Form 87 MAT Provider Survey

Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) Providers Survey

Background:

As with other populations within the US, the opioid epidemic continues to pose a public health challenge for American Indian and Alaska Native communities.(CDC, Stanley, Stanley) Overdose deaths (OD) among AI/ANs follow similar trends to those of the general population of the United States, where the rate of opioid-overdose deaths (OD) has quadrupled since 1999. AI/AN OD mortality rates have risen to an average of 8 deaths per 100,000 (second only to Whites at 12/100,000 deaths). (CDC) although specific tribal data is scarce, ODs among AI/ANs vary substantially by state, reaching as high as 26 deaths per 100,000 in Minnesota. (Momper, Venner). This elevated mortality is likely linked to non-medical use of prescription drugs among AI/AN and, presumably, an increase in synthetic opioid use as well. (Momper, SAMSHA) Other factors involved include high rates of alcohol and substance use disorders in AI/ANs (CDC), historical cultural trauma, high rates of poverty and mental illness (Beals), and limited access to high-quality care. (Novins 1)

Currently three medications for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) are available: methadone, buprenorphine/naloxone, and naltrexone. (SAMHSA 2018) When taken appropriately, medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is highly effective and produces superior abstinence, treatment retention, and treatment outcome measures compared relative to classic abstinence and psychosocial therapies. (Venner, Connery 2015, Mattick 2003) Buprenorphine/naloxone, a partial opioid agonist, is of particular appeal in the clinical setting given its low abuse potential. (SAMHSA)

Although there is currently a paucity of published data on outcomes from MAT in AI/ANs in the United States to date, some data exists to suggest the successful treatment outcomes seen in other populations with OUD may be applicable to AI/ANs. One randomized-control study showed that using naltrexone with sertraline in Alaskan Natives with alcohol use disorder was feasible in rural settings and effective for this population. (O’Malley) However, outcome data for use of MAT AI/ANs otherwise remains scarce.

Likewise, there do appear to be many barriers toward widespread MAT implementation in Indian Country. Of the 192 substance abuse treatment programs serving AI/ANs responding to a 2017 survey, only 28% reported implementing MAT. (Rieckmann) This is much lower than in programs treating the general population (>50%). (Abraham, NSSATS) The main predictor of MAT implementation in AI/AN facilities included whether or not MAT was consistent with the treatment approach and philosophy of the program. (Novins 2) Staff expertise and training in MAT was also highly predictive of MAT uptake by AI/AN facilities. (Novins 2) Again, a lack of qualitative data limits our current appreciation of the scope of the current barriers to MAT that exist in facilities servicing AI/AN populations.

Several studies have looked at provider-perceived barriers to MAT uptake in health care facilities outside of Indian Country. Common logistical and/or institutional barriers perceived by providers included: concerns about laboratory tests/induction logistics, lack of institutional support for MAT, resistance among practice partners to MAT uptake, limited counseling service availability, limited nursing and office support, limited addiction specialty support, and state restrictions on MAT.(Abright, Kissin, Hutchinson, Gordon) Common patient-specific barriers include: stigma of treating SUD patients, concern about attracting more SUD patients, concern about patients selling and/or abuse their MAT prescription, perceived need to be available to patient “around the clock” for SUD populations on MAT. Provider-specific barriers included concerns about attracting more SUD patients, lack of confidence in the provider’s ability to manage addiction, and prior experience with methadone-maintenance prescribing. (Kernack) Provider characteristics associated with prescribing MAT included: working in a specialty other than psychiatry, solo practitioners, working in a specialty clinic, practice duration of greater than 5 years, and no prior experience with prescribing methadone maintenance therapy. Institutional characteristics associated with MAT prescribing included: sufficient nursing demand, sufficient institutional support, Medicaid-insured clinics, and permissive home-induction policies. (All + Walley) Measures described by provider as likely to facilitate MAT prescription included: incorporating the presence of a “champion” to change the facility’s culture regarding MAT, enhancing provider training in MAT, pilot testing MAT programs prior to widespread implementation and adequate time for MAT implementation, easing pharmacy requirements for prescribing MAT within a system, availability of local telemedicine access to specialists, sufficient nursing services, and prevention strategies for buprenorphine diversion.(all)

While it is likely that many of these same barriers present obstacles to MAT implementation in tribal clinics and IHS facilities, the extent and significance to which they do so is unclear. A better appreciation of these barriers may help to better optimize programming committed to tackling the opioid epidemic as it relates to AI/ANs.

Purpose of survey: The survey will assess current availability of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) within IHS facilities servicing AI/ANs and seeks to determine provider-perceived barriers that may be preventing a more widespread uptake and utilization of MAT within IHS.

Intended audience: All IHS Providers identified as having the potential to implement a MAT program will be considered eligible, and will be emailed the survey based on a randomized process.

Modality of survey administration: The survey will be administered via email containing a hyperlink using SurveyMonkey.® Respondents will be contacted 3 times by email to complete the survey. Responses will be anonymous by provider.

