U.S. Individual Income Tax Return Forms

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2023

Instructions for Form 8606

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

Nondeductible IRAs

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Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code
unless otherwise noted.

Future Developments

For the latest information about developments related to
2023 Form 8606 and its instructions, such as legislation
enacted after they were published, go to IRS.gov/
Form8606.

What's New

SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs. Section 601 of the Secure
2.0 Act of 2022 allows for the creation of Roth accounts for
SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs beginning January 1, 2023.
As a result, accounts we had previously referred to as
“SEP IRAs” and “SIMPLE IRAs” in these instructions will
now be called traditional SEP and traditional SIMPLE
IRAs, respectively. We will refer to the newly enacted Roth
accounts as “Roth SEP IRAs” and “Roth SIMPLE IRAs,”
respectively. See Roth SEP IRAs and Roth SIMPLE IRAs,
later.
References to 2023 Form 8915-F. References to 2023
Form 8915-F in these instructions are to 2023 Form
8915-F (2021 disasters), 2023 Form 8915-F (2022
disasters), and 2023 Form 8915-F (2023 disasters), as
described below.
Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2021 disasters)
when the qualified disasters began in 2021. 2023 Form
8915-F (2021 disasters) is used to report qualified 2021
disaster distributions made in 2023 and repayments of
those distributions made for 2023.
Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2022 disasters)
when the qualified disasters began in 2022. 2023 Form
8915-F (2022 disasters) is used to report qualified 2022
disaster distributions made in 2023, qualified distributions
received in 2023 for the purchase or construction of a
main home in the area of a 2022 disaster and reportable
in 2023 on Part IV of 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters),
and repayments of those distributions made for 2023.
Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2023 disasters)
when the qualified disasters began in 2023. 2023 Form
8915-F (2023 disasters) is used to report qualified 2023
disaster distributions made in 2023, qualified distributions
received in 2023 for the purchase or construction of a
main home in the area of a 2023 disaster and reportable
in 2023 on Part IV of 2023 Form 8915-F (2023 disasters),
and repayments of those distributions made for 2023.
2023 Forms 8915-F are relevant to the calculations on
Form 8606, lines 6, 7, 15b, 19, and 25b. The instructions
for those lines have been updated as needed.

Certain corrective distributions not subject to 10%
early distribution tax. Beginning with distributions made
on December 29, 2022, and after, the 10% additional tax
Oct 23, 2023

on early distributions will not apply to a corrective IRA
distribution, which consists of an excessive contribution (a
contribution greater than the IRA contribution limit) and
any earnings (the portion of the distribution subject to the
10% additional tax) allocable to the excessive
contribution, as long as the corrective distribution is made
on or before the due date (including extensions) of the
income tax return. See Pub. 590-B, Distributions to
Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs), for more
details.

Coronavirus-related distributions. Coronavirus-related
distributions don't appear on 2023 Form 8606 and aren't
mentioned in these instructions, as they can't be made
after December 30, 2020.

Modified AGI limit for Roth IRA contributions increased. You can contribute to a Roth IRA for 2023 only if
your 2023 modified adjusted gross income (AGI) for Roth
IRA purposes is less than:
• $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving
spouse;
• $153,000 if single, head of household, or married filing
separately and you didn’t live with your spouse at any time
in 2023; or
• $10,000 if married filing separately and you lived with
your spouse at any time in 2023.
See Roth IRAs, later.
Due date for contributions. The due date for making
contributions for 2023 to your IRA for most people is
Monday, April 15, 2024.

General Instructions
Purpose of Form

Use Form 8606 to report:
• Nondeductible contributions you made to traditional
IRAs;
• Distributions from traditional, traditional SEP, or
traditional SIMPLE IRAs, if you have a basis in these IRAs;
• Conversions from traditional, traditional SEP, or
traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth
SIMPLE IRAs; and
• Distributions from Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE
IRAs.
Additional information. For more details on IRAs, see
Pub. 590-A; Pub. 590-B, Distributions from Individual
Retirement Arrangements (IRAs); and Pub. 560,
Retirement Plans for Small Business.
If you received distributions from a traditional,

TIP traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in 2023

and you have never made nondeductible
contributions (including nontaxable amounts you rolled
over from a qualified retirement plan) to these IRAs, don’t
report the distributions on 2023 Form 8606. Instead, see

Cat. No. 25399E

Definitions

Lines 4a and 4b in the 2023 Instructions for Form 1040 or
the 2023 Instructions for Form 1040-NR. Also, to find out if
any of your contributions to traditional IRAs are deductible,
see the instructions for Schedule 1 in the Instructions for
Form 1040.

Deemed IRAs

A qualified employer plan (retirement plan) can maintain a
separate account or annuity under the plan (a deemed
IRA) to receive voluntary employee contributions. If in
2023 you had a deemed IRA, use the rules for either a
traditional IRA or a Roth IRA depending on which type it
was. See Pub. 590-A for more details.

Who Must File

File Form 8606 if any of the following apply.
• You made nondeductible contributions to a traditional
IRA for 2023, including a repayment of a qualified disaster,
a qualified reservist, or a qualified birth or adoption
distribution.
• You received distributions from a traditional, traditional
SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in 2023 and your basis in
these IRAs is more than zero. For this purpose, a
distribution doesn’t include a distribution that is rolled over
(other than a repayment of a qualified disaster distribution
(see 2023 Form 8915-F)), qualified charitable distribution,
one-time distribution to fund an HSA, conversion,
recharacterization, or return of certain contributions.
• You or your spouse transferred all or part of their
traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in
2023 to the other spouse under a divorce or separation
agreement where the transfer resulted in a change in the
basis of the IRA of either spouse.
• You converted an amount from a traditional, traditional
SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA to a Roth, Roth SEP, or
Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023.
• You received distributions from a Roth, Roth SEP, or
Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023 (other than a rollover,
recharacterization, or return of certain contributions—see
the instructions for Part III, later).
• You received a distribution from an inherited traditional,
traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA that has a basis,
or you received a distribution from an inherited Roth, Roth
SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA that wasn’t a qualified
distribution. You may need to file more than one Form
8606. See IRA with basis under What if You Inherit an
IRA? in Pub. 590-B for more information.

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Traditional IRAs

For purposes of Form 8606, a traditional IRA is an
individual retirement account or an individual retirement
annuity other than a traditional SEP, traditional SIMPLE,
Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA.

Contributions. An overall contribution limit applies to
traditional IRAs. See Overall Contribution Limit for
Traditional and Roth IRAs, later. Contributions to a
traditional IRA may be fully deductible, partially
deductible, or completely nondeductible.
Basis. Your basis in traditional, traditional SEP, and
traditional SIMPLE IRAs is the total of all your
nondeductible contributions and nontaxable amounts
included in rollovers made to these IRAs minus the total of
all your nontaxable distributions, adjusted if necessary
(see the instructions for line 2, later).

!

Keep track of your basis to figure the nontaxable
part of your future distributions.

CAUTION

Traditional SEP IRAs

Prior to January 1, 2023, traditional SEP IRAs

TIP were called SEP IRAs in these instructions. The

term "traditional" was added to the name to
distinguish them from Roth SEP IRAs, which were
introduced in section 601 of the Secure 2.0 Act of 2022
and effective beginning January 1, 2023.

SIMPLE IRAs. But see What Records Must I
Keep, later.

