Geothermal Steam Act-of-1970

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970
AN ACT To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to make disposition of
geothermal steam and associated geothermal resources, and for other purposes. 1

[As Amended Through P.L. 109–58, Enacted August 8, 2005]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Geothermal Steam Act of 1970’’.
ø30 U.S.C. 1001 note¿
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 2

As used in this Act, the term—
(a) ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Secretary of the Interior;
(b) ‘‘geothermal lease’’ means a lease issued under authority of this Act;
(c) ‘‘geothermal resources’’ means (i) all products of geothermal processes, embracing indigenous steam, hot water and
hot brines; (ii) steam and other gases, hot water and hot brines
resulting from water, gas, or other fluids artificially introduced
into geothermal formations; (iii) heat or other associated energy found in geothermal formations; and (iv) any byproduct
derived from them;
(d) ‘‘byproduct’’ means any mineral or minerals (exclusive
of oil, hydrocarbon gas, and helium) which are found in solution or in association with geothermal steam and which have
a value of less than 75 per centum of the value of the geothermal steam or are not, because of quantity, quality, or technical difficulties in extraction and production, of sufficient
value to warrant extraction and production by themselves;
(e) ‘‘known geothermal resources area’’ means an area in
which the geology, nearby discoveries, competitive interests, or
other indicia would, in the opinion of the Secretary, engender
a belief in men who are experienced in the subject matter that
the prospects for extraction of geothermal steam or associated
geothermal resources 3 are good enough to warrant expenditures of money for that purpose.
1 The Geothermal Steam Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 1566) consists of the Act of December 24, 1970,
(Public Law 91–581) and subsequent amendments thereto (30 U.S.C. 1001 and following).
2 The amendment made by section 236(5) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect the
probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 2. As’’ probably should have been
to strike ‘‘SEC. 2. As’’.
3 Probably should read ‘‘geothermal resources’’. Section 236(1) of Public Law 109–58 amended
the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970 by striking ‘geothermal steam and associated geothermal resources’’ each place it appears and inserting ‘‘geothermal resources’’. The amendment could not
Continued

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Sec. 3

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

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(f) ‘‘Significant thermal features within units of the National
Park System’’ shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
(1) Thermal features within units of the National Park
System listed in Section 28(a)(1) and designated as significant
in the Federal Register notice of August 3, 1987 (Vol. 52. No.
148 Fed. Reg. 28790).
(2) Crater Lake National Park.
(3) Thermal features within Big Bend National Park and
Lake Mead National Recreation Area proposed as significant in
the Federal Register notice of February 13, 1987 (Vol. 52, No.
30 Fed. Reg. 4700).
(4) Thermal features within units of the National Park
System added to the significant thermal features list pursuant
to section 28(a)(2) of this Act.
(g) ‘‘direct use’’ means utilization of geothermal resources
for commercial, residential, agricultural, public facilities, or
other energy needs other than the commercial production of
electricity; and 4
ø30 U.S.C. 1001¿
SEC. 3. LANDS SUBJECT TO GEOTHERMAL LEASING. 5

Subject to the provisions of section 15 of this Act, the Secretary
of the Interior may issue leases for the development and utilization
of geothermal resources (1) in lands administered by him, including
public, withdrawn, and acquired lands, (2) in any national forest or
other lands administered by the Department of Agriculture
through the Forest Service, including Public, withdrawn, and acquired lands, and (3) in lands which have been conveyed by the
United States subject to a reservation to the United States of the
geothermal resources therein.
ø30 U.S.C. 1002¿
SEC. 4. LEASING PROCEDURES.
(a) NOMINATIONS.—The Secretary

shall accept nominations of
land to be leased at any time from qualified companies and individuals under this Act.
(b) COMPETITIVE LEASE SALE REQUIRED.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise specifically provided
by this Act, all land to be leased that is not subject to leasing
under subsection (c) shall be leased as provided in this subsection to the highest responsible qualified bidder, as determined by the Secretary.
(2) COMPETITIVE LEASE SALES.—The Secretary shall hold a
competitive lease sale at least once every 2 years for land in
a State that has nominations pending under subsection (a) if
the land is otherwise available for leasing.
(3) LANDS SUBJECT TO MINING CLAIMS.—Lands that are
subject to a mining claim for which a plan of operations has

be executed because the word ‘‘or’’ appears in paragraph (e) instead of ‘‘and’’ in the matter purported to be struck.
4 Punctuation in paragraph (g) so in law. See amendment made by section 236(2) of Public
Law 109–58.
5 The amendment made by section 236(6) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect the
probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 3. Subject’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 3. Subject’’.

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GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

