Download:
pdf |
pdfAttachment C
Technical information:
Media contact:
(202) 691-6378
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
691-5902
USDL 05-1198
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Friday, July 1, 2005
WORKERS ON FLEXIBLE AND SHIFT SCHEDULES IN MAY 2004
In May 2004, over 27 million full-time wage and salary workers had flexible work schedules that allowed them to vary the time they began or ended work, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.
Department of Labor reported today. These workers comprised 27.5 percent of all full-time wage and
salary workers, down from 28.6 percent in May 2001, when these data were last collected. The proportion
who usually worked a shift other than a daytime schedule (14.8 percent) remained close to the 2001 level.
(See table A.)
These findings were obtained from a supplement to the May 2004 Current Population Survey (CPS).
The CPS is the monthly household survey that provides information on national employment and unemployment. In May 2004, the survey also collected information about flexible schedules, shift work, and
other related topics. The data presented in this release pertain to wage and salary workers who usually
worked full time (35 or more hours per week) on their main job. For further information about the survey,
see the Technical Note.
Flexible Schedules
In May 2004, men continued to be somewhat more likely to have flexible schedules than women (28.1
and 26.7 percent, respectively).
Flexible schedules were more common among white workers (28.7 percent) than among black (19.7
percent) or Hispanic or Latino workers (18.4 percent). The proportion of Asians who worked flexible
schedules was 27.4 percent in May 2004. Among whites, 29.4 percent of men and 27.8 percent of women
had flexible schedules. Among Asians as well, a greater proportion of men worked flexible schedules than
women. In contrast, among blacks and Hispanics or Latinos, women were slightly more likely than men to
work flexible schedules. (See tables A and 1.)
Among the major occupational groups, flexible schedules were most common among management, professional, and related occupations (36.8 percent). Within that occupational group, 44.7 percent of management, business, and financial operations workers were able to vary their work hours. Flexible schedules also
were prevalent among sales and office workers (29.5 percent). In contrast, only 17.6 percent of natural
resources, construction, and maintenance workers and 14.3 percent of production, transportation, and material moving workers had such flexibility. (See table 2.)
Among private sector employees, industries with a relatively high prevalence of workers with flexible
schedules included financial activities (37.7 percent), professional and business services (37.6 percent),
2
Table A. Flexible schedules and shift work of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, May, selected years, 1985-2004
Percent with alternative shifts
Percent with flexible schedules
Characteristic
May
1985
May May May May May May
r
1991 1997 2001 2004 1985 1991
May
1997
May
r
2001
May
2004
15.0
15.4
14.5
27.6
28.6
26.2
28.6
29.7
27.3
27.5
28.1
26.7
16.0
17.9
13.2
18.0
20.4
14.8
16.9
19.2
13.7
14.5
16.4
12.1
14.8
16.7
12.4
15.4
28.6
29.7
28.7
15.5
17.2
16.2
13.7
13.7
12.0
–
20.1
–
21.1
30.6
19.7
27.4
20.0
–
23.3
–
21.0
–
19.7
15.6
20.8
15.7
10.6
18.2
19.6
18.4
15.5
19.2
16.2
15.0
16.0
SEX
Total, 16 years and over ...... 12.4
Men ................................ 13.1
Women ........................... 11.3
RACE AND HISPANIC
OR LATINO
ETHNICITY
White 1................................... 12.8
Black or African
American 1 ......................... 9.1
Asian 1 .................................. –
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity ............................. 8.9
r
= revised. Data for May 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population
controls. See the Technical Note for additional information.
1 Beginning with May 2004 data, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one
race group are not included. Prior to 2004, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group
they identified as their main race. Data for Asians were not tabulated for supplements prior to May 2001.
NOTE: Data exclude the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.
and information (34.9 percent). Industries with a relatively low prevalence of workers on flexible schedules
included mining (22.9 percent) and construction (20.3 percent). In the public sector, flexible schedules were
more common among federal (28.8 percent) and state government employees (28.4 percent) than among
workers in local government (13.7 percent). (See table 2.)
Formal Flexitime Programs
Although more than 1 in 4 workers can work a flexible schedule, only about 1 in 10 are enrolled in a
formal, employer-sponsored flexitime program. Workers in management, professional, and related occupations were among the most likely to have a formal flexitime program (14.2 percent). Workers in production, transportation, and material moving occupations were the least likely to have a formal flexitime
program (5.9 percent). (See table 3.)
