eCFR- 29 CFR 1910.111

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
e-CFR data is current as of June 5 2023
Title 29 → Subtitle B → Chapter XVII → Part 1910 → Subpart H → §1910.111

Browse Previous

| Browse Next

Title 29: Labor
PART 1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Subpart H—Hazardous Materials

§1910.111 Storage and handling of anhydrous ammonia.
(a) General—(1) Scope. (i) This standard is intended to apply to the design, construction,
location, installation, and operation of anhydrous ammonia systems including refrigerated
ammonia storage systems.
(ii) This standard does not apply to:
(a) Ammonia manufacturing plants.
(b) Refrigeration plants where ammonia is used solely as a refrigerant.
(2) Definitions. As used in this section.
(i) Appurtenances. All devices such as pumps, compressors, safety relief devices, liquid-level
gaging devices, valves and pressure gages.
(ii) Cylinder. A container of 1,000 pounds of water capacity or less constructed in
accordance with Department of Transportation specifications.
(iii) Code. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)—1968.
(iv) Container. Includes all vessels, tanks, cylinders, or spheres used for transportation,
storage, or application of anhydrous ammonia.
(v) DOT. U.S. Department of Transportation.

(vi) Design pressure is identical to the term Maximum Allowable Working Pressure used in the
Code.
(vii) Farm vehicle (implement of husbandry). A vehicle for use on a farm on which is
mounted a container of not over 1,200 gallons water capacity.
(viii) Filling density. the percent ratio of the weight of the gas in a container to the weight of
water at 60 °F. that the container will hold.
(ix) Gas. Anhydrous ammonia in either the gaseous or liquefied state.
(x) Gas masks. Gas masks must be approved by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) under 42 CFR part 84 for use with anhydrous ammonia.
(xi) Capacity. Total volume of the container in standard U.S. gallons.
(xii) DOT specifications—Regulations of the Department of Transportation published in 49
CFR chapter I.
(b) Basic rules. This paragraph applies to all paragraphs of this section unless otherwise
noted.
(1) Approval of equipment and systems. Each appurtenance shall be approved in accordance
with paragraph (b)(1) (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) of this section.
(i) It was installed before February 8, 1973, and was approved, tested, and installed in
accordance with either the provisions of the American National Standard for the Storage and
Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia, K61.1, or the Fertilizer Institute Standards for the Storage
and Handling of Agricultural Anhydrous Ammonia, M-1, (both of which are incorporated by
reference as specified in §1910.6) in effect at the time of installation; or
(ii) It is accepted, or certified, or listed, or labeled, or otherwise determined to be safe by a
nationally recognized testing laboratory; or
(iii) It is a type which no nationally recognized testing laboratory does, or will undertake to,
accept, certify, list, label, or determine to be safe; and such equipment is inspected or tested by
any Federal, State, municipal, or other local authority responsible for enforcing occupational
safety provisions of a Federal, State, municipal or other local law, code, or regulation pertaining
to the storage, handling, transport, and use of anhydrous ammonia, and found to be in
compliance with either the provisions of the American National Standard for the Storage and
Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia, K61.1, or the Fertilizer Institute Standards for the Storage
and Handling of Agricultural Anhydrous Ammonia, M-1, in effect at the time of installation; or
(iv) It is a custom-designed and custom-built unit, which no nationally recognized testing
laboratory, or Federal, State, municipal or local authority responsible for the enforcement of a

Federal, State, municipal, or local law, code or regulation pertaining to the storage,
transportation and use of anhydrous ammonia is willing to undertake to accept, certify, list,
label or determine to be safe, and the employer has on file a document attesting to its safe
condition following the conduct of appropriate tests. The document shall be signed by a
registered professional engineer or other person having special training or experience
sufficient to permit him to form an opinion as to safety of the unit involved. The document shall
set forth the test bases, test data and results, and also the qualifications of the certifying
person.
(v) For the purposes of this paragraph (b)(1), the word listed means that equipment is of a
kind mentioned in a list which is published by a nationally recognized laboratory which makes
periodic inspection of the production of such equipment, and states such equipment meets
nationally recognized standards or has been tested and found safe for use in a specified
manner. Labeled means there is attached to it a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of a
nationally recognized testing laboratory which, makes periodic inspections of the production of
such equipment, and whose labeling indicates compliance with nationally recognized standards
or tests to determine safe use in a specified manner. Certified means it has been tested and
found by a nationally recognized testing laboratory to meet nationally recognized standards or
to be safe for use in a specified manner, or is of a kind whose production is periodically
inspected by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, and it bears a label, tag, or other record
of certification.
(vi) For the purposes of this paragraph (b)(1), refer to §1910.7 for definition of nationally
recognized testing laboratory.
(2) Requirements for construction, original test and requalification of nonrefrigerated
containers. (i) Containers used with systems covered in paragraphs (c), (f), (g), and (h) of this
section shall be constructed and tested in accordance with the Code except that construction
under Table UW12 at a basic joint efficiency of under 80 percent is not authorized.
(ii) Containers built according to the Code do not have to comply with Paragraphs UG125
to UG128 inclusive, and Paragraphs UG132 and UG133 of the Code.
(iii) Containers exceeding 36 inches in diameter or 250 gallons water capacity shall be
constructed to comply with one or more of the following:
(a) Containers shall be stress relieved after fabrication in accordance with the Code, or
(b) Cold-form heads when used, shall be stress relieved, or
(c) Hot-formed heads shall be used.
(iv) Welding to the shell, head, or any other part of the container subject to internal
pressure shall be done in compliance with the Code. Other welding is permitted only on saddle
plates, lugs, or brackets attached to the container by the container manufacturer.

