Emergency Justification Letter

Ms. Swati Patel
Policy Analyst
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
Office of Management and Budget
Executive Office of the President

The 23 U.S.C. 148 note of the “Bipartisan Infrastructure Law” (BIL) (Public Law 117-58),
enacted as the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Act) (Pub. L. 117-58) on November 15,
2021, requires the USDOT to update the HRRR Study, Report and Best Practices Manual first
completed under MAP-21 (Section 1112(b)). This is a request for Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) emergency clearance for a new information collection request (ICR) to enable
the Department of Transportation (DOT) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to perform
the national survey required.
Critical Nature of the Information Collection Request
Not later than two years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall update the
study under section 1112(b)(1) of MAP-21 (23 U.S.C. 148 note; Pub. L. 112-141). In carrying
out the study, FHWA is required to conduct a nationwide survey of the current practices of
various agencies. Consistent with the first survey completed under MAP-21, respondent agencies
will include departments of transportation for 50 States, the District of Columbia and Puerto
Rico, in addition to a selection of 100 appropriate local agencies, including municipal, county,
and Tribal highway departments and municipal public works agencies.
The results of the survey are to be used in conjunction with a literature review to prepare a report
to be published on the Department of Transportation website for the Committee on Environment
and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the
House of Representatives.
Need for Emergency Approval
The report is due by November 15, 2023. Due to the Administration’s tight deadline for the
update, FHWA has already conducted the 5 CFR 1320.8 60-day notice, which was published in
the Federal Register on March 15, 2022, in Vol. 87, No. 50, on pp. 14611-1461. The FHWA has
worked diligently since the enactment of BIL to develop the updated survey and identify
appropriate responding State and local agency representatives. The use of normal clearance
procedures for ICR approval will prevent the Department from meeting Congress’ deadline. If
the Department does not receive emergency approval for this ICR, submitting the Report to
Congress will be delayed.

If you have any questions regarding this request, please contact Charles Meyer at
[email protected] or myself at [email protected].

2

Sincerely,
Digitally signed by

KATHRYN
KATHRYN KELLY MORTON
2023.06.05 11:39:12
KELLY MORTON Date:
-04'00'

Kelly Morton
Implementation Team Leader, Office of Safety
Federal Highway Administration

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Attachments

Contents

Supporting Statement .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
High Risk Rural Roads Study Purpose and Need ........................................................................... 4
Survey Respondent Selection and Process ..................................................................................... 9
Survey Questions .......................................................................................................................... 11

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Supporting Statement
Introduction: This is a request for the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) approval for
new information collection to issue a survey that will result in an update to the High-Risk Rural
Roads (HRRR) Study, Report to Congress and Best Practices Manual Update.
PART A. JUSTIFICATION.
1. Circumstances that make collection of information necessary:
The 23 U.S.C. 148 note of the “Bipartisan Infrastructure Law” (BIL) (Public Law 117-58)
requires the USDOT to update the HRRR Study, Report and Best Practices Manual first
completed under MAP-21 (Section 1112(b)(1)).
In carrying out the study, FHWA is required to conduct a nationwide survey of the current
practices of various agencies. Consistent with the first survey completed under MAP-21,
respondent agencies will include departments of transportation for 50 States, the District of
Columbia and Puerto Rico, in addition to appropriate officials from local agencies, including
municipal, county, and Tribal highway departments and municipal public works agencies from
across the country.
2. How, by whom, and for what purpose is the information used:
Contractors, on behalf of FHWA, will lead the information collection which will include an
electronic survey. The purpose of the information collection will be to identify and gather
information necessary to address the BIL-required elements and update the noteworthy practices
manual, specifically collecting information on:
a) noteworthy program and treatment practices for improving rural road safety,
b) cost-effective roadway safety infrastructure improvements, and
c) the effectiveness of cost-effective roadway safety treatments.
The project team will use the results of the survey in conjunction with a literature research to
update a report to be published on the U.S. Department of Transportation website as required by
BIL. The report is required to include: (1) A summary of cost-effective roadway safety
infrastructure improvements; (2) a summary of the latest research on the financial savings and
reductions in fatalities and serious bodily injury crashes from the implementation of costeffective roadway safety infrastructure improvements; and (3) and recommendations for State
and local governments on best practice methods to install cost-effective roadway safety
infrastructure on high-risk rural roads. The legislation also requires the results of the survey and
the report to be used to update a noteworthy practices manual to support Federal, State, and local
efforts to reduce fatalities and serious injuries on high-risk rural roads. The report and updated
noteworthy practices manual will be used by both FHWA and State DOTs to improve safety on
high-risk rural roads.
3. Extent of automated information collection:
The proposed method of data collection uses a web-based survey tool called Qualtrics. This tool
allows users to take the survey at any location with internet access and to save data as they go,
enabling them to continue the survey at a later time.

5
Emails will be sent to 50 State department of transportation representatives, the District of
Columbia and Puerto Rico (those most responsible for implementing high risk rural road safety
projects in their agency), and 100 local agency representatives (i.e. local agencies such as
municipal, county, or tribal public works departments). An email will be sent to the State and
local representatives providing background information on the study and instructions for
responding to the survey.
4. Efforts to identify duplication:
Other noteworthy practice information has been studied for various types of safety
improvements, but no up-to-date, national, comprehensive data set is available for only those
improvements used on HRRRs.
5. Efforts to minimize the burden on small businesses:
N/A. No small businesses will be surveyed for this collection.
6. Impact of less frequent collection of information:
N/A. This will only be a one-time collection.
7. Special circumstances:
N/A. No special circumstances apply.
8. Compliance with 5 CFR 1320.8:
The 60-day notice was published in the Federal Register on March 15, 2022, in Vol. 87, No. 50,
on pp. 14611-1461. Three comments were received in response to the 60-day Notice.
Commenters included the Department of Transportation from one State and two individuals.
There were no comments submitted that expressed disagreement with the proposed information
collection. As a result, no changes to the planned information collection have been made by
FHWA in response to these comments.
9. Payments or gifts to respondents:
N/A. No payments or gifts will be given to respondents.
10. Assurance of confidentiality:
N/A. The information being collected is not confidential. This information will be used in a
report that will be available to the public. No personally identifiable information will be required.
The name, title, agency, and email address of the respondent will be collected; however, this
information will not be shared.
11. Justification for collection of sensitive information:
N/A. No collection of sensitive information is anticipated.
12. Estimate of burden hours for information requested:
The estimated number of burden hours per response is 4 hours. The respondents include 52
departments of transportation (all 50 States plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) and