A traditional simplified employee pension (traditional
SEP) is an employer-sponsored plan under which an
employer can make contributions to traditional IRAs for its
employees. If you make contributions to that IRA
(excluding employer contributions you make if you are
self-employed), they are treated as contributions to a
traditional IRA and may be deductible or nondeductible.
Traditional SEP IRA distributions are reported in the same
manner as traditional IRA distributions.

When and Where To File

Traditional SIMPLE IRAs

Note. If you recharacterized a 2023 Roth IRA contribution
as a traditional IRA contribution, or vice versa, treat the
contribution as having been made to the second IRA, not
the first IRA. See Recharacterizations, later.
You don’t have to file Form 8606 solely to report

TIP regular contributions to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth

File 2023 Form 8606 with your 2023 Form 1040,
1040-SR, or 1040-NR by the due date, including
extensions, of your return.

Prior to January 1, 2023, traditional SIMPLE IRAs

TIP were simply called SIMPLE IRAs in these

instructions. The term "traditional" was added to
the name to distinguish them from Roth SIMPLE IRAs,
which were introduced in section 601 of the Secure 2.0
Act of 2022 and effective beginning January 1, 2023.

If you aren’t required to file an income tax return but are
required to file Form 8606, sign Form 8606 and send it to
the IRS at the same time and place you would otherwise
file Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR. Be sure to include
your address on page 1 of the form and your signature
and the date on page 2 of the form.

A traditional SIMPLE IRA plan is a tax-favored
retirement plan that certain small employers (including
self-employed individuals) can set up for the benefit of
their employees. Your participation in your employer's
traditional SIMPLE IRA plan doesn’t prevent you from
making contributions to a traditional IRA, Roth IRA, or
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Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

b. Roth IRA rollovers from qualified retirement plans
included on Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5b;
and
2. Adding:
a. IRA deduction from Schedule 1 (Form 1040),
line 20;
b. Student loan interest deduction from Schedule 1
(Form 1040), line 21;
c. Reserved for future use;
d. Exclusion of interest from Form 8815, Exclusion of
Interest From Series EE and I U.S. Savings Bonds Issued
After 1989;
e. Exclusion of employer-provided adoption benefits
from Form 8839, Qualified Adoption Expenses;
f. Foreign earned income exclusion from Form 2555,
Foreign Earned Income; and
g. Foreign housing exclusion or deduction from Form
2555.

Roth SIMPLE IRA. Traditional SIMPLE IRA plans are also
known as traditional Savings Incentive Match Plans for
Employees.

Roth IRAs

A Roth IRA is similar to a traditional IRA, but has the
following features.
• Contributions are never deductible.
• No minimum distributions are required during the Roth
IRA owner's lifetime.
• Qualified distributions aren’t includible in income.

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Qualified distribution. Generally, a qualified distribution
is any distribution from your Roth IRA that meets the
following requirements.
1. It is made after the 5-year period beginning with the
first year for which a contribution was made to a Roth IRA
(including a conversion or a rollover from a qualified
retirement plan) set up for your benefit.
2. The distribution is made:
a. On or after the date you reach age 591/2,
b. After your death,
c. Due to your disability, or
d. For qualified first-time homebuyer expenses.

When figuring modified AGI for Roth IRA
purposes, you may have to refigure items based
CAUTION on modified AGI, such as taxable social security
benefits and passive activity losses allowed under the
special allowance for rental real estate activities. See Can
You Contribute to a Roth IRA? in Pub. 590-A for details.

!

Contributions. You can contribute to a Roth IRA for 2023
only if your 2023 modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes is
less than:
• $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving
spouse;
• $153,000 if single, head of household, or married filing
separately and you didn’t live with your spouse at any time
in 2023; or
• $10,000 if married filing separately and you lived with
your spouse at any time in 2023.
Use the Maximum Roth IRA Contribution Worksheet to
figure the maximum amount you can contribute to a Roth
IRA for 2023. If you are married filing jointly, complete
the worksheet separately for you and your spouse.

!

Distributions. See the instructions for Part III, later.

Roth SEP IRAs

Beginning January 1, 2023, employers can sponsor Roth
simplified employee pensions (Roth SEPs). Roth SEP
IRAs are plans under which the employer can make
contributions to Roth IRAs for its employees.
Contributions to a Roth SEP IRA (excluding employer
contributions you make if you are self-employed) are
treated as contributions to a Roth IRA and are
nondeductible. Roth SEP IRA distributions are reported in
the same manner as Roth IRA distributions.

Roth SIMPLE IRAs

If you contributed too much to your Roth IRA, see
Recharacterizations, later.

Beginning January 1, 2023, certain small employers
(including self-employed individuals) can set up
tax-favored retirement plans called Roth SIMPLE IRAs for
the benefit of their employees. Your participation in your
employer's Roth SIMPLE IRA plan doesn’t prevent you
from making contributions to a traditional IRA, traditional
SIMPLE IRA, or Roth IRA. Roth SIMPLE IRAs are also
known as Roth Savings Incentive Match Plans for
Employees.

CAUTION

Modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes. First, figure your
AGI (2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 11).
Then, refigure it by:
1. Subtracting:
a. Roth IRA conversions included on Form 1040,
1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b; and

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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Maximum Roth IRA Contribution Worksheet

Keep for Your Records

Caution: If married filing jointly and the combined taxable compensation (defined below) for you and your spouse is
less than $13,000 ($14,000 if one spouse is age 50 or older at the end of 2023; $15,000 if both spouses are age 50 or
older at the end of 2023), don’t use this worksheet. Instead, see Pub. 590-A for special rules.
1. If married filing jointly, enter $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023). All
others, enter the smaller of $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) or
your taxable compensation (defined below) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Enter your total contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.

3. Subtract line 2 from line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.

4. Enter $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse; $10,000 if
married filing separately and you lived with your spouse at any time in 2023. All
others, enter $153,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Enter your modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes (discussed earlier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.

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6. Subtract line 5 from line 4. If zero or less, stop here; you may not contribute to a
Roth IRA for 2023. See Recharacterizations, later, if you made Roth IRA
contributions for 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. If line 4 above is $153,000, enter $15,000; otherwise, enter $10,000. If line 6 is more
than or equal to line 7, skip lines 8 and 9 and enter the amount from line 3 on
line 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Divide line 6 by line 7 and enter the result as a decimal (rounded to at least 3
places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Multiply line 1 by line 8. If the result isn’t a multiple of $10, increase it to the next
multiple of $10 (for example, increase $490.30 to $500). Enter the result, but not
less than $200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Maximum 2023 Roth IRA Contribution. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 9. See
Recharacterizations, later, if you contributed more than this amount to Roth IRAs
for 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overall Contribution Limit for Traditional and
Roth IRAs

2.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

The amount you can contribute to a Roth IRA may
also be limited by your modified AGI (see
CAUTION Contributions, earlier, and the Maximum Roth IRA
Contribution Worksheet).

!

If you aren’t married filing jointly, your limit on contributions
to traditional and Roth IRAs is generally the smaller of
$6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) or
your taxable compensation (defined below).

Difficulty of care payments. For contributions for 2023,
you may elect to increase the nondeductible IRA
contribution limit by some or all of the amount of difficulty
of care payments, which are a type of qualified foster care
payment, received. For details, see 2023 Pub. 590-A.

If you are married filing jointly, your contribution limit is
generally $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of
2023) and your spouse's contribution limit is $6,500
($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) as well. But if
the combined taxable compensation of both you and your
spouse is less than $13,000 ($14,000 if one spouse is age
50 or older at the end of 2023; $15,000 if both spouses
are age 50 or older at the end of 2023), see Kay Bailey
Hutchison Spousal IRA Limit in Pub. 590-A for special
rules.