(v) Containers used with systems covered in paragraph (e) of this section shall be
constructed and tested in accordance with the DOT specifications.
(vi) The provisions of subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall not be construed as
prohibiting the continued use or reinstallation of containers constructed and maintained in
accordance with the 1949, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1959, and 1962 editions of the Code or any
revisions thereof in effect at the time of fabrication.
(3) Marking nonrefrigerated containers. (i) System nameplates, when required, shall be
permanently attached to the system so as to be readily accessible for inspection and shall
include markings as prescribed in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph.
(ii) Each container or system covered in paragraphs (c), (f), (g), and (h) of this section shall
be marked as specified in the following:
(a) With a notation “Anhydrous Ammonia.”
(b) With a marking identifying compliance with the rules of the Code under which the
container is constructed.
Under ground: Container and system nameplate.
Above ground: Container.

(c) With a notation whether the system is designed for underground or aboveground
installation or both.
(d) With the name and address of the supplier of the system or the trade name of the
system and with the date of fabrication.
Under ground and above ground: System nameplate.

(e) With the water capacity of the container in pounds at 60 °F. or gallons, U.S. Standard.
Under ground: Container and system nameplate.
Above ground: Container.

(f) With the design pressure in pounds per square inch.
Under ground: Container and system nameplate.
Above ground: Container.

(g) With the wall thickness of the shell and heads.
Under ground: Container and system nameplate.

Above ground: Container.

(h) With marking indicating the maximum level to which the container may be filled with
liquid anhydrous ammonia at temperatures between 20 °F. and 130 °F. except on containers
provided with fixed level indicators, such as fixed length dip tubes, or containers that are filled
with weight. Markings shall be in increments of not more than 20 °F.
Above ground and under ground: System nameplate or on liquid-level gaging device.

(i) With the total outside surface area of the container in square feet.
Under ground: System nameplate.
Above ground: No requirement.

(j) Marking specified on the container shall be on the container itself or on a nameplate
permanently attached to it.
(4) Marking refrigerated containers. Each refrigerated container shall be marked with
nameplate on the outer covering in an accessible place as specified in the following:
(i) With the notation, “Anhydrous Ammonia.”
(ii) With the name and address of the builder and the date of fabrication.
(iii) With the water capacity of the container in gallons, U.S. Standard.
(iv) With the design pressure.
(v) With the minimum temperature in degrees Fahrenheit for which the container was
designed.
(vi) The maximum allowable water level to which the container may be filled for test
purposes.
(vii) With the density of the product in pounds per cubic foot for which the container was
designed.
(viii) With the maximum level to which the container may be filled with liquid anhydrous
ammonia.
(5) Location of containers. (i) Consideration shall be given to the physiological effects of
ammonia as well as to adjacent fire hazards in selecting the location for a storage container.
Containers shall be located outside of buildings or in buildings or sections thereof especially
provided for this purpose.

(ii) Permanent storage containers shall be located at least 50 feet from a dug well or other
sources of potable water supply, unless the container is a part of a water-treatment installation.
(iii)-(iv) [Reserved]
(v) Storage areas shall be kept free of readily ignitible materials such as waste, weeds, and
long dry grass.
(6) Container appurtenances. (i) All appurtenances shall be designed for not less than the
maximum working pressure of that portion of the system on which they are installed. All
appurtenances shall be fabricated from materials proved suitable for anhydrous ammonia
service.
(ii) All connections to containers except safety relief devices, gaging devices, or those fitted
with No. 54 drill-size orifice shall have shutoff valves located as close to the container as
practicable.
(iii) Excess flow valves where required by these standards shall close automatically at the
rated flows of vapor or liquid as specified by the manufacturer. The connections and line
including valves and fittings being protected by an excess flow valve shall have a greater
capacity than the rated flow of the excess flow valve so that the valve will close in case of failure
of the line or fittings.
(iv) Liquid-level gaging devices that require bleeding of the product to the atmosphere and
which are so constructed that outward flow will not exceed that passed by a No. 54 drill-size
opening need not be equipped with excess flow valves.
(v) Openings from the container or through fittings attached directly on the container to
which pressure gage connections are made need not be equipped with excess flow valves if
such openings are not larger than No. 54 drill size.
(vi) Excess flow and back pressure check valves where required by the standards in this
section shall be located inside of the container or at a point outside as close as practicable to
where the line enters the container. In the latter case installation shall be made in such manner
that any undue strain beyond the excess flow or back pressure check valve will not cause
breakage between the container and the valve.
(vii) Excess flow valves shall be designed with a bypass, not to exceed a No. 60 drill-size
opening to allow equalization of pressures.
(viii) All excess flow valves shall be plainly and permanently marked with the name or
trademark of the manufacturer, the catalog number, and the rated capacity.
(7) Piping, tubing, and fittings. (i) All piping, tubing, and fittings shall be made of material
suitable for anhydrous ammonia service.

