Milk Production - Release

Milk Production
ISSN: 1949-1557
Released January 24, 2024, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department
of Agriculture (USDA).

December Milk Production down 0.1 Percent
Milk production in the 24 major States during December totaled 18.1 billion pounds, down 0.1 percent from December
2022. November revised production, at 17.3 billion pounds, was down 0.6 percent from November 2022. The November
revision represented a decrease of 14 million pounds or less than 0.1 percent from last month's preliminary production
estimate.
Production per cow in the 24 major States averaged 2,030 pounds for December, 1 pound above December 2022.
The number of milk cows on farms in the 24 major States was 8.90 million head, 17,000 head less than December 2022,
but unchanged from November 2023.
October-December Milk Production down 0.6 Percent
Milk production in the United States during the October - December quarter totaled 55.6 billion pounds, down
0.6 percent from the October - December quarter last year.
The average number of milk cows in the United States during the quarter was 9.36 million head, 16,000 head less than
the July - September quarter, and 44,000 head less than the same period last year.

Monthly Milk Production - 24 Selected States
Million pounds

19,500
19,000
18,500
18,000
17,500
17,000
2022

2023

16,500

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Milk Cows and Production by Quarter – United States: 2022-2023
[May not add due to rounding]
Milk cows 1
Quarter

Milk per cow 2

Milk production 2

2022

2023

2022

2023

(1,000 head)

(1,000 head)

(pounds)

(pounds)

2022

2023

(million pounds) (million pounds)

Change
from
2022
(percent)

January-March .....................
April-June .............................
July-September ....................
October-December ..............

9,384
9,411
9,408
9,404

9,427
9,416
9,376
9,360

6,000
6,144
5,999
5,944

6,031
6,165
5,981
5,936

56,305
57,822
56,438
55,897

56,855
58,054
56,077
55,565

1.0
0.4
-0.6
-0.6

Annual ..................................

9,402

9,395

24,087

24,114

226,462

226,551

(Z)

(Z) Less than half of the unit shown.
1
Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh.
2
Excludes milk sucked by calves.

Milk Cows and Production by Month – 24 Selected States: 2022-2023
[May not add due to rounding]
Milk cows 1
Month

Milk per cow 2

Milk production 2

2022

2023

2022

2023

2022

2023

Change
from
2023

(1,000 head)

(1,000 head)

(pounds)

(pounds)

(million pounds)

(million pounds)

(percent)

January ...............
February .............
March ..................
April .....................
May .....................
June ....................
July .....................
August ................
September ..........
October ...............
November ...........
December ...........

8,876
8,885
8,908
8,908
8,921
8,915
8,920
8,927
8,927
8,931
8,924
8,918

8,927
8,946
8,959
8,945
8,949
8,927
8,911
8,913
8,917
8,907
8,901
8,901

2,051
1,885
2,113
2,053
2,115
2,027
2,060
2,040
1,957
2,016
1,951
2,029

2,069
1,896
2,117
2,057
2,127
2,033
2,046
2,030
1,961
2,010
1,945
2,030

18,205
16,750
18,827
18,291
18,871
18,074
18,373
18,212
17,470
18,005
17,413
18,093

18,474
16,958
18,962
18,401
19,033
18,148
18,228
18,093
17,482
17,899
17,316
18,069

1.5
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.4
-0.8
-0.7
0.1
-0.6
-0.6
-0.1

Annual ................

8,913

8,925

24,300

24,321

216,584

217,063

0.2

1
2

Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh.
Excludes milk sucked by calves.

Estimated Milk Cows and Production by Month – United States: 2022-2023
[May not add due to rounding]
Milk cows 1
Month

Milk per cow 2

Milk production 2

2022

2023

2022

2023

2022

2023

Change
from
2022

(1,000 head)

(1,000 head)

(pounds)

(pounds)

(million pounds)

(million pounds)

(percent)

January ...............
February .............
March ..................
April .....................
May .....................
June ....................
July .....................
August ................
September ..........
October ...............
November ...........
December ...........