Shift Work
Almost 15 percent of full-time wage and salary workers usually worked an alternative shift in May 2004.
By type of shift, 4.7 percent of the total worked evening shifts, 3.2 percent worked night shifts, 3.1 percent
3
worked employer-arranged irregular schedules, and 2.5 percent worked rotating shifts. The proportion of
full-time wage and salary workers on alternative schedules has fallen since May 1991. (See tables A and 4.)
Men were more likely than women to work an alternative shift (16.7 and 12.4 percent, respectively).
Blacks were more likely than whites, Hispanics or Latinos, or Asians to work such shifts. (See table 4.)
The prevalence of shift work was greatest among workers in service occupations, such as protective
service (50.6 percent)—which includes police, firefighters, and guards—and food preparation and serving
(40.4 percent) and among those employed in production, transportation, and material moving occupations
(26.2 percent). Alternative shifts were least common among management, professional, and related occupations (7.6 percent) and workers in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (7.5 percent). (See table 5.)
The proportion of workers on alternative shifts was highest in leisure and hospitality industries (38.3 percent), mining (31.9 percent), and transportation and utilities (27.9 percent). Shift work was less prevalent in
professional and business services (7.8 percent), financial activities (5.4 percent), and lowest in construction
(2.9 percent). (See table 5.)
Reasons for Shift Work
Over half (54.6 percent) of those working an alternative shift did so because it was the “nature of the
job.” Other reasons for working a non-daytime schedule included “personal preference” (11.5 percent),
“better arrangements for family or child care” (8.2 percent), “could not get any other job” (8.1 percent),
and “better pay” (6.8 percent). Many of those who worked night and evening shifts chose such schedules
due to personal preference (21.0 and 15.9 percent, respectively) or because these shifts facilitated better
arrangements for family or child care (15.9 and 11.0 percent, respectively). The vast majority of those with
rotating, split, and employer-arranged irregular schedules reported the “nature of the job” as the reason for
working a non-daytime schedule. (See table 6.)
Beginning and Ending Hours
The May 2004 supplement also provided data on the times people usually begin and end work. About
two-thirds of all full-time wage and salary workers usually began work between 6:30 A.M. and 9:29 A.M.,
with the greatest concentration during the 7:30 to 8:29 A.M. period. Over half usually left work between
3:30 P.M. and 6:29 P.M., with the greatest concentration in the 4:30 to 5:29 P.M. bracket. (See table 7.)
Technical Note
These data and other information on work schedules were
obtained from a supplement to the May 2004 Current Population
Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly sample survey of about
60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), principally to gather information
on employment and unemployment for the nation. Respondents
to the May 2004 supplement answered questions about flexible
and shift schedules, the reasons for working particular shifts, the
beginning and ending hours of work, formal flexitime programs,
home-based work, and other related topics. The data in this
release cover the incidence and nature of flexible and shift
schedules and pertain to wage and salary workers who usually
worked 35 hours or more per week on their principal job. The
data exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or
not their businesses were incorporated.
The May 2001 data presented in this release have been revised
to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population
controls and thus may differ from previously published estimates
which were based on population controls derived from the 1990
census. The introduction of the Census 2000-based population
controls increased the May 2001 employment levels but had
relatively little impact on proportions and percents derived from
the employment levels. Sample results from the CPS are weighted
up to independent estimates of the population by sex, age, race,
and Hispanic or Latino/non-Hispanic ethnicity. The weights, or
population controls, are developed using counts of the civilian
noninstitutional population derived from the decennial census
and are updated using information from administrative records.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200;
TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about
a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based
on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from
the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of
confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and
errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and
for information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory
Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and
Earnings.
Concepts
Data on flexible schedules, shift work, and beginning and
ending hours of work were obtained from the following questions:
Beginning and ending hours of work. At what time of day
do you begin work on your (main) job most days?
1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M.
2. It varies
At what time of day do you end work on your (main) job most
days?
1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M.
2. It varies
Flexible schedules. Do you have flexible work hours that
allow you to vary or make changes in the time you begin and end
work?
1. Yes
2. No
Formal flexitime programs. (If the respondent answers
“yes” to the above question on flexible hours, the following
question is then asked.) Is your flexible work schedule part of a
flexitime or other program offered by your employer?
1. Yes
2. No
Shift work. On your (main) job, do you usually work a daytime schedule or some other schedule?
