Agricultural Chemical Usage - Methodology and Quality Measures - Fruit

Agricultural Chemical Usage – Fruit
Methodology and Quality Measures
ISSN: 2168-177X

Released July 20, 2022, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA).

Fruit Chemical Usage Survey: Methodology and Chemical Usage Statistics
Scope and Purpose: The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Fruit Chemical Use Survey (FCUS) collects entire
farm level chemical use data from growers of select fruits in program states. The fruit and vegetable chemical surveys have
been conducted in alternating years since 1990 with data collected on fruits in odd numbered years and vegetables in even
numbered years. The states involved and the commodities surveyed are selected based on NASS acres planted and evaluated
each cycle to ensure maximum coverage.
The states involved (referred to as “program states”) and the commodities surveyed are selected based on NASS acres planted
and evaluated each cycle to ensure maximum coverage. NASS aims to cover at a minimum 80 percent of targeted fruit crop
acres in the United States. Farm level data are combined during summary and, pending compliance with disclosure rules,
published at state and national levels. Data are published for 21 targeted fruit crops in 12 states.
Survey Timeline: Data collection begins on September 1 and lasts until mid-January of the following year to ensure
completion of the crop year. NASS Regional Field Offices (RFOs) along with NASS Headquarters (HQ) spend the next several
months reviewing reported data for reasonableness and conduct producer follow-ups, as necessary. The estimates are released to
the NASS Quick Stats system during the fourth week in July.
Sampling: The target population for the FCUS is all agricultural establishments with more than $1,000 in agricultural sales (or
potential sales). NASS uses a dual frame approach, consisting of list frame and area frame components, to provide complete
coverage of this target population.
NASS maintains a list of farm and ranch operators. NASS is constantly seeking new operations from outside list sources
confirmed to be qualifying farms before being added to the list. A profile, known as control data, of each operation is
maintained which indicates what the farm has historically produced and a general indication of size. This information allows
NASS to define sampling populations that are specific to each survey and employ advanced and more efficient sample designs.
The FCUS list sample is selected based on a calculated Farm Value of Sales (FVS). All farms on the list frame with an
estimated FVS of $1,000 or more are eligible. The value of sales control data need not be exact as it is used to stratify similar
list operations into homogeneous groups.
Sampling Frames and Methods: The sample for the FCUS is selected from the NASS List Sampling Frame. The population
of interest is fruit growers having positive list frame acreage for one or more of the target fruit crops. The sample will use the
Multivariate Probability Proportional to Size (MPPS) design, in which each reporting unit’s probability of selection depends on
its total acres of the target crops. The reporting unit is one farm associated with the selected operator. Sampled units that were
known to have multiple farms had one farm randomly selected as the reporting unit.
The 2021 FCUS consists of a single data collection phase. The sample size for the FCUS is 6,071.
Data Collection and Editing: All federal data collections require approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
NASS must document the public need for the data, show the design applies sound statistical practice, ensure the data do not
already exist elsewhere, and show that the public is not excessively burdened. The fruit chemical use questionnaires must
display an active OMB number that gives NASS the authority to conduct the survey, a statement of the survey purpose and the
use of the collected data, a response burden statement that estimates the time required to complete the form, a confidentiality
statement that the respondent’s information will be protected from disclosure, and a statement that response to the survey is
voluntary and not required by law.
Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