9,367
9,380
9,404
9,404
9,417
9,413
9,413
9,406
9,406
9,412
9,404
9,396

9,408
9,429
9,444
9,425
9,425
9,399
9,373
9,375
9,380
9,365
9,358
9,357

2,034
1,870
2,096
2,036
2,098
2,010
2,038
2,022
1,939
1,998
1,934
2,012

2,052
1,880
2,099
2,039
2,110
2,016
2,027
2,011
1,943
1,993
1,929
2,014

19,050
17,540
19,715
19,147
19,755
18,920
19,180
19,016
18,242
18,809
18,184
18,904

19,308
17,724
19,823
19,217
19,884
18,953
18,999
18,857
18,221
18,666
18,056
18,843

1.4
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.2
-0.9
-0.8
-0.1
-0.8
-0.7
-0.3

Annual ................

9,402

9,395

24,087

24,114

226,462

226,551

(Z)

(Z) Less than half of the unit shown.
1
Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh.
2
Excludes milk sucked by calves.
2

Milk Production (January 2024)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Milk Cows and Production – 24 Selected States: December 2022 and 2023
[May not add due to rounding]
Milk cows 1
State

Milk per cow 2

Milk production 2

2022

2023

2022

2023

2022

2023

Change
from
2022

(1,000 head)

(1,000 head)

(pounds)

(pounds)

(percent)

(million pounds)

(million pounds)

Arizona ...................
California ................
Colorado ................
Florida ....................
Georgia ..................
Idaho ......................
Illinois .....................
Indiana ...................
Iowa ........................
Kansas ...................

195
1,724
203
92
92
661
79
187
239
175

199
1,715
197
98
91
663
79
190
240
176

2,085
2,020
2,180
1,710
1,900
2,085
1,800
2,000
2,065
2,010

2,085
2,010
2,185
1,705
1,870
2,065
1,820
1,995
2,085
2,010

407
3,482
443
157
175
1,378
142
374
494
352

415
3,447
430
167
170
1,369
144
379
500
354

2.0
-1.0
-2.9
6.4
-2.9
-0.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
0.6

Michigan .................
Minnesota ..............
New Mexico ...........
New York ...............
Ohio ........................
Oregon ...................
Pennsylvania .........
South Dakota .........
Texas .....................
Utah ........................

432
455
279
630
250
123
465
186
650
92

439
450
250
630
255
120
465
207
635
92

2,305
1,940
2,060
2,090
1,865
1,725
1,780
1,910
2,135
1,925

2,290
1,935
2,045
2,120
1,870
1,725
1,765
1,910
2,170
1,930

996
883
575
1,317
466
212
828
355
1,388
177

1,005
871
511
1,336
477
207
821
395
1,378
178

0.9
-1.4
-11.1
1.4
2.4
-2.4
-0.8
11.3
-0.7
0.6

Vermont .................
Virginia ...................
Washington ............
Wisconsin ...............

118
67
254
1,270

116
67
257
1,270

1,815
1,710
1,975
2,095

1,800
1,755
2,005
2,105

214
115
502
2,661

209
118
515
2,673

-2.3
2.6
2.6
0.5

24-State Total ........

8,918

8,901

2,029

2,030

18,093

18,069

-0.1

1
2

Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh.
Excludes milk sucked by calves.

Monthly Milk Cows - 24 Selected States
Thousand head

8,960
8,950
8,940
8,930
8,920
8,910

8,900
8,890
8,880

2022

2023

8,870
Jan

Feb

Mar

Milk Production (January 2024)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

3

Milk Cows and Production – 24 Selected States: November 2022 and 2023
[May not add due to rounding]
Milk cows 1
State

Milk per cow 2

Milk production 2

2022

2023

2022

2023

2022

(1,000 head)

(1,000 head)

(pounds)

(pounds)

(million pounds)

Change
from
2022

2023
(million pounds)

(percent)

Arizona ....................
California .................
Colorado ..................
Florida ......................
Georgia ....................
Idaho ........................
Illinois .......................
Indiana .....................
Iowa .........................
Kansas ....................