1. A daytime schedule (Anytime between 6 A.M. to 6 P.M.)
2. Some other schedule
(If the respondent answers “some other schedule” to the
above question, then the following question is asked to determine
the shift worked.)
Which of the following best describes the hours you usually
work at this (main) job?
1. An evening shift (Anytime between 2 P.M. and midnight)
2. A night shift (Anytime between 9 P.M. to 8 A.M.)
3. A rotating shift—one that changes periodically from
days to evenings or night
4. A split shift—one consisting of two distinct periods each
day.
5. An irregular schedule
6. Some other shift
Reason for alternative shift. What is the main reason why
you work this type of shift? (Interviewer reads all.)
1. Better arrangements for family or child care
2. Better pay
3. Allows time for school
4. Could not get any other job
5. Local transportation or pollution control program
6. Nature of the job
7. Personal preference
8. Some other reason
Table 1. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Men
With flexible
schedules
Characteristic
Total 1
Women
With flexible
schedules
Total 1
Number
Percent
of total
99,778
1,427
98,351
9,004
24,640
26,766
24,855
11,745
1,341
27,411
336
27,075
2,058
6,902
7,807
6,651
3,181
475
27.5
23.6
27.5
22.9
28.0
29.2
26.8
27.1
35.4
80,498
12,578
4,136
14,110
23,121
2,476
1,132
2,596
57,630
42,148
25,144
17,004
61,761
38,018
21,739
16,279
With flexible
schedules
Total 1
Number
Percent
of total
Number
Percent
of total
56,412
903
55,509
5,147
14,358
15,424
13,440
6,383
757
15,853
185
15,668
1,065
4,051
4,605
3,769
1,865
314
28.1
20.5
28.2
20.7
28.2
29.9
28.0
29.2
41.4
43,366
524
42,842
3,856
10,283
11,342
11,415
5,361
585
11,558
151
11,406
993
2,851
3,202
2,882
1,316
161
26.7
28.9
26.6
25.8
27.7
28.2
25.2
24.5
27.6
28.7
19.7
27.4
18.4
46,222
6,447
2,300
8,621
13,582
1,193
720
1,430
29.4
18.5
31.3
16.6
34,276
6,131
1,836
5,489
9,539
1,283
412
1,166
27.8
20.9
22.4
21.2
16,270
11,141
6,693
4,448
28.2
26.4
26.6
26.2
34,926
21,486
14,469
7,018
10,382
5,471
3,605
1,866
29.7
25.5
24.9
26.6
22,704
20,662
10,676
9,986
5,888
5,670
3,088
2,582
25.9
27.4
28.9
25.9
16,759
10,652
5,960
4,692
27.1
28.0
27.4
28.8
34,680
21,733
11,477
10,256
9,410
6,443
3,341
3,102
27.1
29.6
29.1
30.2
27,081
16,285
10,262
6,023
7,349
4,209
2,619
1,590
27.1
25.8
25.5
26.4
AGE
Total 16 years and over ....................................
16 to 19 years .......................................................
20 years and over .................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................
25 to 34 years .....................................................
35 to 44 years .....................................................
45 to 54 years .....................................................
55 to 64 years .....................................................
65 years and over ...............................................
RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
White ....................................................................
Black or African American ....................................
Asian .....................................................................
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ...................................
MARITAL STATUS
Married, spouse present .......................................
Not married ...........................................................
Never married .....................................................
Other marital status ............................................
PRESENCE AND AGE OF CHILDREN
Without own children under 18 .............................
With own children under 18 ..................................
With youngest child 6 to 17 ................................
With youngest child under 6 ...............................
1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible
schedules.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and
salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of
whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above
race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for
the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in
both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,
nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Table 2. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by sex, occupation, and industry, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Men
With flexible
schedules
Occupation and industry
Total 1
Women
With flexible
schedules
Total 1
Number
Percent
of total
With flexible
schedules
Total 1
Number
Percent
of total
Number
Percent
of total
OCCUPATION
Total, 16 years and over ...............................................................
99,778
27,411
27.5
56,412
15,853
28.1
43,366
11,558
26.7
Management, professional, and related occupations ...................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..
Management occupations ........................................................
Business and financial operations occupations ........................
Professional and related occupations .........................................
Computer and mathematical occupations ................................
Architecture and engineering occupations ...............................
Life, physical, and social science occupations .........................
Community and social services occupations ............................