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Using these questionnaires, chemical use and pest management data are collected by an enumerator using the mobile computer
assisted personal interview web instrument. Postcards are mailed to producers prior to contact stating the importance of
cooperation and that contact will be made in the coming weeks. Once contact is made by the enumerator, an appointment is
made to collect data. The enumerator returns the questionnaires to the NASS RFO for editing and data entry. Questionnaire
responses are captured and edited for consistency using automated systems, and a report of questionnaires with errors is
generated. NASS statisticians will correct the errors on the report or comment to their validity if the data are deemed to be
correct.
Analysis Tools: Chemical use data are processed through an interactive data analysis tool which displays data for all reports by
product or commodity. This application tool provides various scatter plots, graphs, tables, charts, and listing tools that allow the
analyst to compare an individual record to other similar records within a program state. Outliers and unusual data relationships
are investigated by RFO and HQ statisticians to determine validity. Suspect data found to be in error are corrected, while data
found to be correct are kept.
Nonsampling Errors: Nonsampling errors are present in any survey process. These errors include reporting, recording, editing,
and imputation errors. Steps are taken to minimize the impact of these errors, such as comprehensive interviewer training,
validation and verification of processing systems, detailed computer edits, and the analysis tool. Re-contact with respondents is
conducted on an as needed basis.
Nonresponse Adjustment: Response to the FCUS is voluntary. Some producers refuse to participate in the survey, others
cannot be located during the data collection period, and some submit incomplete reports. These nonrespondents must be
accounted for if accurate estimates of total chemical usage are to be made. For this survey, item level nonresponse is accounted
for by imputing data where there are missing values. Imputed rates of application for chemicals are calculated through an
automated imputation system that calculates an unweighted mean for an imputation group based on commodity, state, and
product. When a group lacks sufficient responses, groups are collapsed to preserve as much of the homogeneity as possible.
Calibration: Calibration is a weighting technique used in survey sampling to adjust the survey weights for sampled elements so
that the weighted sum of a set of benchmark variables equals a pre-determined set of values for the population. The input to the
calibration algorithm is the weights generated from the sampling procedures. Sampling weights are calculated based on
numerous factors so that the sample allocations are representative of the entire population of farms at the state level for the
target fruit crop(s) in that state. Due to survey nonresponse, weights are adjusted through a calibration algorithm. Calibration
adjusts the sampling weights so the expanded data will match planted acreage totals from the May Noncitrus Fruits and Nuts
report and the September Citrus Fruits Summary. This ensures that the chemical data collected will accurately represent the
chemical usage for all target fruit crops for the entire target population.
Estimators: The FCUS utilizes direct expansions and/or ratio expansions for all survey indications. Direct expansions are
calculated by summing the reported or imputed chemical data values by the calibrated weights. Similarly, ratios are calculated
by applying calibrated weights and nonresponse adjustments to data when both the numerator and denominator are reported.
Variance estimates are computed for all expansions.
Outliers: NASS conducts a review of outliers found in the chemical use data by reviewing application rates for all records for
the same product and commodity combinations. The RFO and HQ statisticians work together to ensure the data are as accurate
as possible. The RFO statisticians review outliers within their program states, and the HQ statistician examines outliers across
all program states for the published categories. A determination is made as to whether an adjustment to the application data is
required. Most outliers trace back to unique situations that do not exist in the target population as much as the survey weight
would indicate.
Estimation: HQ statisticians execute a summary that generates state level and national level indications. RFO statisticians are
responsible for performing a detailed review of their survey results and providing comments that justify their survey results. HQ
statisticians conduct a final review of survey results from all states. Any irregularities revealed by the summary must be
investigated and, if necessary, resolved. After final review, national level summary results are adopted as official national
estimates except in cases where strong justification supports deviating from survey totals.
For this survey there are two main types of data that NASS estimates - pesticide application and pest management data. For the
application data, NASS collects information about pesticides applied during the crop year. For pesticides, these applications are

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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

collected at the product level, generally per application. These product level data are converted to pounds of active ingredient,
summarized, and published. If there are not a sufficient number of reports, the data are suppressed from publication, along with
any needed complementary suppression.
For the pesticide application data, NASS estimates area applied (percent acres treated), number of applications, rate per
application (pounds of active ingredient or acid equivalent per acre), rate per crop year (number of applications multiplied by
rate per application), and total amount applied. In order to publish data for an active ingredient, there must be a minimum
number of reports for the specific active ingredient at the summary level (by crop, by state, or all program states). If there are
not a sufficient number of reports, the data is suppressed from publication, along with any needed complementary suppression
The standard deviation for each active ingredient is calculated to determine data distribution for each crop. Chemical
distribution rates are given by active ingredient for the Percent of Acres Treated, Number of Applications, Rate per Application,
and Rate per Crop Year. The distribution tables include the coefficient of variation (CV) for an active ingredient when at least
30 farm operators report applying it on the specified crop.

The pest management data are generally a series of yes/no questions pertaining to specific pest management practices.
Pest management data are collected for the entire operation. From these data, NASS releases the percent of operations
using the practice as well as the percent of acreage. The percent of acreage assumes that, if the operation uses the practice
on one acre, it is used on all acres. This also means that the pest management data are not crop specific; they are
distributed across all fruit acres.