6
100 local agencies such as municipal, county, or tribal public works departments. The total of
152 respondents × 4 hours per response equals a total burden time of 608 hours. The total cost
for each respondent based on 4 hours at $102 per hour is $408.00. The estimated cost of $102 per
hour for a local agency employee was the rate used for the original study done in 2012 ($80)
adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
This rate was checked for reasonableness considering a wide range of salaries of state and local
agency professionals expected to be responding to the survey and typical overhead rates of local
agency governments. The collective cost to respondents for the information collection is
calculated as 608 hours × $102 per hour for a total of $62,016.
13. Estimate of total annual costs to respondents:
There are no annual costs to respondents.
14. Estimate of cost to the Federal government:
FHWA has hired a contractor for this information collection task. The total cost for the survey
development and collection efforts is estimated by the contractor to be $40,500.00 based on a
cost of $39,240 for the contractor and $1,250 for FHWA staff hours. The contractor estimate is
based on 332 hours of contractor employees at various classifications to complete this work.
Each rate is the agreed-upon billing rate in the IDIQ Contract. The FHWA staff hours cost is
based on an estimate of 10 hours of labor. Note that this task is part of a larger contract to
complete the study, report, and manual.
15. Explanation of program changes or adjustments:
N/A. This is a new Information Collection. There are no program changes or adjustments.
16. Publication of results of data collection:
The results will be published on the website of the Department of Transportation in a report for
the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives. The report is due by
November 15, 2023.
17. Approval for not displaying the expiration date of OMB approval:
N/A. Expiration date of OMB approval will be displayed.
18. Exceptions to certification statement:
N/A. There are no exceptions to the certification statement for this information collection.
PART B. COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATION EMPLOYING STATISTICAL
METHODS
While the goal of consultation required in MAP21 is not to select a sample representing any
particular demographics, such as population, road mileage, or fatalities distribution, a
conscientious process using screening criteria was used to select enough appropriate respondents
that will provide FHWA with a thorough knowledge of noteworthy practices data and

7
experiences in implementing cost-effective roadway safety infrastructure improvements on highrisk rural roads in order to deliver the required study, report, and manual update.
Taking direction from MAP21 1112(b)(1), FHWA is to survey current best practices for
implementing cost-effective roadway safety infrastructure improvements on high risk rural
roads. A survey will be conducted of current practices of State departments of transportation and
local units of government, as appropriate, by consulting with various State department officials,
county engineers, public works officials, local officials, and private sector experts. In order to
achieve appropriate consultation, FHWA will survey 50 State department of transportation
representatives, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico representatives (those most responsible for
implementing high risk rural road safety projects in their agency), and 100 local agency
representatives (i.e. local agencies such as municipal, county, or tribal public works
departments). One hundred local agency representatives have been selected using several
screening factors in order to gather a variety of local agency practices and approaches to
implementing cost effective high risk rural road safety improvements.
The process used to select the 100 units of government combined quantitative (using U.S.
Census Bureau rural and urban population and roadway fatalities data) and qualitative (using
project staff and oversight group members’ expertise) factors. Using the rural and urban
designations defined by the U.S. Census Bureau using percent of rural population data, an initial
list of rural counties was created for each State. The list was further narrowed by reviewing rural
fatality data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The candidate list from
each State was presented to the Technical Oversight Working Group (TOWG) that selected up to
three (3) counties considering the size of the state, its rural population, rural fatality, and rural
vehicle miles traveled data, implementation of noteworthy practices in the field of rural road
safety, how actively that agency has participated in previous agency exchanges, and anticipated
ability of the agency to participate in the survey. As a confirmation, States have been consulted
as appropriate for best local agency representation. In some states, no roads are designated as
high risk rural roads or State agencies are designated as responsible for all high risk rural roads,
and therefore, no local agencies will be surveyed.
In order to maximize the response rate, two approaches were used. Survey invitees were
selected based on their likelihood to participate as determined by current relationships with the
state and federal agency in their state and the local agency’s activity in the industry. FHWA will
be conducting a survey overview webinar for all invitees to further encourage participation by
giving the invitees the purpose of the survey and other background and preparation information.
FHWA’s contractor will conduct the survey, holding it open for 35 days and monitoring
response rates during that time, and will compile and analyze the results with guidance from
FHWA and the TOWG for incorporation into the report update to Congress and update of the
practitioners’ manual. The survey will gather information on agencies’ use of rural road safety
infrastructure strategies and their costs and effectiveness as well as rural road safety program
practices. Information gathered will not be used to conduct statistical analysis, such as
calculating patterns, trends, or prevalence of use of certain countermeasures. This information
will be used to summarize and highlight cost-effective roadway safety strategy practices and
used to compile and feature effective strategies and general cost and benefit information for
updating the current FHWA manual for agencies’ future reference. Between the existing
literature research, continued useful information in the existing manual, and a pool of 150 survey

8
respondents from across the country, FHWA is confident in gathering adequate data and
information to provide an updated pertinent report to Congress and effective manual update.

