Agricultural Chemical Usage - Methodology and Quality Measures - Vegetables

ISSN: 2168-177X

Agricultural Chemical Usage –
Vegetable Methodology and Quality
Measures

Released July 21, 2021, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA).

Vegetable Chemical Usage Survey: Methodology and Chemical Usage Statistics
Scope and Purpose: The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Vegetable Chemical Use Survey (VCUS) collects
entire farm level chemical use data from growers of select fruits in program states. The fruit and vegetable chemical surveys
have been conducted in alternating years since 1990 with data collected on fruits in odd numbered years and vegetables in even
numbered years. The states involved and the commodities surveyed are selected based on NASS acres planted and evaluated
each cycle to ensure maximum coverage.
The states involved (referred to as “program states”) and the commodities surveyed are selected based on NASS acres planted
and evaluated each cycle to ensure maximum coverage. NASS aims to cover at a minimum 80 percent of targeted vegetable
crop acres in the United States. Farm level data are combined during summary and, pending compliance with disclosure rules,
published at state and national levels. Data are published for 22 targeted vegetable crops in 18 states.

Survey Timeline: Data collection begins on September 1 and lasts until mid-January of the following year to ensure
completion of the crop year. NASS Regional Field Offices (RFOs) along with NASS Headquarters (HQ) spend the next
several months reviewing reported data for reasonableness and conduct producer follow-ups, as necessary. The estimates
are released to the NASS Quick Stats system during the fourth week in July.
Sampling: The target population for the VCUS is all agricultural establishments with more than $1,000 in agricultural
sales (or potential sales). NASS uses a dual frame approach, consisting of list frame and area frame components, to
provide complete coverage of this target population.
NASS maintains a list of farm and ranch operators. NASS is constantly seeking new operations from outside list sources
confirmed to be qualifying farms before being added to the list. A profile, known as control data, of each operation is
maintained which indicates what the farm has historically produced and a general indication of size. This information
allows NASS to define sampling populations that are specific to each survey and employ advanced and more efficient
sample designs.
The VCUS list sample is selected based on a calculated Farm Value of Sales (FVS). All farms on the list frame with an
estimated FVS of $1,000 or more are eligible. The value of sales control data need not be exact as it is used to stratify
similar list operations into homogeneous groups.
Sampling Frames and Methods: The sample for the Vegetable Chemical Use Survey (VCUS) is selected from the
NASS List Sampling Frame. List incompleteness is addressed through the estimators. The sample design for VCUS is
Multivariate Probability Proportional to Size (MPPS). In MPPS, the maximum of the probabilities of selection over all of
the target crops that an operation grows is used in combination with the desired sample sizes for each crop to draw the
sample. The larger the operation’s maximum probability is, the larger the operation’s chance of being selected for the
sample.
VCUS is a two-phase sample design. In Phase 1, the screening phase, list frame control data are used to determine the
probabilities of selection. The operations selected in Phase 1 are interviewed in the Integrated Screening Survey to
determine if they are growing any of the crops of interest and the number of acres planted. In Phase 2, the results from the
Integrated Screening Survey are used to select the final sample for the survey. Both the Phase 1 and Phase 2 sample