Taxable compensation. Taxable compensation includes
the following.
• Wages, salaries, tips, etc. If you received a distribution
from a nonqualified deferred compensation plan or
nongovernmental section 457 plan that is included in
box 1 of Form W-2 or in box 1 of Form 1099-NEC, don’t
include that distribution in taxable compensation. The
distribution should be shown in (a) box 11 of Form W-2,
(b) box 12 of Form W-2 with code Z, or (c) box 14 of Form
1099-MISC. If it isn’t, contact your employer for the
amount of the distribution.
• Nontaxable combat pay if you were a member of the
U.S. Armed Forces.
• Self-employment income. If you are self-employed (a
sole proprietor or a partner), taxable compensation is your
net earnings from your trade or business (provided your
personal services are a material income-producing factor)

This limit doesn’t apply to employer contributions to a
traditional SEP, traditional SIMPLE, Roth SEP, or Roth
SIMPLE IRA.
Note. Rollovers, Roth IRA conversions, Roth IRA
rollovers from qualified retirement plans, and repayments
of qualified disaster distributions, qualified reservist
distributions, and qualified birth or adoption distributions
don’t affect your contribution limit.
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Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

IRA on 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a. If
the recharacterization occurred in 2024, report the amount
transferred only in the attached statement, and not on
your 2023 or 2024 tax return. See Example next.
Example. You are single, covered by an employer
retirement plan, and you contributed $4,000 to a new
traditional IRA on May 26, 2023. On February 23, 2024,
you determine that your 2023 modified AGI will limit your
traditional IRA deduction to $1,000. The value of your
traditional IRA on that date is $4,400. On the same date,
you recharacterize $3,000 of the traditional IRA
contribution as a Roth IRA contribution, and have $3,300
($3,000 contribution plus $300 related earnings)
transferred from your traditional IRA to a Roth IRA in a
trustee-to-trustee transfer. You deduct the $1,000
traditional IRA contribution on your 2023 Form 1040. You
don’t file a 2023 Form 8606. You attach a statement to
your 2023 return explaining the recharacterization. The
statement indicates that you contributed $4,000 to a
traditional IRA on May 26, 2023; recharacterized $3,000
of that contribution on February 23, 2024, by transferring
$3,000 plus $300 of related earnings from your traditional
IRA to a Roth IRA in a trustee-to-trustee transfer; and
deducted the remaining traditional IRA contribution of
$1,000 on your 2023 Form 1040. You don’t report the
$3,300 distribution from your traditional IRA on your 2023
Form 1040 because the distribution occurred in 2024. You
don’t report the distribution on your 2024 Form 1040
because the recharacterization related to 2023 and was
explained in an attachment to your 2023 return.
2. You made a contribution to a Roth IRA and later
recharacterized part or all of it in a trustee-to-trustee
transfer to a traditional IRA. Report the nondeductible
traditional IRA portion of the recharacterized contribution,
if any, on Form 8606, Part I. Don’t report the Roth IRA
contribution (whether or not you recharacterized all or part
of it) on Form 8606. Attach a statement to your return
explaining the recharacterization. If the recharacterization
occurred in 2023, include the amount transferred from the
Roth IRA on your 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR,
line 4a. If the recharacterization occurred in 2024, report
the amount transferred only in the attached statement,
and not on your 2023 or 2024 tax return. See Example
next.
Example. You are single, covered by an employer
retirement plan, and you contributed $4,000 to a new Roth
IRA on June 16, 2023. On December 29, 2023, you
determine that your 2023 modified AGI will allow a full
traditional IRA deduction. On that same date, you
recharacterize the Roth IRA contribution as a traditional
IRA contribution and have $4,200, the balance in the Roth
IRA account ($4,000 contribution plus $200 related
earnings), transferred from your Roth IRA to a traditional
IRA in a trustee-to-trustee transfer. You deduct the $4,000
traditional IRA contribution on your 2023 Form 1040. You
don’t file a Form 8606. You attach a statement to your
return explaining the recharacterization. The statement
indicates that you contributed $4,000 to a new Roth IRA
on June 16, 2023; recharacterized that contribution on
December 29, 2023, by transferring $4,200, the balance in
the Roth IRA, to a traditional IRA in a trustee-to-trustee
transfer; and deducted the traditional IRA contribution of
$4,000 on your 2023 Form 1040. You include the $4,200

reduced by your deduction for contributions made on your
behalf to retirement plans and the deductible part of your
self-employment tax.
• Alimony and separate maintenance pursuant to a
divorce or separation agreement entered into before
January 1, 2019, unless that agreement was changed
after December 31, 2018, to expressly provide that
alimony received isn't included in the recipient's income.
• Certain non-tuition fellowship and stipend payments.
For details, see Pub. 590-A.

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See What Is Compensation? under Who Can Open a
Traditional IRA? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A for details.

Recharacterizations

Generally, you can recharacterize (correct) an IRA
contribution by making a trustee-to-trustee transfer from
one IRA to another type of IRA. Trustee-to-trustee
transfers are made directly between financial institutions
or within the same financial institution. You must generally
make the transfer by the due date of your return (including
extensions) and reflect it on your return. However, if you
timely filed your return without making the transfer, you
can make the transfer within 6 months of the due date of
your return, excluding extensions. If necessary, file an
amended return reflecting the transfer (see Amending
Form 8606, later). Enter “Filed pursuant to section
301.9100-2” on the amended return.

No recharacterizations of conversions made in 2018
or later. A conversion of a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA,
and a rollover from any other eligible retirement plan to a
Roth IRA, made in tax years beginning after December
31, 2017, cannot be recharacterized as having been made
to a traditional IRA.
Reporting recharacterizations. Treat any
recharacterized IRA contribution as though the amount of
the contribution was originally contributed to the second
IRA, not the first IRA. For the recharacterization, you must
transfer the amount of the original contribution plus any
related earnings or less any related loss. In most cases,
your IRA trustee or custodian figures the amount of the
related earnings you must transfer. If you need to figure
the related earnings, see How Do You Recharacterize a
Contribution? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A. Treat any
earnings or loss that occurred in the first IRA as having
occurred in the second IRA. You can’t deduct any loss that
occurred while the funds were in the first IRA. Also, you
can’t take a deduction for a contribution to a traditional
IRA if you later recharacterize the amount. The following
discussion explains how to report the two different types
of recharacterizations, including the statement that you
must attach to your return explaining the
recharacterization.
1. You made a contribution to a traditional IRA and
later recharacterized part or all of it in a trustee-to-trustee
transfer to a Roth IRA. If you recharacterized only part of
the contribution, report the nondeductible traditional IRA
portion of the remaining contribution, if any, on Form 8606,
Part I. If you recharacterized the entire contribution, don’t
report the contribution on Form 8606. In either case,
attach a statement to your return explaining the
recharacterization. If the recharacterization occurred in
2023, include the amount transferred from the traditional
Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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line 4a, and $73 on line 4b. You attach a statement to your
tax return explaining the distribution. Because you
properly removed the excess contribution with the related
earnings by the due date of your tax return, you aren’t
subject to the additional 6% tax on excess contributions,
reported on Form 5329. Because the distribution of the
$73 in earnings was made after December 28, 2022, and
by the due date of your return, you also aren't subject to
the additional tax on early distributions even though you
were under age 591/2 at the time of the distribution.

distribution from your Roth IRA on your 2023 Form 1040,
line 4a.