Sec. 4

been approved by the relevant Federal land management agency may be available for noncompetitive leasing under this section to the mining claim holder.
(c) NONCOMPETITIVE LEASING.—The Secretary shall make
available for a period of 2 years for noncompetitive leasing any
tract for which a competitive lease sale is held, but for which the
Secretary does not receive any bids in a competitive lease sale.
(d) PENDING LEASE APPLICATIONS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—It shall be a priority for the Secretary,
and for the Secretary of Agriculture with respect to National
Forest Systems land, to ensure timely completion of administrative actions, including amendments to applicable forest
plans and resource management plans, necessary to process
applications for geothermal leasing pending on the date of enactment of this subsection. All future forest plans and resource
management plans for areas with high geothermal resource potential shall consider geothermal leasing and development.
(2) ADMINISTRATION.—An application described in paragraph (1) and any lease issued pursuant to the application—
(A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), shall be
subject to this section as in effect on the day before the
date of enactment of this paragraph; or
(B) at the election of the applicant, shall be subject to
this section as in effect on the effective date of this paragraph.
(e) LEASES SOLD AS A BLOCK.—If information is available to
the Secretary indicating a geothermal resource that could be produced as 1 unit can reasonably be expected to underlie more than
1 parcel to be offered in a competitive lease sale, the parcels for
such a resource may be offered for bidding as a block in the competitive lease sale.
(f) LEASING FOR DIRECT USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES.—
Notwithstanding subsection (b), the Secretary may identify areas in
which the land to be leased under this Act exclusively for direct use
of geothermal resources, without sale for purposes other than commercial generation of electricity, may be leased to any qualified applicant that first applies for such a lease under regulations issued
by the Secretary, if the Secretary—
(1) publishes a notice of the land proposed for leasing not
later than 90 days before the date of the issuance of the lease;
(2) does not receive during the 90-day period beginning on
the date of the publication any nomination to include the land
concerned in the next competitive lease sale; and
(3) determines there is no competitive interest in the geothermal resources in the land to be leased.
(g) AREA SUBJECT TO LEASE FOR DIRECT USE.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (2), a geothermal
lease for the direct use of geothermal resources shall cover not
more than the quantity of acreage determined by the Secretary
to be reasonably necessary for the proposed use.
(2) LIMITATIONS.—The quantity of acreage covered by the
lease shall not exceed the limitations established under section
7.
ø30 U.S.C. 1003¿
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Sec. 5

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

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SEC. 5. RENTS AND ROYALTIES. 6
(a) IN GENERAL.—Geothermal

leases shall provide for—
(1) a royalty on electricity produced using geothermal resources, other than direct use of geothermal resources, that
shall be—
(A) not less than 1 percent and not more than 2.5 percent of the gross proceeds from the sale of electricity produced from such resources during the first 10 years of production under the lease; and
(B) not less than 2 and not more than 5 percent of the
gross proceeds from the sale of electricity produced from
such resources during each year after such 10-year period;
(2) a royalty on any byproduct that is a mineral specified
in the first section of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181),
and that is derived from production under the lease, at the
rate of the royalty that applies under that Act to production of
the mineral under a lease under that Act; and
(3) payment in advance of an annual rental of not less
than—
(A) for each of the 1st through 10th years of the
lease—
(i) in the case of a lease awarded in a noncompetitive lease sale, $1 per acre or fraction thereof; or
(ii) in the case of a lease awarded in a competitive
lease sale, $2 per acre or fraction thereof for the 1st
year and $3 per acre or fraction thereof for each of the
2nd through 10th years; and
(B) for each year after the 10th year of the lease, $5
per acre or fraction thereof.
(b) DIRECT USE.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding subsection (a)(1), the
Secretary shall establish a schedule of fees, in lieu of royalties
for geothermal resources, that a lessee or its affiliate—
(A) uses for a purpose other than the commercial generation of electricity; and
(B) does not sell.
(2) SCHEDULE OF FEES.—The schedule of fees—
(A) may be based on the quantity or thermal content,
or both, of geothermal resources used;
(B) shall ensure a fair return to the United States for
use of the resource; and
(C) shall encourage development of the resource.
(3) STATE, TRIBAL, OR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.—If a State,
tribal, or local government is the lessee and uses geothermal
resources without sale and for public purposes other than commercial generation of electricity, the Secretary shall charge
only a nominal fee for use of the resource.
(4) FINAL REGULATION.—In issuing any final regulation establishing a schedule of fees under this subsection, the Secretary shall seek—

6 The amendment made by section 236(7) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect the
probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 5.’’ probably should have been to
strike ‘‘SEC. 5.’’.

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GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

Sec. 5

(A) to provide lessees with a simplified administrative
system;
(B) to facilitate development of direct use of geothermal resources; and
(C) to contribute to sustainable economic development
opportunities in the area.
(c) FINAL REGULATION ESTABLISHING ROYALTY RATES.—In
issuing any final regulation establishing royalty rates under this
section, the Secretary shall seek—
(1) to provide lessees a simplified administrative system;
(2) to encourage new development; and
(3) to achieve the same level of royalty revenues over a 10year period as the regulation in effect on the date of enactment
of this subsection.
(d) CREDITS FOR IN-KIND PAYMENTS OF ELECTRICITY.—The Secretary may provide to a lessee a credit against royalties owed
under this Act, in an amount equal to the value of electricity provided under contract to a State or county government that is entitled to a portion of such royalties under section 20 of this Act, section 35 of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 191), except as otherwise provided by this section, or section 6 of the Mineral Leasing
Act for Acquired Lands (30 U.S.C. 355), if—
(1) the Secretary has approved in advance the contract between the lessee and the State or county government for such
in-kind payments;
(2) the contract establishes a specific methodology to determine the value of such credits; and
(3) the maximum credit will be equal to the royalty value
owed to the State or county that is a party to the contract and
the electricity received will serve as the royalty payment from
the Federal Government to that entity.
(e) CREDITING OF RENTAL TOWARD ROYALTY.—Any annual
rental under this section that is paid with respect to a lease before
the first day of the year for which the annual rental is owed shall
be credited to the amount of royalty that is required to be paid
under the lease for that year.
(f) ADVANCED ROYALTIES REQUIRED FOR CESSATION OF PRODUCTION.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), if, at
any time after commercial production under a lease is
achieved, production ceases for any reason, the lease shall remain in full force and effect for a period of not more than an
aggregate number of 10 years beginning on the date production
ceases, if, during the period in which production is ceased, the
lessee pays royalties in advance at the monthly average rate
at which the royalty was paid during the period of production.
(2) REDUCTION.—The amount of any production royalty
paid for any year shall be reduced (but not below 0) by the
amount of any advanced royalties paid under the lease to the
extent that the advance royalties have not been used to reduce
production royalties for a prior year.
(3) EXCEPTIONS.—Paragraph (1) shall not apply if the cessation in production is required or otherwise caused by—
(A) the Secretary;
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Sec. 6

