ARMS 2 - Production Practices Report - Questions Dropped - July 2022

QUESTIONS REMOVED FROM PRODUCTION PRACTICES REPORT – JULY 2022

Below are the questions that were removed from previous Production Practices Report versions. They were previously requested by the USDA Office of Pest Management Policy (OPMP). This applies to the 2022 Potato Production Practices Report.

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17. For the selected field, were any of the following pesticide spraying practices or activities used in 2019? Pesticides

include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators (PGR).

Pesticide Spraying Practice or Activity	(1) Was this used in 2019?	(2) Was it specifically used to keep pesticide application(s) on-target (i.e., reduce pesticide drift)?	(3) (Complete column for every YES in Column 1) Considering labor, training, capital expenditures, and other costs, how easy or difficult was it to implement this practice or activity?	(4) (Complete column for every NO in Column 1) Why was this practice or activity NOT used? Check all that apply.
	Yes = 1 No = 3 Don’t Know = 2	Yes = 1 No = 3 Don’t Know = 2	1 – Very Easy 2 – Somewhat Easy 3 – Somewhat Difficult 4 – Very Difficult	1 – Cost of labor/training 2 – Cost of associated equipment/products 3 – Incompatible with current production practices (e.g., topography, equipment limitations) 4 – General time management issues/too busy 5 – Unfamiliar with activity or practice 6 – Other, specify:
a. Altering spray time(s) depending on weather conditions (e.g., wind speed, wind direction)
b. Drift reducing adjuvant(s)
c. Drift reducing nozzle(s)
d. Increased GPA spray solution
e. Calibrate sprayer before the season
f. Calibrate sprayer during the season
g. Manually altering sprayer settings to improve the spray precision (e.g., altering spray pressure, ground speed, and/or boom height)

h. Adopting the use of technologies to improve the spray precision (e.g., on/off nozzle spray technology, GPS boom section controls, automatic boom height stabilization, and/or infrared technology)
i. Shielded sprayers
j. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) (e.g. Aim Command, Raven's Hawk Eye, John Deere's Exact Apply, etc.)
k. Other - Specify: ________________

[Enumerator Notes: Question 18 pertains to pre-emergence pesticide applications, regardless of pesticide type. Questions 19 and 20 are specific to post-emergence applications, Question 19 addressing herbicide applications and Question 20 addressing insecticide/fungicide applications.]

18. Pre-emergence pesticide applications are pesticides that are applied BOTH prior to planting and/or before the

emergence of the wheat for early-season pest management. For the selected field, did this operation make any pre-

emergence pesticide applications using aerial sprayers and/or ground boom sprayers in 2019?

☐ Yes, made pre-emergence pesticide applications using aerial sprayers - Go to Item 19

☐ Yes, made pre-emergence pesticide applications using ground boom sprayers – Complete table below

☐ No, did not make pre-emergence pesticide applications - Go to Item 19

	Pre-emergence Pesticide Applications Using Ground Boom Sprayers		Code
a. What was the typical spray volume (gallons per acre-GPA) for pre-emergence pesticide applications?	1☐ < 5 GPA 2☐ 5 to < 7.5 GPA 3☐ 7.5 to < 10 GPA 4☐ 10 to < 15 GPA	5☐ 15 to < 20 GPA 6☐ 20 to < 25 GPA 7☐ 25 GPA or greater 99☐ Don't know
b. What is the typical operating pressure for pre-emergence pesticide applications (PSI)?	1☐ < 10 PSI 2☐ 10 to < 20 PSI 3☐ 20 to < 30 PSI 4☐ 30 to < 40 PSI 5☐ 40 to < 50 PSI 6☐ 50 to < 60 PSI	7☐ 60 to < 70 PSI 8☐ 70 to < 80 PSI 9☐ 80 to < 90 PSI 10☐ 90 to < 100 PSI 11☐100 PSI or greater 99☐ Don't know
d. c. What nozzles were typically used most often for any pre-emergence pesticide applications?	1☐ Hollow Cone 2☐ Full Cone 3☐ Disc/Core Nozzle 4☐ Flat (e.g., flat fan)	5☐ Air-inclusion (AI), Air-induction, Venturi 6☐ Other, specify: ______ 99☐ Don’t Know
e. d. At what ground speed was this ground boom sprayer(s) typically driven during pre-emergence pesticide applications?	1☐ < 5 MPH 2☐ 5 to < 10 MPH 3☐ 10 to <15 MPH	4☐ 15 to <20 MPH 5☐ 20 MPH or greater 99☐ Don't know
f. e. At what boom height above ground or crop canopy did this operation typically spray during pre-emergence pesticide applications?	1☐ < 24 inches 2☐ 24 to < 36 inches	3☐ 36 inches or greater 99☐ Don't know
g. f. What is the target droplet size spectrum for pre-emergence pesticide applications?	1☐ Less than 106 microns (Extremely Fine or Very Fine) 2☐ 106-235 microns (Fine) 3☐ 236-340 microns (Medium) 4☐ 341-403 microns (Coarse)	5☐ 404-502 microns (Very Coarse) 6☐ 503-665 microns (Extremely Coarse) 7☐ Greater than 665 microns (Ultra Coarse) 99☐ Don’t Know