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
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Selected Terms and Definitions
Active Ingredient: The specific pesticide ingredient which kills or controls the target pest(s) or other target material(s), or
otherwise results in the pesticide effect(s). All pesticide-use estimates in the report are published per active ingredient (rather
than per product); one or more active ingredients are present in known amounts in the pesticide products reported in the survey.
Rate and Total Applied estimates were reported in a single unit of equivalence, per active ingredient. For salt, ester, or amine
active ingredients, estimates were published in the parent acid equivalents. For example, the acid derivatives glyphosate
isopropylamine salt and 2, 4-D, 2-EHE were published in the glyphosate and 2, 4-D equivalents, respectively. For copper
compounds, estimates were published in the metallic copper equivalent.
Active Ingredient Code: A unique code assigned to each active ingredient upon registration with the Environmental Protection
Agency’s Office of Pesticide Programs to facilitate pesticide regulation.
Area Applied, Percent: Percent of total Percent of acres which received one or more applications of a specific fertilizer,
nutrient, or pesticide active ingredient. (In Quick Stats: Treated, Measured as Percent of Area Percent of)
Avoidance: A strategy in which the detrimental effects of pests on crops are mitigated or eliminated solely through various
cultural practices. Avoidance is one of four classes of pest-management practices for which data are included in the report.
Beneficial Insects: Insects (small invertebrate animals, mostly of arthropod classes Insecta and Arachnida), which are collected
and introduced onto crop acres because of their value in biological control as predators on harmful insects and parasites.
Chemigation: Application of agricultural chemicals, including pesticide products, by injection into irrigation water.
Crop Year: The period starting immediately after harvest of the previous year’s crop and ending at harvest of the current year’s
crop.
Farm: Any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been
sold during the year. Government payments are included in sales.
Fertilizer: A soil-enriching agricultural input which contains one or more plant nutrients. Data for three primary
macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), and potash (K20), and the secondary macronutrient sulfur (S) are included in
the report.
Fungi: Various organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which obtain nutrients by decomposing plant or other organic life. This pest
group includes mushrooms, molds, mildews, smuts, rusts, and yeasts. Fungal infestations have the potential to reduce crop
production and/or lower the grade quality of the host crop.
Mechanism of Action (MOA): The method or biological pathway by which the pesticide or active ingredient kills or controls
the target pest(s) or other target material(s).
Minimum or Reduced Tillage: Tillage practices prior to planting which result in a minimum of 30 percent or more of crop
residue being retained on the surface following planting.
Monitoring: A strategy involving the observance or detection of pests through systematic sampling, counting, or other forms of
scouting. Monitoring may include prediction of pest population levels through the observance of environmental factors such as
weather or soil and crop quality. Monitoring is one of four classes of pest-management practices for which data are included in
the report.
Nematodes: Unsegmented, parasitic worms of the phylum nematoda. Prominent animal pest of field crops with the potential to
be highly destructive, lowering crop production and grade quality significantly.
Number of Applications: The average number of times a treated acre received a specific fertilizer nutrient or pesticide active
ingredient. (In Quick Stats: Applications, Measure in Number)

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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
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Pesticide: Defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) as “(1) any substance or mixture of
substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, (2) any substance or mixture of substances
intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant, and (3) any nitrogen stabilizer…” (Title 7, U.S. Code, 136). Under
FIFRA, pesticides are registered and regulated through the Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Pesticide Programs.
Four classes of pesticides are included in the report: (1) herbicides targeting weeds, (2) insecticides targeting insects (3)
fungicides targeting fungi, and (4) other chemicals targeting all other pests or other materials (including extraneous crop
foliage).
Pheromone: A chemical substance produced by an insect which serves as a stimulus to other individuals of the same species
for one or more behavioral responses.
Prevention: A strategy in which a pest population is kept from infesting a crop or field by taking various preceding actions.
Prevention is one of four classes of pest-management practices for which data are included in the report.
Rate per Application: Ratio indicating pounds (lbs) of a fertilizer primary nutrient or pesticide active ingredient (or associated
acid or metallic equivalent) applied, counting all applications per crop year, per Percent of acre. (In Quick Stats: Applications,
Measured in Lb/Acre/Year)
Suppression: A strategy which involves the control or reduction of existing pest populations in order to mitigate crop damage.
May include physical or biological controls, or management of resistance build-up through pesticide rotation. Suppression is
one of four classes of pest-management practices for which data are included in the report.

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
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Quality Metrics for Agricultural Chemical Usage
Purpose and Definitions: Under the guidance of the Statistical Policy Office of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB),
NASS provides data users with quality metrics for its published data series. The metrics tables below describe the performance
data for the survey contributing to the publication. The accuracy of data products may be evaluated through sampling and nonsampling error. The measurement of error due to sampling in the current period is evaluated by the coefficient of variation for
each estimated item. Non-sampling error is evaluated by response rates and the percent of the estimate from respondents.
Sample Size is the number of observations selected from the population that are used to be representative of the entire
population.
Response rates measure the proportion of the sample that is represented by the responding units in the survey.
Coefficient of Variation provides a measure of the size for the standard error relative to the point estimate and is used to
measure the precision of the results of a survey estimator.

Fruit Chemical Usage, Sample Size, and Response Rate – Program States: 2021
State

Sample size

Response rate

(number)

(percent)

California......................................................................
Florida..........................................................................
Georgia........................................................................
Michigan.......................................................................
New Jersey..................................................................
New York.....................................................................

2,426
523
192
622
141
203

46.7
12.2
28.6
42.9
35.5
28.6

North Carolina..............................................................
Oregon.........................................................................
Pennsylvania................................................................
South Carolina.............................................................
Texas...........................................................................
Washington..................................................................

90
511
260
64
97
942

74.4
47.9
26.9
23.4
47.4
31.0

Program States ..............................................................

6,071

38.9

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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Apples Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
Applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
2,4-D; dimethylamine salt .................................
Carfentrazone-ethyl...........................................
Glufosinate-ammonium………………….……..
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt .......................
Glyphosate potassium salt…............................

