing in-person data collection with online data collection. However, the reduction in the number of prices

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collected and the transition to the new methods created issues that users should be aware of when interpreting the
indexes. In the following sections, we describe the impacts for both food at home and food away from home data
collection.

Food at home data collection
To measure price change for food at home, BLS collects data from thousands of grocery stores and other
establishments that sell grocery food items. Prices are collected and indexes are published for dozens of specific
food categories, which are classified into six broad groups. As is the case for many CPI categories, these prices
have traditionally been collected in person by hundreds of trained BLS data collectors in the field. Each month,
these collectors observe and record thousands of prices, making sure that the prices collected are for the exact
items in the sample.
In 2019, about 99 percent of food at home prices were collected via personal visit. In June 2020, typical of recent
months, about 96 percent of the prices were collected online, with the remaining 4 percent collected via telephone.
While BLS adapted collection procedures for the CPI by shifting to online price collection, some complications
were encountered. Some grocery stores had prices available online, others had prices available only through a
third party, and some had no online prices available. For some stores, there was even a queue for accessing their
website. The availability of many items also decreased as demand surged.
These logistical and market impacts resulted in a decrease in the total amount of prices collected. Table 6 shows
the percentage of prices in the sample collected both before and after the pandemic forced the change in
collection methods.
Table 6. Response rates for Consumer Price Index for select food at home categories, June 2019 and June
2020
Response rate
Category
June 2019
Food at home
Cereals and bakery products
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs
Beef and veal
Dairy and related products
Fruits and vegetables
Nonalcoholic beverages
Other food at home

June 2020
90
93
91
93
93
84
94
93

66
66
61
61
74
66
72
68

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Response rates for most food at home categories fell from about 90 percent to 61 percent–74 percent, with rates
for meat categories seeing the largest declines. Despite these declines and challenging conditions, the new data
collection methods still allowed BLS to collect more than 60 percent of the prices for all the major food categories.

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A reduced number of prices collected is not the only issue that complicates price-change measurement for food at
home during the pandemic. For some stores in the sample, an item’s online price may be different from, and often
higher than, the in-store price for the same day and time. This difference was one of the factors that led to an
increase in the food at home index from March to April 2020, because in some cases, online prices were
compared with prices previously collected in store.

Food away from home data collection
BLS collects data from thousands of restaurants and other establishments selling nongrocery food items.
Restaurants are classified as either full-service or limited-service, with a price index published for each type. In
addition, data are collected for employee sites, schools, vending machines, and mobile vendors such as food
trucks.
Like food at home price data, most food away from home price data have historically been collected in person.
When the pandemic-related restrictions began, new methods had to be developed and implemented to collect
these data. Before in-person data collection was ceased, about 80 percent of food away from home price data
were collected in person. In June 2020, about three-quarters of the data were collected online, with the remainder
collected by telephone.
At the onset of the pandemic-related restrictions, many restaurants and other sampled establishments were
closed, and many others had limited online menus, restricting the pricing availability of some specific items in the
sample. In addition, data collection was extremely limited for vending machines, employee sites, and schools. This
limitation resulted in declines in response rates and in fewer prices collected for food away from home indexes.
(See table 7.)
Table 7. Response rates for Consumer Price Index for select food away from home categories, June 2019
and June 2020
Response rates
Category
June 2019
Food away from home
Full-service meals and snacks
Limited-service meals and snacks
Food at employee sites and schools
Food from vending machines and mobile vendors

June 2020
87
91
93
50
80

60
59
75
19
26

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Response rates declined across all categories, with rates for full-service restaurants declining more than those for
limited-service restaurants, reflecting more widespread closures. The more minor categories declined sharply,
reflecting closures of sites and the infeasibility of online price collection.

Conclusion

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In recent months, the pandemic resulted in upward movements for many BLS food price indexes. Large price
increases for meat products occurred across the board, and price declines for corn were largely energy driven and
did not affect the food purchases of U.S. consumers. Prices for perishable foods with a short shelf life was strongly
affected, and disruptions in dairy and egg production and distribution caused the greatest price volatility in all BLS
price indexes. The shift away from institutional and restaurant food consumption toward food at home consumption
created short-term disruptions and shocks in the economy, particularly for perishable foods. These shocks rippled
through the economy and affected the prices consumers pay in the grocery store.
The COVID-19 pandemic also affected BLS price data collection, with collection efforts for consumer price indexes
for food being affected more than those for the other BLS price indexes. However, price data continue to be
collected, contributing to the production of high-quality price indexes that inform the public.25
SUGGESTED CITATION