19. Post-emergence herbicide applications are made to control weeds that occur after emergence of the wheat. For this

selected field, did this operation make any post-emergence herbicide applications using aerial sprayers and/or ground

boom sprayers in 2019?

☐ Yes, made post-emergence herbicide applications using aerial sprayers - Go to Item 20

☐ Yes, made post-emergence herbicide applications using ground boom sprayers – Complete table below

☐ No, did not make post-emergence herbicide applications - Go to Item 20

	Post-emergence Herbicide Applications Using Ground Broom Sprayers		Code
a. What was the typical spray volume (gallons per acre-GPA) for post-emergence herbicide applications?	1☐ < 5 GPA 2☐ 5 to < 7.5 GPA 3☐ 7.5 to < 10 GPA 4☐ 10 to < 15 GPA	5☐ 15 to < 20 GPA 6☐ 20 to < 25 GPA 7☐ 25 GPA or greater 99☐ Don't know
b. What is the typical operating pressure for post-emergence herbicide applications (PSI)?	1☐ < 10 PSI 2☐ 10 to < 20 PSI 3☐ 20 to < 30 PSI 4☐ 30 to < 40 PSI 5☐ 40 to < 50 PSI 6☐ 50 to < 60 PSI	7☐ 60 to < 70 PSI 8☐ 70 to < 80 PSI 9☐ 80 to < 90 PSI 10☐ 90 to < 100 PSI 11☐100 PSI or greater 99☐ Don't know
d. c. What nozzles were typically used most often for any post-emergence herbicide applications?	1☐ Hollow Cone 2☐ Full Cone 3☐ Disc/Core 4☐ Flat (e.g., flat fan)	5☐ Air-inclusion (AI), Air-induction, Venturi 6☐ Other, specify: ______ 99☐ Don’t Know
e. d. At what ground speed was this ground boom sprayer(s) typically driven during post-emergence herbicide applications?	1☐ < 5 MPH 2☐ 5 to < 10 MPH 3☐ 10 to <15 MPH	4☐ 15 to <20 MPH 5☐ 20 MPH or greater 99☐ Don't know
f. e. At what boom height above ground or crop canopy did this operation typically spray during post-emergence herbicide applications?	1☐ < 24 inches 2☐ 24 to < 36 inches	3☐ 36 inches or greater 99☐ Don't know
g. f. What is the target droplet size spectrum for post-emergence herbicide applications?	1☐ Less than 106 microns (Extremely Fine or Very Fine) 2☐ 106-235 microns (Fine) 3☐ 236-340 microns (Medium) 4☐ 341-403 microns (Coarse)	5☐ 404-502 microns (Very Coarse) 6☐ 503-665 microns (Extremely Coarse) 7☐ Greater than 665 microns (Ultra Coarse) 99☐ Don’t Know

20. Post-emergence insecticide and/or fungicide applications are made to control pests that occur after emergence of the

wheat. For the selected field, did this operation make any post-emergence insecticide and/or fungicide applications

using aerial sprayers and/or ground boom sprayers in 2019?

☐ Yes, made post-emergence insecticide/fungicide applications using aerial sprayers - Go to Item 21

☐ Yes, made post-emergence insecticide/fungicide applications using ground boom sprayers – Complete table below