21
22
21
27
26

8
1
5
5
7

13
16
3
9
13

17
16
7
10
18

Oxyfluorfen ........................................................
Paraquat ............................................................
Pendimethalin....................................................
Pyraflufen-ethyl……………….…………………
Rimsulfuron........................................................

28
39
33
40
30

9
9
6
6
7

18
11
7
4
7

10
8
11
9
13

Insecticides
Abamectin..........................................................
Acetamiprid………..….…………………………
Bifenazate..........................................................

15
13
45

2
6
2

5
3
1

5
8
2

Carbaryl……......................................................
Chlorantraniliprole………………………………
Chlorpyrifos........................................................
Clothianidin………………………………………
Cyflumetofen…………………………………….

24
22
24
14
74

3
7
8
8
18

5
3
4
4
1

5
6
7
9
18

Diazinon………………………………………….
Emamectin benzoate………………..................
Ethyl (2E;4Z) - decadienoate............................

51
21
29

9
6
17

18
3
27

11
7
43

Imidacloprid……………………………………...
Indoxacarb ….. ..................................................
Kaolin .................................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin….…………………………

22
23
99
6

12
12
10
7

5
9
49
3

12
13
56
7

Methoxyfenozide ...............................................
Phosmet.............................................................
Pyriproxyfen…………………………………….

26
15
30

8
14
3

4
8
2

8
12
4

Spinetoram ........................................................
Spinosad……………… .....................................
Spirotetramat .....................................................
Thiamethoxam…………..………………………

14
45
40
16

4
13
15
6

2
8
1
3

3
11
14
6

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
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Apples Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
Applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Fungicides
Basic copper sulfate………...............................
Benzovindiflupyr…..….…………………………
Boscalid… ..........................................................

21
18
38

7
8
9

6
4
5

7
7
8

Calcium oxytetracycline………………………..
Calcium polysulfide……………………………..
Captan................................................................

23
22
6

11
13
5

55
10
3

61
22
5

Copper chloride hydroxide..……………………
Copper hydroxide ..............................................
Copper sulfate…..………………………………
Cyprodinil ……………………………………….

21
12
43
9

14
11
19
8

13
16
21
2

16
20
26
9

Difenoconazole………………. ..........................
Dodine…………………………………… ...........
Fenbuconazole ..................................................
Fluopyram…..……………………………………
Fluxapyroxad…………………………………….
Kasugamycin …. ...............................................
Mancozeb …………………………………….....

10
17
17
34
14
29
8

9
38
12
10
9
4
6

2
17
7
2
4
(Z)
2

9
22
11
10
7
4
6

Myclobutanil .......................................................
Penthiopyrad………………….…………………
Polyoxin D zinc salt ...........................................
Potassium bicarbonate…..…………………….
Pydiflumetofen….……………………………….
Pyraclostrobin ....................................................

20
28
43
51
18
14

15
5
2
28
12
9

6
3
25
10
3
4

12
6
24
18
12
7

Streptomycin sulfate…………………………….
Sulfur ..................................................................
Thiophanate-methyl ……………… ...................
Trifloxystrobin.....................................................
Triflumizole……………....………………………
Ziram ..................................................................

16
23
14
27
44
17

10
10
10
9
5
16

17
6
14
46
7
16

18
13
16
45
7
10

Other Chemicals
Acibenzolar-s-methyl……….. ...........................
Aureobasidium pullulans….……………………
Benzyladenine ...................................................
Butenoic acid hydrochloride…..……………….
Cytokinins.…………………………… ................
Dodecadien-1-ol ................................................
Dodecano……………………………..…………

16
40
24
20
56
16
16

10
13
5
6
13
3
3

2
9
11
9
14
13
6

10
6
9
8
16
13
6

Ethephon…………………………………. ..........
Flutriafol …………………………………..……..
Gibberellins A4A7……………. ..........................
Indaziflam………………………………… ..........

14
17
39
51

4
5
6
2

12
2
13
8

12
6
17
9

Mineral oil...........................................................
NAA………….……………………………………
NAA; Potassium salt ….....................................
NAA; Sodium…………………………………….
NAD……………….……………………………...

9
19
31
24
26

24
23
3
10
2

22
33
22
31
7

7
18
20
36
8

Oxytetracycline hydrochloride….......................
Prohexadione calcium………………………….
Reynoutria sachaline …………………………..
Spirodiclofen …………………………………….
Tetradecanol ….………………………………..
Zinc phosphide.……….………………………..
(Z) Less than half of the unit shown.

19
21
32
25
16
18

8
8
14
4
3
3

16
9
23
3
6
8

23
6
29
2
6
9

8

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Avocados Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt .......................
Glyphosate potassium salt ...............................

28
18

38
27

33
14

17
23

Insecticides
Abamectin..........................................................