(ii) All piping, tubing, and fittings shall be designed for a pressure not less than the
maximum pressure to which they may be subjected in service.
(iii) All refrigerated piping shall conform to the Refrigeration Piping Code, American
National Standards Institute, B31.5-1966 with addenda B31.1a-1968, which is incorporated by
reference as specified in §1910.6, as it applies to ammonia.
(iv) Piping used on non-refrigerated systems shall be at least American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) A-53-69 Grade B Electric Resistance Welded and Electric Flash Welded
Pipe, which is incorporated by reference as specified in §1910.6, or equal. Such pipe shall be at
least schedule 40 when joints are welded, or welded and flanged. Such pipe shall be at least
schedule 80 when joints are threaded. Threaded connections shall not be back-welded. Brass,
copper, or galvanized steel pipe shall not be used.
(v) Tubing made of brass, copper, or other material subject to attack by ammonia shall not
be used.
(vi) Cast iron fittings shall not be used but this shall not prohibit the use of fittings made
specifically for ammonia service of malleable, nodular, or high strength gray iron meeting
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A47-68, ASTM 395-68, or ASTM A126-66 Class
B or C all of which are incorporated by reference as specified in §1910.6.
(vii) Joint compounds shall be resistant to ammonia.
(8) Hose specifications. (i) Hose used in ammonia service shall conform to the joint
Agricultural Ammonia Institute—Rubber Manufacturers Association Specifications for
Anhydrous Ammonia Hose.
(ii) Hose subject to container pressure shall be designed for a minimum working pressure
of 350 p.s.i.g. and a minimum burst pressure of 1,750 p.s.i.g. Hose assemblies, when made up,
shall be capable of withstanding a test pressure of 500 p.s.i.g.
(iii) Hose and hose connections located on the low-pressure side of flow control of
pressure-reducing valves shall be designed for a bursting pressure of not less than 5 times the
pressure setting of the safety relief devices protecting that portion of the system but not less
than 125 p.s.i.g. All connections shall be so designed and constructed that there will be no
leakage when connected.
(iv) Where hose is to be used for transferring liquid from one container to another, “wet”
hose is recommended. Such hose shall be equipped with approved shutoff valves at the
discharge end. Provision shall be made to prevent excessive pressure in the hose.
(v) On all hose one-half inch outside diameter and larger, used for the transfer of
anhydrous ammonia liquid or vapor, there shall be etched, cast, or impressed at 5-foot intervals
the following information.

“Anhydrous Ammonia” xxx p.s.i.g. (maximum working pressure), manufacturer's name or trademark, year of
manufacture.

In lieu of this requirement the same information may be contained on a nameplate
permanently attached to the hose.
TABLE H-36
[Minimum required rate of discharge in cubic feet per minute of air at 120 percent of the
maximum permitted start to discharge pressure of safety relief valves]
Surface area (sq. ft.)

Flow rate CFM air

20

258

25

310

30

360

35

408

40

455

45

501

50

547

55

591

60

635

65

678

70

720

75

762

80

804

85

845

90

885

95

925

100

965

105

1,010

110

1,050

115

1,090

120

1,120

125

1,160

130

1,200

135

1,240

140

1,280

145

1,310

150

1,350

155

1,390

160

1,420

165

1,460

170

1,500

175

1,530

180

1,570

185

1,600

190

1,640

195

1,670

200

1,710

210

1,780

220

1,850

230

1,920

240

1,980

250

2,050

260

2,120

270

2,180

280

2,250

290

2,320

300

2,380

310

2,450

320

2,510

330

2,570

340

2,640

350

2,700

360

2,760

370

2,830

380

2,890

390

2,950

400

3,010

450

3,320

500

3,620

550

3,910

600

4,200

650

4,480

700

4,760

750

5,040

800

5,300

850

5,590

900

5,850

950

6,120

1,000

6,380

1,050

6,640

1,100

6,900

1,150

7,160

1,200

7,410

1,250

7,660

1,300

7,910

1,350

8,160

1,400

8,410

1,450

8,650

1,500

8,900

1,550

9,140

1,600

9,380

1,650

9,620

1,700

9,860

1,750

10,090

1,800

10,330

1,850

10,560

1,900

10,800

1,950

11,030

2,000

11,260

2,050

11,490

2,100

11,720

2,150

11,950

2,200

12,180

2,250

12,400

2,300

12,630

2,350

12,850

2,400

13,080

2,450

13,300

2,500

13,520

Surface Area = total outside surface area of container in square feet. When the surface area is not
stamped on the nameplate or when the marking is not legible the area can be calculated by using one of the
following formulas:
(1) Cylindrical container with hemispherical heads:
Area = overall length in feet times outside diameter in feet times 3.1416.
(2) Cylindrical container with other than hemispherical heads:
Area = (overall length in feet plus 0.3 outside diameter in feet) times outside diameter in feet times 3.1416.
(3) Spherical container:
Area = outside diameter in feet squared times 3.1416.

Flow Rate—CFM Air = cubic feet per minute of air required at standard conditions, 60 °F. and atmospheric
pressure (14.7 p.s.i.a.).
The rate of discharge may be interpolated for intermediate values of surface area. For containers with
total outside surface area greater than 2,500 square feet, the required flow rate can be calculated using the
formula: Flow Rate CFM Air = 22.11 A0 82, where A = outside surface area of the container in square feet.

(9) Safety relief devices. (i) Every container used in systems covered by paragraphs (c), (f), (g),
and (h) of this section shall be provided with one or more safety relief valves of the springloaded or equivalent type. The discharge from safety-relief valves shall be vented away from
the container upward and unobstructed to the atmosphere. All relief-valve discharge openings
shall have suitable rain caps that will allow free discharge of the vapor and prevent entrance of
water. Provision shall be made for draining condensate which may accumulate. The rate of the
discharge shall be in accordance with the provisions of Table H-36.
(ii) Container safety-relief valves shall be set to start-to-discharge as follows, with relation
to the design pressure of the container:
Containers
ASME-U-68, U-69

Minimum (percent)

Maximum (percent)

110

125

ASME-U-200, U-201

95

100

ASME 1959, 1956, 1952, or 1962

95

100

API-ASME

95

100

U.S. Coast Guard

95

100

As required by DOT Regulations.
(iii) Safety relief devices used in systems covered by paragraphs (c), (f), (g), and (h) of this
section shall be constructed to discharge at not less than the rates required in paragraph
(b)(9)(i) of this section before the pressure is in excess of 120 percent (not including the 10
percent tolerance referred to in paragraph (b)(9)(ii) of this section) of the maximum permitted
start-to-discharge pressure setting of the device.
(iv) Safety-relief valves shall be so arranged that the possibility of tampering will be
minimized. If the pressure setting adjustment is external, the relief valves shall be provided with
means for sealing the adjustment.
(v) Shutoff valves shall not be installed between the safety-relief valves and the container;
except, that a shutoff valve may be used where the arrangement of this valve is such as always
to afford full required capacity flow through the relief valves.
(vi) Safety-relief valves shall have direct communication with the vapor space of the
container.