9
High Risk Rural Roads Study Purpose and Need
On November 15, 2021, President Biden signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
(IIJA) (Public Law 117-58, also known as the “Bipartisan Infrastructure Law”) into law. The
Bipartisan Infrastructure Law is the largest long-term investment in our infrastructure and
economy in the Nation’s history. It provides $550 billion over fiscal years 2022 through 2026 in
new Federal investment in infrastructure, including in roads, bridges, and mass transit, water
infrastructure, resilience, and broadband.
The 23 U.S.C. 148 note (Public Law 117-58) requires the USDOT to update the HRRR Study,
report and Best Practices Manual first completed under MAP-21.
(b) HIGH-RISK RURAL ROADS.—
(1) STUDY.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the
Secretary shall update the study under section 1112(b)(1) of MAP–21 (23 U.S.C. 148
note; Public Law 112–141).
(2) PUBLICATION OF REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after the date of
enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall publish on the website of the Department of
Transportation an update to the report described in section 1112(b)(2) of MAP–21 (23
U.S.C. 148 note; Public Law 112–141).
(3) BEST PRACTICES MANUAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date on
which the report is published under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall update the best
practices manual described in section 1112(b)(3) of MAP–21 (23 U.S.C. 148 note; Public
Law 112–141). 1
Survey Respondent Selection and Process
Consistent with the original study conducted under MAP-21, an updated survey will be sent to
all State DOTs including Puerto Rico and District of Columbia to conduct the required study and
complete the Report to Congress and update the “Best Practices Manual”. In addition to all
States, the survey will be sent to 100 local units of government.. The local units of government
have been selected using several screening factors in order to gather a variety of local agency
practices and approaches to implementing cost effective high risk rural road safety
improvements.
The process used to select the 100 units of government combined quantitative (using U.S.
Census Bureau rural and urban population and roadway fatalities data) and qualitative (using
project staff and oversight group members’ expertise) factors. Using the rural and urban
designations defined by the U.S. Census Bureau using percent of rural population data, an initial
list of rural counties was created for each State. The list was further narrowed by reviewing rural
fatality data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The candidate list from
each State was presented to the Technical Oversight Working Group (TOWG) that selected up to
three (3) counties considering the size of the state, its rural population, rural fatality, and rural
vehicle miles traveled data, agency implementation of noteworthy practices in the field of rural
1

https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/hsip/hrrr/manual/hrrr_2014.pdf

10
road safety, how actively that agency has participated in previous agency exchanges, and
anticipated ability of the agency to participate in the survey. As a confirmation, States have been
consulted as appropriate for best local agency representation. In some states, no roads are
designated as high risk rural roads or State agencies are designated as responsible for all high
risk rural roads, and therefore, no local agencies will be surveyed.
In order to maximize the response rate, two approaches were used. Survey invitees were
selected based on their likelihood to participate as determined by current relationships with the
state and federal agency in their state and the local agency’s activity in the industry. FHWA will
be conducting a survey overview webinar for all invitees to further encourage participation by
giving the invitees the purpose of the survey and other background and preparation information.
FHWA’s contractor will conduct the survey, holding it open for 35 days and monitoring
response rates during that time, and will compile and analyze the results with guidance from
FHWA and the TOWG for incorporation into the report update to Congress and update of the
practitioners’ manual. The team will use Qualtrics as the updated survey mechanism. Qualtrics is
a powerful online feedback program capable of presenting high quality, professional
questionnaires and collecting needed data. The system includes security safeguards that will be
used to protect the data during and after collection and is 508 compliant. The survey will be open
for a total of 35 days, with the final five days being a buffer. At the 30-day, “soft deadline” date,
we will issue a final, targeted email reminder to encourage those agencies that have not yet done
so to participate in the survey. The estimated number of burden hours per response is four hours,
which includes time for internal agency collaboration and information gathering.
The survey will gather information on agencies’ use of rural road safety infrastructure strategies
and their costs and effectiveness as well as rural road safety program practices. Information
gathered will not be used to conduct statistical analysis, such as calculating patterns, trends, or
prevalence of use of certain countermeasures. This information will be used to summarize and
highlight cost-effective roadway safety strategy practices and used to compile and feature
effective strategies and general cost and benefit information for updating the current FHWA
manual for agencies’ future reference. The survey results will be anonymized and summarized to
produce the updated Report to Congress. However, some noteworthy practices may be attributed
to specific agencies, with their permission, in the updated “Best Practices Manual”. Between the
existing literature research, continued useful information in the existing manual, and a pool of
150 survey respondents from across the country, FHWA is confident in gathering adequate data
and information to provide an updated pertinent report to Congress and effective manual update.

11
Survey Questions
Welcome. Thank you for your time.
Survey participation is voluntary. The information collected will be used by the Federal Highway
Administration to update the “High Risk Rural Roads Study, Report to Congress, and Best
Practices Manual” that is required under the 23 U.S.C. 148 note of the “Bipartisan Infrastructure
Law” (BIL) (Public Law 117-58). Public reporting burden is estimated to average four (4) hours
per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering data if needed, and
completing and reviewing the collection of information. The OMB control number for this
collection is XXXXX. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this
collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to: Information
Collection Clearance Officer, Federal Highway Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE,
Washington, DC 20590.
Survey Information.
This questionnaire is designed to help identify roadway safety infrastructure improvements for
State and local high risk rural roads and the levels of effectiveness, associated costs, and typical
life cycles of these improvements.
High risk rural roads are defined in 23 USC 148(a)(1) as “any roadway functionally classified as
a rural major or minor collector or a rural local road with significant safety risks, as defined by a
State in accordance with an updated State strategic highway safety plan.”
For the purposes of this questionnaire, please consider, high risk rural roads where safety
treatments have been implemented by your agency, regardless of the funding sources for those
treatments. Each State defines “high risk,” but the treatment must occur on rural major or minor
collectors or rural local roads.
For the questions in the survey, please answer them to the best of your ability, with the following
timeframe in mind: calendar years 2013-2022.
Survey Instructions.
The survey does not have to be completed in one session. The survey automatically saves your
answers, so you can complete the survey over multiple days. All questions require an answer to
move to the next question. You are also able to return to previous questions to review and/or
update answers. Please take your time completing this survey and consult your agency subject
matter experts as appropriate, so we collect the best information for updating the “High Risk
Rural Roads Study, Report to Congress, and Best Practices Manual.” (Link to Manual:
https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/hsip/hrrr/manual/hrrr_2014.pdf)

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QUESTIONS
1. What type of agency do you represent?
 State transportation agency
 Local transportation agency
 Other à Explain: _______
If the respondent indicated they are affiliated with a local agency, they will be presented
with question a. and b.
a. Does your agency have a dedicated safety improvement program (e.g., roadway
safety plan, roadway safety related policies, dedicated safety funding)?
 Yes
 No
[Note to reviewers: The purpose of this question is to determine if the agency has a
formal safety program (and thus is likely to have more exposure to a wide array of
treatments) or if funding for safety improvements is minimal, as this could influence
the cost effectiveness assessments for such agencies.]
b. Does your agency have a staff member or members primarily responsible for the
oversight of safety improvements and/or maintenance of the improvements?
 Yes
 No
2.