17

11

3

11

Other Chemicals
Gibberellic acid……………. ..............................
Mineral oil ..........................................................

21
10

15
9

1
6

15
12

Blueberries Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Clethodim...........................................................
Diuron ................................................................
Flumioxazin........................................................

50
26
28

18
9
54

13
19
46

29
17
12

Glufosinate-ammonium………………….……..
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt .......................
Mesotrione…. ....................................................
Simazine ……..…..….…………………………..

37
36
24
58

28
16
5
51

11
22
6
39

36
30
8
18

Insecticides
Bifenthrin..….…………………………………….
Diazinon………………………………………….
Esfenvalerate……………………………………
Imidacloprid……………………………………...

15
20
37
29

8
22
6
9

3
7
2
12

8
15
6
12

Malathion….. .....................................................
Methomyl ...........................................................
Phosmet.............................................................
Zeta-cypermethrin .............................................

19
32
21
13

8
12
11
9

8
11
2
1

12
9
12
9

Fungicides
Azoxystrobin………...........................................
Boscalid…..........................................................
Calcium polysulfide………….………………….

22
27
25

12
10
8

5
3
14

14
9
21

Captan ...............................................................
Chlorothalonil……..….………………………….
Cyprodinil…………..……….……………………

13
49
29

15
34
10

6
24
4

12
11
9

Fenbuconazole………………………………….
Fludioxonil………………………….……………
Fluopyram………………………….……………
Metconazole……….. .........................................

18
29
36
21

9
11
9
12

14
3
2
1

16
11
10
11

Propiconazole……………………………..…….
Pyraclostrobin ……….. .....................................
Pyrimethanil …………………………… ............

32
27
39

10
10
10

5
3
2

10
9
11

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
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Cherries, Sweet Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Clethodim ...........................................................
Glufosinate-ammonium .....................................
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt…..…….……..
Glyphosate potassium salt ................................

47
30
20
24

15
9
7
13

13
3
9
10

7
8
8
19

Oxyfluorfen…. ....................................................
Paraquat.............................................................
Pendimethalin ....................................................
Pyraflufen-ethyl……………….…………………
Rimsulfuron ........................................................

21
32
27
27
20

5
20
3
10
12

11
6
11
2
5

11
24
10
10
12

Insecticides
Abamectin ..........................................................
Acetamiprid………..….…………………………
Bifenazate… ......................................................
Buprofezin….…………………………………….
Chlorantraniliprole………………………………

20
35
17
16
47

11
5
10
34
44

2
6
3
(Z)
7

11
6
11
34
51

Fenpropathrin……………………………………
Imidacloprid……………………………………...
Lambda-cyhalothrin….…………………………
Malathion............................................................
Methoxyfenozide ……………………………….

18
17
11
27
22

9
29
5
12
10

3
3
1
1
6

8
30
6
12
12

Pyriproxyfen .......................................................
Spinetoram ……………… .................................
Spinosad ............................................................
Thiamethoxam ...................................................

57
18
18
16

4
29
14
20

1
2
12
4

4
30
14
22

10

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Cherries, Sweet Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Fungicides
Boscalid…..........................................................
Calcium polysulfide…………………….……….
Copper hydroxide ..............................................

22
67
21

4
5
39

3
20
4

4
23
38

Fluopyram ……………………………………….
Flutianil……..………………………….…………
Fluxapyroxad………………. .............................
Iprodione…………………………………… .......
Myclobutanil…………………………………… ..

13
22
16
22
16

10
3
7
10
5

4
1
1
5
2

13
2
6
12
5

Penthiopyrad .....................................................
Polyoxin D zinc salt ...........................................
Propiconazole....................................................
Pyraclostrobin……………………………………

19
52
40
15

6
18
42
3

2
32
2
2

6
39
39
6

Quinoline............................................................
Sulfur……………………………………………..
Tebuconazole…………………………………...
Trifloxystrobin….. ..............................................
Triflumizole……………....………………………

19
24
25
14
30

8
10
12
12
8

(Z)
4
6
4
2

5
15
15
9
5

Other Chemicals
Cyanamid...........................................................
Cytokinins. .........................................................
Flutriafol ………………..………………………..

22
29
37

3
15
8

7
9
1

7
11
7

Gibberellic acid…… ..........................................
Gibberellins A4A7……………...........................
Harpin a B protein……………………………….
Indaziflam…………………………… .................

10
29
65
30

6
28
13
4

10
25
3
8

11
53
15
6

Metrafenone…………………… ........................
Mineral oil ..........................................................
Prohexadione calcium………………………….
Spirodiclofen……………………………………..
(Z) Less than half of the unit shown.

34
16
35
38

5
21
14
5

1
13
2
2

5
13
14
6

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

11

Cherries, Tart Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt.……….……...