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

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(B) the Secretary of the Air Force;
(C) the Secretary of the Army;
(D) the Secretary of the Navy;
(E) a State or a political subdivision of a State; or
(F) a force majeure.
(g) TERMINATION OF LEASE FOR FAILURE TO PAY RENTAL.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall terminate any lease
with respect to which rental is not paid in accordance with this
Act and the terms of the lease under which the rental is required, on the expiration of the 45-day period beginning on the
date of the failure to pay the rental.
(2) NOTIFICATION.—The Secretary shall promptly notify a
lessee that has not paid rental required under the lease that
the lease will be terminated at the end of the period referred
to in paragraph (1).
(3) REINSTATEMENT.—A lease that would otherwise terminate under paragraph (1) shall not terminate under that paragraph if the lessee pays to the Secretary, before the end of the
period referred to in paragraph (1), the amount of rental due
plus a late fee equal to 10 percent of the amount.
ø30 U.S.C. 1004¿
SEC. 6. LEASE TERM AND WORK COMMITMENT REQUIREMENTS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—
(1) PRIMARY TERM.—A geothermal lease shall be for

a primary term of 10 years.
(2) INITIAL EXTENSION.—The Secretary shall extend the
primary term of a geothermal lease for 5 years if, for each year
after the 10th year of the lease—
(A) the Secretary determined under subsection (b) that
the lessee satisfied the work commitment requirements
that applied to the lease for that year; or
(B) the lessee paid in annual payments accordance
with subsection (c).
(3) ADDITIONAL EXTENSION.—The Secretary shall extend
the primary term of a geothermal lease (after an initial extension under paragraph (2)) for an additional 5 years if, for each
year of the initial extension under paragraph (2), the Secretary
determined under subsection (b) that the lessee satisfied the
minimum work requirements that applied to the lease for that
year.
(b) REQUIREMENT TO SATISFY ANNUAL MINIMUM WORK REQUIREMENT.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The lessee for a geothermal lease shall,
for each year after the 10th year of the lease, satisfy minimum
work requirements prescribed by the Secretary that apply to
the lease for that year.
(2) PRESCRIPTION OF MINIMUM WORK REQUIREMENTS.—The
Secretary shall issue regulations prescribing minimum work
requirements for geothermal leases, that—
(A) establish a geothermal potential; and
(B) if a geothermal potential has been established,
confirm the existence of producible geothermal resources.
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GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

Sec. 6

(c) PAYMENTS IN LIEU OF MINIMUM WORK REQUIREMENTS.—In
lieu of the minimum work requirements set forth in subsection
(b)(2), the Secretary shall by regulation establish minimum annual
payments which may be made by the lessee for a limited number
of years that the Secretary determines will not impair achieving
diligent development of the geothermal resource, but in no event
shall the number of years exceed the duration of the extension period provided in subsection (a).
(d) TRANSITION RULES FOR LEASES ISSUED PRIOR TO ENACTMENT OF ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005.—The Secretary shall by
regulation establish transition rules for leases issued before the
date of the enactment of this subsection, including terms under
which a lease that is near the end of its term on the date of enactment of this subsection may be extended for up to 2 years—
(1) to allow achievement of production under the lease; or
(2) to allow the lease to be included in a producing unit.
(e) GEOTHERMAL LEASE OVERLYING MINING CLAIM.—
(1) EXEMPTION.—The lessee for a geothermal lease of an
area overlying an area subject to a mining claim for which a
plan of operations has been approved by the relevant Federal
land management agency is exempt from annual work requirements established under this Act, if development of the geothermal resource subject to the lease would interfere with the
mining operations under such claim.
(2) TERMINATION OF EXEMPTION.—An exemption under this
paragraph expires upon the termination of the mining operations.
(f) TERMINATION OF APPLICATION OF REQUIREMENTS.—Minimum work requirements prescribed under this section shall not
apply to a geothermal lease after the date on which the geothermal
resource is utilized under the lease in commercial quantities.
(g) Any lease for land on which, or for which under an approved cooperative or unit plan of development or operation, actual
drilling operations were commenced prior to the end of its primary
term and are being diligently prosecuted at that time shall be extended for five years and so long thereafter, but not more than
thirty-five years, as geothermal steam is produced or utilized in
commercial quantities. If, at the end of such extended term, steam
is being produced or utilized in commercial quantities and the
lands are not needed for other purposes, the lessee shall have a
preferential right to a renewal of such lease for a second term in
accordance with such terms and conditions as the Secretary deems
appropriate.
(h) Except as otherwise provided for in this section, for purposes of this section the term ‘‘produced or utilized in commercial
quantities’’ means the completion of a well producing geothermal
steam in commercial quantities. Such term shall also include the
completion of a well capable of producing geothermal steam in commercial quantities so long as the Secretary determines that diligent
efforts are being made toward the utilization of the geothermal
steam.
(i) Minerals locatable under the mining laws of the United
States in lands subject to a geothermal lease issued under the provisions of this Act which are not associated with the geothermal reSeptember 28, 2017