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
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selections use MPPS designs. In Phase 2, operations with multiple operating arrangements are sub-sampled. Only the subsampled operations are contacted for data collection.
The sample size for the VCUS is 2,714.
Data Collection and Editing: All federal data collections require approval by the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB). NASS must document the public need for the data, show the design applies sound statistical practice, ensure the
data do not already exist elsewhere, and show that the public is not excessively burdened. The vegetable chemical use
questionnaires must display an active OMB number that gives NASS the authority to conduct the survey, a statement of
the survey purpose and the use of the collected data, a response burden statement that estimates the time required to
complete the form, a confidentiality statement that the respondent’s information will be protected from disclosure, and a
statement that response to the survey is voluntary and not required by law.
Contact with each respondent is attempted by an enumerator and, when possible, a phone interview is conducted.
Postcards are mailed to producers prior to field contact stating the importance of cooperation and that contact will be
made in the coming weeks. Once contact is made by the field enumerator, an appointment will be set up to collect data
when the farm operator indicates no further chemical applications are remaining. The field enumerator returns the
questionnaires to the NASS RFO for editing and data entry. Questionnaire responses are captured and edited for
consistency using automated systems, and a report of questionnaires with errors is generated. NASS statisticians will
correct the errors on the report or comment to their validity if the data are deemed to be correct.
Analysis Tools: Chemical use data are processed through an interactive data analysis tool which displays data for all
reports by product or commodity. This application tool provides various scatter plots, graphs, tables, charts, and listing
tools that allow the analyst to compare an individual record to other similar records within a program state. Outliers and
unusual data relationships are investigated by RFO and HQ statisticians to determine validity. Suspect data found to be in
error are corrected, while data found to be correct are kept.
Nonsampling Errors: Nonsampling errors are present in any survey process. These errors include reporting, recording,
editing, and imputation errors. Steps are taken to minimize the impact of these errors, such as comprehensive interviewer
training, validation and verification of processing systems, detailed computer edits, and the analysis tool. Re -contact with
respondents is conducted on an as needed basis.
Nonresponse Adjustment: Response to the VCUS is voluntary. Some producers refuse to participate in the survey,
others cannot be located during the data collection period, and some submit incomplete reports. These n onrespondents
must be accounted for if accurate estimates of total chemical usage are to be made. For this survey, item level
nonresponse is accounted for by imputing data where there are missing values. Imputed rates of application for chemicals
are calculated through an automated imputation system that calculates an unweighted mean for an imputation group based
on commodity, state, and product. When a group lacks sufficient responses, groups are collapsed to preserve as much of
the homogeneity as possible.
Calibration: Calibration is a weighting technique used in survey sampling to adjust the survey weights for sampled
elements so that the weighted sum of a set of benchmark variables equals a pre-determined set of values for the
population. The input to the calibration algorithm is the weights generated from the sampling procedures. Sampling
weights are calculated based on numerous factors so that the sample allocations are representative of the entire population
of farms at the state level for the target vegetable crop(s) in that state. Due to survey nonresponse, weights are adjusted
through a calibration algorithm. Calibration adjusts the sampling weights so the expanded data will match planted acreage
totals from the March Vegetable Production report. This ensures that the chemical data collected will accurately represent
the chemical usage for all target vegetable crops for the entire target population.
Estimators: The VCUS utilizes direct expansions and/or ratio expansions for all survey indications. Direct expansions are
calculated by summing the reported or imputed chemical data values by the calibrated weights. Similarly, ratios are
calculated by applying calibrated weights and nonresponse adjustments to data when both the numerator and denominator
are reported. Variance estimates are computed for all expansions.
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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
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Outliers: NASS conducts a review of outliers found in the chemical use data by reviewing application rates for all
records for the same product and commodity combinations. The RFO and HQ statisticians work together to ensure the
data are as accurate as possible. The RFO statisticians review outliers within their program states, and the HQ statistician
examines outliers across all program states for the published categories. A determination is made as to whether an
adjustment to the application data is required. Most outliers trace back to unique situations that do not exist in the target
population as much as the survey weight would indicate.
Estimation: HQ statisticians execute a summary that generates state level and national level indications. RFO statisticians
are responsible for performing a detailed review of their survey results and providing comments that justify their survey
results. HQ statisticians conduct a final review of survey results from all states. Any irregularities revealed by the
summary must be investigated and, if necessary, resolved. After final review, national level summary results are adopted
as official national estimates except in cases where strong justification supports deviating from survey totals.
For this survey there are two main types of data that NASS estimates - pesticide application and pest management data.
For the application data, NASS collects information about pesticides applied during the crop year. For pe sticides, these
applications are collected at the product level, generally per application. These product level data are converted to pounds
of active ingredient, summarized, and published. If there are not a sufficient number of reports, the data are supp ressed
from publication, along with any needed complementary suppression.
For the pesticide application data, NASS estimates area applied (percent acres treated), number of applications, rate per
application (pounds of active ingredient or acid equivalent per acre), rate per crop year (number of applications multiplied
by rate per application), and total amount applied. In order to publish data for an active ingredient, there must be a
minimum number of reports for the specific active ingredient at the summary level (by crop, by state, or all program
states). If there are not a sufficient number of reports, the data is suppressed from publication, along with any needed
complementary suppression
The standard deviation for each active ingredient is calculated to determine data distribution for each crop. Chemical
distribution rates are given by active ingredient for the Percent of Acres Treated, Number of Applications, Rate per
Application, and Rate per Crop Year. The distribution tables include the coefficient of variation (CV) for an active
ingredient when at least 30 farm operators report applying it on the specified crop.
The pest management data are generally a series of yes/no questions pertaining to specific pest management practices.
Pest management data are collected for the entire operation. From these data, NASS releases the percent of operations
using the practice as well as the percent of acreage. The percent of acreage assumes that, if the operation uses the practice
on one acre, it is used on all acres. This also means that the pest management data are not crop specific; they are
distributed across all vegetable acres.