31

11

10

20

Insecticides
Imidacloprid……………………………………...
Lambda-cyhalothrin….………………………….
Phosmet……….…………….…………………...
Thiamethoxam ...................................................
Zeta-cypermethrin .............................................

39
26
27
24
36

13
11
10
10
22

16
4
5
7
8

23
14
8
15
15

Fungicides
Captan................................................................
Chlorothalonil……..….………………………….
Copper chloride hydroxide.……….……………
Copper hydroxide ..............................................
Dodine… ............................................................

13
8
86
58
48

12
40
40
17
13

30
24
17
129
46

40
17
56
118
38

Fenbuconazole………………………………….
Pyraclostrobin……….……………..……………
Sulfur ..................................................................
Tebuconazole ....................................................
Trifloxystrobin…………………………..……….

13
30
66
74
55

11
22
55
8
28

29
10
55
39
6

23
30
109
35
34

Other Chemicals
Ethephon……….................................................
Gibberellic acid………..………………………...

28
15

14
15

10
29

16
39

Grapefruit Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Abamectin………………………..……….……..
Cyantraniliprole..………………………………...
Imidacloprid........................................................
Spirotetramat………….………………………...

25
27
81
18

46
29
36
36

11
3
10
1

36
30
32
36

Fungicides
Copper hydroxide..……………………………...

93

60

21

58

Other Chemicals
Indaziflam……………… ....................................
Mineral oil…….………..………………………...

262
42

101
68

20
11

119
72

12

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Grapes, All Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Carfentrazone-ethyl...........................................
Flumioxazin……… ............................................
Glufosinate-ammonium………………….……..
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt .......................
Glyphosate potassium salt…............................

21
19
7
30
13

11
33
10
21
21

11
8
4
7
5

9
26
10
25
21

Oxyfluorfen ........................................................
Pendimethalin....................................................
Pyraflufen-ethyl……………….…………………
Rimsulfuron........................................................

13
13
21
15

11
14
12
13

12
9
8
11

11
19
11
16

Insecticides
Abamectin..........................................................
Imidacloprid……………….…………… .............
Methoxyfenozide ……………….………………
Spirotetramat .....................................................
Sulfoxaflor..........................................................
Thiamethoxam…………..………………………

19
14
15
11
30
58

26
20
21
7
8
35

2
14
7
4
4
3

28
30
27
9
8
37

Fungicides
Boscalid …….....................................................
Calcium polysulfide……………………………..
Copper chloride hydroxide.……….……………
Copper hydroxide ..............................................
Cyflufenamid………………………………….....
Cyprodinil ………………………………………..

12
18
24
10
21
21

16
7
11
23
17
22

4
24
19
18
4
11

17
21
29
34
16
29

Difenoconazole………………. ..........................
Fenbexamid .......................................................
Fluopyram…..……………………………………
Myclobutanil.......................................................

36
13
16
16

30
5
11
17

5
20
2
11

30
22
12
24

Potassium bicarbonate .....................................
Pyraclostrobin....................................................
Pyriofenone………....….………………..………
Quinoline…………..…………………………….
Sulfur..................................................................

12
10
22
8
3

15
16
30
24
20

33
4
1
4
8

33
17
30
22
25

Tebuconazole ……………… ............................
Tetraconazole....................................................
Trifloxystrobin …..……....………………………

11
16
21

11
38
12

2
4
1

12
41
12

Other Chemicals
Flutriafol….………………………………………
Gibberellic acid……...…….…………………….
Indaziflam .........................................................
Metrafenone ......................................................
Mineral oil ..........................................................

28
12
17
26
22

13
16
13
22
11

1
12
10
2
5

14
23
15
21
11

Grapes, Raisin Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Fungicides
Sulfur..................................................................

9

66

5

68

Other Chemicals
Gibberellic acid………..………………………...

29

10

37

41

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

13

Grapes, Table Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
Applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Fungicides
Sulfur…………………… ....................................

2

12

7

14

Grapes, Wine Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
Applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Carfentrazone-ethyl ...........................................
Flumioxazin……….............................................
Glufosinate-ammonium………………….……..
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt........................
Glyphosate potassium salt ................................

21
21
9
33
16

12
38
15
25
26

11
8
4
5
7

10
31
14
27
27

Oxyfluorfen.........................................................
Pendimethalin…..…………….…………………
Pyraflufen-ethyl..................................................
Rimsulfuron……….............................................

20
24
18
17

14
12
14
15

12
5
10
11

11
13
14
11

Insecticides
Abamectin…..…………………………………...
Imidacloprid……………………………………...
Methoxyfenozide ...............................................
Spirotetramat .....................................................
Thiamethoxam ...................................................

29
23
18
10
58

30
22
22
8
35

2
11
3
3
3

32
25
24
8
37

Fungicides
Copper chloride hydroxide.……….……………
Copper hydroxide ..............................................
Cyflufenamid…………………………………. ....
Cyprodinil ……………………………………….