Proposed administration dates: April 2019

Copy of survey: A hard copy of the survey questions and available responses can be found at [Insert location if applicable].

Plan to disseminate survey to your target respondent group: The survey will be submitted by hard copy for review of content by leadership at the IHS Office of Clinical and Preventive Services (OCPS) in the first week of March 2019. After subsequent revisions (as necessary) the survey will be submitted to appropriate parties for review at IHS, including the Privacy Act Office. This will also include a Third Party Website Assessment to ensure the survey, its delivery vehicle, and responses are compliant with HIS and HHS mandated guidelines. After approval for dissemination, information regarding the survey and links to electronically accessing it will be emailed to a list serve of target respondents. An anticipated recruitment time of 3 weeks will be appropriated for data collection, with a subsequent reminder email to be sent out sent at the midpoint of this period to facilitate greater participation. After collection results will be generated and prepared for distribution to personnel within IHS and respondents over a two-week period.

Anticipated use of results: : Results of the survey will be distributed within OCPS and to IHS leadership for review. It is the objective of the survey that it be used to assess the current status of MAT within HIS and any policy and/or personnel limitations that may affect achieving goals of reducing OUDs in AI/AN populations over time.

Contact person: Matthew Hudson, MD, MPH ([email protected])

Project directors: Brigg Reilley, MPH; Rick Hverkate, MPH; Marcy Ronyak, PhD

Survey Instrument:

1. What best describes your facility?

Urban facility

IHS (Federal) facility

Tribal (638) health center/clinic

Other

2. What state do you work in?

Text Box

3. What facility do you work in?

Text

4. Please let us know your licensure

Physician

Advanced Practice Nurse/NP

Physician Assistant

Pharmacist

Registered Nurse

Social Worker/Counselor

Other (please specify)

5. What best describes the clinical setting in which you primarily work?

Primary Care clinic

Hospital/Inpatient services

Emergency room/urgent care

Dental

Behavioral Health

Addiction and Substance Use Program

Opioid Treatment Program

Other (please specify)

6. Is opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant health problem for the community you serve?

Not sure

Not a big issue—we don’t see much of it

Somewhat of an issue—definitely present, but not too much

Significant issue—affecting a notable proportion of our patients
Other drugs are more of an issue in our community Please specify drug

7. Does your facility have an Interdisciplinary Pain Team?

No

Yes

Not sure

8. Does your facility offer non-pharmacological interventions for pain (e.g., acupuncture, massage, physical therapy, etc.)?

No

Yes (Select all that apply)

Cognitive therapy

Acupuncture/TENS

Physical Therapy

Massage therapy

Traditional Medicine

Other

Not sure

9. Is Medication Assisted Therapy (MAT) for opioid use disorder available for your patients? (if no or N/A, skip to question 11)

Not sure

Not available in our area

Yes, MAT is available in a nearby facility (within 30 minutes)

Yes, MAT is available in our facility

10.

Can you estimated how many patients in your facility are currently enrolled/referred in MAT Services?_number buckets____

Can you estimate the wait time (in weeks) to enroll/refer new patients? Number buckets_____

I am unable to estimate these numbers

11. What types of MAT-related services are utilized at your facility? (Select all that apply)

Not sure

Office-based MAT induction

ER-based MAT induction

Home-based MAT induction in certain candidates

Coordinated MAT care (RN, pharmacist, behavioral health, physician/APP are all involved)

Behavioral health (peer support, MSW, ADC, group meetings)

After-hours support for patients

Counseling

Needle exchanges

Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP)

Naloxone

None

12. Which medications that are administered as part of MAT services at the site? (Check all that apply)

Methadone (e.g. Methadose®, Dolophine®)

Dual buprenorphine/naloxone products (e.g. Suboxone®, Zubsolv® )

Single buprenorphine products (e.g. Buprenex®, Sublocade®)

Naltrexone products (e.g. Vivitrol®)

Naloxone products (e.g. Narcan®)

Not sure

13. Do you personally have a DATA Waiver from the DEA for prescribing MAT?

Not applicable to my licensure

I’m not familiar with this term

No, I haven’t had the training

I’ve started but not completed waiver training

I’ve completed training but am not certified to prescribe MAT

I’m certified but not currently dispensing

I’m certified and I am dispensing MAT

14. What role does medication assisted therapy (MAT) have in your practice?

I’m unfamiliar with MAT (Skip to “Are you interested in any of the following”)

I’m not interested in MAT (Skip to “What are your main concerns…?”)

I’ve considered implementing MAT but “see many pros and cons” (Skip to “what are your main concerns…”)

I’m planning on implementing MAT, but I have not done so yet

I’ve implemented MAT, but it’s not a permanent part of the program

MAT is a permanent part of my clinical program

15. MAT uses medication to maintain remission/prevent relapse in those with OUD. Would you be interested in the following?: (Not InterestedVery interested)

Educational information on the in’s and out’s of MAT.