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Selected Terms and Definitions
Active Ingredient: The specific pesticide ingredient which kills or controls the target pest(s) or other target material(s), or
otherwise results in the pesticide effect(s). All pesticide-use estimates in the report are published per active ingredient (rather
than per product); one or more active ingredients are present in known amounts in the pesticide products reported in the survey.
Rate and Total Applied estimates were reported in a single unit of equivalence, per active ingredient. For salt, ester, or amine
active ingredients, estimates were published in the parent acid equivalents. For example, the acid derivatives glyphosate
isopropylamine salt and 2, 4-D, 2-EHE were published in the glyphosate and 2, 4-D equivalents, respectively. For copper
compounds, estimates were published in the metallic copper equivalent.
Active Ingredient Code: A unique code assigned to each active ingredient upon registration with the Environmental Protection
Agency’s Office of Pesticide Programs to facilitate pesticide regulation.
Area Applied, Percent: Percent of total Percent of acres which received one or more applications of a specific fertilizer,
nutrient, or pesticide active ingredient. (In Quick Stats: Treated, Measured as Percent of Area Percent of)
Avoidance: A strategy in which the detrimental effects of pests on crops are mitigated or eliminated solely through various
cultural practices. Avoidance is one of four classes of pest-management practices for which data are included in the report.
Beneficial Insects: Insects (small invertebrate animals, mostly of arthropod classes Insecta and Arachnida), which are collected
and introduced onto crop acres because of their value in biological control as predators on harmful insects and parasites.
Chemigation: Application of agricultural chemicals, including pesticide products, by injection into irrigation water.
Crop Year: The period starting immediately after harvest of the previous year’s crop and ending at harvest of the current year’s
crop.
Farm: Any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been
sold during the year. Government payments are included in sales.
Fertilizer: A soil-enriching agricultural input which contains one or more plant nutrients. Data for three primary
macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), and potash (K20), and the secondary macronutrient sulfur (S) are included in
the report.
Fungi: Various organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which obtain nutrients by decomposing plant or other organic life. This pest
group includes mushrooms, molds, mildews, smuts, rusts, and yeasts. Fungal infestations have the potential to reduce crop
production and/or lower the grade quality of the host crop.
Mechanism of Action (MOA): The method or biological pathway by which the pesticide or active ingredient kills or controls
the target pest(s) or other target material(s).
Minimum or Reduced Tillage: Tillage practices prior to planting which result in a minimum of 30 percent or more of crop
residue being retained on the surface following planting.
Monitoring: A strategy involving the observance or detection of pests through systematic sampling, counting, or other forms of
scouting. Monitoring may include prediction of pest population levels through the observance of environmental factors such as
weather or soil and crop quality. Monitoring is one of four classes of pest-management practices for which data are included in
the report.
Nematodes: Unsegmented, parasitic worms of the phylum nematoda. Prominent animal pest of field crops with the potential to
be highly destructive, lowering crop production and grade quality significantly.
Number of Applications: The average number of times a treated acre received a specific fertilizer nutrient or pesticide active
ingredient. (In Quick Stats: Applications, Measure in Number)