Please list the name and location (e.g., City, State) of the agency that you represent.
Agency Name: _____________________________________
Location: ____________________________________

3. FHWA’s Proven Safety Countermeasure initiative promotes 28 countermeasures and
strategies effective in reducing roadway fatalities and serious injuries on our Nation’s
highways. What proven safety countermeasures has your agency used for high risk rural
road locations? (check all that apply)
If you are unsure of what these countermeasures are, please review the FHWA Proven
Safety Countermeasure website at: https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safetycountermeasures. The list below is presented in the same order as shown on the website,
organized into the following focus area categories: Speed Management,
Pedestrian/Bicyclist, Roadway Departure, Intersections, and Crosscutting.
Speed Management:
 Appropriate speed limits for all road users

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 Speed safety cameras
 Variable speed limits
Pedestrian/Bicyclist:
 Bicycle lanes
 Crosswalk visibility enhancements
 Leading pedestrian interval
 Medians and pedestrian refuge islands
 Pedestrian hybrid beacons
 Rectangular rapid flashing beacons
 Road diets (roadway configuration)
 Walkways
Roadway Departure:
 Enhanced delineation for horizontal curves (e.g., pavement markings, chevrons,
delineators, etc.)
 Longitudinal rumble strips and stripes on two-lane roads
 Median barriers
 Roadside design improvements at curves (e.g., clear zone, slope flattening,
shoulders, roadside barriers, etc.)
 SafetyEdgeSM
 Wider edge lines
Intersections:
 Traffic signal backplates with retroreflective borders
 Corridor access management
 Dedicated left- and right-turn lanes at intersections
 Reduced left-turn conflict intersections
 Roundabouts
 Systemic application of multiple low-cost countermeasures at stop-controlled
intersections
 Traffic signal yellow change intervals
Crosscutting:
 Lighting
 Local road safety plans
 Pavement friction management
 Road safety audit
The next set of questions will ask you to identify individual safety infrastructure treatments used
by your agency. Multiple treatments will be listed in each question, and you will be able to check
all that apply. The 6 categories that individual treatments are listed under are shown below and
correspond to the next set of questions.
•
•

Signing and pavement marking safety infrastructure treatment
Intersection-specific safety improvement infrastructure treatments

14
•
•
•
•

Pavement and shoulder resurfacing and widening safety infrastructure treatments
Roadside safety infrastructure treatments
Pedestrian and bicyclist safety infrastructure treatments
Other safety infrastructure treatments

4. Please identify the individual signing and pavement marking safety infrastructure
treatments used by your agency at high risk rural road locations. (check all that apply)
 Install advance curve warning and advisory speed signs at horizontal curve
locations
 Install chevron signs at horizontal curve locations
 Install large arrow signs at horizontal curve locations
 Install post-mounted delineators at horizontal curve locations
 Enhance warning signs (increase size, improve sheeting conspicuity, or double
signs)
 Install variable speed limits signs
 Install dynamic speed feedback signs
 Install standard edge line markings where previously not present
 Convert standard edge line markings to wide (greater than 4”) edge line markings
 Install center line markings where previously not present
 Convert center line markings to wide (greater than 4”) center line markings
 Install raised pavement markers along the center line exclusively at horizontal
curve locations
 Install raised pavement markers along the length of the center line for an entire
segment or corridor
 Install edge line longitudinal rumble stripes (Note: rumble strips will be included
in a later question) (https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safetycountermeasures/longitudinal-rumble-strips-and-stripes-two-lane-roads)
 Install center line longitudinal rumble stripes
 Others List: _______________________________________________
a. For the safety infrastructure improvements you previously selected (listed below),
identify a minimum of one (1) and up to five (5) of the most effective treatments your
agency has deployed since 2013. Note that for each treatment selected, you will be
asked about approximate quantity installed, initial investment, projected life,
maintenance and cost, and safety effectiveness.
Respondent will be presented with all of the ones they selected in the previous
question.
 Selected option from previous question
 Selected option from previous question

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(and so on)
The following questions 4b-h will loop for each of the options the respondent selected
in question 4a.
b. Select the unit of measurement that best fits this treatment: {selected option from
question 4a}. (Note: the unit selected will correspond to the upcoming questions.)







Linear foot
Linear mile
Square foot
Each
Lump sum
Other _________________

c. Approximate quantity installed of this treatment on high risk rural roads since 2013
(e.g., 5 roundabouts, 100 miles of rumble strips):
 _________________
d. Indicate initial investment of this treatment per the unit of measurement selected in
4b:
 _________________
e. Projected life of this treatment for the initial installation:









Less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
10-15 years
15-20 years
Greater than 20 years
Do not know

f. Required maintenance timeframe of this treatment:








None
Every 1 year
Every 2 years
Every 5 years
Every 10 years
Every 20 years
Do not know

g. Maintenance cost per period per unit (refer to timeframe selected in 4f):

16










Integrated into maintenance program, so unknown
$1,000 to $5,000
$5,000 to $10,000
$10,000 to $25,000
$25,000 to $50,000
$50,000 to $75,000
$75,000 to $100,000
Greater than $100,000
Do not know

h. Evaluation/assessment results of this treatment, measured in reduction of "fatal
injury" and "suspected serious injury" crashes:
A fatal injury is an injury that results in death within 30 days aft er the motor
vehicle crash in which the injury occurred.
A suspected serious injury is an injury other than fatal which results in one or
more of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•








Severe laceration resulting in exposure of underlying tissue/muscle/organs or
resulting in significant loss of blood
Broken or distorted extremity (arm or leg)
Suspected skull, chest, or abdominal injury other than bruises or minor
lacerations
Significant burns (second or third degree burns over 10 percent or more of the
body)
Unconsciousness when taken from the crash scene
Paralysis

Treatment has not been evaluated/assessed
Greater than 30% reduction
21-30% reduction
11-20% reduction
10% or less reduction
No change
Do not know

5. Please identify the individual intersection-specific safety infrastructure treatments
used by your agency at high risk rural road locations. (check all that apply)





Construct left-turn lanes where none currently exist
Modify existing left-turn lanes to be offset left-turn lanes
Construct offset left-turn lanes where left-turn lanes currently do not exist
Construct two-way left turn lanes (TWLTL) on two lane roads.