48
14
32
26

12
33
23
31

31
9
5
5

30
30
21
28

Difenoconazole………………. ..........................
Fluopyram…..……………………………………
Myclobutanil .......................................................
Quinoline…………..…………………………….

41
26
25
9

33
12
26
29

3
2
5
5

32
12
29
25

Sulfur ..................................................................
Tebuconazole …………… ................................
Tetraconazole ....................................................
Trifloxystrobin ..………....………………………

4
14
20
34

24
12
21
7

12
2
9
2

33
12
26
8

Other Chemicals
Flutriafol.………………………… .......................
Indaziflam.…………………………… ................
Metrafenone.…………………………… ............
Mineral oil...........................................................

26
15
33
27

13
15
26
13

1
11
2
9

14
18
25
14

14

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Lemons Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
Applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glufosinate-ammonium………………….……..
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt .......................
Glyphosate potassium salt ...............................
Rimsulfuron........................................................
Saflufenacil… ....................................................

21
33
23
26
34

12
22
33
20
26

20
29
54
9
26

14
32
25
27
45

Insecticides
Abamectin…..…………………………………...
Beta-cyfluthrin…………………………………...
Cyantraniliprole .................................................
Flupyradifurone..………………………………...

20
20
32
22

14
15
11
7

5
9
11
5

16
19
18
6

Imidacloprid……………………………………...
Pyriproxyfen.......................................................
Spinetoram….....................................................
Thiamethoxam...................................................

39
18
44
31

14
9
22
10

7
3
1
3

14
9
22
13

Fungicides
Basic copper sulfate……………….……………

21

9

6

11

Other Chemicals
2,4-D, isopropyl ester.…………………………..
Gibberellic acid………………………… ............
Indaziflam.…………………………… ................
Mineral oil ..........................................................

22
16
17
3

18
11
16
14

4
15
6
11

18
19
15
18

Nectarines Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil ..........................................................

5

6

7

12

Olives Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Insecticides
Spinosad ............................................................

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

20

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

19

29

33

15

Oranges Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glufosinate-ammonium………………….……..
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt........................
Glyphosate potassium salt…. ...........................
Rimsulfuron ........................................................
Saflufenacil ........................................................

56
17
47
21
34

21
6
9
32
9

16
13
21
3
13

29
12
19
33
7

Insecticides
Abamectin ..........................................................
Acetamiprid………..….…………………………
Beta-cyfluthrin… ................................................
Buprofezin….…………………………………….

16
28
14
31

20
32
24
34

3
14
3
2

20
19
23
33

Chlorantraniliprole………………………………
Cyflumetofen......................................................
Cyfluthrin ............................................................
Diflubenzuron…………..……………………….

20
22
23
44

20
22
6
28

2
4
3
8

20
22
6
34

Fenpropathrin.…….…………………………….
Fenpyroximate...………………………………...
Flupyradifurone ..………..……………………...
Formetanate hydrochloride ...............................
Imidacloprid........................................................

18
40
41
33
22

41
45
9
24
23

4
3
11
2
25

44
44
20
23
45

Pyriproxyfen .......................................................
Spinetoram.........................................................
Spirotetramat .....................................................
Thiamethoxam ...................................................

18
19
42
36

12
27
13
27

2
1
4
5

12
28
17
23

Fungicides
Azoxystrobin……….. .........................................
Basic copper sulfate ..........................................
Copper hydroxide ..............................................

32
13
63

23
37
11

7
8
8

20
44
14

38
28
44

19
21
37

19
9
3

29
16
37

36

24

(Z)

24

14
14
47
24
29

30
19
16
22
21

7
40
4
14
5

25
45
19
28
19

Difenoconazole……………….………… ...........
Oxathiapiprolin……….. .....................................
Pyraclostrobin……….........................................
(3S,6R)-3-Methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl
acetate................................................................
Other Chemicals
2,4-D, isopropyl ester……………...…………...
Gibberellic acid ..................................................
Indaziflam.………………… ...............................
Metaldehyde ......................................................
Mineral oil...........................................................
(Z) Less than half of the unit shown.

16

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Peaches Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glufosinate-ammonium………………….……..
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt .......................
Glyphosate potassium salt…............................
Oxyfluorfen ........................................................

35
45
107
33

12
42
12
10

11
19
17
20

11
47
28
20

Insecticides
Abamectin..........................................................
Acetamiprid........................................................
Chlorantraniliprole………………………………
Esfenvalerate……………………………………
Fenpropathrin……………………………………

18
57
16
11
40

8
27
9
6
14

15
12
4
4
11

23
35
9
7
17

Imidacloprid……………………………………...
Lambda-cyhalothrin….…………………………
Phosmet.............................................................
Spinetoram ........................................................
Thiamethoxam…………..………………………

26
23
141
40
33

15
10
72
26
14

21
3
14
8
34

27
11
62
18
34

Fungicides
Boscalid…..........................................................
Captan ...............................................................
Chlorothalonil………………………………. ......
Copper hydroxide…… ......................................
Cyprodinil ...........................................................