Return of IRA Contributions

If, in 2023, you made traditional IRA contributions or Roth
IRA contributions for 2023 and you had those
contributions returned to you with any related earnings (or
minus any loss) by the due date (including extensions) of
your 2023 tax return, the returned contributions are
treated as if they were never contributed. Don’t report the
contribution or distribution on Form 8606 or take a
deduction for the contribution. However, you must include
the amount of the distribution of the returned contributions
you made in 2023 and any related earnings on your 2023
Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a. Also include
the related earnings on your 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR,
or 1040-NR, line 4b. Attach a statement explaining the
distribution. Also, if you were under age 591/2 at the time of
a distribution with related earnings, you are generally
subject to the additional 10% tax on early distributions
(see Form 5329, Additional Taxes on Qualified Plans
(Including IRAs) and Other Tax-Favored Accounts, and its
instructions).

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Return of Excess Traditional IRA
Contributions

The return (distribution) in 2023 of excess traditional IRA
contributions for years prior to 2023 isn’t taxable if all three
of the following apply.
1. The distribution was made after the due date,
including extensions, of your tax return for the year for
which the contribution was made (if the distribution was
made earlier, see Return of IRA Contributions, earlier).
2. No deduction was allowable (without regard to the
modified AGI limitation) or taken for the excess
contributions.
3. The total contributions (excluding rollovers) to your
traditional and traditional SEP IRAs for the year for which
the excess contributions were made didn’t exceed the
amounts shown in the following table.

If you timely filed your 2023 tax return without
withdrawing a contribution that you made in 2023, you can
still have the contribution returned to you within 6 months
of the due date of your 2023 tax return, excluding
extensions. If you do, file an amended return for your 2023
tax year with “Filed pursuant to section 301.9100-2”
entered at the top. Report any related earnings on the
amended return and include an explanation of the
withdrawn contribution. Make any other necessary
changes on the amended return (for example, if you
reported the contributions as excess contributions on your
original return, include an amended Form 5329 reflecting
that the withdrawn contributions are no longer treated as
having been contributed).

Year(s)

In most cases, the related earnings that you must
withdraw are figured by your IRA trustee or custodian. If
you need to figure the related earnings on IRA
contributions that were returned to you, see Contributions
Returned Before Due Date of Return in chapter 1 of Pub.
590-A. If you made a contribution or distribution while the
IRA held the returned contribution, see Pub. 590-A.

Contribution
limit

Contribution limit if
age 50 or older at
the end of the year

2019 through 2022

$6,000

$7,000

2013 through 2018

$5,500

$6,500

2008 through 2012

$5,000

$6,000

2006 or 2007

$4,000

$5,000

2005

$4,000

$4,500

2002 through 2004

$3,000

$3,500

1997 through 2001

$2,000

—

before 1997

$2,250

—

If the excess contribution to your traditional IRA for the
year included a rollover and the excess occurred because
the information the plan was required to give you was
incorrect, increase the contribution limit amount for the
year shown in the table above by the amount of the excess
that is due to the incorrect information.

If you made a contribution for 2022 and you had it
returned to you in 2023 as described above, don’t report
the distribution on your 2023 tax return. Instead, report it
on your 2022 original or amended return in the manner
described above.
Example. On May 23, 2023, you contributed $4,000 to
your traditional IRA that has a basis. The value of the IRA
was $18,000 prior to the contribution. On December 29,
2023, when you are age 57 and the value of the IRA is
$23,600, you realize you can’t make the entire contribution
because your taxable compensation for the year will be
too small. You decide to have $1,000 of the contribution
returned to you and withdraw $1,073 from your IRA
($1,000 contribution plus $73 earnings). You didn’t make
any other withdrawals or contributions. You don’t file a
2023 Form 8606. You deduct the $3,000 remaining
contribution on your 2023 Schedule 1 (Form 1040),
line 20. You include $1,073 on your 2023 Form 1040,

If the total contributions for the year included employer
contributions to a traditional SEP IRA, increase the
contribution limit amount for the year shown in the table
above by the smaller of the amount of the employer
contributions or:

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Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

2022

$61,000

2021

$58,000

2020

$57,000

2019

$56,000

2018

$55,000

2017

$54,000
$53,000

2014

$52,000

2012

$50,000
$49,000

2008

$46,000

2006
2005
2004

Generally, after you file your return, you can change a
nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA to a
deductible contribution or vice versa if you make the
change within the time limit for filing Form 1040-X,
Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (see the
Form 1040-X instructions). You may also be able to make
a recharacterization (discussed earlier). If necessary,
complete a new Form 8606 showing the revised
information and file it with Form 1040-X.

$51,000

2009, 2010, or 2011
2007

Amending Form 8606

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2015 or 2016
2013

Don’t file a 2023 Form 8606. If you are required to file
Form 8606 in a year after 2023, don’t include the $7,000
you withdrew in 2023 on line 2.

$45,000
$44,000
$42,000
$41,000

2002 or 2003

$40,000

2001

$35,000

before 2001

Penalty for Not Filing

If you are required to file Form 8606 to report a
nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA for 2023 but
don’t do so, you must pay a $50 penalty, unless you can
show reasonable cause.

Overstatement Penalty

If you overstate your nondeductible contributions, you
must pay a $100 penalty, unless you can show reasonable
cause.

$30,000

What Records Must I Keep?

To verify the nontaxable part of distributions from your
IRAs, including Roth, Roth SEP, and Roth SIMPLE IRAs,
keep a copy of the following forms and records until all
distributions are made.
• Page 1 of Forms 1040 or 1040-SR (or Forms 1040A,
1040-NR, or 1040-T) filed for each year you made a
nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA.
• Forms 8606 and any supporting statements,
attachments, and worksheets for all applicable years.
• Forms 5498, IRA Contribution Information, or similar
statements you received each year showing contributions
you made to a traditional IRA or Roth IRA.
• Forms 5498 or similar statements you received showing
the value of your traditional IRAs for each year you
received a distribution.
• Forms 1099-R or W-2P you received for each year you
received a distribution.

Include the total amount distributed on 2023 Form
1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a; and attach a
statement to your return explaining the distribution. See
Example, later.

If you meet these conditions and are otherwise required
to file Form 8606:
• Don’t take into account the amount of the withdrawn
contributions in figuring line 2 (for 2023 or for any later
year), and
• Don’t include the amount of the withdrawn contributions
on line 7.
Example. You are single, you retired in 2020, and you
had no taxable compensation after 2020. However, you
made traditional IRA contributions (that you didn’t deduct)
of $3,000 in 2021 and $4,000 in 2022. In December 2023,
a tax practitioner informed you that you had made excess
contributions for those years because you had no taxable
compensation. In December 2023, you withdrew the
$7,000 and filed amended returns for 2021 and 2022
reflecting the additional 6% tax on excess contributions on
Form 5329. You include the $7,000 distribution on your
2023 Form 1040, line 4a; enter -0- on line 4b; and attach a
statement to your return explaining the distribution,
including the fact that you filed amended returns for 2021
and 2022, and paid the additional 6% tax on the excess
contributions for those years. The statement indicates that
the distribution isn’t taxable because (a) it was made after
the due dates of your 2021 and 2022 tax returns, including
extensions; (b) your total IRA contributions for 2021 and
2022 didn’t exceed $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at
the end of that year); and (c) you didn’t take a deduction
for the contributions, and no deduction was allowable
because you didn’t have any taxable compensation for
those years. The statement also indicates that the
distribution reduced your excess contributions to -0-, as
reflected on your amended 2021 and 2022 Forms 5329.
Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

Note. Forms 1040-T, 1040A, and W-2P are forms that
were used in prior years.