Legal occupations .....................................................................
Education, training, and library occupations .............................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ....
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ...................
36,200
14,496
10,036
4,461
21,704
2,683
2,478
1,016
1,866
1,118
6,414
1,502
4,626
13,325
6,483
4,598
1,885
6,842
1,405
1,080
483
860
497
843
613
1,060
36.8
44.7
45.8
42.3
31.5
52.4
43.6
47.5
46.1
44.5
13.1
40.8
22.9
17,911
7,969
6,000
1,969
9,942
2,023
2,147
640
786
536
1,779
915
1,115
7,832
3,741
2,862
879
4,091
1,085
917
285
430
312
374
396
291
43.7
46.9
47.7
44.7
41.1
53.6
42.7
44.6
54.7
58.2
21.0
43.3
26.1
18,289
6,527
4,035
2,492
11,762
660
330
376
1,080
582
4,635
587
3,511
5,492
2,742
1,736
1,006
2,751
320
163
198
430
185
469
217
769
30.0
42.0
43.0
40.4
23.4
48.5
49.3
52.6
39.8
31.8
10.1
37.0
21.9
Service occupations .....................................................................
Healthcare support occupations .................................................
Protective service occupations ...................................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations ....................
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ...
Personal care and service occupations ......................................
13,423
1,908
2,224
3,881
3,481
1,929
2,849
315
419
972
531
612
21.2
16.5
18.8
25.0
15.2
31.7
6,858
199
1,807
2,086
2,260
505
1,339
37
312
524
318
148
19.5
18.7
17.2
25.1
14.1
29.2
6,566
1,708
417
1,795
1,221
1,424
1,510
278
107
448
213
465
23.0
16.3
25.7
25.0
17.4
32.6
Sales and office occupations ........................................................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ...........................
24,359
9,634
14,724
7,196
3,669
3,527
29.5
38.1
24.0
9,561
5,683
3,878
3,069
2,305
764
32.1
40.6
19.7
14,798
3,952
10,847
4,127
1,364
2,763
27.9
34.5
25.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ..
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................
Construction and extraction occupations ....................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .....................
10,848
744
5,825
4,280
1,908
172
942
795
17.6
23.1
16.2
18.6
10,403
591
5,750
4,061
1,820
132
925
762
17.5
22.4
16.1
18.8
445
152
74
218
88
39
17
32
19.8
25.7
(2)
14.7
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ......
Production occupations ..............................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................
14,948
8,281
6,666
2,133
1,030
1,102
14.3
12.4
16.5
11,679
5,928
5,751
1,793
806
986
15.3
13.6
17.1
3,268
2,353
915
340
224
116
10.4
9.5
12.7
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by sex, occupation, and industry, May 2004—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Men
With flexible
schedules
Occupation and industry
Total 1
Women
With flexible
schedules
Total 1
Number
Percent
of total
With flexible
schedules
Total 1
Number
Percent
of total
Number
Percent
of total
INDUSTRY
Private sector ................................................................................
82,870
23,978
28.9
48,724
14,119
29.0
34,145
9,859
28.9
Agriculture and related industries ...............................................
888
233
26.3
702
180
25.6
186
53
28.7
Nonagricultural industries ...........................................................
81,982
23,745
29.0
48,023
13,939
29.0
33,959
9,806
28.9
Mining .......................................................................................
446
102
22.9
416
84
20.2
30
18
(2)
Construction .............................................................................
6,617
1,341
20.3
6,059
1,153
19.0
558
188
33.7
Manufacturing ...........................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
15,125
9,249
5,875
3,631
2,351
1,280
24.0
25.4
21.8
10,659
6,881
3,777
2,638
1,794
844
24.7
26.1
22.3
4,466
2,368
2,098
993
558
436
22.2
23.6
20.8
Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................
Wholesale trade ......................................................................
Retail trade .............................................................................
14,008
3,771
10,237
4,100
1,209
2,891
29.3
32.1
28.2
8,717
2,698
6,019
2,544
910
1,634
29.2
33.7
27.1
5,291
1,072
4,219
1,557
300
1,257
29.4
27.9
29.8
Transportation and utilities .......................................................
Transportation and warehousing ............................................
Utilities ....................................................................................
4,226
3,482
744
1,086
912
173
25.7
26.2
23.3
3,454
2,858
596
906
767
139
26.2
26.8
23.4
771
624
147
179
145
34
23.2
23.3
23.0
Information 3 .............................................................................