☐ No, did not make pre-emergence pesticide applications - Go to Item 21

	Post-emergence Insecticide/Fungicide Applications Using Ground Boom Sprayers		Code
a. What was the typical spray volume (gallons per acre-GPA) for post-emergence insecticide/fungicide applications?	1☐ < 5 GPA 2☐ 5 to < 7.5 GPA 3☐ 7.5 to < 10 GPA 4☐ 10 to < 15 GPA	5☐ 15 to < 20 GPA 6☐ 20 to < 25 GPA 7☐ 25 GPA or greater 99☐ Don't know
b. What is the typical operating pressure for post-emergence insecticide/fungicide applications (PSI)?	1☐ < 10 PSI 2☐ 10 to < 20 PSI 3☐ 20 to < 30 PSI 4☐ 30 to < 40 PSI 5☐ 40 to < 50 PSI 6☐ 50 to < 60 PSI	7☐ 60 to < 70 PSI 8☐ 70 to < 80 PSI 9☐ 80 to < 90 PSI 10☐ 90 to < 100 PSI 11☐100 PSI or greater 99☐ Don't know
d. c. What nozzles were typically used most often for any post-emergence insecticide/fungicide applications?	1☐ Hollow Cone 2☐ Full Cone 3☐ Disc/Core Nozzle 4☐ Flat (e.g., flat fan)	5☐ Air-inclusion (AI), Air-induction, Venturi 6☐ Other, specify: ______ 99☐ Don’t Know
e. d. At what ground speed was this ground boom sprayer(s) typically driven during post-emergence insecticide/fungicide applications?	1☐ < 5 MPH 2☐ 5 to < 10 MPH 3☐ 10 to <15 MPH	4☐ 15 to <20 MPH 5☐ 20 MPH or greater 99☐ Don't know
f. e. At what boom height above ground or crop canopy did this operation typically spray during post-emergence insecticide/fungicide applications?	1☐ < 24 inches 2☐ 24 to < 36 inches	3☐ 36 inches or greater 99☐ Don't know
g. f. What is the target droplet size spectrum for post-emergence insecticide/fungicide applications?	1☐ Less than 106 microns (Extremely Fine or Very Fine) 2☐ 106-235 microns (Fine) 3☐ 236-340 microns (Medium) 4☐ 341-403 microns (Coarse)	5☐ 404-502 microns (Very Coarse) 6☐ 503-665 microns (Extremely Coarse) 7☐ Greater than 665 microns (Ultra Coarse) 99☐ Don’t Know

21. Which of the following spraying practices resulted in a sprayer re-calibration in 2019? Check all that apply.

☐ a. Computer calibration alert system

☐ b. Change in product being applied

☐ c. Observed change in spray pattern or Gallons per Acre (GPA) output (e.g., from worn nozzles)

☐ d. Scheduled calibration (e.g., daily, monthly, annually)

☐ e. When moving to a different block or crop

☐ f. Other, specify: ________

☐ g. None of the above

22. For the selected field, how often did this operation clean the ground boom sprayer tank system in 2019? Check all that apply	☐ 1 Before the season ☐ 2 After the season ☐ 3 Depended on the product(s) ☐ 4 Regularly scheduled cleaning ☐ 5 Other, specify: __________________________ ☐ 6 Never
[Enumerator Note: If Respondent answered code 1 - 5 for Item 22, answer Item 22a and 22b; else skip to Item 23]
22a.For each time that the ground boom sprayer was cleaned, how often was a tank cleaner used? …………………………………...	☐ 1 Always (100%) ☐ 2 Often (51% or more) ☐ 3 Sometimes (50% or less) ☐ 4 Never (0%) ☐ 99. Don’t Know
22b. Did this operation use separate spray rigs for herbicide applications? ………………..	☐ 1 Yes ☐ 3 No ☐ 2 Don’t Know

23. For the selected field, what material were a majority of the nozzles made of that were used across all pesticide

applications made in 2019? Select one.

☐ a. Plastic, such as Polypropylene (i.e. Poly or PP) or other types

☐ b. Aluminum, brass, or other soft metal(s)

☐ c. Stainless steel (including hardened stainless steel)

☐ d. Porcelain or other ceramic materials

☐ e. Other, specify: ____________________________

24. For the selected field, what were the most common reasons for replacing the nozzles on the sprayers in 2019? Check

all that apply.

☐ a. Regularly scheduled calendar-based replacement (i.e., annually, twice annually, monthly, etc.)

☐ b. Regularly scheduled replacement based on operating time (i.e., sprayer operating hours)

☐ c. Sporadic replacement based on area covered or general intuition (i.e., it feels like the right time to change nozzles)

☐ d. Calibration problems (i.e., too high or too low a flow rate)

☐ e. Observed nozzle damage (e.g., change in spray pattern or leaks)

☐ f. Availability of new nozzle technologies

☐ g. Expert and/or consultant recommendations (e.g., Cooperative Extension, crop consultants, etc.)

☐ h. Other, please specify: ______________________

☐ i. None of the above

25. For the selected field, on what proportion did this operation use hedge rows or other wind-breaking structures (that are at least one and a half times the height of the crop canopy) for drift reduction in 2019?