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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Pesticide: Defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) as “(1) any substance or mixture of
substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, (2) any substance or mixture of substances
intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant, and (3) any nitrogen stabilizer…” (Title 7, U.S. Code, 136). Under
FIFRA, pesticides are registered and regulated through the Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Pesticide Programs.
Four classes of pesticides are included in the report: (1) herbicides targeting weeds, (2) insecticides targeting insects (3)
fungicides targeting fungi, and (4) other chemicals targeting all other pests or other materials (including extraneous crop
foliage).
Pheromone: A chemical substance produced by an insect which serves as a stimulus to other individuals of the same species
for one or more behavioral responses.
Prevention: A strategy in which a pest population is kept from infesting a crop or field by taking various preceding actions.
Prevention is one of four classes of pest-management practices for which data are included in the report.
Rate per Application: Ratio indicating pounds (lbs) of a fertilizer primary nutrient or pesticide active ingredient (or associated
acid or metallic equivalent) applied, counting all applications per crop year, per Percent of acre. (In Quick Stats: Applications,
Measured in Lb/Acre/Year)
Suppression: A strategy which involves the control or reduction of existing pest populations in order to mitigate crop damage.
May include physical or biological controls, or management of resistance build-up through pesticide rotation. Suppression is
one of four classes of pest-management practices for which data are included in the report.

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
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Quality Metrics for Agricultural Chemical Usage
Purpose and Definitions: Under the guidance of the Statistical Policy Office of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB),
NASS provides data users with quality metrics for its published data series. The metrics tables below describe the performance
data for the survey contributing to the publication. The accuracy of data products may be evaluated through sampling and nonsampling error. The measurement of error due to sampling in the current period is evaluated by the coefficient of variation for
each estimated item. Non-sampling error is evaluated by response rates and the percent of the estimate from respondents.
Sample Size is the number of observations selected from the population that are used to be representative of the entire
population.
Response rates measure the proportion of the sample that is represented by the responding units in the survey.
Coefficient of Variation provides a measure of the size for the standard error relative to the point estimate and is used to
measure the precision of the results of a survey estimator.

Vegetable Chemical Usage, Sample Size, and Response Rate – Program States: 2020
State

Sample size

Response rate

(number)

(percent)

Arizonia........................................................................
California......................................................................
Florida….......................................................................
Georgia........................................................................
Illinois…........................................................................
Indiana……..................................................................
Michigan……...............................................................
Minnesota….................................................................
New Jersey..................................................................

33
366
113
67
105
78
263
289
86

51.5
86.9
27.4
38.8
61.0
48.7
53.2
76.1
24.4

New York……..............................................................
North Carolina..............................................................
Ohio…………...............................................................
Oregon………..............................................................
Pennsylvania................................................................
South Carolina.............................................................
Texas……….................................................................
Washington……...........................................................
Wisconsin….................................................................

263
181
134
83
201
38
100
80
234

51.3
59.1
32.1
55.4
45.8
44.7
53.0
65.0
54.3

Program States ..............................................................

2,714

57.0

6

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Beans, Snap Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Bentazon............................................................
EPTC..................................................................
Fomesafen sodium............................................

43
52
31

4
5
3

13
10
6

16
10
8

Imazethapyr ammonium ...................................
S-Metolachlor ....................................................
Trifluralin ............................................................

33
37
35

2
8
3

5
10
12

7
12
13

Insecticides
Bifenthrin............................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin……………........................

35
63

12
20

11
16

17
32

Fungicides
Thiophanate-methyl ..........................................