Specific Instructions
Name and social security number (SSN). If you file a
joint return, enter only the name and SSN of the spouse
whose information is being reported on Form 8606.
More than one Form 8606 required. If both you and
your spouse are required to file Form 8606, file a separate
Form 8606 for each of you. If you are required to file Form
8606 for IRAs inherited from more than one decedent, file
a separate Form 8606 for the IRA from each decedent.

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Part I—Nondeductible Contributions
to Traditional IRAs and Distributions
From Traditional, Traditional SEP, and
Traditional SIMPLE IRAs

are deductible and $1,000 are nondeductible. You choose
$1,000 of your contribution in 2023 to be nondeductible.
You enter the $1,000 on line 1, but not line 4, and it
becomes part of your basis for 2023.
Although the contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023
that you made from January 1, 2024, through April 15,
2024, can be treated as nondeductible, they aren’t
included in figuring the nontaxable part of any distributions
you received in 2023.

Line 1

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If you used the IRA Deduction Worksheet in the Form
1040 instructions or as referred to in the Form 1040-NR
instructions, subtract line 12 of the worksheet (or the
amount you chose to deduct on Schedule 1 (Form 1040),
line 20, if less) from the smaller of line 10 or line 11 of the
worksheet. Enter the result on line 1 of Form 8606. You
can’t deduct the amount included on line 1.

Line 6

Enter the total value of all your traditional, traditional SEP,
and traditional SIMPLE IRAs as of December 31, 2023,
plus any outstanding rollovers. A statement should be sent
to you by January 31, 2024, showing the value of each
IRA on December 31, 2023. However, if you
recharacterized any amounts originally contributed, enter
on line 6 the total value, taking into account all
recharacterizations of those amounts, including
recharacterizations made after December 31, 2023.

If you used the worksheet Figuring Your Reduced IRA
Deduction for 2023 in Pub. 590-A, enter on line 1 of Form
8606 any nondeductible contributions from the
appropriate lines of that worksheet.

If you didn’t have any deductible contributions, you can
make nondeductible contributions up to your contribution
limit (see Overall Contribution Limit for Traditional and
Roth IRAs, earlier). Enter on line 1 of Form 8606 your
nondeductible contributions.

For purposes of line 6, a rollover is a tax-free
distribution from one traditional, traditional SEP, or
traditional SIMPLE IRA that is contributed to another
traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA. The
rollover must be completed within 60 days after receiving
the distribution from the first IRA. An outstanding rollover
is generally the amount of any distribution received in
2023 after November 1, 2023, that was rolled over in
2024, but within the 60-day rollover period. A rollover
between a traditional SIMPLE IRA and a qualified
retirement plan or an IRA (other than a traditional SIMPLE
IRA) can only take place after your first 2 years of
participation in the traditional SIMPLE IRA. See Pub.
590-A for more details.

Include on line 1 any repayment of a qualified reservist
distribution or a qualified birth or adoption distribution.
Don’t include on line 1 contributions that you had
returned to you with the related earnings (or less any
loss). See Return of IRA Contributions, earlier.

Line 2

Generally, if this is the first year you are required to file
Form 8606, enter -0-. Otherwise, use the Total Basis Chart
to find the amount to enter on line 2.

Pursuant to Rev. Proc. 2020-46 in Internal Revenue
Bulletin 2020-45, available at IRS.gov/irb/
2020-45_IRB#REV-PROC-2020-46, you may make a
written certification to a plan administrator or an IRA
trustee that you missed the 60-day rollover contribution
deadline because of one or more of the 12 reasons listed
in Rev. Proc. 2020-46. See Rev. Proc. 2020-46 for
information on how to self-certify for a waiver. Also see
Time Limit for Making a Rollover Contribution under Can
You Move Retirement Plan Assets? in Pub. 590-A for more
information on ways to get a waiver of the 60-day rollover
requirement.

However, you may need to enter an amount that is
more than -0- (even if this is the first year you are required
to file Form 8606) or increase or decrease the amount
from the chart if your basis changed because of any of the
following.
• You had a return of excess traditional IRA contributions
(see Return of Excess Traditional IRA Contributions,
earlier).
• Incident to divorce, you transferred or received part or
all of a traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE
IRA (see the last bulleted item under Line 7, later).
• You rolled over any nontaxable portion of your qualified
retirement plan to a traditional, traditional SEP, or
traditional SIMPLE IRA that wasn’t previously reported on
Form 8606, line 2. Include the nontaxable portion on
line 2.

Note. Don’t include an outstanding rollover from a
traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA to a
qualified retirement plan.

!

Line 4

If you made contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023 in
2023 and 2024 and you have both deductible and
nondeductible contributions, you can choose to treat the
contributions made in 2023 first as nondeductible
contributions and then as deductible contributions, or vice
versa.

CAUTION

Include, on line 6, qualified distributions from Part
IV of your 2023 Form(s) 8915-F, if any, you repaid
in 2023 no later than the deadline for repayment.

Repayments in 2023 of Qualified Disaster
Distributions
Do not reduce line 6 by qualified disaster distribution
repayments that were made in 2023 for qualified disaster
distributions made in years before 2023.

Example. You made contributions for 2023 of $2,000 in
May 2023 and $2,000 in January 2024, of which $3,000
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Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

agreement isn’t taxable to you or your spouse. If this
transfer results in a change in the basis of the IRA of either
spouse, both spouses must file Form 8606 and show the
increase or decrease in the amount of basis on line 2.
Attach a statement explaining this adjustment. Include in
the statement the character of the amounts in the IRA,
such as the amount attributable to nondeductible
contributions. Also, include the name and SSN of the
other spouse.

The amount you would otherwise enter on line 6 should
be reduced by the total amount of qualified disaster
distribution repayments that were made in 2023 for
qualified disaster distributions made in 2023. If the result
is zero or less, enter -0-.
Example. You received a $30,000 qualified disaster
distribution on May 2, 2023, from your traditional IRA. On
November 21, 2023, you made a repayment of $10,000 to
your traditional IRA. The value of all of your traditional,
traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs as of
December 31, 2023, was $50,000. You had no
outstanding rollovers. You would enter $40,000 ($50,000
minus $10,000 repayment) on line 6.

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CAUTION

Line 8

Line 7

If, in 2023, you converted any amounts from traditional,
traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRAs to a Roth, Roth
SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA, enter on line 8 the net amount
you converted.

If you received a distribution in 2023 from a
traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE
CAUTION IRA, and you also made contributions for 2023 to
a traditional IRA that may not be fully deductible because
of the income limits, you must make a special computation
before completing the rest of this form. For details,
including how to complete Form 8606, see Are
Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B.

!

Qualified disaster distributions. Be sure to
include on line 7 all qualified disaster distributions
made in 2023, even if they were later repaid.

Line 15b

If you have no qualified disaster distributions in 2023 from
a traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA,
enter -0- on line 15b. If all your distributions in 2023 from
those IRAs are qualified disaster distributions, enter the
amount from line 15a on line 15b. If you have distributions
in 2023 unrelated to qualified disasters, as well as
qualified disaster distributions, you will need to multiply
the amount on line 15a by a fraction. The numerator of the
fraction is your total qualified disaster distributions, and
the denominator is the amount from Form 8606, line 7.

Don’t include any of the following on line 7.