195
1,724
203
92
92
661
79
186
239
175

199
1,714
197
98
91
663
79
190
239
176

1,965
1,930
2,105
1,575
1,760
2,000
1,710
1,920
2,000
1,950

1,960
1,900
2,105
1,620
1,760
1,995
1,720
1,915
1,990
1,945

383
3,327
427
145
162
1,322
135
357
478
341

390
3,257
415
159
160
1,323
136
364
476
342

1.8
-2.1
-2.8
9.7
-1.2
0.1
0.7
2.0
-0.4
0.3

Michigan ..................
Minnesota ................
New Mexico .............
New York .................
Ohio .........................
Oregon ....................
Pennsylvania ...........
South Dakota ..........
Texas .......................
Utah .........................

431
454
282
628
250
123
467
185
653
92

439
449
255
630
255
120
466
202
635
92

2,220
1,870
1,960
2,035
1,790
1,670
1,700
1,860
2,065
1,850

2,210
1,855
1,950
2,040
1,800
1,675
1,680
1,860
2,090
1,850

957
849
553
1,278
448
205
794
344
1,348
170

970
833
497
1,285
459
201
783
376
1,327
170

1.4
-1.9
-10.1
0.5
2.5
-2.0
-1.4
9.3
-1.6
-

Vermont ...................
Virginia ....................
Washington .............
Wisconsin ................

118
69
255
1,271

116
69
257
1,270

1,755
1,635
1,920
2,030

1,725
1,655
1,925
2,035

207
113
490
2,580

200
114
495
2,584

-3.4
0.9
1.0
0.2

24-State Total .........

8,924

8,901

1,951

1,945

17,413

17,316

-0.6

- Represents zero.
1
Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh.
2
Excludes milk sucked by calves.

Monthly Milk Per Cow - 24 Selected States
Pounds

2,150
2,100
2,050
2,000
1,950
1,900
2022

2023

1,850
Jan

4

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Milk Production (January 2024)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Milk Cows and Production – States and United States: Revised July - September 2022 and 2023
[May not add due to rounding]
July - September milk cows 1
State

2022

July - September milk production 2

2023

(1,000 head)

2022

(1,000 head)

Change
from
2022

2023

(million pounds)

(million pounds)

(percent)

Alabama ......................
Alaska .........................
Arizona ........................
Arkansas .....................
California .....................
Colorado .....................
Connecticut .................
Delaware .....................
Florida .........................
Georgia .......................

2.5
(D)
196.0
3.5
1,723.0
206.0
18.5
2.6
95.0
93.0

2.0
(D)
200.0
2.5
1,714.0
199.0
17.5
2.6
97.0
94.0

7.0
(D)
1,085.0
9.0
10,258.0
1,352.0
106.0
11.0
434.0
486.0

6.0
(D)
1,119.0
7.0
9,849.0
1,298.0
104.0
11.3
465.0
503.0

-14.3
(NA)
3.1
-22.2
-4.0
-4.0
-1.9
2.7
7.1
3.5

Hawaii .........................
Idaho ...........................
Illinois ..........................
Indiana ........................
Iowa .............................
Kansas ........................
Kentucky .....................
Louisiana .....................
Maine ..........................
Maryland .....................

(D)
658.0
80.0
186.0
237.0
174.0
45.0
8.0
26.0
40.0

(D)
666.0
79.0
190.0
241.0
170.0
44.0
7.0
25.0
40.0

(D)
4,300.0
412.0
1,082.0
1,460.0
1,038.0
220.0
22.0
139.0
203.0

(D)
4,284.0
414.0
1,120.0
1,486.0
1,004.0
215.0
20.0
136.0
206.0

(NA)
-0.4
0.5
3.5
1.8
-3.3
-2.3
-9.1
-2.2
1.5

Massachusetts ............
Michigan ......................
Minnesota ...................
Mississippi ...................
Missouri .......................
Montana ......................
Nebraska .....................
Nevada ........................
New Hampshire ..........
New Jersey .................