61

14

18

13

Broccoli Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Oxyfluorfen ........................................................

29

7

7

13

Insecticides
Emamectin benzoate ........................................
Imidacloprid .......................................................
Indoxacarb .........................................................

26
42
26

7
6
6

3
29
1

8
26
7

Lambda-cyhalothrin……………........................
Spinetoram……………. ....................................
Spirotetramat…………………………………….
Sulfoxaflor..........................................................

36
35
34
50

9
9
8
4

2
3
2
4

10
10
7
7

Cabbage Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Insecticides
Lambda-cyhalothrin……………........................

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

61

16

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

37

40

7

Corn, Sweet Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Acetochlor…………………...….……….……....
Atrazine……………………….…….…….……..
Dimethenamid-P….……………….…….…….

19
35
38

0
32
7

4
24
9

4
27
3

Glyphosate isopropylamine salt ….…….……..
Linuron ...............................................................
Mesotrione ……………………………………...
Pendimethalin ..…..….………………………….

44
16
(H)
20

17
29
0
9

15
30
43
1

26
11
43
9

S-Metolachlor ……………………………….......
Tembotrione.......................................................
Topramezone ……….……………..……………

52
24
24

2
1
4

12
9
(H)

13
10
(H)

Insecticides
Bifenthrin ............................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin ...........................................

64
27

32
22

45
27

27
32

Fungicides
Azoxystrobin ......................................................
31
2
3
5
Propiconazole……….……………..……………
28
4
4
7
Sulfur………….………..………………………...
29
24
40
37
(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standard er ror is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

Cucumbers Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Herbicides
Ethalfluralin……………. ....................................

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

9

0

14

14

Fungicides
Chlorothalonil……………. .................................
24
49
94
(H)
(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standard er ror is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Lettuce, Head Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Pronamide……………..…...…….……….……..

62

14

24

20

Insecticides
Chlorantraniliprole….…………………………...
Imidacloprid .......................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin...........................................

(H)
95
(H)

(H)
23
55

15
(H)
7

(H)
(H)
62

Methomyl....…………...…………………………
Permethrin .........................................................
Spinetoram…………………………...................
Spirotetramat .....................................................

30
96
(H)
(H)

12
52
(H)
33

7
12
20
41

14
53
(H)
37

Fungicides
Dimethomorph………..……….………………...
59
96
7
(H)
Mancozeb………………………….....................
(H)
(H)
8
(H)
Mandipropamide technical................................
(H)
99
3
(H)
(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standard er ror is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

Lettuce, Other Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Bensulide….…………..…...…….……….……..
Pronamide……………..…...…….……….……..

27
47

10
16

6
20

8
9

Insecticides
Chlorantraniliprole….…………………………...
Flonicamid..…………...…………………………
Flupyradifurone .................................................

51
64
(H)

48
10
76

7
2
35

42
12
42

Imidacloprid .......................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin...........................................
Methomyl....…………...…………………………

31
19
(H)

33
(H)
76

41
5
21

15
(H)
95

Permethrin .........................................................
Spinetoram…………………………...................
Spirotetramat .....................................................
Sulfoxaflor..........................................................

98
24
(H)
71

(H)
(H)
(H)
95

6
15
2
(H)

(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)

Fungicides
Dimethomorph………..……….………………...
Mancozeb……………..……….………………...
Mandipropamide technical …………………….
Mono-potassium salt .........................................

54
66
37
15

(H)
32
(H)
(H)

1
20
15
41

(H)
24
(H)
(H)

(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standard er ror is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
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Onions Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Bromoxynil octanoate …..……………….……..
Clethodim ...........................................................
Oxyfluorfen.........................................................
Pendimethalin ....................................................

13
52
11
12

31
12
20
24

36
25
16
21

54
33
16
15

Insecticides
Abamectin ..........................................................
Spinetoram.........................................................

18
14

18
11

16
6

30
15

Fungicides
Chlorothalonil .....................................................
Mancozeb...........................................................
Mefenoxam ........................................................