• Distributions that you converted to a Roth IRA, Roth

SIMPLE IRA, or Roth SEP IRA.
• Recharacterizations of traditional IRA contributions to
Roth IRA contributions.
• Distributions you rolled over to another traditional,
traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA (whether or not
the distribution is an outstanding rollover included on
line 6).
• Distributions you rolled over to a qualified retirement
plan.
• A one-time distribution to fund an HSA. For details, see
Pub. 969, Health Savings Accounts and Other
Tax-Favored Health Plans.
• Distributions that are treated as a return of contributions
under Return of IRA Contributions, earlier.
• Qualified charitable distributions (QCDs). For details,
see Are Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B.
• Distributions that are treated as a return of excess
contributions under Return of Excess Traditional IRA
Contributions, earlier.
• Qualified distributions from Part IV of your 2023 Form(s)
8915-F, if any, you repaid in 2023 no later than the
deadline for repayment.
• Distributions that are incident to divorce. The transfer of
part or all of your traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional
SIMPLE IRA to your spouse under a divorce or separation

Example 1. Your main home was in Delaware during
the Delaware Remnants of Hurricane Ida (DR-4627-DE),
which began September 1, 2021. You sustained an
economic loss because of that disaster. The end date for
making distributions for this disaster is June 26, 2023. In
January 2023, a qualified disaster distribution was made
to you from your traditional IRA in the amount of $22,000
that you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters).
$22,000 was the maximum amount of qualified disaster
distributions that could be made for that disaster. In July
2023, an $11,000 distribution, unrelated to a qualified
disaster, was made to you from your traditional IRA (that
you did not roll over). You will report total distributions of
$33,000 on Form 8606, line 7. You will then complete lines
8 through 14 as instructed. Form 8606, line 15a, shows an
amount of $30,000. You will enter $20,000 ($30,000 ×
$22,000/$33,000) on line 15b. You will also enter $20,000
on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 18.

Total Basis Chart
IF the last Form 8606 you filed was for . . .

THEN enter on line 2 . . .

a year after 2000 and before 2023

the amount from line 14 of that Form 8606.

a year after 1992 and before 2001

the amount from line 12 of that Form 8606.

a year after 1988 and before 1993

the amount from line 14 of that Form 8606.

1988

the total of the amounts on lines 7 and 16 of that Form 8606.

1987

the total of the amounts on lines 4 and 13 of that Form 8606.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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Example 2. In September 2023, an $2,500
distribution, unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to
you from your traditional IRA (that you did not roll over).
Your main home was in California during the California
Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, Landslides, and
Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), which began December 27,
2022. You sustained an economic loss because of that
disaster. The end date for making distributions for this
disaster is July 12, 2023. On January 29, 2023, qualified
disaster distributions were made to you from your
traditional IRA in the amount of $7,500 that you reported
on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters). You will report
total distributions of $10,000 on Form 8606, line 7. You will
then complete lines 8 through 14 as instructed. Form
8606, line 15a, shows an amount of $8,000. You will enter
$6,000 ($8,000 × $7,500/$10,000) on line 15b. You will
also enter $6,000 on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters),
line 18.

Part II—2023 Conversions From
Traditional, Traditional SEP, or
Traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth
SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs
Complete Part II if you converted part or all of your
traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRAs to a
Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023.

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Example 3. Your main home was in California during
the California Wildfires (DR-4610-CA), which began July
14, 2021; and the California Severe Winter Storms,
Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA),
which began December 27, 2022. You sustained
economic losses because of each of those disasters. The
end dates for making distributions for those disasters are
June 26, 2023, and July 12, 2023, respectively. On May
26, 2023, and June 29, 2023, qualified disaster
distributions were made to you from your traditional IRA in
the amount of $22,000 and $11,000 that you reported on
2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters) and 2023 Form
8915-F (2022 disasters), respectively. $22,000 was the
maximum amount of qualified disaster distributions that
could be made for the 2021 disaster. After those
distributions, in September 2023, a $5,500 distribution,
unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to you from
your traditional IRA (that you did not roll over). You will
report total distributions of $38,500 on Form 8606, line 7.
You will then complete lines 8 through 14 as instructed.
Form 8606, line 15a, shows an amount of $35,000. You
will enter $30,000 ($35,000 × $33,000/$38,500) on
line 15b. You will also enter $20,000 ($30,000 ×
$22,000/$33,000) on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters),
line 18; and $10,000 ($30,000 × $11,000/$33,000) on
2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), line 18.

Line 15c

If you were under age 591/2 at the time you received
distributions from your traditional, traditional SEP, or
traditional SIMPLE IRA, there is generally an additional
10% tax on the portion of the distribution that is included
in income (25% for a distribution from a traditional
SIMPLE or Roth SIMPLE IRA during the first 2 years of
your participation in the plan). See the instructions for
Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8; and the Instructions for
Form 5329.

Line 16

If you didn’t complete line 8, see the instructions for that
line. Then, enter on line 16 the amount you would have
entered on line 8 had you completed it.

Line 17

If you didn’t complete line 11, enter on line 17 the amount
from line 2 (or the amount you would have entered on
line 2 if you had completed that line) plus any
contributions included on line 1 that you made before the
conversion.

Line 18

If your entry on line 18 is zero or less, don’t include the
result on 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b.
Include the full amount of the distribution on 2023 Form
1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a.

Part III—Distributions From Roth,
Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs

Complete Part III to figure the taxable part, if any, of your
2023 Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA distributions.

Line 19

Don’t include on line 19 any of the following.
• Distributions that you rolled over, including distributions
made in 2023 and rolled over after December 31, 2023
(outstanding rollovers).
• Recharacterizations.
• Distributions that are a return of contributions under
Return of IRA Contributions, earlier.
• Distributions made on or after age 591/2 if you made a
contribution (including a conversion or a rollover from a
qualified retirement plan) for any year from 1998 through
2018.
• A one-time distribution to fund an HSA. For details, see
Pub. 969.
• Qualified charitable distributions (QCDs). For details,
see Are Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B.
• Distributions made upon death or due to disability if a
contribution was made (including a conversion or a
rollover from a qualified retirement plan) for any year from
1998 through 2018.
• Qualified distributions from Part IV of your 2023 Form(s)
8915-F, if any, you repaid in 2023 no later than the
deadline for repayment.
• Distributions that are incident to divorce. The transfer of
part or all of your Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA to
your spouse under a divorce or separation agreement isn’t
taxable to you or your spouse.

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Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

Qualified disaster distributions. Be sure to
include on line 19 all qualified disaster
CAUTION distributions made in 2023, even if they were later
repaid, unless they fall under the 4th or 7th bullet above.

!

If, after considering the items above, you don’t have an
amount to enter on line 19, don’t complete Part III; your
Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA distribution(s) isn’t
taxable. Instead, include your total Roth, Roth SEP, or
Roth SIMPLE IRA distribution(s) on 2023 Form 1040,
1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a.

qualified retirement plan to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth
SIMPLE IRA, enter -0- on line 24.
• If you took a Roth IRA distribution (other than an
amount rolled over or recharacterized or a returned
contribution) before 2023 in excess of your basis in regular
Roth IRA contributions, see the Basis in Roth IRA
Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement
Plans to Roth IRAs chart to figure the amount to enter on
line 24.
• If you didn’t take such a distribution before 2023, enter
on line 24 the total of all your conversions to Roth IRAs.
These amounts are shown on line 14c of your 1998, 1999,
and 2000 Forms 8606 and line 16 of your 2001 through
2022 Forms 8606. Also include on line 24 any amounts
rolled over from a qualified retirement plan to a Roth, Roth
SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA for 2008, 2009, and 2011
through 2023 reported on your Form 1040, Form
1040-SR, Form 1040A, or Form 1040-NR, and for 2010
reported on line 21 of your Form 8606. Don’t include
amounts rolled in from a designated Roth, Roth SEP, or
Roth SIMPLE account because these amounts are
included on line 22.
• Increase or decrease the amount on line 24 by any
basis in conversions to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE
IRAs and amounts rolled over from a qualified retirement
plan to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA received or
transferred incident to divorce. Also attach a statement
similar to the one explained in the last bulleted item under
Line 7, earlier.