9.5
427.0
453.0
6.0
65.0
10.0
57.0
32.0
10.0
4.3

9.0
439.0
451.0
5.5
60.0
9.0
54.0
36.0
9.5
3.9

47.0
2,947.0
2,658.0
19.0
222.0
56.0
349.0
201.0
54.0
21.0

44.0
3,044.0
2,643.0
15.0
203.0
52.0
329.0
200.0
52.0
20.0

-6.4
3.3
-0.6
-21.1
-8.6
-7.1
-5.7
-0.5
-3.7
-4.8

New Mexico ................
New York ....................
North Carolina ............
North Dakota ...............
Ohio .............................
Oklahoma ....................
Oregon ........................
Pennsylvania ..............
Rhode Island ...............
South Carolina ............

286.0
624.0
39.0
14.0
250.0
38.0
125.0
468.0
0.5
9.0

268.0
630.0
38.0
11.0
254.0
37.0
120.0
466.0
0.5
8.0

1,740.0
3,949.0
215.0
81.0
1,375.0
162.0
662.0
2,443.0
2.5
35.0

1,599.0
4,073.0
213.0
66.0
1,417.0
149.0
635.0
2,439.0
2.4
32.0

-8.1
3.1
-0.9
-18.5
3.1
-8.0
-4.1
-0.2
-4.0
-8.6

South Dakota ..............
Tennessee ..................
Texas ..........................
Utah .............................
Vermont ......................
Virginia ........................
Washington .................
West Virginia ...............
Wisconsin ....................
Wyoming .....................

184.0
27.0
653.0
93.0
117.0
69.0
256.0
5.0
1,272.0
9.5

197.0
25.0
635.0
93.0
117.0
68.0
257.0
4.5
1,269.0
9.5

1,084.0
120.0
4,109.0
551.0
637.0
344.0
1,568.0
18.0
8,081.0
62.2

1,161.0
111.0
4,010.0
546.0
634.0
350.0
1,567.0
16.0
8,143.0
62.5

7.1
-7.5
-2.4
-0.9
-0.5
1.7
-0.1
-11.1
0.8
0.5

Other States 3 .............

0.9

0.8

1.3

1.7

30.8

United States ..............

9,408.0

9,376.0

56,438.0

56,077.0

-0.6

(D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations.
(NA) Not available.
1
Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh.
2
Excludes milk sucked by calves.
3
Other States includes Alaska and Hawaii.

Milk Production (January 2024)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

5

Milk Cows and Production – States and United States: Preliminary October - December 2022 and 2023
[May not add due to rounding]
October - December milk cows 1
State

2022

October - December milk production 2

2023

(1,000 head)

2022

(1,000 head)

Change
from
2022

2023

(million pounds)

(million pounds)

(percent)

Alabama ......................
Alaska ..........................
Arizona ........................
Arkansas .....................
California .....................
Colorado ......................
Connecticut .................
Delaware .....................
Florida ..........................
Georgia ........................

2.0
(D)
195.0
3.5
1,724.0
204.0
18.5
2.6
93.0
92.0

2.0
(D)
200.0
2.5
1,714.0
197.0
17.5
2.6
99.0
92.0

6.0
(D)
1,167.0
10.0
10,214.0
1,315.0
105.0
11.2
448.0
504.0

5.0
(D)
1,199.0
7.0
10,019.0
1,276.0
104.0
11.6
483.0
495.0

-16.7
(NA)
2.7
-30.0
-1.9
-3.0
-1.0
3.6
7.8
-1.8

Hawaii ..........................
Idaho ............................
Illinois ...........................
Indiana .........................
Iowa .............................
Kansas ........................
Kentucky ......................
Louisiana .....................
Maine ...........................
Maryland ......................