As Amended Through P.L. 109-58, Enacted August 8, 2005

Sec. 7

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

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sources of such lands as defined in section 2(c) herein shall be
locatable under said mining laws in accordance with the principles
of the Multiple Mineral Development Act (68 Stat. 708; found in 30
U.S.C. 521 et seq.).
ø30 U.S.C. 1005¿
SEC. 7. ACREAGE LIMITATIONS. 7

A geothermal lease shall embrace a reasonably compact area
of not more than 5,120 acres, except where a departure therefrom
is occasioned by an irregular subdivision or subdivisions. No person, association, or corporation, except as otherwise provided in
this Act, shall take, hold, own, or control at one time, whether acquired directly from the Secretary under this Act or otherwise, any
direct or indirect interest in Federal geothermal leases in any one
State exceeding 51,200 acres, including leases acquired under the
provisions of section 4 of this Act.
ø30 U.S.C. 1006¿
SEC. 8. READJUSTMENT OF LEASE TERMS AND CONDITIONS. 8

(a) The Secretary may readjust the terms and conditions, except as otherwise provided herein, of any geothermal lease issued
under this Act at not less than ten-year intervals beginning ten
years after the date the geothermal steam is produced, as determined by the Secretary. Each geothermal lease issued under this
Act shall provide for such readjustment. The Secretary shall give
notice of any proposed readjustment of terms and conditions, and,
unless the lessee files with the Secretary objection to the proposed
terms or relinquishes the lease within thirty days after receipts of
such notice, the lessee shall conclusively be deemed to have agreed
with such terms and conditions. If the lessee files objections, and
no agreement can be reached between the Secretary and the lessee
within a period of not less than sixty days, the lease may be terminated by either party.
(b) The Secretary may readjust the rentals and royalties of any
geothermal lease issued under this Act at not less than twenty-year
intervals beginning thirty-five years after the date geothermal
steam is produced, as determined by the Secretary. In the event of
any such readjustment neither the rental nor royalty may be increased by more than 50 per centum over the rental or royalty paid
during the preceding period 9 Each geothermal lease issued under
this Act shall provide for such readjustment. The Secretary shall
give notice of any proposed readjustment of rentals and royalties,
and, unless the lessee files with the Secretary objection to the proposed rentals and royalties or relinquishes the lease within thirty
days after receipt of such notice, the lessee shall conclusively be
deemed to have agreed with such terms and conditions. If the lessee files objections, and no agreement can be reached between the
7 The amendment made by section 235(1) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect the
probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 7.’’ probably should have been to
strike ‘‘SEC. 7.’’.
8 The amendment made by section 236(8) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect the
probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 8. (a) The’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 8. (a) The’’.
9 So in law. There is no punctuation at the end of the second sentence in subsection (b). See
amendment made by section 229 of Public Law 109–58.

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GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

Sec. 11

Secretary and the lessee within a period of not less than sixty days,
the lease may be terminated by either party.
(c) Any readjustment of the terms and conditions as to use,
protection, or restoration of the surface of any lease of lands withdrawn or acquired in aid of a function of a Federal department or
agency other than the Department of the Interior may be made
only upon notice to, and with the approval of, such department or
agency.
ø30 U.S.C. 1007¿
SEC. 9. BYPRODUCTS. 10

If the production, use, or conversion of geothermal steam is
susceptible of producing a valuable byproduct or byproducts, including commercially demineralized water for beneficial uses in accordance with applicable State water laws, the Secretary shall require substantial beneficial production or use thereof unless, in individual circumstances he modifies or waives this requirement in
the interest of conservation of natural resources or for other reasons satisfactory to him. However, the production or use of such byproducts shall be subject to the rights of the holders of preexisting
leases, claims, or permits covering the same land or the same minerals, if any.
ø30 U.S.C. 1008¿
SEC. 10. RELINQUISHMENT OF GEOTHERMAL RIGHTS. 11

The holder of any geothermal lease at any time may make and
file in the appropriate land office a written relinquishment of all
rights under such lease or of any legal subdivision of the area covered by such lease. Such relinquishment shall be effective as of the
date of its filing. Thereupon the lessee shall be released of all obligations thereafter accruing under said lease with respect to the
lands relinquished, but no such relinquishment shall release such
lessee, or his surety or bond, from any liability for breach of any
obligation of the lease, other than an obligation to drill, accrued at
the date of the relinquishment, or from the continued obligation, in
accordance with the applicable lease terms and regulations, (1) to
make payment of all accrued rentals any royalties, (2) to place all
wells on the relinquished lands in condition for suspension or abandonment, and (3) to protect or restore substantially the surface and
surface resources.
ø30 U.S.C. 1009¿
SEC. 11. SUSPENSION OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION. 12

The Secretary, upon application by the lessee, may authorize
the lessee to suspend operations and production on a producing
lease and he may, on his own motion, in the interest of conserva10 The amendment made by section 236(9) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect the
probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 9. If’’ probably should have been
to strike ‘‘SEC. 9. If’’.
11 The amendment made by section 236(10) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 10. The’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 10. The’’.
12 The amendment made by section 236(11) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 11. The’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 11. The’’.