Publishing, except Internet .....................................................
Motion picture and sound recording industries .......................
Broadcasting, except Internet .................................................
Telecommunications ...............................................................
2,716
648
211
512
1,180
948
274
74
116
419
34.9
42.3
35.3
22.7
35.5
1,674
364
162
319
732
600
165
62
79
254
35.8
45.4
38.5
24.7
34.7
1,041
284
49
193
448
348
109
12
37
164
33.4
38.4
(2)
19.4
36.7
Financial activities ....................................................................
Finance and insurance ...........................................................
Finance .................................................................................
Insurance ..............................................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing .........................................
7,341
5,537
3,633
1,904
1,805
2,767
2,056
1,218
838
711
37.7
37.1
33.5
44.0
39.4
3,117
2,100
1,443
657
1,017
1,323
943
584
359
380
42.4
44.9
40.5
54.6
37.3
4,224
3,437
2,190
1,247
787
1,444
1,113
633
480
332
34.2
32.4
28.9
38.5
42.1
Professional and business services .........................................
Professional and technical services .......................................
Management, administrative, and waste services ..................
8,997
5,476
3,521
3,381
2,570
811
37.6
46.9
23.0
5,342
3,113
2,229
2,072
1,596
477
38.8
51.3
21.4
3,655
2,364
1,292
1,309
974
335
35.8
41.2
25.9
Education and health services ..................................................
Educational services ...............................................................
Health care and social assistance ..........................................
12,485
2,260
10,226
3,202
541
2,661
25.6
23.9
26.0
2,969
812
2,157
862
246
616
29.0
30.3
28.6
9,517
1,448
8,069
2,339
295
2,045
24.6
20.4
25.3
Leisure and hospitality ..............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ........................................
Accommodation and food services .........................................
Accomodation .......................................................................
Food services and drinking places .......................................
6,111
1,134
4,977
1,123
3,854
1,686
312
1,374
252
1,122
27.6
27.5
27.6
22.4
29.1
3,458
630
2,828
546
2,282
956
165
791
147
644
27.6
26.2
28.0
26.9
28.2
2,653
504
2,149
577
1,572
730
147
583
105
478
27.5
29.2
27.1
18.2
30.4
Other services ..........................................................................
Other services, except private households .............................
Other services, private households ........................................
3,911
3,584
327
1,502
1,370
132
38.4
38.2
40.4
2,158
2,140
18
801
792
9
37.1
37.0
(2)
1,753
1,444
309
701
577
123
40.0
40.0
39.9
Public sector .................................................................................
Federal government ...................................................................
State government .......................................................................
Local government .......................................................................
16,909
2,786
4,724
9,399
3,433
803
1,340
1,289
20.3
28.8
28.4
13.7
7,688
1,617
2,089
3,982
1,734
453
640
641
22.6
28.0
30.7
16.1
9,221
1,169
2,635
5,417
1,699
351
700
648
18.4
30.0
26.6
12.0
1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules.
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000.
3 Includes other industries not shown separately.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their
businesses were incorporated.
Table 3. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by formal flexitime program status, occupation, and
industry, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
With a formal flexitime program
Occupation and industry
Total 1
With flexible
schedules
Number
Percent of
total employed
Percent of
workers
with
flexible
schedules
OCCUPATION
Total, 16 years and over ...............................................................
99,778
27,411
10,642
10.7
38.8
Management, professional, and related occupations ...................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..
Management occupations ........................................................
Business and financial operations occupations ........................
Professional and related occupations .........................................
Computer and mathematical occupations ................................
Architecture and engineering occupations ...............................
Life, physical, and social science occupations .........................
Community and social services occupations ............................
Legal occupations .....................................................................
Education, training, and library occupations .............................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ....
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ...................
36,200
14,496
10,036
4,461
21,704
2,683
2,478
1,016
1,866
1,118
6,414
1,502
4,626
13,325
6,483
4,598
1,885
6,842
1,405
1,080
483
860
497
843
613
1,060
5,137
2,293
1,436
857
2,844
729
509
203
325
140
278
272
389
14.2
15.8
14.3
19.2
13.1
27.1
20.5
19.9
17.4
12.6
4.3
18.1
8.4
38.6
35.4
31.2
45.5
41.6
51.8
47.1
42.0
37.8
28.2
33.0
44.4
36.6
Service occupations .....................................................................