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Line 20

If you had a qualified first-time homebuyer distribution
from your Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA and you
made a contribution (including a conversion or a rollover
from a qualified retirement plan) to a Roth IRA for any year
from 1998 through 2018, enter the amount of your
qualified expenses on line 20, but don’t enter more than
$10,000 reduced by the total of all your prior qualified
first-time homebuyer distributions. For details, see Are
Distributions Taxable? in chapter 2 of Pub. 590-B.

Line 22

Figure the amount to enter on line 22 as follows.
• If you didn’t take a Roth IRA distribution before 2023
(other than an amount rolled over or recharacterized or a
returned contribution), enter on line 22 the total of all your
regular contributions to Roth or Roth SIMPLE IRAs for
1998 through 2023 (excluding rollovers from other Roth,
Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs and any contributions
that you had returned to you), adjusted for any
recharacterizations.
• If you did take such a distribution before 2023, see the
Basis in Regular Roth IRA Contributions Worksheet to
figure the amount to enter.
• Increase the amount on line 22 by any amount rolled in
from a designated Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE
account that is treated as investment in the contract.
• Increase or decrease the amount on line 22 by any
basis in regular contributions received or transferred
incident to divorce. Also attach a statement similar to the
one explained in the last bulleted item under Line 7,
earlier.
• Increase the amount on line 22 by the amounts
received as a military gratuity or Servicemembers’ Group
Life Insurance (SGLI) payment that was rolled over to your
Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA.

Line 23

Generally, there is an additional 10% tax on 2023
distributions from a Roth or Roth SEP IRA (25% tax on
distributions from a Roth SIMPLE IRA) that are shown on
line 23. You will need to complete lines 1 through 4 of
Form 5329 to determine the amounts from the Roth, Roth
SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs that are subject to the
additional tax. See the instructions for Form 5329, Part I,
for details and exceptions.

Line 24

Figure the amount to enter on line 24 as follows.
• If you have never made a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth
SIMPLE IRA conversion or rolled over an amount from a
Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

Line 25b

If you have no qualified disaster distributions in 2023 from
a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA, enter -0- on
line 25b. If all your distributions in 2023 from Roth, Roth
SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs are qualified disaster
distributions, enter the amount from line 25a on line 25b. If
you have distributions in 2023 unrelated to qualified
disasters, as well as qualified disaster distributions, you
will need to multiply the amount on line 25a by a fraction.
The numerator of the fraction is your total qualified
disaster distributions, and the denominator is the amount
from Form 8606, line 21.
Example 1. Your main home was in Delaware during
the Delaware Remnants of Hurricane Ida (DR-4627-DE),
which began September 1, 2021. You sustained an
economic loss because of that disaster. The end date for
making distributions for this disaster is June 26, 2023. In
January 2023, a qualified disaster distribution was made
to you from your Roth IRA in the amount of $22,000 that
you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters).
$22,000 was the maximum amount of qualified disaster
distributions that could be made for that disaster. In May
2023, an $11,000 distribution, unrelated to a qualified
disaster, was made to you from your Roth IRA (that you
did not roll over). You will report total distributions of
$33,000 on Form 8606, line 19. You have no first-time
homebuyer expenses reported on line 20, so you would
also enter $33,000 on line 21. You will then complete lines
22 through 24 as instructed. Form 8606, line 25a, shows
an amount of $30,000. You will enter $20,000 ($30,000 ×
$22,000/$33,000) on line 25b. You will also enter $20,000
on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 19.

-11-

Example 2. Your main home was in California during
the California Severe Winter Storms, Flooding,
Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), which began
December 27, 2022. You sustained economic losses
because of that disaster. The end date for making
qualified disaster distributions for this disaster is July 12,
2023. On January 29, 2023, qualified disaster
distributions were made to you from your Roth IRA in the
amount of $7,500 that you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F
(2022 disasters). In September 2023, a $2,500
distribution, unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to
you from your Roth IRA (that you did not roll over). You will
report total distributions of $10,000 on Form 8606, line 19.
You have no first-time homebuyer expenses reported on
line 20, so you would also enter $10,000 on line 21. You
will then complete lines 22 through 24 as instructed. Form
8606, line 25a, shows an amount of $8,000. You will enter
$6,000 ($8,000 × $7,500/$10,000) on line 25b. You will
also enter $6,000 on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters),
line 19.

on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 19; and
$10,000 ($30,000 × $11,000/$33,000) on 2023 Form
8915-F (2022 disasters), line 19.

Privacy Act and Paperwork Reduction
Act Notice

TREASURY/IRS
AND OMB USE
ONLY DRAFT
October 30, 2023

Example 3. Your main home was in California during
the California Wildfires (DR-4610-CA), which began July
14, 2021; and the California Severe Winter Storms,
Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA),
which began December 27, 2022. You sustained
economic losses because of each of those disasters. The
end dates for making distributions for those disasters are
June 26, 2023, and July 12, 2023, respectively. On May
26, 2023, and June 29, 2023, qualified disaster
distributions were made to you from your Roth IRA in the
amount of $22,000 and $11,000 that you reported on
2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters) and 2023 Form
8915-F (2022 disasters), respectively. $22,000 was the
maximum amount of qualified disaster distributions that
could be made for the 2021 disaster. After those
distributions, in September 2023, a $5,500 distribution,
unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to you from
your Roth IRA (that you did not roll over). You will report
total distributions of $38,500 on Form 8606, line 19. You
have no first-time homebuyer expenses reported on
line 20, so you would also enter $38,500 on line 21. You
will then complete lines 22 through 24 as instructed. Form
8606, line 25a, shows an amount of $35,000. You will
enter $30,000 ($35,000 × $33,000/$38,500) on line 25b.
You will also enter $20,000 ($30,000 × $22,000/$33,000)

We ask for the information on this form to carry out the
Internal Revenue laws of the United States. We need this
information to ensure that you are complying with these
laws and to allow us to figure and collect the right amount
of tax. You are required to give us this information if you
made certain contributions or received certain
distributions from qualified plans, including IRAs and other
tax-favored accounts. Our legal right to ask for the
information requested on this form is sections 6001, 6011,
6012(a), and 6109 and their regulations. If you do not
provide this information, or you provide incomplete or false
information, you may be subject to penalties.

You are not required to provide the information
requested on a form that is subject to the Paperwork
Reduction Act unless the form displays a valid OMB
control number. Books or records relating to a form or its
instructions must be retained as long as their contents
may become material in the administration of any Internal
Revenue law. Generally, tax returns and return information
are confidential, as required by section 6103. However, we
may give the information to the Department of Justice for
civil and criminal litigation, and to cities, states, the District
of Columbia, and U.S. commonwealths and territories to
carry out their tax laws. We may also disclose this
information to other countries under a tax treaty, to federal
and state agencies to enforce federal nontax criminal
laws, or to federal law enforcement and intelligence
agencies to combat terrorism.
The average time and expenses required to complete
and file this form will vary depending on individual
circumstances. For the estimated averages, see the
instructions for your income tax return.
If you have suggestions for making this form simpler,
we would be happy to hear from you. See the instructions
for your income tax return.