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Sec. 12

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

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tion suspend operations on any lease but in either case he may extend the lease term for the period of any suspension, and he may
waive, suspend, or reduce the rental or royalty required in such
lease.
ø30 U.S.C. 1010¿
SEC. 12. TERMINATION OF LEASES. 13

Leases may be terminated by the Secretary for any violation
of the regulations or lease terms after thirty days notice provided
that such violation is not corrected within the notice period, or in
the event the violation is such that it cannot be corrected within
the notice period then provided that lessee has not commenced in
good faith within said notice period to correct such violation and
thereafter to proceed diligently to correct such violation. Lessee
shall be entitled to a hearing on the matter of such claimed violation or proposed termination of lease if request for a hearing is
made to the Secretary within the thirty-day period after notice. The
period for correction of violation or commencement to correct such
violation of regulations or of lease terms, as aforesaid, shall be extended to thirty days after the Secretary’s decision after such hearing if the Secretary shall find that a violation exists.
ø30 U.S.C. 1011¿
SEC. 13. WAIVER, SUSPENSION, OR REDUCTION OF RENTAL OR ROYALTY. 14

The Secretary may waive, suspend, or reduce the rental or royalty for any lease or portion thereof in the interests of conservation
and to encourage the greatest ultimate recovery of geothermal resources, if he determines that this is necessary to promote development or that the lease cannot be successfully operated under the
lease terms.
ø30 U.S.C. 1012¿
SEC. 14. SURFACE LAND USE. 15

Subject to the other provisions of this Act, a lessee shall be entitled to use so much of the surface of the land covered by his geothermal lease as may be found by the Secretary to be necessary for
the production, utilization, and conservation of geothermal resources.
ø30 U.S.C. 1013¿
SEC. 15. LANDS SUBJECT TO GEOTHERMAL LEASING. 16

(a) Geothermal leases for lands withdrawn or acquired in aid
of functions of the Department of the Interior may be issued only
13 The amendment made by section 236(12) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 12. Leases’’ probably should
have been to strike ‘‘SEC. 12. Leases’’.
14 The amendment made by section 236(13) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 13. The’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 13. The’’.
15 The amendment made by section 236(14) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 14. Subject’’ probably should
have been to strike ‘‘SEC. 14. Subject’’.
16 The amendment made by section 236(15) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 15. (a) Geothermal’’ probably
should have been to strike ‘‘SEC. 15. (a) Geothermal’’.

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GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

Sec. 17

under such terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe to
insure adequate utilization of the lands for the purposes for which
they were withdrawn or acquired.
(b) Geothermal leases for lands withdrawn or acquired in aid
of functions of the Department of Agriculture may be issued only
with the consent of, and subject to such terms and conditions as
may be prescribed by, the head of that Department to insure adequate utilization of the lands for the purposes for which they were
withdrawn or acquired. Geothermal leases for lands to which section 24 of the Federal Power Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 818), is
applicable, may be issued only with the consent of, and subject to,
such terms and conditions as the Federal Power Commission may
prescribe to insure adequate utilization of such lands for power and
related purposes.
(c) Geothermal leases under this Act shall not be issued for
lands administered in accordance with (1) the Act of August 25,
1916 (39 Stat. 535), as amended or supplemented, (2) for lands
within a national recreation area, (3) for lands in a fish hatchery
administered by the Secretary, wildlife refuge, wildlife range, game
range, wildlife management area, waterfowl production area, or for
lands acquired or reserved for the protection and conservation of
fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, (4) for tribally
or individually owned Indian trust or restricted lands, within or
without the boundaries of Indian reservations.
ø30 U.S.C. 1014¿
SEC. 16. REQUIREMENT FOR LESSEES. 17

Leases under this Act may be issued only to citizens of the
United States, associations of such citizens, corporations organized
under the laws of the United States or of any State or the District
of Columbia, or governmental units, including, without limitation,
municipalities.
ø30 U.S.C. 1015¿
SEC. 17. ADMINISTRATION. 18

Administration of this Act shall be under the principles of multiple use of lands and resources, and geothermal leases shall, insofar as feasible, allow for coexistence of other leases of the same
lands for deposits of minerals under the laws applicable to them,
for the location and production of claims under the mining laws,
and for other uses of the areas covered by them. Operations under
such other leases or for such other uses, however, shall not unreasonably interfere with or endanger operations under any lease
issued pursuant to this Act, nor shall operations under leases so
issued unreasonably interfere with or endanger operations under
any lease, license, claim, or permit issued pursuant to the provisions of any other Act.
ø30 U.S.C. 1016¿
17 The amendment made by section 236(16) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 16. Leases’’ probably should
have been to strike ‘‘SEC. 16. Leases’’.
18 The amendment made by section 236(17) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 17. Administration’’ probably
should have been to strike ‘‘SEC. 17. Administration’’.