☐ a. 0%

☐ b. 1% to 25%

☐ c. 26% to 50%

☐ d. 51% to 75%

☐ e. 76% to 100%

☐ f. Don’t know

26. How often were the following sources of information used to inform pest management decisions in 2019?

Sources of Information	(1) How often was this source of information used? 1 - Always (100%) 2 - Often (51% or more) 3 - Sometimes (50% or less) 4 - Never (0%) 99 Don’t Know	(2) Which of these sources was this operation’s PRIMARY source of pest management decisions? Select one. 1 = Primary 3 = Not Primary
a. Pesticide Product Labels
b. University and/or Agricultural Cooperative Extension Resources/Recommendations
c. Non-University literature, such as magazines or newspapers
d. Grower/Trade Groups
e. Pesticide Sales Representatives and/or Farm Supply Distributors
Crop Consultants Paid for by the Operation
Other Grower(s)
Non-University Decision Tools
Weather Forecasting Tools
Other, Specify: ___________________

27. (If 26b, column 1 equals 1, 2, 3) Which of the following types of services offered by the University and/or Agricultural Cooperative Extension were most often used as sources of pest management decisions in 2019?

University and/or Agricultural Cooperative Extension Services	How often was this source of information used? 1- Always (100%) 2 - Often (51% or more) 3 - Sometimes (50% or less) 4 - Never (0%) 99 - Don’t Know
Formal presentations (e.g., annual meetings, educational trainings)
Field days/ demonstration workshops
Farm visits and/or one-on-one consultation
Email lists
Newsletters
Crop and/or Pest Protection Handbook
Other publications (e.g. Fact sheets)
Decision tools
Other, Specify: _____________________________________

28. For the selected field, how often were the following practices used during the season to manage herbicide, fungicide and insecticide resistance in 2019?
Practices to Manage Resistance for Herbicide, Fungicide and Insecticide	(Only complete if operation uses herbicides) How often was each practice used on this field to manage herbicide resistance?	(Only complete if operation uses fungicides) How often was each practice used on this field to manage fungicide resistance?	(Only complete if operation uses insecticides) How often was each practice used on this field to manage insecticide resistance?
	1 Always (100%) 2 Often (51% or more) 3 Sometimes (50% or less) 4 Never (0%) 99. Don’t Know	1 Always (100%) 2 Often (51% or more) 3 Sometimes (50% or less) 4 Never (0%) 99. Don’t Know	1 Always (100%) 2 Often (51% or more) 3 Sometimes (50% or less) 4 Never (0%) 99. Don’t Know
Field mapping weeds and/or keeping records of field history and pesticide use to assist pesticide decisions
Field Management/Sanitation Practices:
i. For weed control (e.g., crop rotation, tillage, planting cover crops, managing field borders, preventing field-to-field and within field movement of weed seed)
ii. For disease control (e.g., removing or incorporating field residue to reduce potential disease infestations, managing field borders)
iii. For insect control (e.g., removing or incorporating field residue to reduce potential insect infestations, managing field borders)
Planting insect-resistant and/or disease-resistant varieties of wheat
Pre-harvest and/or post-harvest control of weeds and/or disease to reduce the return of weed seeds and/or seed-borne diseases
Use of pest diagnostic tools [e.g., Integrated Pest Management (IPM) treatment thresholds; predictive weather models (e.g., degree day models); pest forecasting systems, and/or assistance from diagnostic networks]
e. Pesticide Mode of Action (MOA) rotation
f. Pesticide Mode of Action (MOA) combination (i.e., tank mix or pre-mix product)

29. In an effort to reduce off-target impacts to plants, pollinators, and/or beneficial insects, did this operation communicate with or consult any of the following sources in 2019? Check all that apply.

☐ a. Neighboring crop producers

☐ b. Nearby beekeepers

☐ c. A local expert, such as an Agricultural Cooperative Extension agent

☐ d. State Managed Pollinator Protection Plans, or MP3s (MP3s are state-developed efforts that intend to reduce pesticide

exposure through timely communication and coordination among beekeepers, growers, pesticide applicators, and

landowners)

☐ e. Driftwatch (Driftwatch is a voluntary communication tool that enables crop producers, beekeepers, and pesticide

applicators to work together to protect crops and apiaries through the use of mapping programs.)

☐ f. Other communication tool(s), specify: __________________________

☐ g. Other, specify: ____________________________________________________________________

30. Are the spraying practices for other fields on this operation similar to the spraying practices for this selected field?

☐ a. Yes

☐ b. No – Please explain the difference: ________________________________

☐ c. Don’t Know

43. Which of the following auditing systems, if any, did this operation participate in in 2019? Check all that apply.

☐ a. GLOBALG.A.P.

☐ b. Safe Quality Food (SQF) Program

☐ c. Other, specify: _______________

☐ d. This operation did not participate in an auditing system

☐ e. Don’t know