Dave Mead, Karen Ransom, Stephen B. Reed, and Scott Sager, "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food
price indexes and data collection," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2020, https://
doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2020.18.
NOTES
1 For more information, see “Timeline: how the coronavirus spread,” Al Jazeera, updated daily, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/
2020/01/timeline-china-coronavirus-spread-200126061554884.html.
2 Mildred Haley and Fred Gale, “African swine fever shrinks pork production in China, swells demand for imported pork,” Amber
Waves, (U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service), February 3, 2020, https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/
2020/february/african-swine-fever-shrinks-pork-production-in-china-swells-demand-for-imported-pork/.
3 Jon Condon and James Nason, “China’s coronavirus outbreak will impact beef and cattle trade,” Beef Central, January 29, 2020,
https://www.beefcentral.com/news/chinas-coronavirus-outbreak-will-impact-beef-and-cattle-trade/.
4 For more information on U.S. exports of meat products and meat packaging products, see the U.S. Census Bureau Office of
Foreign Trade Statistics web page at https://usatrade.census.gov/. Note that a free account is needed to view this data.
5 Dee-Ann Durbin, “Where’s the beef? Production shutdown leads to shortages” The Associated Press, May 7, 2020, https://
apnews.com/1ace47a100d73ce690990d73e597db22.
6 Thomas Gibbons-Neff, “For Maine lobstermen, a perfect storm threatens the summer season,” The New York Times, July 3, 2020,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/maine-lobster-summer-virus.html.
7 Matt Phillips, “What’s gotten into the price of cheese,” The New York Times, June 22, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/
business/cheese-cheddar-prices.html.
8 For more information on the U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers to Families Food Box program, see “USDA farmers to families
food box” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service), updated daily, https://www.ams.usda.gov/selling-food-tousda/farmers-to-families-food-box.
9 John Cox, “Almond growers fret over expectations for another record harvest,” The Record, July 20, 2020, https://
www.bakersfield.com/delano-record/almond-growers-fret-over-expectations-for-another-record-harvest/article_4e4fe1f8-cabc-11eaa2a4-eb474cdf77a9.html.

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10 Kevin M. Camp, “The relationship between crude oil prices and export prices of major agricultural commodities,” Beyond the
Numbers: Global Economy, vol. 8, no. 7 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2019), https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-8/therelationship-between-crude-oil-and-export-prices-of-major-agricultural-commodities.htm.
11 For more information on corn production and fuel use, see figure “Corn production and portion used for fuel” (U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, May 2020), https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10339.
12 John Perkins, “Corn, soybean acreage lower than expected,” Brownfield Ag News for America, June 30, 2020, https://
brownfieldagnews.com/news/corn-soybean-acreage-lower-than-expected/.
13 Isis Almeida and Michael Hirtzer, “Slaughterhouses that supply America’s meats are starting to close,” Bloomberg, April 13, 2020,
https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2020-04-13/hog-cattle-futures-fall-by-daily-limit-on-slaughter-disruptions. For a list of
meat plant closures, see https://www.meatpoultry.com/articles/22993-covid-19-meat-plant-map.
14 Laura Reiley, “The industry says we have enough food. Here’s why some store shelves are empty anyway,” The Washington Post,
April 14, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/04/14/grocery-stores-empty-shelves-shortage/?itid=hp_hp-bannermain_virus-grocery-603am%3Ahomepage%2Fstory-ans.
15 Ben Kesling, “Coronavirus forces farmers to destroy their crops,” The Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/
articles/coronavirus-forces-farmers-to-destroy-their-crops-11587909600.
16 PPI data included in this article that reference indexes for March through June 2020 are first issued. All PPIs are recalculated 4
months after original publication to reflect late reporting by survey respondents.
17 Drake Lawson, “Area farmers, ranchers also take a financial hit from Covid-19,” KWTX, April 13, 2020, https://www.kwtx.com/
content/news/Area-farmers-ranchers-also-take-a-financial-hit-from-COVID-19-569609011.html.
18 Ashley, “Dairy farmers are dumping thousands of gallons of milk due to coronavirus,” CDL Life News, April 6, 2020, https://
cdllife.com/2020/dairy-farmers-are-dumping-thousands-of-gallons-of-milk-due-to-coronavirus/.
19 Ron Sterk, “Egg prices sharply higher as consumer stock up during COVID-19 homing,” Food Business News, March 20, 2020,
https://www.foodbusinessnews.net/articles/15656-egg-prices-sharply-higher-as-consumers-stock-up-during-covid-19-homing.
20 Krissa Welshans, “New egg industry report tackles COVID-19 impact,” Feedstuffs, May 19, 2020, https://www.feedstuffs.com/
markets/new-egg-industry-report-tackles-covid-19-impact.
21 Andrew Walker, “US oil prices turn negative as demand dries up,” BBC, April 21, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/
business-52350082.
22 Michael Hirtzer, “Cheap oil and empty roads are halting American biofuel plants,” Bloomberg, March 19, 2020, https://
www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-19/as-oil-prices-fall-u-s-ethanol-makers-see-their-market-limited.
23 Jennifer A. Dlouhy and Michael Hirtzer, “Governors ask Trump to waive biofuel quotas amid pandemic,” Bloomberg, April 15, 2020,
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/governors-ask-trump-to-waive-biofuel-quotas-amid-pandemic?sref=q8seIhDd.
24 Note that the impact of COVID-19 on changes in consumer purchasing patterns is not immediately reflected in CPI weights. The
estimated quantities of goods and services purchased by consumers are fixed between biennial updates in the CPI.
25 Additional information is available in each program’s COVID-19 notices: CPI notice, MXPI notice, PPI notice.

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Survey methods
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Producer price index

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Prices