September 28, 2017

As Amended Through P.L. 109-58, Enacted August 8, 2005

Sec. 18

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

12

SEC. 18. UNIT AND COMMUNITIZATION AGREEMENTS.
(a) ADOPTION OF UNITS BY LESSEES.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—For the purpose of more

properly conserving the natural resources of any geothermal reservoir,
field, or like area, or any part thereof (whether or not any part
of the geothermal reservoir, field, or like area, is subject to any
cooperative plan of development or operation (referred to in
this section as a ‘‘unit agreement’’)), lessees thereof and their
representatives may unite with each other, or jointly or separately with others, in collectively adopting and operating under
a unit agreement for the reservoir, field, or like area, or any
part thereof, including direct use resources, if determined and
certified by the Secretary to be necessary or advisable in the
public interest.
(2) MAJORITY INTEREST OF SINGLE LEASES.—A majority interest of owners of any single lease shall have the authority to
commit the lease to a unit agreement.
(3) INITIATIVE OF SECRETARY.—The Secretary may also initiate the formation of a unit agreement, or require an existing
Federal lease to commit to a unit agreement, if in the public
interest.
(4) MODIFICATION OF LEASE REQUIREMENTS BY SECRETARY.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may, in the discretion
of the Secretary and with the consent of the holders of
leases involved, establish, alter, change, or revoke rates of
operations (including drilling, operations, production, and
other requirements) of the leases and make conditions
with respect to the leases, with the consent of the lessees,
in connection with the creation and operation of any such
unit agreement as the Secretary may consider necessary or
advisable to secure the protection of the public interest.
(B) UNLIKE TERMS OR RATES.—Leases with unlike
lease terms or royalty rates shall not be required to be
modified to be in the same unit.
(b) REQUIREMENT OF PLANS UNDER NEW LEASES.—The Secretary may—
(1) provide that geothermal leases issued under this Act
shall contain a provision requiring the lessee to operate under
a unit agreement; and
(2) prescribe the unit agreement under which the lessee
shall operate, which shall adequately protect the rights of all
parties in interest, including the United States.
(c) MODIFICATION OF RATE OF PROSPECTING, DEVELOPMENT,
AND PRODUCTION.—The Secretary may require that any unit agreement authorized by this section that applies to land owned by the
United States contain a provision under which authority is vested
in the Secretary, or any person, committee, or State or Federal officer or agency as may be designated in the unit agreement to alter
or modify, from time to time, the rate of prospecting and development and the quantity and rate of production under the unit agreement.
(d) EXCLUSION FROM DETERMINATION OF HOLDING OR CONTROL.—Any land that is subject to a unit agreement approved or
September 28, 2017

As Amended Through P.L. 109-58, Enacted August 8, 2005

13

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

Sec. 18

prescribed by the Secretary under this section shall not be considered in determining holdings or control under section 7.
(e) POOLING OF CERTAIN LAND.—If separate tracts of land cannot be independently developed and operated to use geothermal resources pursuant to any section of this Act—
(1) the land, or a portion of the land, may be pooled with
other land, whether or not owned by the United States, for
purposes
of
development
and
operation
under
a
communitization agreement providing for an apportionment of
production or royalties among the separate tracts of land comprising the production unit, if the pooling is determined by the
Secretary to be in the public interest; and
(2)
operation
or
production
pursuant
to
the
communitization agreement shall be treated as operation or
production with respect to each tract of land that is subject to
the communitization agreement.
(f) UNIT AGREEMENT REVIEW.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 5 years after the date of
approval of any unit agreement and at least every 5 years
thereafter, the Secretary shall—
(A) review each unit agreement; and
(B) after notice and opportunity for comment, eliminate from inclusion in the unit agreement any land that
the Secretary determines is not reasonably necessary for
unit operations under the unit agreement.
(2) BASIS FOR ELIMINATION.—The elimination shall—
(A) be based on scientific evidence; and
(B) occur only if the elimination is determined by the
Secretary to be for the purpose of conserving and properly
managing the geothermal resource.
(3) EXTENSION.—Any land eliminated under this subsection shall be eligible for an extension under section 6(g) if
the land meets the requirements for the extension.
(g) DRILLING OR DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may, on such conditions as
the Secretary may prescribe, approve drilling or development
contracts made by one or more lessees of geothermal leases,
with one or more persons, associations, or corporations if, in
the discretion of the Secretary, the conservation of natural resources or the public convenience or necessity may require or
the interests of the United States may be best served by the
approval.
(2) HOLDINGS OR CONTROL.—Each lease operated under an
approved drilling or development contract, and interest under
the contract, shall be excepted in determining holdings or control under section 7.
(h) COORDINATION WITH STATE GOVERNMENTS.—The Secretary
shall coordinate unitization and pooling activities with appropriate
State agencies.
ø30 U.S.C. 1017¿
September 28, 2017

As Amended Through P.L. 109-58, Enacted August 8, 2005

Sec. 19

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

14

SEC. 19. DATA FROM FEDERAL AGENCIES. 19

Upon request of the Secretary, other Federal departments and
agencies shall furnish him with any relevant data then in their
possession or knowledge concerning or having bearing upon fair
and adequate charges to be made for geothermal steam produced
or to be produced for conversion to electric power or other purposes.
Data given to any department or agency as confidential under law
shall not be furnished in any fashion which identifies or tends to
identify the business entity whose activities are the subject of such
data or the person or persons who furnished such in information.
ø30 U.S.C. 1018¿
SEC. 20. DISPOSAL OF MONEYS FROM SALES, BONUSES, RENTALS, AND
ROYALTIES.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Except with respect to lands in the State of