(vii) Each container safety-relief valve used with systems covered by paragraphs (c), (f), (g),
and (h) of this section shall be plainly and permanently marked with the symbol “NH3” or “AA”;
with the pressure in pounds-per-square-inch gage at which the valve is set to start-to-discharge;
with the actual rate of discharge of the valve at its full open position in cubic feet per minute of
air at 60 °F. and atmospheric pressure; and with the manufacturer's name and catalog number.
Example: “NH3 250-4050 Air” indicates that the valve is suitable for use on an anhydrous
ammonia container, is set to start-to-discharge at a pressure of 250 p.s.i.g., and that its rate of
discharge at full open position (subdivisions (ii) and (iii) of this subparagraph) is 4,050 cubic feet
per minute of air.
(viii) The flow capacity of the relief valve shall not be restricted by any connection to it on
either the upstream or downstream side.
(ix) A hydrostatic relief valve shall be installed between each pair of valves in the liquid
ammonia piping or hose where liquid may be trapped so as to relieve into the atmosphere at a
safe location.
(10) General.
(i) [Reserved]
(ii) Stationary storage installations must have at least two suitable gas masks in readilyaccessible locations. Full-face masks with ammonia canisters that have been approved by
NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84 are suitable for emergency action involving most anhydrous
ammonia leaks, particularly leaks that occur outdoors. For respiratory protection in
concentrated ammonia atmospheres, a self-contained breathing apparatus is required.
(iii) Stationary storage installations shall have an easily accessible shower or a 50-gallon
drum of water.
(iv) Each vehicle transporting ammonia in bulk except farm applicator vehicles shall carry a
container of at least 5 gallons of water and shall be equipped with a full face mask.
(11) Charging of containers. (i) The filling densities for containers that are not refrigerated
shall not exceed the following:
Type of container
Aboveground-Uninsulated

Percent by weight
56

Aboveground-Uninsulated

Percent by volume
82
87.5

Aboveground-Insulated

57

83.5

Underground-Uninsulated

58

85

DOT—In accord with DOT regulations.

(ii) Aboveground uninsulated containers may be charged 87.5 percent by volume provided
the temperature of the anhydrous ammonia being charged is determined to be not lower than
30 °F. or provided the charging of the container is stopped at the first indication of frost or ice
formation on its outside surface and is not resumed until such frost or ice has disappeared.
(12) Transfer of liquids. (i) Anhydrous ammonia shall always be at a temperature suitable
for the material of construction and the design of the receiving container.
(ii) The employer shall require the continuous presence of an attendant in the vicinity of
the operation during such time as ammonia is being transferred.
(iii) Containers shall be charged or used only upon authorization of the owner.
(iv) Containers shall be gaged and charged only in the open atmosphere or in buildings or
areas thereof provided for that purpose.
(v) Pumps used for transferring ammonia shall be those manufactured for that purpose.
(a) Pumps shall be designed for at least 250 p.s.i.g. working pressure.
(b) Positive displacement pumps shall have, installed off the discharged port, a constant
differential relief valve discharging into the suction port of the pump through a line of sufficient
size to carry the full capacity of the pump at relief valve setting, which setting and installation
shall be according to the pump manufacturer's recommendations.
(c) On the discharge side of the pump, before the relief valve line, there shall be installed a
pressure gage graduated from 0 to 400 p.s.i.
(d) Plant piping shall contain shutoff valves located as close as practical to pump
connections.
(vi) Compressors used for transferring or refrigerating ammonia shall be recommended
for ammonia service by the manufacturer.
(a) Compressors shall be designed for at least 250 p.s.i.g. working pressure.
(b) Plant piping shall contain shutoff valves located as close as practical to compressor
connections.
(c) A relief valve large enough to discharge the full capacity of the compressor shall be
connected to the discharge before any shutoff valve.
(d) Compressors shall have pressure gages at suction and discharge graduated to at least
one and one-half times the maximum pressure that can be developed.

(e) Adequate means, such as drainable liquid trap, shall be provided on the compressor
suction to minimize the entry of liquid into the compressor.
(vii) Loading and unloading systems shall be protected by suitable devices to prevent
emptying of the storage container or the container being loaded or unloaded in the event of
severance of the hose. Backflow check valves or properly sized excess flow valves shall be
installed where necessary to provide such protection. In the event that such valves are not
practical, remotely operated shutoff valves may be installed.
(13) Tank car unloading points and operations. (i) Provisions for unloading tank cars shall
conform to the applicable recommendations contained in the DOT regulations.
(ii) The employer shall insure that unloading operations are performed by reliable persons
properly instructed and given the authority to monitor careful compliance with all applicable
procedures.
(iii) Caution signs shall be so placed on the track or car as to give necessary warning to
persons approaching the car from open end or ends of siding and shall be left up until after the
car is unloaded and disconnected from discharge connections. Signs shall be of metal or other
suitable material, at least 12 by 15 inches in size and bear the words “STOP—Tank Car
Connected” or “STOP—Men at Work” the word, “STOP,” being in letters at least 4 inches high
and the other words in letters at least 2 inches high.
(iv) The track of a tank car siding shall be substantially level.
(v) Brakes shall be set and wheels blocked on all cars being unloaded.
(14) Liquid-level gaging device. (i) Each container except those filled by weight shall be
equipped with an approved liquid-level gaging device. A thermometer well shall be provided in
all containers not utilizing a fixed liquid-level gaging device.
(ii) All gaging devices shall be arranged so that the maximum liquid level to which the
container is filled is readily determined.
(iii) Gaging devices that require bleeding of the product to the atmosphere such as the
rotary tube, fixed tube, and slip tube devices shall be designed so that the maximum opening of
the bleed valve is not larger than No. 54 drill size unless provided with an excess flow valve.
(This requirement does not apply to farm vehicles used for the application of ammonia as
covered in paragraph (h) of this section.)
(iv) Gaging devices shall have a design pressure equal to or greater than the design
pressure of the container on which they are installed.
(v) Fixed tube liquid-level gages shall be designed and installed to indicate that level at
which the container is filled to 85 percent of its water capacity in gallons.