Healthcare support occupations .................................................
Protective service occupations ...................................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations ....................
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ...
Personal care and service occupations ......................................
13,423
1,908
2,224
3,881
3,481
1,929
2,849
315
419
972
531
612
1,188
139
192
423
178
256
8.9
7.3
8.6
10.9
5.1
13.3
41.7
44.3
45.8
43.5
33.5
41.8
Sales and office occupations ........................................................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ...........................
24,359
9,634
14,724
7,196
3,669
3,527
2,734
1,175
1,559
11.2
12.2
10.6
38.0
32.0
44.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ..
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................
Construction and extraction occupations ....................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .....................
10,848
744
5,825
4,280
1,908
172
942
795
697
47
416
234
6.4
6.3
7.1
5.5
36.5
27.1
44.2
29.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ......
Production occupations ..............................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................
14,948
8,281
6,666
2,133
1,030
1,102
885
490
395
5.9
5.9
5.9
41.5
47.6
35.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by formal flexitime program status, occupation, and
industry, May 2004—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With a formal flexitime program
Occupation and industry
Total 1
With flexible
schedules
Number
Percent of
total employed
Percent of
workers
with
flexible
schedules
INDUSTRY
Private sector ................................................................................
82,870
23,978
8,816
10.6
36.8
Agriculture and related industries ...............................................
888
233
53
6.0
22.9
Nonagricultural industries ...........................................................
81,982
23,745
8,762
10.7
36.9
Mining .......................................................................................
446
102
47
10.5
46.1
Construction .............................................................................
6,617
1,341
493
7.5
36.8
Manufacturing ...........................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
15,125
9,249
5,875
3,631
2,351
1,280
1,618
1,061
557
10.7
11.5
9.5
44.6
45.1
43.5
Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................
Wholesale trade ......................................................................
Retail trade .............................................................................
14,008
3,771
10,237
4,100
1,209
2,891
1,302
300
1,002
9.3
8.0
9.8
31.8
24.8
34.6
Transportation and utilities .......................................................
Transportation and warehousing ............................................
Utilities ....................................................................................
4,226
3,482
744
1,086
912
173
432
335
97
10.2
9.6
13.0
39.8
36.7
55.9
Information 2 .............................................................................
Publishing, except Internet .....................................................
Motion picture and sound recording industries .......................
Broadcasting, except Internet .................................................
Telecommunications ...............................................................
2,716
648
211
512
1,180
948
274
74
116
419
371
102
33
43
170
13.7
15.8
15.9
8.4
14.4
39.2
37.3
(3)
37.2
40.5
Financial activities ....................................................................
Finance and insurance ...........................................................
Finance .................................................................................
Insurance ..............................................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing .........................................
7,341
5,537
3,633
1,904
1,805
2,767
2,056
1,218
838
711
1,066
868
425
443
198
14.5
15.7
11.7
23.3
11.0
38.5
42.2
34.9
52.9
27.9
Professional and business services .........................................
Professional and technical services .......................................
Management, administrative, and waste services ..................
8,997
5,476
3,521
3,381
2,570
811
1,294
991
303
14.4
18.1
8.6
38.3
38.6
37.3
Education and health services ..................................................
Educational services ...............................................................
Health care and social assistance ..........................................
12,485
2,260
10,226
3,202
541
2,661
1,118
156
962
9.0
6.9
9.4
34.9
28.8
36.2
Leisure and hospitality ..............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ........................................
Accommodation and food services .........................................
Accomodation .......................................................................
Food services and drinking places .......................................
6,111
1,134
4,977
1,123
3,854
1,686
312
1,374
252
1,122
598
84
513
105
408
9.8
7.4
10.3
9.3
10.6
35.4
27.1
37.4
41.5
36.4
Other services ..........................................................................
Other services, except private households .............................
Other services, private households ........................................
3,911
3,584
327
1,502
1,370
132
422
404
18
10.8
11.3
5.5
28.1
29.5
13.6
Public sector .................................................................................
Federal government ...................................................................
State government .......................................................................
Local government .......................................................................
16,909
2,786
4,724
9,399
3,433
803
1,340
1,289
1,826
561
665
600
10.8
20.1
14.1
6.4
53.2
69.9
49.6
46.5
1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules.
2 Includes other industries not shown separately.
3 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of
whether or not their businesses were incorporated.