Alaska, all monies received by the United States from sales, bonuses, rentals, and royalties under this Act shall be paid into the
Treasury of the United States. Of amounts deposited under this
subsection, subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of section 35
of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 191(b)) and section 5(a)(2) of
this Act—
(1) 50 percent shall be paid to the State within the boundaries of which the leased lands or geothermal resources are or
were located; and
(2) 25 percent shall be paid to the county within the
boundaries of which the leased lands or geothermal resources
are or were located.
(b) USE OF PAYMENTS.—Amounts paid to a State or county
under subsection (a) shall be used consistent with the terms of section 35 of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 191).
ø30 U.S.C. 1019¿
SEC. 21. PUBLICATION IN FEDERAL REGISTER; RESERVATION OF MINERAL RIGHTS. 20

Geothermal resources in lands the surface of which has passed
from Federal ownership but in which the minerals have been reserved to the United States shall not be developed or produced except under geothermal leases made pursuant to this Act. If the Secretary of the Interior finds that such development is imminent, or
that production from a well heretofore drilled on such lands in imminent, he shall so report to the Attorney General, and the Attorney General is authorized and directed to institute an appropriate
proceeding in the United States district court of the district in
which such lands are located, to quiet the title of the United States
in such resources, and if the court determines that the reservation
of minerals to the United States in the lands involved included the
geothermal resources, to enjoin their production otherwise than
under the terms of this Act: Provided, That upon an authoritative
judicial determination that Federal mineral reservation does not
19 The amendment made by section 236(18) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 19. Upon’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 19. Upon’’.
20 The amendment made by section 236(19) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 21.’’ probably should have been
to strike ‘‘SEC. 21.’’.

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15

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

Sec. 25

include geothermal resources the duties of the Secretary of the Interior to report and of the Attorney General to institute proceedings, as hereinbefore set forth, shall cease.
ø30 U.S.C. 1020¿
SEC. 22. FEDERAL EXEMPTION FROM STATE WATER LAWS. 21

Nothing in this Act shall constitute an express or implied claim
or denial on the part of the Federal Government as to its exemption from State water laws.
ø30 U.S.C. 1021¿
SEC. 23. PREVENTION OF WASTE; EXCLUSIVITY. 22

(a) All leases under this Act shall be subject to the condition
that the lessee will, in conducting his exploration, development and
producing operations, use all reasonable precautions to prevent
waste of geothermal resources developed in this lands leased.
(b) Rights to develop and utilize geothermal resources underlying lands owned by the United States may be acquired solely in
accordance with the provisions of this Act.
ø30 U.S.C. 1022¿
SEC. 24. RULES AND REGULATIONS. 23

The Secretary shall prescribe such rules and regulations as he
may deem appropriate to carry out the provisions of this Act. Such
regulations may include, without limitation, provisions for (a) the
prevention of waste, (b) development and conservation of geothermal and other natural resources, (c) the protection of the public
interest, (d) assignment, segregation, extension of terms, relinquishment of leases, development contracts, unitization, pooling,
and drilling agreements, (e) compensatory royalty agreements, suspension of operations or production, and suspension or reduction of
rentals or royalties, (f) the filing of surety bonds to assure compliance with the terms of the lease and to protect surface use and resources, (g) use of the surface by a lessee of the lands embraced in
his lease, (h) the maintenance by the lessee of an active development program, and (i) protection of water quality and other environmental qualities.
ø30 U.S.C. 1023¿
SEC. 25. INCLUSION OF GEOTHERMAL LEASING UNDER CERTAIN
OTHER LAWS. 24

As to any land subject to geothermal leasing under section 3
of this Act, all laws which either (a) provide for the disposal of land
by patent or other form of conveyance or by grant or by operation
21 The amendment made by section 236(20) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 22. Nothing’’ probably should
have been to strike ‘‘SEC. 22. Nothing’’.
22 The amendment made by section 236(21) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 23. (a) all’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 23. (a) all’’.
23 The amendment made by section 236(22) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 24. The’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 24. The’’.
24 The amendment made by section 236(23) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 25. As’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 25. As’’.

September 28, 2017

As Amended Through P.L. 109-58, Enacted August 8, 2005

Sec. 26

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

16

of law subject to a reservation of any mineral or (b) prevent or restrict the disposal of such land because of the mineral character of
the land, shall hereafter be deemed to embrace geothermal resources as a substance which either must be reserved or must prevent or restrict the disposal of such land, as the case may be. This
section shall not be construed to affect grants, patents, or other
forms of conveyances made prior to the date of enactment of this
Act.
ø30 U.S.C. 1024¿
SEC. 26. AMENDMENT. 25

The first two clauses in section 11 of the Act of August 13,
1954 (68 Stat. 708, 716), are amended to read as follows:
‘‘As used in this Act, ‘mineral leasing laws’ shall mean the Act
of February 25, 1920 (41 Stat. 437); the Act of April 17, 1926 (44
Stat. 301); the Act of February 7, 1927 (44 Stat. 1057); Geothermal
Steam Act of 1970, and all Acts heretofore or hereafter enacted
which are amendatory of or supplementary to any of the foregoing
Acts; ‘Leasing Act minerals’ shall mean all minerals which, upon
the effective date of this Act, are provided in the mineral leasing
laws to be disposed of thereunder and all geothermal resources
which, upon the effective date of the Geothermal Steam Act of
1970, are provided in that Act to be disposed of thereunder;’’.
SEC. 27. FEDERAL RESERVATION OF CERTAIN MINERAL RIGHTS. 26