(vi) Gage glasses of the columnar type shall be restricted to stationary storage installations.
They shall be equipped with shutoff valves having metallic handwheels, with excess-flow valves,
and with extra heavy glass adequately protected with a metal housing applied by the gage
manufacturer. They shall be shielded against the direct rays of the sun.
(15) [Reserved]
(16) Electrical equipment and wiring. (i) Electrical equipment and wiring for use in ammonia
installations shall be general purpose or weather resistant as appropriate.
(ii) Electrical systems shall be installed and maintained in accordance with subpart S of this
part.
(c) Systems utilizing stationary, nonrefrigerated storage containers. This paragraph applies to
stationary, nonrefrigerated storage installations utilizing containers other than those covered in
paragraph (e) of this section. Paragraph (b) of this section applies to this paragraph unless
otherwise noted.
(1) Design pressure and construction of containers. The minimum design pressure for
nonrefrigerated containers shall be 250 p.s.i.g.
(2) Container valves and accessories, filling and discharge connections. (i) Each filling
connection shall be provided with combination back-pressure check valve and excess-flow
valve; one double or two single back-pressure check valves; or a positive shutoff valve in
conjunction with either an internal back-pressure check valve or an internal excess flow valve.
(ii) All liquid and vapor connections to containers except filling pipes, safety relief
connections, and liquid-level gaging and pressure gage connections provided with orifices not
larger than No. 54 drill size as required in paragraphs (b)(6) (iv) and (v) of this section shall be
equipped with excess-flow valves.
(iii) Each storage container shall be provided with a pressure gage graduated from 0 to 400
p.s.i. Gages shall be designated for use in ammonia service.
(iv) All containers shall be equipped with vapor return valves.
(3) Safety-relief devices. (i) Every container shall be provided with one or more safety-relief
valves of the spring-loaded or equivalent type in accordance with paragraph (b)(9) of this
section.
(ii) The rate of discharge of spring-loaded safety relief valves installed on underground
containers may be reduced to a minimum of 30 percent of the rate of discharge specified in
Table H-36. Containers so protected shall not be uncovered after installation until the liquid
ammonia has been removed. Containers which may contain liquid ammonia before being
installed underground and before being completely covered with earth are to be considered

aboveground containers when determining the rate of discharge requirements of the safetyrelief valves.
(iii) On underground installations where there is a probability of the manhole or housing
becoming flooded, the discharge from vent lines shall be located above the high water level. All
manholes or housings shall be provided with ventilated louvers or their equivalent, the area of
such openings equalling or exceeding combined discharge areas of safety-relief valves and vent
lines which discharge their content into the manhole housing.
(iv) Vent pipes, when used, shall not be restricted or of smaller diameter than the reliefvalve outlet connection.
(v) If desired, vent pipes from two or more safety-relief devices located on the same unit,
or similar lines from two or more different units may be run into a common discharge header,
provided the capacity of such header is at least equal to the sum of the capacities of the
individual discharge lines.
(4) Reinstallation of containers. (i) Containers once installed under ground shall not later be
reinstalled above ground or under ground, unless they successfully withstand hydrostatic
pressure retests at the pressure specified for the original hydrostatic test as required by the
code under which constructed and show no evidence of serious corrosion.
(ii) Where containers are reinstalled above ground, safety devices or gaging devices shall
comply with paragraph (b)(9) of this section and this paragraph respectively for aboveground
containers.
(5) Installation of storage containers. (i) Containers installed above ground, except as
provided in paragraph (c)(5)(v) of this section shall be provided with substantial concrete or
masonry supports, or structural steel supports on firm concrete or masonry foundations. All
foundations shall extend below the frost line.
(ii) Horizontal aboveground containers shall be so mounted on foundations as to permit
expansion and contraction. Every container shall be supported to prevent the concentration of
excessive loads on the supporting portion of the shell. That portion of the container in contact
with foundations or saddles shall be protected against corrosion.
(iii) Containers installed under ground shall be so placed that the top of the container is
below the frost line and in no case less than 2 feet below the surface of the ground. Should
ground conditions make compliance with these requirements impracticable, installation shall
be made otherwise to prevent physical damage. It will not be necessary to cover the portion of
the container to which manhole and other connections are affixed. When necessary to prevent
floating, containers shall be securely anchored or weighted.
(iv) Underground containers shall be set on a firm foundation (firm earth may be used)
and surrounded with earth or sand well tamped in place. The container, prior to being placed