108
27
17
48
18

15
17
32
14
8

12
7
7
24
1

6
17
28
30
9

Fenbuconazole….………………………………
Fluxapyroxad…….………………………………
Iprodione………..……………………………….

32
69
27

17
12
9

16
3
10

17
12
18

Myclobutanil.......................................................
Propiconazole....................................................
Pyraclostrobin ….……………………………….

75
19
58

24
12
10

10
2
9

21
12
11

Sulfur..................................................................
Ziram……..……………....………………………

19
26

50
7

3
14

51
20

Other Chemicals
E-8-Dodecenyl acetate .....................................
Mineral oil ..........................................................
Z-8-Dodecanol...................................................
Z-8-Dodecen acetate ........................................

30
32
30
30

23
9
23
23

48
24
50
42

36
18
38
31

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

17

Pears Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt........................

32

14

8

15

Insecticides
Abamectin ..........................................................
Azadirachtin .......................................................
Bifenazate ..........................................................
Chlorantraniliprole………………………………

13
28
48
24

7
9
8
12

3
9
3
4

7
17
9
9

Etoxazole ...........................................................
Kaolin .................................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin ...........................................
Pyridaben ...........................................................

40
39
47
34

4
8
6
25

(Z)
7
3
7

3
12
5
21

Pyriproxyfen………….………………………….
Spinetoram.........................................................
Spirotetramat……..……..………………………
Tolfenpyrad…..………..…………………..……

23
18
14
17

14
12
13
9

1
2
1
2

15
11
13
8

Fungicides
Calcium polysulfide..……………………………
Copper hydroxide…………. ..............................
Fluopyram ..........................................................
Kasugamycin .....................................................

24
20
34
31

8
19
25
3

18
33
(Z)
(Z)

17
17
25
3

Mancozeb...........................................................
Streptomycin sulfate…………………………….
Sulfur ..................................................................
Trifloxystrobin.....................................................
Triflumizole……………....………………………

20
26
19
34
33

17
45
13
25
10

9
32
9
(Z)
5

15
20
19
25
7

Other Chemicals
Dodecadien-1-ol ................................................
Mineral oil...........................................................
NAA; Potassium salt.………………………… ...
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride….......................
Spirodiclofen.……………………… ...................
(Z) Less than half of the unit shown.

20
19
26
28
20

8
7
8
21
5

32
10
7
3
1

27
14
12
20
5

Plums Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Other Chemicals
Mineral oil...........................................................

17

12

10

16

Prunes Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glufosinate-ammonium .....................................

17

15

3

16

Insecticides
Esfenvalerate .....................................................

20

10

5

9

18

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Strawberries Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Bifenazate…..…………………………………...
Novaluron ..........................................................
Spinetoram ........................................................

70
60
67

19
15
30

1
3
3

19
13
28

Fungicides
Captan …………..…….…………………………
Cyprodinil ...........................................................
Fludioxonil..........................................................

57
66
66

19
16
22

5
2
3

21
15
19

Other Chemicals
Chloropicrin…..………..………………………...

41

8

43

36

Tangerines Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2021
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
Application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glufosinate-ammonium.....................................
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt .......................
Glyphosate potassium salt ...............................
Rimsulfuron........................................................

39
54
20
44

46
24
58
40

21
13
15
9

66
36
73
38

Insecticides
Abamectin..........................................................
Beta-cyfluthrin....................................................
Cyantraniliprole..………………………………...
Diflubenzuron….………………………………...

12
50
20
35

35
30
28
48

5
7
2
17

31
23
29
32

Fenpyroximate...................................................
Flupyradifurone .................................................
Imidacloprid…....................................................
Pyriproxyfen.......................................................

38
54
28
62

36
25
78
14

5
11
2
1

40
31
79
14

Spinetoram ........................................................
Spirotetramat .....................................................
Thiamethoxam...................................................

44
34
64

11
33
22

(Z)
1
3

11
33
25

49
44
51
42
25

30
18
61
27
50

9
8
11
8
3

24
24
57
21
52

41

68

(Z)

68

45
22
44
14

43
83
25
28

5
8
4
9

39
84
28
27

Fungicides
Azoxystrobin ......................................................
Basic copper sulfate..........................................
Copper hydroxide ..............................................
Difenoconazole..................................................
Pyraclostrobin....................................................
(3S,6R)-3-Methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl
acetate ...............................................................
Other Chemicals
2,4-D; isopropyl ester………….…………..……
Indaziflam…….………..………………………...
Metaldehyde.………..………………………......
Mineral oil…….………..………………………...
(Z) Less than half of the unit shown.

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

19

Access to NASS Reports
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20

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2022)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service