17
 Construct right-turn lanes
 Construct bypass lanes on two-lane roadways (lane that allows traffic to move
around a vehicle waiting in the through lane to make a left turn)
 Construct acceleration lanes
 Install advance intersection warning signage where it currently does not exist
 Improve existing advance intersection warning signage
 Provide flashing beacons at intersection approaches
 Add dynamic advanced warning sign systems at intersection approaches
 Convert two-way STOP control intersection to four-way STOP control
intersection
 Construct mini-roundabout
 Convert STOP control intersection to signalized intersection
 Improve traffic signal visibility (larger diameter lens or install signal backplate)
 Install signal backplates with retroreflective borders
 Install priority control systems for emergency vehicles
 Install or improve intersection lighting
 Install transverse rumble strips on stop-controlled approaches
 Convert a traditional intersection (stop-controlled or signalized) into a roundabout
 Convert a traditional intersection (stop-controlled or signalized) into a reduced
left-turn conflict intersection (https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safetycountermeasures/reduced-left-turn-conflict-intersections)
 Reconstruct a skewed intersection
 Convert an at-grade intersection into a grade-separated interchange
 Install railroad crossing hardware and warning systems where they currently do
not exist
 Upgrade existing railroad crossing hardware and warning systems
 Remove an existing railroad crossing
 Convert an at-grade railroad crossing to a grade-separated railroad crossing
 Others  List: _______________________________________________
a. For the safety infrastructure improvements you previously selected (listed below),
identify a minimum of one (1) and up to five (5) of the most effective treatments your
agency has deployed since 2013. Note that for each treatment selected, you will be
asked about approximate quantity installed, initial investment, projected life,
maintenance and cost, and safety effectiveness.
Respondent will be presented with all of the ones they selected in the previous
question.
 Selected option from previous question
 Selected option from previous question
(and so on)

18
The following questions 5b-h will loop for each of the options the respondent selected
in question 5a.
b. Select the unit of measurement that best fits this treatment: {selected option from
question 5a}. (Note: the unit selected will correspond to the upcoming questions.)







Linear foot
Linear mile
Square foot
Each
Lump sum
Other _________________

c. Approximate quantity installed of this treatment on high risk rural roads since 2013
(e.g., 5 roundabouts, 100 miles of rumble strips):
 _________________
d. Indicate initial investment of this treatment per the unit of measurement selected in
5b:
 _________________
e. Projected life of this treatment for the initial installation:









Less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
10-15 years
15-20 years
Greater than 20 years
Do not know

f. Required maintenance timeframe of this treatment:








None
Every 1 year
Every 2 years
Every 5 years
Every 10 years
Every 20 years
Do not know

g. Maintenance cost per period per unit (refer to timeframe selected in 5f):
 Integrated into maintenance program, so unknown

19









$1,000 to $5,000
$5,000 to $10,000
$10,000 to $25,000
$25,000 to $50,000
$50,000 to $75,000
$75,000 to $100,000
Greater than $100,000
Do not know

h. Evaluation/assessment results of this treatment, measured in reduction of "fatal
injury" and "suspected serious injury" crashes:
A fatal injury is an injury that results in death within 30 days aft er the motor
vehicle crash in which the injury occurred.
A suspected serious injury is an injury other than fatal which results in one or
more of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•








Severe laceration resulting in exposure of underlying tissue/muscle/organs or
resulting in significant loss of blood
Broken or distorted extremity (arm or leg)
Suspected skull, chest, or abdominal injury other than bruises or minor
lacerations
Significant burns (second or third degree burns over 10 percent or more of the
body)
Unconsciousness when taken from the crash scene
Paralysis

Treatment has not been evaluated/assessed
Greater than 30% reduction
21-30% reduction
11-20% reduction
10% or less reduction
No change
Do not know

6. Please identify the individual pavement and shoulder resurfacing and widening safety
infrastructure treatments used by your agency at high risk rural road locations. (check
all that apply)





Resurface existing road to improve skid resistance
Widen existing travel lanes by two feet or less per lane
Adjust superelevation through the limits of a horizontal curve
Add passing lanes or truck climbing lanes

20












Install or maintain a graded shoulder
Pave an existing shoulder
Widen an existing paved shoulder
Install turnouts (used for refuge space for disabled vehicles or enforcement)
Install a SafetyEdgeSM (https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safetycountermeasures/safetyedgesm)
Install continuous longitudinal rumble strips
(https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safety-countermeasures/longitudinalrumble-strips-and-stripes-two-lane-roads)
Install targeted longitudinal rumble strips at key locations (such as on the outside
of horizontal curves only)
Install sinusoidal rumble strips/mumble strips
Install transverse rumble strips prior to horizontal curves
Others  List: _______________________________________________

If the respondent selects, “Install continuous longitudinal rumble strips,” they will be
presented with question a.
a. Where did you install continuous longitudinal rumble strips? (check all that apply)
 Center line
 Shoulder
b. For the safety infrastructure improvements you previously selected (listed below),
identify a minimum of one (1) and up to five (5) of the most effective treatments your
agency has deployed since 2013. Note that for each treatment selected, you will be
asked about approximate quantity installed, initial investment, projected life,
maintenance and cost, and safety effectiveness.
Respondent will be presented with all of the ones they selected in the previous
question.
 Selected option from previous question
 Selected option from previous question
(and so on)
The following questions 6c-i will loop for each of the options the respondent selected
in question 6b.
c. Select the unit of measurement that best fits this treatment: {selected option from
question 6b}. (Note: the unit selected will correspond to the upcoming questions.)
 Linear foot
 Linear mile

21





Square foot
Each
Lump sum
Other _________________

d. Approximate quantity installed of this treatment on high risk rural roads since 2013
(e.g., 5 roundabouts, 100 miles of rumble strips):
 _________________
e. Indicate initial investment of this treatment per the unit of measurement selected in
6c:
 _________________
f. Projected life of this treatment for the initial installation:









Less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
10-15 years
15-20 years
Greater than 20 years
Do not know

g. Required maintenance timeframe of this treatment:








None
Every 1 year
Every 2 years
Every 5 years
Every 10 years
Every 20 years
Do not know

h. Maintenance cost per period per unit (refer to timeframe selected in 6g):









Integrated into maintenance program, so unknown
$1,000 to $5,000
$5,000 to $10,000
$10,000 to $25,000
$25,000 to $50,000
$50,000 to $75,000
$75,000 to $100,000
Greater than $100,000

22
 Do not know
i. Evaluation/assessment results of this treatment, measured in reduction of "fatal
injury" and "suspected serious injury" crashes:
A fatal injury is an injury that results in death within 30 days aft er the motor
vehicle crash in which the injury occurred.
A suspected serious injury is an injury other than fatal which results in one or
more of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•








Severe laceration resulting in exposure of underlying tissue/muscle/organs or
resulting in significant loss of blood
Broken or distorted extremity (arm or leg)
Suspected skull, chest, or abdominal injury other than bruises or minor
lacerations
Significant burns (second or third degree burns over 10 percent or more of the
body)
Unconsciousness when taken from the crash scene
Paralysis

Treatment has not been evaluated/assessed
Greater than 30% reduction
21-30% reduction
11-20% reduction
10% or less reduction
No change
Do not know

7. Please identify the individual roadside safety infrastructure treatments used by your
agency at high risk rural road locations. (check all that apply)













Install breakaway sign posts or breakaway light/signal poles
Flatten road sideslope
Remove roadside objects such as isolated trees or boulders
Increase the clear zone distance to rigid roadside features
Relocate outside the clear zone, redesign, or bury utilities
Improve sight distance by maintaining roadside vegetation
Convert culvert headwalls to traversable end treatments
Shield roadside objects (with a concrete barrier or guardrail)
Upgrade non-crashworthy end treatments of existing guardrail
Upgrade existing guardrail system
Install median barrier
Install median guardrail

23
 Install median cable barrier
 Widen existing median
 Install crash cushions at select roadside object locations (such as bridge abutments
or concrete barrier ends)
 Others  List: _______________________________________________
If the respondent selects, “Install median barrier,” they will be presented with question
a.
a. What type(s) of median barrier did you install? (check all that apply)
 Concrete median barrier
 Median guardrail
 Median cable barrier
b. For the safety infrastructure improvements you previously selected (listed below),
identify a minimum of one (1) and up to five (5) of the most effective treatments your
agency has deployed since 2013. Note that for each treatment selected, you will be
asked about approximate quantity installed, initial investment, projected life,
maintenance and cost, and safety effectiveness.
Respondent will be presented with all of the ones they selected in the previous
question.
 Selected option from previous question
 Selected option from previous question
(and so on)
The following questions 7c-i will loop for each of the options the respondent selected
in question 7b.
c. Select the unit of measurement that best fits this treatment: {selected option from
question 7b}. (Note: the unit selected will correspond to the upcoming questions.)







Linear foot
Linear mile
Square foot
Each
Lump sum
Other _________________

d. Approximate quantity installed of this treatment on high risk rural roads since 2013
(e.g., 5 roundabouts, 100 miles of rumble strips):
 _________________

24
e. Indicate initial investment of this treatment per the unit of measurement selected in
7c:
 _________________
f. Projected life of this treatment for the initial installation:









Less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
10-15 years
15-20 years
Greater than 20 years
Do not know

g. Required maintenance timeframe of this treatment:








None
Every 1 year
Every 2 years
Every 5 years
Every 10 years
Every 20 years
Do not know

h. Maintenance cost per period per unit (refer to timeframe selected in 7g):










Integrated into maintenance program, so unknown
$1,000 to $5,000
$5,000 to $10,000
$10,000 to $25,000
$25,000 to $50,000
$50,000 to $75,000
$75,000 to $100,000
Greater than $100,000
Do not know

i. Evaluation/assessment results of this treatment, measured in reduction of "fatal
injury" and "suspected serious injury" crashes:
A fatal injury is an injury that results in death within 30 days aft er the motor
vehicle crash in which the injury occurred.
A suspected serious injury is an injury other than fatal which results in one or
more of the following:

25
•
•
•
•
•
•








Severe laceration resulting in exposure of underlying tissue/muscle/organs or
resulting in significant loss of blood
Broken or distorted extremity (arm or leg)
Suspected skull, chest, or abdominal injury other than bruises or minor
lacerations
Significant burns (second or third degree burns over 10 percent or more of the
body)
Unconsciousness when taken from the crash scene
Paralysis

Treatment has not been evaluated/assessed
Greater than 30% reduction
21-30% reduction
11-20% reduction
10% or less reduction
No change
Do not know

8. Please identify pedestrian and bicyclist safety infrastructure treatments used by your
agency at high risk rural road locations. (check all that apply)
 Construct continuous pedestrian facilities (e.g. sidewalk, separated multi-use path,
etc.)
 Install pedestrian signal heads at existing signalized intersections
 Modify signal timing to benefit pedestrians (e.g., leading pedestrian interval,
exclusive pedestrian phase)
 Install crosswalks
 Construct pedestrian refuge islands
 Construct curb extensions/bump-outs
 Install pedestrian hybrid beacons (PHB)
 Install rectangular rapid flashing beacons (RRFB)
 Construct shared-use path (used for both pedestrians and bicycles)
 Construct dedicated bicycle lane
 Mark paved shoulder as bicycle lane
 Sign and/or mark a shared bicycle lane (bicycle and vehicle share the same space)
 Install treatment to improve transit/bus stop safety  List:
__________________________
 Deploy traffic calming techniques  List: __________________________
 Others  List: _______________________________________________
a. For the safety infrastructure improvements you previously selected (listed below),
identify a minimum of one (1) and up to five (5) of the most effective treatments your
agency has deployed since 2013. Note that for each treatment selected, you will be

26
asked about approximate quantity installed, initial investment, projected life,
maintenance and cost, and safety effectiveness.
Respondent will be presented with all of the ones they selected in the previous
question.
 Selected option from previous question
 Selected option from previous question
(and so on)
The following questions 8b-h will loop for each of the options the respondent selected
in question 8a.
b. Select the unit of measurement that best fits this treatment: {selected option from
question 8a}. (Note: the unit selected will correspond to the upcoming questions.)