Table 4. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004
(Percent distribution)
Shift workers
Total
workers 1
(thousands)
Regular
daytime
schedule
Total
Evening
shift
Total 16 years and over ................................................
16 to 19 years .................................................................
20 years and over ...........................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................
65 years and over .........................................................
99,778
1,427
98,351
9,004
24,640
26,766
24,855
11,745
1,341
84.6
64.9
84.9
76.8
84.1
85.4
86.8
87.1
88.8
14.8
34.6
14.6
22.3
15.2
14.1
12.8
12.5
10.3
4.7
14.5
4.6
8.8
5.0
4.1
3.6
3.8
3.5
3.2
4.4
3.2
3.7
3.4
3.2
3.2
2.6
1.8
2.5
6.1
2.5
3.3
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.4
0.5
1.0
.5
.9
.5
.4
.5
.4
.5
3.1
8.3
3.0
4.6
2.8
3.1
2.5
3.0
2.9
0.7
.2
.7
.9
.8
.7
.7
.7
.2
Men .................................................................................
Women ...........................................................................
56,412
43,366
82.7
87.0
16.7
12.4
5.2
4.1
3.6
2.8
2.8
2.2
.5
.5
3.6
2.4
.9
.4
80,498
12,578
4,136
14,110
85.8
78.0
83.6
83.1
13.7
20.8
15.7
16.0
4.1
7.9
5.4
5.8
3.0
4.5
4.1
3.9
2.3
4.1
1.6
2.1
.5
.4
1.2
.6
3.1
3.0
2.6
2.6
.7
.7
.8
.9
Men:
Married, spouse present .............................................
Not married .................................................................
Never married ...........................................................
Other marital status ..................................................
34,926
21,486
14,469
7,018
84.8
79.5
78.6
81.4
14.9
19.7
20.6
17.8
3.9
7.4
8.1
5.9
3.3
3.9
3.8
4.2
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.8
.5
.7
.8
.4
3.4
4.0
4.2
3.6
.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
Without own children under 18 ...................................
With own children under 18 ........................................
With youngest child 6 to 17 ......................................
With youngest child under 6 .....................................
34,680
21,733
11,477
10,256
81.8
84.3
85.1
83.5
17.6
15.3
14.6
16.1
6.0
4.0
3.9
4.2
3.6
3.6
3.2
3.9
2.7
3.0
3.1
2.9
.6
.5
.2
.8
3.8
3.2
3.4
3.0
.9
1.0
.8
1.2
Women:
Married, spouse present .............................................
Not married .................................................................
Never married ...........................................................
Other marital status ..................................................
22,704
20,662
10,676
9,986
90.4
83.2
81.2
85.5
9.2
16.0
17.9
13.9
2.8
5.6
6.3
4.8
2.4
3.2
3.0
3.5
1.4
3.0
3.6
2.3
.3
.6
.8
.4
1.9
2.9
3.6
2.1
.3
.6
.6
.6
Without own children under 18 ...................................
With own children under 18 ........................................
With youngest child 6 to 17 ......................................
With youngest child under 6 .....................................
27,081
16,285
10,262
6,023
86.4
87.9
89.1
86.0
13.0
11.5
10.5
13.2
4.1
4.3
3.4
5.8
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.5
1.7
1.6
1.8
.6
.3
.2
.4
2.7
1.9
1.8
2.1
.4
.4
.5
.4
Characteristic
Night
shift
Rotating
shift
Split
shift
Employerarranged
irregular
schedule
Other
shift
AGE AND SEX
RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
White ..............................................................................
Black or African American ..............................................
Asian ...............................................................................
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity .............................................
MARITAL STATUS AND PRESENCE
AND AGE OF CHILDREN
1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not
their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are
not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted
children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Table 5. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, May 2004
(Percent distribution)
Shift workers
Occupation and industry
Total
Regular
workers 1
daytime
(thousands) schedule
Total
Evening
shift
Night
shift
Rotating
shift
Split
shift
Employerarranged
irregular
schedule
Other
shift
OCCUPATION
Total, 16 years and over ...............................................................
99,778
84.6
14.8
4.7
3.2
2.5
0.5
3.1
0.7
Management, professional, and related occupations ...................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..
Management occupations ........................................................
Business and financial operations occupations ........................
Professional and related occupations .........................................
Computer and mathematical occupations ................................
Architecture and engineering occupations ...............................
Life, physical, and social science occupations .........................
Community and social services occupations ............................