CME/CE training for guidance on potentially prescribing MAT in your clinic

Greater access to addiction specialists for referring your patients with OIUD

(Skip to Other comments/end of survey question)

16. What are your main concerns with implementing MAT? (Select all that apply)

There isn’t much need for MAT at my facility

Nursing shortages limit MAT potential

Behavioral Health/Counselor shortages limit MAT potential

I am not trained to start MAT coverage

There is a limited addiction specialist support at my facility

Competing priorities exist in our facility

Lab testing (Urine drug screens) and logistics are difficult

There are too many time constraints in clinic

I’d need to be available “around the clock” for patients on MAT

I don’t want to attract more patients with OUD into my practice

I feel this replaces one form of addiction with another.

Other (Specify)

(Skip to Other comments/end of survey question)

17. How would you describe your experiences with MAT in your clinic to date? (Strongly disagreeStrongly agree)

Implementing a MAT program was easy.

MAT has improved recovery rates among my patients with OUD

Diversion/compliance is not a problem after my patients start MAT

I have access to addiction specialists when I need it.

COMMENTS

18. What would be most helpful toward starting/expanding MAT in your facility? (Likert scale Not helpful Most helpful)

Greater administrative/directorship support for MAT in clinic

Increasing nursing and staff training with MAT

Increasing lab capabilities (e.g., screening)

Increased counseling services

Having greater specialist / tele-specialist access

Developing a home induction protocol

Developing a call system to reduce after-hours burden on providers

Collaborative practice agreement with pharmacy

Improved lab testing policies and logistics

Syringe Services Program (“Needle Exchange”)

Greater access to other recovery options

Other

(Skip to Other comments/end of survey question)

19. Other comments?  What are your greatest needs/concerns for addressing opioid use disorder in your community at sufficient scale?

Comment

20. Can we contact you to hear more about your program, or offer technical support? If yes, please put contact info:

Free text

References:

Stanley, L. R., Harness, S. D., Swaim, R. C., & Beauvais, F. (2014). Rates of substance use of American Indian students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades living on or near reservations: Update, 2009–2012. Public Health Reports, 129(2), 156-163.

Stanley, L. R., & Swaim, R. C. (2018). Latent classes of substance use Among American Indian and White students living on or near reservations, 2009-2013. Public Health Reports, 133(4), 432-441.

CDC health disparities and inequalities report—United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60:1–114, 2014

Novins DK, Croy CD, Moore LA, et al: Use of evidence-based treatments in substance abuse treatment programs serving American Indian and Alaska Native communities. Drug and Alcohol

Dependence 161:214–221, 2016.

Beals J, Novins DK, Whitesell NR, et al: Prevalence of mental disorders and utilization of mental health services in two American Indian reservation populations: mental health disparities in a national context. American Journal of Psychiatry 162:1723–1732, 2005.

Novins DK, Aarons GA, Conti SG, et al: Use of the evidence base in substance abuse treatment programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives: pursuing quality in the crucible of practice and policy. Implementation Science 6:63, 2011

Abraham AJ, Knudsen HK, Roman PM: A longitudinal examination of alcohol pharmacotherapy adoption in substance use disorder treatment programs: patterns of sustainability and discontinuation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 72: 669–677, 2011

National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS): 2013. Data on Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities. Rockville, MD,Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2013_NSSATS/2013_NSSATS_National_Survey_of_Substance_Abuse_Treatment_Services.pdf

Hutchinson, E., Catlin, M., Andrilla, C. H. A., Baldwin, L. M., & Rosenblatt, R. A. (2014). Barriers to primary care physicians prescribing buprenorphine. The Annals of Family Medicine, 12(2), 128-133.

Gordon, A. J., Kavanagh, G., Krumm, M., Ramgopal, R., Paidisetty, S., Aghevli, M., ... & Liberto, J. (2011). Facilitators and barriers in implementing buprenorphine in the Veterans Health Administration. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(2), 215

Albright, J., Ciaverelli, R., Essex, A., Tkacz, J., & Ruetsch, C. (2010). Psychiatrist characteristics that influence use of buprenorphine medication-assisted treatment. Journal of addiction medicine, 4(4), 197-203.

Kissin, W., McLeod, C., Sonnefeld, J., & Stanton, A. (2006). Experiences of a national sample of qualified addiction specialists who have and have not prescribed buprenorphine for opioid dependence. Journal of addictive diseases, 25(4), 91-103.

Walley, A. Y., Alperen, J. K., Cheng, D. M., Botticelli, M., Castro-Donlan, C., Samet, J. H., & Alford, D. P. (2008). Office-based management of opioid dependence with buprenorphine: clinical practices and barriers. Journal of general internal medicine, 23(9), 1393-139.

Kermack, A., Flannery, M., Tofighi, B., McNeely, J., & Lee, J. D. (2017). Buprenorphine prescribing practice trends and attitudes among New York providers. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 74, 1-6.

O’Malley, S. S., Robin, R. W., Levenson, A. L., GreyWolf, I., Chance, L. E., Hodgkinson, C. A., ... & Wu, R. (2008). Naltrexone alone and with sertraline for the treatment of alcohol dependence in Alaska natives and non‐natives residing in rural settings: a randomized controlled trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(7), 1271-1283.