Linear foot
Linear mile
Square foot
Each
Lump sum
Other _________________

c. Approximate quantity installed of this treatment on high risk rural roads since 2013
(e.g., 5 roundabouts, 100 miles of rumble strips):
 _________________
d. Indicate initial investment of this treatment per the unit of measurement selected in
8b:
 _________________
e. Projected life of this treatment for the initial installation:









Less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
10-15 years
15-20 years
Greater than 20 years
Do not know

f. Required maintenance timeframe of this treatment:
 None

27







Every 1 year
Every 2 years
Every 5 years
Every 10 years
Every 20 years
Do not know

g. Maintenance cost per period per unit (refer to timeframe selected in 8f):










Integrated into maintenance program, so unknown
$1,000 to $5,000
$5,000 to $10,000
$10,000 to $25,000
$25,000 to $50,000
$50,000 to $75,000
$75,000 to $100,000
Greater than $100,000
Do not know

h. Evaluation/assessment results of this treatment, measured in reduction of "fatal
injury" and "suspected serious injury" crashes:
A fatal injury is an injury that results in death within 30 days aft er the motor
vehicle crash in which the injury occurred.
A suspected serious injury is an injury other than fatal which results in one or
more of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•







Severe laceration resulting in exposure of underlying tissue/muscle/organs or
resulting in significant loss of blood
Broken or distorted extremity (arm or leg)
Suspected skull, chest, or abdominal injury other than bruises or minor
lacerations
Significant burns (second or third degree burns over 10 percent or more of the
body)
Unconsciousness when taken from the crash scene
Paralysis

Treatment has not been evaluated/assessed
Greater than 30% reduction
21-30% reduction
11-20% reduction
10% or less reduction
No change

28
 Do not know
9. Please identify other safety infrastructure treatments used by your agency at high risk
rural road locations. (check all that apply)
 Convert a two-lane two-way road into a three-lane road with one lane in each
direction of travel plus a continuous two-way left-turn lane
 Convert a two-lane two-way road into a four-lane divided two-way road
 Convert a four-lane undivided two-way road into a three-lane road with one lane
in each direction of travel plus a continuous two-way left-turn lane (i.e., Road
Diet)
 Convert a four-lane undivided two-way road into a five-lane road with two lanes
in each direction of travel plus a continuous two-way left-turn lane
 Modify horizontal geometry to enhance safety (e.g., increase radii)  Identify:
____________________________
 Modify vertical geometry to improve vertical sight distance  Identify:
________________________________________
 Install reference location signs (e.g., milepost markers that provide a means to
identify the location of an incident/crash)
 Construct snow fences
 Install automatic anti-icing systems (often used on bridges)
 Install ITS road-weather signs/systems that detect and warn motorists of road
weather conditions (e.g., fog, flooding, high winds, dust storms, ice storms,
blizzards)
 Install ITS wrong-way driver system
 Construct wildlife fencing
 Install grade-separated wildlife crossing structure (e.g., culvert or bridge)
 Install ITS wildlife detection signs/systems
 Implement variable speed limits
 Others  List: _______________________________________________
a. For the safety infrastructure improvements you previously selected (listed below),
identify a minimum of one (1) and up to five (5) of the most effective treatments your
agency has deployed since 2013. Note that for each treatment selected, you will be
asked about approximate quantity installed, initial investment, projected life,
maintenance and cost, and safety effectiveness.
Respondent will be presented with all of the ones they selected in the previous
question.
 Selected option from previous question
 Selected option from previous question
(and so on)

29
The following questions 9b-h will loop for each of the options the respondent selected
in question 9a.
b. Select the unit of measurement that best fits this treatment: {selected option from
question 9a}. (Note: the unit selected will correspond to the upcoming questions.)







Linear foot
Linear mile
Square foot
Each
Lump sum
Other _________________

c. Approximate quantity installed of this treatment on high risk rural roads since 2013
(e.g., 5 roundabouts, 100 miles of rumble strips):
 _________________
d. Indicate initial investment of this treatment per the unit of measurement selected in
9b:
 _________________
e. Projected life of this treatment for the initial installation:









Less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
10-15 years
15-20 years
Greater than 20 years
Do not know

f. Required maintenance timeframe of this treatment:








None
Every 1 year
Every 2 years
Every 5 years
Every 10 years
Every 20 years
Do not know

g. Maintenance cost per period per unit (refer to timeframe selected in 9f):
 Integrated into maintenance program, so unknown

30









$1,000 to $5,000
$5,000 to $10,000
$10,000 to $25,000
$25,000 to $50,000
$50,000 to $75,000
$75,000 to $100,000
Greater than $100,000
Do not know

h. Evaluation/assessment results of this treatment, measured in reduction of "fatal
injury" and "suspected serious injury" crashes:
A fatal injury is an injury that results in death within 30 days aft er the motor
vehicle crash in which the injury occurred.
A suspected serious injury is an injury other than fatal which results in one or
more of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•








Severe laceration resulting in exposure of underlying tissue/muscle/organs or
resulting in significant loss of blood
Broken or distorted extremity (arm or leg)
Suspected skull, chest, or abdominal injury other than bruises or minor
lacerations
Significant burns (second or third degree burns over 10 percent or more of the
body)
Unconsciousness when taken from the crash scene
Paralysis

Treatment has not been evaluated/assessed
Greater than 30% reduction
21-30% reduction
11-20% reduction
10% or less reduction
No change
Do not know

10. What is the lowest benefit/cost ratio your agency is willing to accept to treat a known
safety issue?
 ___________________
 Do Not Know
11. What considerations go into establishing the limit for project costs to treat a known safety
issue? ____________________