under ground, shall be given a corrosion resisting protective coating. The container thus coated
shall be so lowered into place as to prevent abrasion or other damage to the coating.
(v) Containers with foundations attached (portable or semiportable tank containers with
suitable steel “runners” or “skids” and commonly known in the industry as “skid tanks”) shall be
designed and constructed in accordance with paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(vi) Secure anchorage or adequate pier height shall be provided against container flotation
wherever sufficiently high flood water might occur.
(vii) The distance between underground containers of over 2,000 gallons capacity shall be
at least 5 feet.
(6) Protection of appurtenances. (i) Valves, regulating, gaging, and other appurtenances shall
be protected against tampering and physical damage. Such appurtenances shall also be
protected during transit of containers.
(ii) All connections to underground containers shall be located within a dome, housing, or
manhole and with access thereto by means of a substantial cover.
(7) Damage from vehicles. Precaution shall be taken against damage to ammonia systems
from vehicles.
(d) Refrigerated storage systems. This paragraph applies to systems utilizing containers with
the storage of anhydrous ammonia under refrigerated conditions. All applicable rules of
paragraph (b) of this section apply to this paragraph unless otherwise noted.
(1) Design of containers. (i) The design temperature shall be the minimum temperature to
which the container will be refrigerated.
(ii) Containers with a design pressure exceeding 15 p.s.i.g. shall be constructed in
accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this section, and the materials shall be selected from those
listed in API Standard 620, Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded,
Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Fourth Edition, 1970, Tables 2.02, R2.2, R2.2(A), R2.2.1, or R2.3
which are incorporated by reference as specified in §1910.6.
(iii) Containers with a design pressure of 15 p.s.i.g. and less shall be constructed in
accordance with the applicable requirements of API Standard 620 including its appendix R.
(iv) When austenitic steels or nonferrous materials are used, the Code shall be used as a
guide in the selection of materials for use at the design temperature.
(v) The filling density for refrigerated storage containers shall be such that the container
will not be liquid full at a liquid temperature corresponding to the vapor pressure at the startto-discharge pressure setting of the safety-relief valve.

(2) Installation of refrigerated storage containers. (i) Containers shall be supported on
suitable noncombustible foundations designed to accommodate the type of container being
used.
(ii) Adequate protection against flotation or other water damage shall be provided
wherever high flood water might occur.
(iii) Containers for product storage at less than 32 °F. shall be supported in such a way, or
heat shall be supplied, to prevent the effects of freezing and consequent frost heaving.
(3) Shutoff valves. When operating conditions make it advisable, a check valve shall be
installed on the fill connection and a remotely operated shutoff valve on other connections
located below the maximum liquid level.
(4) Safety relief devices. (i) Safety relief valves shall be set to start-to-discharge at a pressure
not in excess of the design pressure of the container and shall have a total relieving capacity
sufficient to prevent a maximum pressure in the container of more than 120 percent of the
design pressure. Relief valves for refrigerated storage containers shall be self-contained springloaded, weight-loaded, or self-contained pilot-operated type.
(ii) The total relieving capacity shall be the larger of:
(a) Possible refrigeration system upset such as (1) cooling water failure, (2) power failure,
(3) instrument air or instrument failure, (4) mechanical failure of any equipment, (5) excessive
pumping rates.
(b) Fire exposure determined in accordance with Compressed Gas Association (CGA) S-1,
part 3, Safety Relief Device Standards for Compressed Gas Storage Containers, 1959, which is
incorporated by reference as specified in §1910.6, except that “A” shall be the total exposed
surface area in square feet up to 25 foot above grade or to the equator of the storage container
if it is a sphere, whichever is greater. If the relieving capacity required for fire exposure is
greater than that required by (a) of this subdivision, the additional capacity may be provided by
weak roof to shell seams in containers operating at essentially atmospheric pressure and
having an inherently weak roof-to-shell seam. The weak roof-to-shell seam is not to be
considered as providing any of the capacity required in (a) of this subdivision.
(iii) If vent lines are installed to conduct the vapors from the relief valve, the back pressure
under full relieving conditions shall not exceed 50 percent of the start-to-discharge pressure for
pressure balanced valves or 10 percent of the start-to-discharge pressure for conventional
valves. The vent lines shall be installed to prevent accumulation of liquid in the lines.
(iv) The valve or valve installation shall provide weather protection.
(v) Atmospheric storage shall be provided with vacuum breakers. Ammonia gas, nitrogen,
methane, or other inert gases can be used to provide a pad.

(5) Protection of container appurtenances. Appurtenances shall be protected against
tampering and physical damage.
(6) Reinstallation of refrigerated storage containers. Containers of such size as to require field
fabrication shall, when moved and reinstalled, be reconstructed and reinspected in complete
accordance with the requirements under which they were constructed. The containers shall be
subjected to a pressure retest and if rerating is necessary, rerating shall be in accordance with
applicable requirements.
(7) Damage from vehicles. Precaution shall be taken against damage from vehicles.
(8) Refrigeration load and equipment. (i) The total refrigeration load shall be computed as
the sum of the following:
(a) Load imposed by heat flow into the container caused by the temperature differential
between design ambient temperature and storage temperature.
(b) Load imposed by heat flow into the container caused by maximum sun radiation.
(c) Maximum load imposed by filling the container with ammonia warmer than the design
storage temperature.
(ii) More than one storage container may be handled by the same refrigeration system.
(9) Compressors. (i) A minimum of two compressors shall be provided either of which shall
be of sufficient size to handle the loads listed in paragraphs (d)(8)(i) (a) and (b) of this section.
Where more than two compressors are provided minimum standby equipment equal to the
largest normally operating equipment shall be installed. Filling compressors may be used as
standby equipment for holding compressors.
(ii) Compressors shall be sized to operate with a suction pressure at least 10 percent below
the minimum setting of the safety valve(s) on the storage container and shall withstand a
suction pressure at least equal to 120 percent of the design pressure of the container.
(10) Compressor drives. (i) Each compressor shall have its individual driving unit.
(ii) An emergency source of power of sufficient capacity to handle the loads listed in
paragraphs (d)(8)(i) (a) and (b) of this section shall be provided unless facilities are available to
safely dispose of vented vapors while the refrigeration system is not operating.
(11) Automatic control equipment. (i) The refrigeration system shall be arranged with
suitable controls to govern the compressor operation in accordance with the load as evidenced
by the pressure in the container(s).