21
31
27

13
15
20

9
14
55

14
19
71

Peas, Green Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Herbicides
Imazethapyr……………. ...................................
Imazethapyr ammonium…………….................

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

27
57

0
0

4
2

4
2

Pendimethalin……………. ................................
(H)
2
96
95
Saflufenacil……………......................................
(H)
0
6
6
(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standard error is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

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Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
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Pumpkins Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Clomazone.........................................................
Ethalfluralin ........................................................
Fomesafen sodium............................................

12
53
27

5
15
7

11
19
6

10
12
10

Glyphosate isopropylamine salt .......................
Glyphosate potassium salt ...............................
Halosulfuron……………………………… .........
S-Metolachlor ....................................................

29
71
67
25

25
32
15
5

42
36
67
17

47
60
74
17

Insecticides
Acetamiprid………………………………………
Bifenthrin……… ………………………………...
Carbaryl .............................................................

39
51
39

14
21
23

24
22
16

23
30
24

Lambda-cyhalothrin..……………………………
Permethrin……….………………………………
Zeta-cypermethrin………………………………

48
93
47

36
41
17

39
46
47

74
51
59

Fungicides
Azoxystrobin………...........................................
Chlorothalonil..…………….……….……………
Copper chloride hydroxide................................
Copper hydroxide……………………………….
Cyazofamid…………………………………….

60
23
54
27
(H)

25
14
12
32
16

35
46
11
(H)
38

54
40
13
84
46

Cyflufenamid.………………. .............................
76
41
95
(H)
Difenoconazole………………. ..........................
66
39
29
67
Mancozeb………………....................................
64
11
20
22
Myclobutanil.......................................................
69
44
40
80
Quinoline............................................................
46
31
23
43
(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standard error is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

Squash Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Herbicides
Clomazone……………......................................
Ethalfluralin……………. ....................................

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

39
66

7
8

86
94

90
99

Fungicides
Chlorothalonil……………..................................
47
33
29
22
Copper hydroxide……………. ..........................
45
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standar d error is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

11

Tomatoes Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
Application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Herbicides
Glyphosate isopropylamine salt........................
Glyphosate potassium salt ................................
Oxyfluorfen.........................................................

22
38
55

11
17
11

9
9
20

18
21
22

Pendimethalin ....................................................
Rimsulfuron ........................................................
S-Metolachlor.....................................................
Trifluralin……….………………………………...

38
49
56
56

20
11
3
8

10
12
7
8

12
10
5
14

Insecticides
Abamectin ..........................................................
Bifenthrin ............................................................
Carbaryl… ..........................................................
Chlorantraniliprole .............................................

72
90
47
18

21
82
4
7

6
91
10
12

18
19
13
8

Imidacloprid........................................................
Lambda-cyhalothrin ...........................................
Methoxyfenozide ...............................................
Thiamethoxam ...................................................

55
39
60
26

81
19
13
18

(H)
2
16
11

30
18
6
11

Fungicides
Azoxystrobin ......................................................
Chlorothalonil .....................................................
Difenoconazole ..................................................
Sulfur ..................................................................

36
34
75
19

7
(H)
66
9

30
(H)
68
7

30
41
(H)
6

Other Chemicals
Ethephon……………………….…………..……
44
9
16
25
Metam potassium……..………………………...
36
1
32
33
(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standar d error is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

Watermelon Pesticide Usage Coefficient of Variation – Program States: 2020
Active ingredient

Percent of
acres treated

Number of
applications

Rate per
application

Rate per crop
Year

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

(CV percent)

Fungicides
Chlorothalonil……………. .................................
(H)
82
19
82
(H) Coefficient of variation or generalized coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to 99.95 percent or the standard er ror is greater than or equal to
99.95 percent of the mean.

12

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetable Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2021)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Access to NASS Reports
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[email protected].

Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit Crop Methodology and Quality Measures (July 2020)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

13