(D)
661.0
79.0
186.0
239.0
175.0
45.0
8.0
25.0
40.0

(D)
663.0
79.0
190.0
239.0
175.0
43.0
7.0
24.0
40.0

(D)
4,103.0
414.0
1,099.0
1,466.0
1,046.0
222.0
25.0
134.0
205.0

(D)
4,071.0
418.0
1,118.0
1,468.0
1,044.0
211.0
22.0
130.0
210.0

(NA)
-0.8
1.0
1.7
0.1
-0.2
-5.0
-12.0
-3.0
2.4

Massachusetts ............
Michigan ......................
Minnesota ....................
Mississippi ...................
Missouri .......................
Montana ......................
Nebraska .....................
Nevada ........................
New Hampshire ..........
New Jersey .................

9.0
430.0
454.0
6.0
65.0
10.0
57.0
32.0
10.0
4.1

9.0
439.0
450.0
5.5
60.0
9.0
53.0
35.0
9.5
4.0

44.0
2,937.0
2,611.0
19.0
218.0
53.0
356.0
192.0
52.0
20.0

43.0
2,980.0
2,577.0
16.0
201.0
50.0
328.0
196.0
51.0
21.0

-2.3
1.5
-1.3
-15.8
-7.8
-5.7
-7.9
2.1
-1.9
5.0

New Mexico .................
New York .....................
North Carolina .............
North Dakota ...............
Ohio .............................
Oklahoma ....................
Oregon ........................
Pennsylvania ...............
Rhode Island ...............
South Carolina ............

282.0
628.0
39.0
14.0
250.0
39.0
123.0
467.0
0.5
9.0

255.0
630.0
38.0
10.5
255.0
37.0
120.0
466.0
0.5
8.0

1,705.0
3,915.0
220.0
77.0
1,372.0
178.0
635.0
2,432.0
2.4
38.0

1,528.0
3,963.0
217.0
60.0
1,406.0
167.0
616.0
2,410.0
2.4
35.0

-10.4
1.2
-1.4
-22.1
2.5
-6.2
-3.0
-0.9
-7.9

South Dakota ..............
Tennessee ..................
Texas ...........................
Utah .............................
Vermont .......................
Virginia ........................
Washington .................
West Virginia ...............
Wisconsin ....................
Wyoming .....................

185.0
26.0
653.0
92.0
118.0
68.0
255.0
5.0
1,271.0
9.0

202.0
25.0
635.0
92.0
116.0
68.0
257.0
4.5
1,270.0
9.0

1,061.0
118.0
4,144.0
525.0
633.0
343.0
1,512.0
18.0
7,910.0
61.0

1,158.0
113.0
4,086.0
526.0
618.0
349.0
1,527.0
16.0
7,949.0
62.0

9.1
-4.2
-1.4
0.2
-2.4
1.7
1.0
-11.1
0.5
1.6

Other States 3 ..............

0.8

0.8

1.1

1.6

45.5

United States ..............

9,404.0

9,360.0

55,897.0

55,565.0

-0.6

- Represents zero.
(D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations.
(NA) Not available.
1
Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh.
2
Excludes milk sucked by calves.
3
Other States includes Alaska and Hawaii.

