29 Cfr 1605.2

29 CFR 1605.2 (up to date as of 6/17/2022)
Reasonable accommodation without undue hardship as required b...

29 CFR 1605.2

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Title 29 - Labor
Subtitle B - Regulations Relating to Labor
Chapter XIV - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Part 1605 - Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Religion
Authority: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq.
Source: 45 FR 72612, Oct. 31, 1980, unless otherwise noted.

§ 1605.2 Reasonable accommodation without undue hardship as required by section 701(j) of
title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
(a) Purpose of this section. This section clarifies the obligation imposed by title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, as amended, (sections 701(j), 703 and 717) to accommodate the religious practices of employees
and prospective employees. This section does not address other obligations under title VII not to
discriminate on grounds of religion, nor other provisions of title VII. This section is not intended to limit
any additional obligations to accommodate religious practices which may exist pursuant to constitutional,
or other statutory provisions; neither is it intended to provide guidance for statutes which require
accommodation on bases other than religion such as section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The
legal principles which have been developed with respect to discrimination prohibited by title VII on the
bases of race, color, sex, and national origin also apply to religious discrimination in all circumstances
other than where an accommodation is required.
(b) Duty to accommodate.
(1) Section 701(j) makes it an unlawful employment practice under section 703(a)(1) for an employer to
fail to reasonably accommodate the religious practices of an employee or prospective employee,
unless the employer demonstrates that accommodation would result in undue hardship on the
conduct of its business.[2]

(2) Section 701(j) in conjunction with section 703(c), imposes an obligation on a labor organization to
reasonably accommodate the religious practices of an employee or prospective employee, unless
the labor organization demonstrates that accommodation would result in undue hardship.
(3) Section 1605.2 is primarily directed to obligations of employers or labor organizations, which are the
entities covered by title VII that will most often be required to make an accommodation. However,
the principles of § 1605.2 also apply when an accommodation can be required of other entities
covered by title VII, such as employment agencies (section 703(b)) or joint labor-management
committees controlling apprecticeship or other training or retraining (section 703(d)). (See, for
example, § 1605.3(a) “Scheduling of Tests or Other Selection Procedures.”)
(c) Reasonable accommodation.
(1) After an employee or prospective employee notifies the employer or labor organization of his or her
need for a religious accommodation, the employer or labor organization has an obligation to
reasonably accommodate the individual's religious practices. A refusal to accommodate is justified
[2]

See Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison, 432 U.S. 63, 74 (1977).

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only when an employer or labor organization can demonstrate that an undue hardship would in fact
result from each available alternative method of accommodation. A mere assumption that many
more people, with the same religious practices as the person being accommodated, may also need
accommodation is not evidence of undue hardship.
(2) When there is more than one method of accommodation available which would not cause undue
hardship, the Commission will determine whether the accommodation offered is reasonable by
examining:
(i)

The alternatives for accommodation considered by the employer or labor organization; and

(ii) The alternatives for accommodation, if any, actually offered to the individual requiring
accommodation. Some alternatives for accommodating religious practices might disadvantage
the individual with respect to his or her employment opportunites, such as compensation,
terms, conditions, or privileges of employment. Therefore, when there is more than one means
of accommodation which would not cause undue hardship, the employer or labor organization
must offer the alternative which least disadvantages the individual with respect to his or her
employment opportunities.
(d) Alternatives for accommodating religious practices.
(1) Employees and prospective employees most frequently request an accommodation because their
religious practices conflict with their work schedules. The following subsections are some means of
accommodating the conflict between work schedules and religious practices which the Commission
believes that employers and labor organizations should consider as part of the obligation to
accommodate and which the Commission will consider in investigating a charge. These are not
intended to be all-inclusive. There are often other alternatives which would reasonably
accommodate an individual's religious practices when they conflict with a work schedule. There are
also employment practices besides work scheduling which may conflict with religious practices and
cause an individual to request an accommodation. See, for example, the Commission's finding
number (3) from its Hearings on Religious Discrimination, in appendix A to §§ 1605.2 and 1605.3.
The principles expressed in these Guidelines apply as well to such requests for accommodation.
(i)