(ii) An emergency alarm system shall be installed to function in the event the pressure in
the container(s) rises to the maximum allowable operating pressure.
(iii) An emergency alarm and shutoff shall be located in the condenser system to respond
to excess discharge pressure caused by failure of the cooling medium.
(iv) All automatic controls shall be installed in a manner to preclude operation of alternate
compressors unless the controls will function with the alternate compressors.
(12) Separators for compressors. (i) An entrainment separator of suitable size and design
pressure shall be installed in the compressor suction line of lubricated compression. The
separator shall be equipped with a drain and gaging device.
(ii) [Reserved]
(13) Condensers. The condenser system may be cooled by air or water or both. The
condenser shall be designed for at least 250 p.s.i.g. Provision shall be made for purging
noncondensibles either manually or automatically.
(14) Receiver and liquid drain. A receiver shall be provided with a liquid-level control to
discharge the liquid ammonia to storage. The receiver shall be designed for at least 250 p.s.i.g.
and be equipped with the necessary connections, safety valves, and gaging device.
(15) Insulation. Refrigerated containers and pipelines which are insulated shall be covered
with a material of suitable quality and thickness for the temperatures encountered. Insulation
shall be suitably supported and protected against the weather. Weatherproofing shall be of a
type which will not support flame propagation.
(e) Systems utilizing portable DOT containers—(1) Conformance. Cylinders shall comply with
DOT specifications and shall be maintained, filled, packaged, marked, labeled, and shipped to
comply with 49 CFR chapter I and the marking requirements set forth in §1910.253(b)(1)(ii).
(2) Storage. Cylinders shall be stored in an area free from ignitable debris and in such
manner as to prevent external corrosion. Storage may be indoors or outdoors.
(3) Heat protection. Cylinders filled in accordance with DOT regulations will become liquid
full at 145 °F. Cylinders shall be protected from heat sources such as radiant flame and
steampipes. Heat shall not be applied directly to cylinders to raise the pressure.
(4) Protection. Cylinders shall be stored in such manner as to protect them from moving
vehicles or external damage.
(5) Valve cap. Any cylinder which is designed to have a valve protection cap shall have the
cap securely in place when the cylinder is not in service.

(f) Tank motor vehicles for the transportation of ammonia. (1) This paragraph applies to
containers and pertinent equipment mounted on tank motor vehicles including semitrailers
and full trailers used for the transportation of ammonia. This paragraph does not apply to farm
vehicles. For requirements covering farm vehicles, refer to paragraphs (g) and (h) of this
section.
Paragraph (b) of this section applies to this paragraph unless otherwise noted. Containers and
pertinent equipment for tank motor vehicles for the transportation of anhydrous ammonia, in
addition to complying with the requirements of this section, shall also comply with the
requirements of DOT.
(2) Design pressure and construction of containers. (i) The minimum design pressure for
containers shall be that specified in the regulations of the DOT.
(ii) The shell or head thickness of any container shall not be less than three-sixteenth inch.
(iii) All container openings, except safety relief valves, liquid-level gaging devices, and
pressure gages, shall be labeled to designate whether they communicate with liquid or vapor
space.
(3) Container appurtenances. (i) All appurtenances shall be protected against physical
damage.
(ii) All connections to containers, except filling connections, safety relief devices, and liquidlevel and pressure gage connections, shall be provided with suitable automatic excess flow
valves, or in lieu thereof, may be fitted with quick-closing internal valves, which shall remain
closed except during delivery operations. The control mechanism for such valves may be
provided with a secondary control remote from the delivery connections and such control
mechanism shall be provided with a fusible section (melting point 208 °F. to 220 °F.) which will
permit the internal valve to close automatically in case of fire.
(iii) Filling connections shall be provided with automatic back-pressure check valves,
excess-flow valves, or quick-closing internal valves, to prevent back-flow in case the filling
connection is broken. Where the filling and discharge connect to a common opening in the
container shell and that opening is fitted with a quick-closing internal valve as specified in
paragraph (f)(3)(ii) of this section, the automatic valve shall not be required.
(iv) All containers shall be equipped for spray loading (filling in the vapor space) or with an
approved vapor return valve of adequate capacity.
(4) Piping and fittings. (i) All piping, tubing, and fittings shall be securely mounted and
protected against damage. Means shall be provided to protect hoses while the vehicle is in
motion.
(ii) Fittings shall comply with paragraph (b)(6) of this section. Pipe shall be Schedule 80.

(5) Safety relief devices. (i) The discharge from safety relief valves shall be vented away from
the container upward and unobstructed to the open air in such a manner as to prevent any
impingement of escaping gas upon the container; loose-fitting rain caps shall be used. Size of
discharge lines from safety valves shall not be smaller than the nominal size of the safety-relief
valve outlet connection. Suitable provision shall be made for draining condensate which may
accumulate in the discharge pipe.
(ii) Any portion of liquid ammonia piping which at any time may be closed at both ends
shall be provided with a hydrostatic relief valve.
(6) Transfer of liquids. (i) The content of tank motor vehicle containers shall be determined
by weight, by a suitable liquid-level gaging device, or other approved methods. If the content of
a container is to be determined by liquid-level measurement, the container shall have a
thermometer well so that the internal liquid temperature can be easily determined. This
volume when converted to weight shall not exceed the filling density specified by the DOT.
(ii) Any pump, except a constant speed centrifugal pump, shall be equipped with a suitable
pressure actuated bypass valve permitting flow from discharge to suction when the discharge
pressure rises above a predetermined point. Pump discharge shall also be equipped with a
spring-loaded safety relief valve set at a pressure not more than 135 percent of the setting of
the bypass valve or more than 400 p.s.i.g., whichever is larger.
(iii) Compressors shall be equipped with manually operated shutoff valves on both suction
and discharge connections. Pressure gages of bourdon-tube type shall be installed on the
suction and discharge of the compressor before the shutoff valves. The compressor shall not
be operated if either pressure gage is removed or is inoperative. A spring-loaded, safety-relief
valve capable of discharging to atmosphere the full flow of gas from the compressor at a
pressure not exceeding 300 p.s.i.g. shall be connected between the compressor discharge and
the discharge shutoff valve.
(iv) Valve functions shall be clearly and legibly identified by metal tags or nameplates
permanently affixed to each valve.
(7)-(8) [Reserved]
(9) Chock blocks. At least two chock blocks shall be provided. These blocks shall be placed
to prevent rolling of the vehicle whenever it is parked during loading and unloading operations.
(10) Portable tank containers (skid tanks). Where portable tank containers are used for farm
storage they shall comply with paragraph (c)(1) of this section. When portable tank containers
are used in lieu of cargo tanks and are permanently mounted on tank motor vehicles for the
transportation of ammonia, they shall comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
(g) Systems mounted on farm vehicles other than for the application of ammonia—(1)
Application. This paragraph applies to containers of 1,200 gallons capacity or less and pertinent