-12-

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

Before you begin, see the line 22 worksheet and line 24 chart below.

Basis in Regular Roth IRA Contributions Worksheet—Line 22
Before you begin: You will need your Form 8606 for the most recent year prior to 2023 when you received a distribution.
Note. Don’t complete this worksheet if you never received a distribution from your Roth IRAs prior to 2023.
1. Enter the most recent year prior to 2023 you reported distributions on
Form 8606 (for example, 2 0 1 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.
2. Enter your basis in Roth IRA contributions reported on Form 8606 for the
year entered on line 1 (see Table 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Enter your Roth IRA distributions* reported on Form 8606 for the year
entered on line 1 (see Table 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Subtract line 3 from line 2. Enter -0- if the resulting amount is zero or
less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Enter the total of all your regular contributions** to Roth IRAs after the
year entered on line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Add lines 4 and 5. Enter this amount on your 2022 Form 8606,
line 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TREASURY/IRS
AND OMB USE
ONLY DRAFT
October 30, 2023

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

* Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.
** Excluding rollovers, conversions, and any contributions that you had returned to you.

Table 1 for Line 2 Above

THEN enter on line 2 the amount from . . .

IF the year entered on line 1 was . . .

2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011,
2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, or 2004

Form 8606, line 22.

2010

Form 8606, line 29.

2003, 2002, 2001

Form 8606, line 20.

2000 or 1999

Form 8606, line 18d.

1998

Form 8606, line 19c.

Table 2 for Line 3 Above
THEN enter on line 3 the amount from . . .

IF the year entered on line 1 was . . .
2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011,
2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, or 2001

Form 8606, line 19.

2010

Form 8606, line 26.

2000 or 1999

Form 8606, line 17.

1998

Form 8606, line 18.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

-13-

Basis in Roth IRA Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement Plans
to Roth IRAs—Line 24
IF the most recent year prior to 2023 in
which you had a distribution1 in excess of
your basis in contributions was . . .

THEN enter on Form 8606, line 24 . . .

PLUS the sum of the amounts on . . .

2022
(your 2022 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2022 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2023 Form 8606 and
certain rollovers3 reported on your
2023 return.

2021
(your 2021 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2021 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2022 Form 8606 and
certain rollovers3 reported on your
2022 and 2023 returns.

2020
(your 2020 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2020 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2021 Form 8606 and
certain rollovers3 reported on your
2021 through 2023 returns.

2019
(your 2019 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2019 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2020 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2020 through 2023
returns.

2018
(your 2018 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2018 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2019 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2019 through 2023
tax returns.

2017
(your 2017 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2017 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2018 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2018 through 2023
tax returns.

2016
(your 2016 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2016 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2017 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2017 through 2023
tax returns.

2015
(your 2015 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2015 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2016 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2016 through 2023
tax returns.

2014
(your 2014 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2014 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2015 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2015 through 2023
tax returns.

2013
(your 2013 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2013 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2014 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2014 through 2023
tax returns.

2012
(your 2012 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2012 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2013 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2013 through 2023
tax returns.

2011
(your 2011 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2011 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2012 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2012 through 2023
tax returns.

TREASURY/IRS
AND OMB USE
ONLY DRAFT
October 30, 2023

2010
(your 2010 Form 8606, line 29, was less than
line 26 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2010 Form 8606, line 31, over
line 30 of that Form 8606
(refigure line 30 without taking into account any amount
entered on Form 8606, line 27)

line 16 of your 2011 through 2023
Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2011 through 2023
tax returns;
OR
line 16 of your 2011 through 2023
Forms 8606; lines 16 and 21 of your
2010 Form 86064 if you didn’t check
the box on line 19 or 24 of your 2010
Form 8606; and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2011 through 2023
tax returns.

2009
(your 2009 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2009 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2010 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2011 through 2023 tax returns.

2008
(your 2008 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2008 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2009 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2009 and 2011 through 2023
tax returns.

1

Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.

2

Refigure line 23 without taking into account any amount entered on Form 8606, line 20.

Amounts rolled over from qualified retirement plans to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs from your Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5a, for 2020 through
2023 returns; Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4c, for 2019 returns; Form 1040, line 4a, for 2018 returns, and line 16a for 2017 and earlier returns; Form 1040A, line 12a
(Form 1040A was retired in 2018); or Form 1040-NR, line 17a, for 2019 and earlier returns. Roth SEP and Roth SIMPLE IRAs were introduced on January 1, 2023.
3

4

Don’t include any in-plan Roth rollovers entered on line 21.

-14-

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

Basis in Roth IRA Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement Plans
to Roth IRAs—Line 24 (continued)
IF the most recent year prior to 2023 in
which you had a distribution1 in excess of
your basis in contributions was . . .

THEN enter on Form 8606, line 24 . . .

PLUS the sum of the amounts on . . .

2007
(your 2007 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2007 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2008 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

2006
(your 2006 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2006 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2007 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

2005
(your 2005 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2005 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2006 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

2004
(your 2004 Form 8606, line 22, was less than
line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2004 Form 8606, line 24, over
line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2005 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

2003
(you had an amount on your 2003 Form 8606,
line 21)

the excess, if any, of your 2003 Form 8606, line 22, over
line 21 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2004 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

2002
(you had an amount on your 2002 Form 8606,
line 21)

the excess, if any, of your 2002 Form 8606, line 22, over
line 21 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2003 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

2001
(you had an amount on your 2001 Form 8606,
line 21)

the excess, if any, of your 2001 Form 8606, line 22, over
line 21 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2002 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

2000
(you had an amount on your 2000 Form 8606,
line 19)

the excess, if any, of your 2000 Form 8606, line 25, over
line 19 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2001 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

the excess, if any, of your 1999 Form 8606, line 25, over
line 19 of that Form 8606

line 14c of your 2000 Form 8606;
line 16 of your 2001 through 2023
Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form
8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported
on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through
2023 tax returns.

the excess, if any, of your 1998 Form 8606, line 14c, over
line 20 of that Form 8606

line 14c of your 1999 and 2000 Forms
8606; line 16 of your 2001 through
2023 Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010
Form 8606;4 and certain rollovers3
reported on your 2008, 2009, and 2011
through 2023 tax returns.

the amount from your 2023 Form 8606, line 16

line 14c of your 1998 through 2000
Forms 8606; line 16 of your 2001
through 2023 Forms 8606; line 21 of
your 2010 Form 8606;4 and certain
rollovers3 reported on your 2008, 2009,
and 2011 through 2023 tax returns.

TREASURY/IRS
AND OMB USE
ONLY DRAFT
October 30, 2023

1999
(you had an amount on your 1999 Form 8606,
line 19)

1998
(you had an amount on your 1998 Form 8606,
line 20)

Didn’t have such a distribution in excess of
your basis in contributions
1

Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.

2

Refigure line 23 without taking into account any amount entered on Form 8606, line 20.

3

Amounts rolled over from qualified retirement plans to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs from your Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5a, for 2020 through
2023 returns; Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4c, for 2019 returns; Form 1040, line 4a, for 2018 returns, and line 16a for 2017 and earlier returns; Form 1040A,
line 12a (Form 1040A was retired in 2018); or Form 1040-NR, line 17a, for 2019 and earlier returns. Roth SEP and Roth SIMPLE IRAs were introduced on January
1, 2023.

4

Don’t include any in-plan Roth rollovers entered on line 21.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

-15-