Voluntary Substitutes and “Swaps”.
Reasonable accommodation without undue hardship is generally possible where a voluntary
substitute with substantially similar qualifications is available. One means of substitution is the
voluntary swap. In a number of cases, the securing of a substitute has been left entirely up to
the individual seeking the accommodation. The Commission believes that the obligation to
accommodate requires that employers and labor organizations facilitate the securing of a
voluntary substitute with substantially similar qualifications. Some means of doing this which
employers and labor organizations should consider are: to publicize policies regarding
accommodation and voluntary substitution; to promote an atmosphere in which such
substitutions are favorably regarded; to provide a central file, bulletin board or other means for
matching voluntary substitutes with positions for which substitutes are needed.

(ii) Flexible Scheduling.
One means of providing reasonable accommodation for the religious practices of employees or
prospective employees which employers and labor organizations should consider is the
creation of a flexible work schedule for individuals requesting accommodation.

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The following list is an example of areas in which flexibility might be introduced: flexible arrival
and departure times; floating or optional holidays; flexible work breaks; use of lunch time in
exchange for early departure; staggered work hours; and permitting an employee to make up
time lost due to the observance of religious practices.[3]

(iii) Lateral Transfer and Change of Job Assignments.
When an employee cannot be accommodated either as to his or her entire job or an assignment
within the job, employers and labor organizations should consider whether or not it is possible
to change the job assignment or give the employee a lateral transfer.
(2) Payment of Dues to a Labor Organization.
Some collective bargaining agreements include a provision that each employee must join the labor
organization or pay the labor organization a sum equivalent to dues. When an employee's religious
practices to not permit compliance with such a provision, the labor organization should
accommodate the employee by not requiring the employee to join the organization and by permitting
him or her to donate a sum equivalent to dues to a charitable organization.
(e) Undue hardship.
(1) Cost. An employer may assert undue hardship to justify a refusal to accommodate an employee's
need to be absent from his or her scheduled duty hours if the employer can demonstrate that the
accommodation would require “more than a de minimis cost”.[4] The Commission will determine
what constitutes “more than a de minimis cost” with due regard given to the identifiable cost in
relation to the size and operating cost of the employer, and the number of individuals who will in fact
need a particular accommodation. In general, the Commission interprets this phrase as it was used
in the Hardison decision to mean that costs similar to the regular payment of premium wages of
substitutes, which was at issue in Hardison, would constitute undue hardship. However, the
Commission will presume that the infrequent payment of premium wages for a substitute or the
payment of premium wages while a more permanent accommodation is being sought are costs
which an employer can be required to bear as a means of providing a reasonable accommodation.
Further, the Commission will presume that generally, the payment of administrative costs necessary
for providing the accommodation will not constitute more than a de minimis cost. Administrative
costs, for example, include those costs involved in rearranging schedules and recording
substitutions for payroll purposes.

(2) Seniority Rights. Undue hardship would also be shown where a variance from a bona fide seniority
system is necessary in order to accommodate an employee's religious practices when doing so
would deny another employee his or her job or shift preference guaranteed by that system. Hardison,
supra, 432 U.S. at 80. Arrangements for voluntary substitutes and swaps (see paragraph (d)(1)(i) of
this section) do not constitute an undue hardship to the extent the arrangements do not violate a

[3]

On September 29, 1978, Congress enacted such a provision for the accommodation of Federal
employees' religious practices. See Pub. L. 95-390, 5 U.S.C. 5550a “Compensatory Time Off for Religious
Observances.”
[4]Hardison,

supra, 432 U.S. at 84.

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bona fide seniority system. Nothing in the Statute or these Guidelines precludes an employer and a
union from including arrangements for voluntary substitutes and swaps as part of a collective
bargaining agreement.

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