31
12. Consider safety projects that your agency has implemented with only agency funding
(i.e., not seeking funds from other agencies). What is typically the highest cost of those
projects?
 Cost in dollars: _____________
 Not applicable  Explain: ___________________________________________
 Do Not Know
13. How does your agency assess the effectiveness of a safety treatment after it has been
implemented? (check all that apply)
 Crash frequency (all crashes)
 Crash frequency (serious injury and fatal crashes)
 Crash rate (crash frequency divided by exposure data, typically traffic volume or
roadway mileage)
 Cost-benefit ratio (or benefit-cost ratio)
 Cost-effectiveness index (present value of project costs divided by the estimated
average annual crash reduction)
 Severity index  Explain: ____________________________________
 Other method Explain: ___________________________________________
 Our agency does not assess effectiveness of specific treatments  Explain:
___________________________
 Do not know
 Not applicable Explain: ___________________________________________
14. Does your agency use performance measures to evaluate the safety effectiveness on high
risk rural road facilities? (check all that apply)






Yes, for infrastructure safety treatments
Yes, for projects
Yes, for safety programs
No
Do not know

If the respondent selects any of the yes options, they will be presented with question a.
a. Please describe the performance measures your agency uses:
__________________________
15. What data sources does your agency use to evaluate the safety effectiveness of
treatments? (check all that apply)
 Crash data
 Conflict studies

32
 Surrogate measures (an alternate way to detect if safety has been improved, e.g.,
no more tire braking marks or tire rutting off the edge of pavement) 
Explain:___________________________________
 Others  Explain: ______________________________________________
 Do not know
 Not applicable
If the respondent indicated that their agency uses crash data for safety evaluation, they
will be presented with question a.
a. What period of years does your agency use when evaluating crash data?





1 year
3 years
5 years
Other  Explain: ____________________________________________

16. What methods does your agency use to identify rural road locations that need safety
infrastructure improvements? (check all that apply)
 Network screening (method that considers crash history, roadway factors, and
traffic characteristics that may contribute to future crashes)
 Crash frequency
 Crash rate
 Excess predicted crash frequency using SPFs
 Excess expected crash frequency with the EB adjustment
 Excess proportions of specific crash types
 Expected crash frequency with EB adjustment
 Level of service of safety (LOSS)
 Probability of specific crash types
 Locations are identified and/or recommended by a different agency
 Other  Explain: ________________________________________
 Do not know
 Not applicable
17. Which methods does your agency use to assist in selecting appropriate safety treatments?
(check all that apply)
 Crash data analysis
 Data-driven safety analysis tools (e.g., Highway Safety Manual, Crash
Modification Factors Clearinghouse, Safety Analyst, usRAP)
 Locally-derived CMFs, crash reduction factors (CRF), and/or safety performance
functions
 Road safety assessment or audit

33









Engineering study  Explain: ________________________________________
Strategic highway safety plan or local road safety plan
Intersection control evaluation (ICE)
Stakeholder and public input
Independent research and/or peer State/agency communication
Other  Explain: ________________________________________
Do not know
Not applicable

18. A systemic approach to safety involves widely implemented improvements based on
high-risk roadway features correlated with specific crash types.
(https://highways.dot.gov/safety/data-analysis-tools/systemic) Select the safety infrastructure
improvements for high risk rural roads that your agency has implemented throughout
your State or local region, using a systemic approach. (check all that apply)
















Cable median barriers
Clear zone improvements
High friction surface treatment
Horizontal curve signage enhancements
Improved pavement marking/delineation
Intersection signage enhancements
Pedestrian/bicycle safety (STEP countermeasures)
Pavement/shoulder widening
Rumble strips
SafetyEdgeSM
Upgrade barrier (guardrails, end treatments, etc.)
Wrong way driving treatments
Other___________
Do not know
N/A

19. Does your agency use federal funding for safety infrastructure improvements on high risk
rural roads?
 Yes
 No
 Do not know
If the respondent answers no, they will be presented with question a.
a. Why not? (check all that apply)
 Unaware of or lack sufficient information about federal funding programs
 Agency projects do not meet federal funding requirements.

34
 Federal process requirements are too cumbersome
 Difficulty identifying roads that qualify for federal program funding
 Other  Explain: _____________________________
20. In some cases, candidate infrastructure treatments may not be selected due to real or
perceived constraints in acquiring or deploying the treatments. Which challenges apply
in your agency? (check all that apply)
 My agency does not have the expertise to deploy certain safety improvements
 It is difficult for my agency to work in conjunction with other transportation
agencies and/or to hire outside expertise to help guide safety improvement
decisions
 My agency does not have the funds to routinely deploy safety improvements
 My agency has limited funding and does not utilize Federal funding due to
Federal process requirements
 Other  Explain: _______________________________________________
 Do not know
 Not applicable
21. What more could be done to help your agency deploy cost-effective improvements on
high risk rural roads? Explain:
_______________________________________________
22. Is your agency undertaking any experimental research on new cost-effective
improvements on high risk rural roads?
 Yes
 No
 Do Not Know
If the respondent indicated yes, they will be presented with question a.
a. Provide more information on your agency's experimental research on new costeffective improvements on high risk rural roads:
_______________________________________________
23. Is there any additional information on effective practices your agency uses for high risk
rural roads or is aware of that is not captured in the previous questions?
 Yes
 No
If the respondent indicated yes, they will be presented with question a.

35
a. Provide additional details on effective practices for high risk rural roads not captured
in the previous questions. ____________
24. As part of this study and update of the “best practices manual” (Manual for Selecting

Safety Improvements on High Risk Rural Roads), agencies may be featured, with their
permission, for noteworthy practices, procedures, and projects using case-studies,
highlights, and/or pictures. Additionally, cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted
for a wide variety of infrastructure safety improvements and FHWA is seeking agency
data to support this analysis. Candidate information would include crash data before and
after installation of the treatment, initial treatment cost, maintenance cost and frequency,
and life cycle of the treatment. If your agency is willing to assist with either of the above,
FHWA representatives may want to contact you or someone from your agency to acquire
this additional information. Please provide applicable contact information below.
Name: _____________________________________
Agency: ____________________________________
Telephone Number: ____________________________
Email Address: ________________________________

25. Looking ahead to the update of the Manual, there are many ways to spread information to
make agencies aware of and encourage implementation of noteworthy practices. Please
rank each of the techniques below from most useful to least useful when you are learning
about and considering new practices.
(There will be a 1-5 scale for each; 1-least useful to 5-most useful)









Workshops, Conferences, and Seminars
Peer Exchanges
Webinars
Case Studies
Fact Sheets
Websites
Newsletters and Magazine Articles
Social Media/Interactive Media

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