equipment mounted on farm vehicles (implements of husbandry) and used other than for the
application of ammonia to the soil. Paragraph (b) of this section applies to this paragraph
unless otherwise noted.
(2) Design pressure and classification of containers. (i) The minimum design pressure for
containers shall be 250 p.s.i.g.
(ii) The shell or head thickness of any container shall be not less than three-sixteenths of
an inch.
(3) Mounting containers. (i) A suitable “stop” or “stops” shall be mounted on the vehicle or
on the container in such a way that the container shall not be dislodged from its mounting due
to the vehicle coming to a sudden stop. Back slippage shall also be prevented by proper
methods.
(ii) A suitable “hold down” device shall be provided which will anchor the container to the
vehicle at one or more places on each side of the container.
(iii) When containers are mounted on four-wheel trailers, care shall be taken to insure that
the weight is distributed evenly over both axles.
(iv) When the cradle and the tank are not welded together suitable material shall be used
between them to eliminate metal-to-metal friction.
(4) Container appurtenances. (i) All containers shall be equipped with a fixed liquid-level
gage.
(ii) All containers with a capacity exceeding 250 gallons shall be equipped with a pressure
gage having a dial graduated from 0-400 p.s.i.
(iii) The filling connection shall be fitted with combination back-pressure check valve and
excess-flow valve; one double or two single back-pressure check valves; or a positive shutoff
valve in conjunction with either an internal back-pressure check valve or an internal excess flow
valve.
(iv) All containers with a capacity exceeding 250 gallons shall be equipped for spray loading
or with an approved vapor return valve.
(v) All vapor and liquid connections except safety-relief valves and those specifically
exempted by paragraph (b)(6)(v) of this section shall be equipped with approved excess-flow
valves or may be fitted with quick-closing internal valves which, except during operating
periods, shall remain closed.
(vi) Fittings shall be adequately protected from damage by a metal box or cylinder with
open top securely fastened to the container or by rigid guards, well braced, welded to the

container on both sides of the fittings or by a metal dome. If a metal dome is used, the relief
valve shall be properly vented through the dome.
(vii) If a liquid withdrawal line is installed in the bottom of a container, the connections
thereto, including hose, shall not be lower than the lowest horizontal edge of the vehicle axle.
(viii) Provision shall be made to secure both ends of the hose while in transit.
(5) Marking the container. There shall appear on each side and on the rear end of the
container in letters at least 4 inches high, the words, “Caution—Ammonia” or the container shall
be marked in accordance with DOT regulations.
(6) Farm vehicles. (i) Farm vehicles shall conform with State regulations.
(ii) All trailers shall be securely attached to the vehicle drawing them by means of drawbars
supplemented by suitable safety chains.
(iii) A trailer shall be constructed so that it will follow substantially in the path of the towing
vehicle and will not whip or swerve dangerously from side to side.
(iv) All vehicles shall carry a can containing 5 gallons or more of water.
(h) Systems mounted on farm vehicles for the application of ammonia. (1) This paragraph
applies to systems utilizing containers of 250 gallons capacity or less which are mounted on
farm vehicles (implement of husbandry) and used for the application of ammonia to the soil.
Paragraph (b) of this section applies to this paragraph unless otherwise noted. Where larger
containers are used, they shall comply with paragraph (g) of this section.
(2) Design pressure and classification of containers. (i) The minimum design pressure for
containers shall be 250 p.s.i.g.
(ii) The shell or head thickness of any container shall not be less than three-sixteenths inch.
(3) Mounting of containers. All containers and flow-control devices shall be securely
mounted.
(4) Container valves and accessories. (i) Each container shall have a fixed liquid-level gage.
(ii) The filling connection shall be fitted with a combination back-pressure check valve and
an excess-flow valve; one double or two single back-pressure check valves: or a positive shutoff
valve in conjunction with an internal back-pressure check valve or an internal excess-flow valve.
(iii) The applicator tank may be filled by venting to open air provided the bleeder valve
orifice does not exceed seven-sixteenths inch in diameter.

(iv) Regulation equipment may be connected directly to the tank coupling or flange, in
which case a flexible connection shall be used between such regulating equipment and the
remainder of the liquid withdrawal system. Regulating equipment not so installed shall be
flexibly connected to the container shutoff valve.
(v) No excess flow valve is required in the liquid withdrawal line provided the controlling
orifice between the contents of the container and the outlet of the shutoff valve does not
exceed seven-sixteenths inch in diameter.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49748, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5322, Feb. 10, 1984; 53 FR 12122,
Apr. 12, 1988; 61 FR 9238, Mar. 7, 1996; 63 FR 1269, Jan. 8, 1998; 63 FR 33466, June 18, 1998; 72 FR 71069, Dec.
14, 2007]