6

Milk Production (January 2024)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Statistical Methodology
Survey Procedures: Primary data used to determine these estimates were obtained from a sample of producers.
Individual States maintain a list of all known milk producers and information on the size of their herd. States use all
known sources of producers to ensure that their lists are as complete as possible. Generally, all large producers and a
sample of small producers are included in the survey. Questionnaires are mailed to producers near the end of the month to
obtain data for the first day of the month. Additional reports are obtained by telephone, as needed, to supplement the mail
response. Where feasible, States utilize state and federal administrative data to estimate milk production. This eliminates
duplication of data gathering by different government agencies. Indications of milk cow inventory are also obtained in the
January Cattle Surveys.
Estimation Procedures: Regional Field Offices prepare these estimates by using a combination of survey indications,
historic trends, and any available administrative data. Individual State estimates are reviewed by the Agricultural Statistic s
Board for reasonableness.
Revision Policy: Milk production, milk per cow, and number of milk cows are subject to revision the following month
after initial publication for monthly States or the following quarter for the quarterly States. Normally, administrative data
from Federal Market Orders, State Departments of Agriculture, or other sources are the main basis for revisions.
However, administrative data for all States may not be available in time for these revisions. Estimates are again subject to
revisions in February each year based on additional administrative data. In the event that additional changes are necessary,
a third revision is possible in February the following year. Estimates are again reviewed after data from the five-year
Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions are made after that date.
Reliability: Since all operations with dairy animals are not included in the sample, survey estimates are subject to
sampling variability. Survey results are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omissions, duplications, and mistakes
in reporting, recording, and processing the data. The effects of these errors cannot be measured directly. They are
minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and through a careful review of all reported data
for consistency and reasonableness.
To assist users in evaluating the reliability of the estimates in this report, the "Root Mean Square Error" is shown for
selected items on the next page. The "Root Mean Square Error" is a statistical measure based on past performance and is
computed using the differences between first and final estimates. The "Root Mean Square Error" for milk production
estimates over the past 20 quarters is 0.2 percent. This means that chances are 2 out of 3 that the final estimate will not be
above or below the current estimate of 55.6 billion pounds by more than 0.2 percent. Chances are 9 out of 10 that the
difference will not exceed 0.3 percent.
Reliability of Quarterly Milk Production Estimates
[Based on data for the past 20 quarters]
Item

Difference between first and latest estimate

Root mean
square error

90 percent
confidence
level

Average

Smallest

Largest

(percent)

(percent)

(1,000)

(1,000)

(1,000)

Quarters
Below latest

Above latest

(number)

(number)

Milk production .................................

0.2

0.3

66

2

215

10

10

All milk cows .....................................

0.1

0.1

6

0

24

12

7

Milk Production (January 2024)
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service

7

Information Contacts
Listed below are the commodity specialists in the Livestock Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to
contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to [email protected].
Travis Averill, Chief, Livestock Branch ...................................................................................................... (202) 692-0069
Scott Hollis, Head, Livestock Section .......................................................................................................... (202) 690-2424
Sherry Bertramsen – Livestock Slaughter .............................................................................................. (202) 690-8632
Ryan Cowen – Cattle, Cattle on Feed .................................................................................................... (202) 720-3040
Kim DaPra – Milk Production and Milk Cows ....................................................................................... (512) 501-3266
Donnie Fike – Dairy Products ................................................................................................................ (202) 690-3347
Anthony Fischer – Hogs and Pigs .......................................................................................................... (202) 720-3106
Suzanne Richards – Sheep and Goats .................................................................................................... (202) 720-4448

Access to NASS Reports
For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways:
➢ All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov.
➢ Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e-mail subscription. To set-up this free
subscription, visit www.nass.usda.gov and click on “National” or “State” in upper right corner above “search”
box to create an account and select the reports you would like to receive.
➢ Cornell’s Mann Library has launched a new website housing NASS’s and other agency’s archived reports. The
new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. All email subscriptions containing reports will be sent from the new
website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. To continue receiving the reports via e-mail, you will have to go to the
new website, create a new account and re-subscribe to the reports. If you need instructions to set up an account or
subscribe, they are located at: https://usda.library.cornell.edu/help. You should whitelist [email protected] in your email client to avoid the emails going into spam/junk folders.
For more information on NASS surveys and reports, call the NASS Agricultural Statistics Hotline at (800) 727-9540,
7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET, or e-mail: [email protected].
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for
employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where
applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual's
income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program
or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or
employment activities.)
If you wish to file a Civil Rights program complaint of discrimination, complete the USDA Program Discrimination
Complaint Form (PDF), found online at www.ascr.usda.gov/filing-program-discrimination-complaint-usda-customer, or
at any USDA office, or call (866) 632-9992 to request the form. You may also write a letter containing all of the
information requested in the form. Send your completed complaint form or letter to us by mail at U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Director, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, by fax
(202) 690-7442 or email at [email protected].

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