The United States reserves the ownership of and the right to
extract under such rules and regulations as the Secretary may prescribe oil, hydrocarbon gas, and helium from all geothermal resources produced from lands leased under this Act in accordance
with presently applicable laws: Provided, That whenever the right
to extract oil, hydrocarbon gas, and helium from geothermal resources produced from such lands is exercised pursuant to this section, it shall be exercised so as to cause no substantial interference
with the production of geothermal resources from such lands.
ø30 U.S.C. 1025¿
SEC. 28. SIGNIFICANT THERMAL FEATURES. 27

(a)(1) The Secretary shall maintain a list of significant thermal
features, as defined in section 2(f), within units of the National
Park System, including but not limited to the following units:
(A) Mount Rainier National Park.
(B) Crater Lake National Park.
(C) Yellowstone National Park.
(D) John D. Rockfeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway.
(E) Bering Land Bridge National Preserve.
(F) Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve.
(G) Katmai National Park.
25 The amendment made by section 236(24) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 26. The’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 26. The’’.
26 The amendment made by section 236(25) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 27. The’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 27. The’’.
27 The amendment made by section 236(26) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 28. (a)(1) The’’ probably should
have been to strike ‘‘SEC. 28. (a)(1) The’’.

September 28, 2017

As Amended Through P.L. 109-58, Enacted August 8, 2005

17

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

Sec. 28

(H) Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve.
(I) Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve.
(J) Lake Clark National Park and Preserve.
(K) Hot Springs National Park.
(L) Big Bend National Park (including that portion of the
Rio Grande National Wild Scenic River within the boundaries
of Big Bend National Park).
(M) Lassen Volcanic National Park.
(N) Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
(O) Haleakala National Park.
(P) Lake Mead National Recreation Area.
(2) The Secretary may, after notice and public comment, add
significant thermal features within units of the National Park System to the significant thermal features list.
(3) The Secretary shall consider the following criteria in determining the significance of thermal features:
(A) Size, extent and uniqueness.
(B) Scientific and geologic significance.
(C) The extent to which such features remain in a natural,
undisturbed condition.
(D) Significance of thermal features to the authorized purposes for which the National Park System unit was established.
(b)(1) The Secretary shall maintain a monitoring program for
significant thermal features within units of the National Park System.
(2) As part of the monitoring program required by paragraph
(1), the Secretary shall establish a research program to collect and
assess data on the geothermal resources within units of the National Park System with significant thermal features. Such program shall be carried out by the National Park Service in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey and shall begin with the collection and assessment of data for significant thermal features near
current or proposed geothermal development and shall also include
such features near areas of potential geothermal development.
(c)(1) Upon receipt of an application for a lease under this Act,
the Secretary shall determine on the basis of scientific evidence if
exploration, development or utilization of the lands subject to the
lease application is reasonably likely to result in a significant adverse effect on a significant thermal feature within a unit of the
National Park System. Such determination shall be subject to notice and public comment.
(2) If the Secretary determines that the exploration, development or utilization of the land subject to the lease application is
reasonably likely to result in a significant adverse effect on a significant thermal feature within a unit of the National Park System,
the Secretary shall not issue such lease.
(3) The Secretary shall not issue any lease under this Act for
those lands, or portions thereof, which are the subject of a determination made pursuant to subparagraph (2).
(d) With respect to all leases or drilling permits issued, extended, renewed or modified under this Act, the Secretary shall include stipulations in such leases and permits necessary to protect
significant thermal features within units of the National Park SysSeptember 28, 2017

As Amended Through P.L. 109-58, Enacted August 8, 2005

Sec. 29

GEOTHERMAL STEAM ACT OF 1970

18

tem where the Secretary determines that, based on scientific evidence, the exploration, development or utilization of the land subject to the lease or drilling permit is reasonably likely to adversely
affect any such significant thermal feature. Stipulations shall include, but not be limited to—
(1) requiring the lessee to reinject geothermal fluids into
the rock formations from which they originate;
(2) requiring the lessee to report annually to the Secretary
on activities taken on the lease;
(3) requiring the lessee to continuously monitor geothermal
resources production and injection wells; and
(4) requiring the lessee to suspend activity on the lease if
the Secretary determines that ongoing exploration, development or utilization activities are having a significant adverse
effect on a significant thermal feature within a unit of the National Park System until such time as the significant adverse
effect is eliminated. The stipulation shall provide for the termination of the lease by the Secretary if the significant adverse
effect cannot be eliminated within a reasonable period of time.
(e) The Secretary of Agriculture shall consider the effects on
significant thermal features within units of the National Park System in determining whether to consent to leasing under this Act
on national forest lands or other lands administered by the Department of Agriculture available for leasing under this Act, including
public, withdrawn, and acquired lands.
(f) Nothing in this Act shall affect the ban on leasing under
this Act with respect to the Island Park Geothermal Area, as designated by the map in the ‘‘Final Environmental Impact Statement
of the Island Park Geothermal Area’’ (January 15, 1980, p. XI), and
provided for in Public Law 98–473.
ø30 U.S.C. 1026¿
SEC. 29. LAND SUBJECT TO PROHIBITION ON LEASING. 28

The Secretary shall not issue any lease under this Act on those
lands subject to the prohibition provided under section 43 of the
Mineral Leasing Act.
ø30 U.S.C. 1027¿

28 The amendment made by section 236(27) of Public Law 109–58 was carried out to reflect
the probable intent of Congress. The instruction to strike ‘‘SEC. 29. The’’ probably should have
been to strike ‘‘SEC. 29. The’’.

September 28, 2017

As Amended Through P.L. 109-58, Enacted August 8, 2005