Legal occupations .....................................................................
Education, training, and library occupations .............................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ....
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ...................
36,200
14,496
10,036
4,461
21,704
2,683
2,478
1,016
1,866
1,118
6,414
1,502
4,626
91.9
94.6
93.6
96.8
90.1
95.2
95.7
93.9
87.0
97.4
97.3
84.7
74.5
7.6
5.0
6.1
2.7
9.4
4.1
3.9
5.8
12.7
1.8
2.3
14.7
24.6
1.7
1.1
1.4
.5
2.1
1.1
.9
1.1
1.9
–
.6
3.1
5.8
1.6
.5
.5
.6
2.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
–
.1
1.6
8.3
1.3
.9
1.1
.4
1.6
.8
.7
2.0
2.2
–
.2
2.2
4.4
.3
.2
.3
.1
.3
.3
.1
.3
.2
.4
.4
.5
2.2
2.0
2.4
.9
2.3
.4
.7
1.2
4.9
1.4
.9
6.0
4.4
.5
.3
.4
.2
.7
.4
.4
.1
2.0
.2
.2
1.2
1.1
Service occupations .....................................................................
Healthcare support occupations .................................................
Protective service occupations ...................................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations ....................
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ...
Personal care and service occupations ......................................
13,423
1,908
2,224
3,881
3,481
1,929
66.5
70.4
48.3
58.7
82.1
70.9
32.6
28.0
50.6
40.4
17.5
28.1
12.5
12.5
14.4
17.6
8.3
7.3
6.2
7.1
12.9
3.4
5.4
4.6
5.2
3.8
11.9
5.8
1.5
4.5
1.4
.7
.6
3.3
.5
1.0
5.5
3.1
6.2
8.9
1.1
8.1
1.7
.7
4.3
1.1
.7
2.7
Sales and office occupations ........................................................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ...........................
24,359
9,634
14,724
87.3
83.8
89.6
12.0
15.2
9.9
3.5
3.5
3.6
2.6
1.9
3.0
2.3
3.8
1.4
.3
.6
.2
2.8
5.0
1.4
.3
.4
.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ..
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................
Construction and extraction occupations ....................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .....................
10,848
744
5,825
4,280
92.0
89.8
95.1
88.2
7.5
9.8
4.4
11.4
2.1
.6
.8
4.3
1.9
2.4
.8
3.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.5
.1
1.0
.1
–
1.5
2.4
1.3
1.7
.5
2.0
.3
.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ......
Production occupations ..............................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................
14,948
8,281
6,666
73.3
75.0
71.2
26.2
24.4
28.5
9.1
10.1
7.8
6.5
7.1
5.7
4.2
4.7
3.7
.8
.3
1.4
4.6
1.4
8.4
1.1
.8
1.5
See footnotes at end of table.
–
Table 5. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, May 2004—Continued
(Percent distribution)
Shift workers
Occupation and industry
Total
Regular
workers 1
daytime
(thousands) schedule
Total
Evening
shift
Night
shift
Rotating
shift
Split
shift
Employerarranged
irregular
schedule
Other
shift
INDUSTRY
Private sector ................................................................................
82,870
84.0
15.4
5.0
3.3
2.6
0.5
3.3
0.7
Agriculture and related industries ...............................................
888
90.1
9.9
1.4
2.3
1.1
1.0
3.2
1.0
Nonagricultural industries ...........................................................
81,982
83.9
15.5
5.1
3.3
2.6
.5
3.3
.7
Mining .......................................................................................
446
68.0
31.9
3.6
4.9
15.1
.2
6.1
2.1
Construction .............................................................................
6,617
96.6
2.9
.5
.5
.3
1.3
.2
Manufacturing ...........................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
15,125
9,249
5,875
81.5
85.3
75.6
18.1
14.4
23.8
7.2
6.7
8.1
5.2
4.2
6.8
3.3
1.9
5.4
.3
.2
.5
1.2
.7
1.9
.8
.7
1.1
Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................
Wholesale trade ......................................................................
Retail trade .............................................................................
14,008
3,771
10,237
82.9
91.5
79.8
16.3
8.0
19.4
4.4
2.7
5.0
3.2
1.8
3.7
3.6
.7
4.6
.4
.1
.5
4.1
2.3
4.8
.5
.2
.6
Transportation and utilities .......................................................
Transportation and warehousing ............................................
Utilities ....................................................................................
4,226
3,482
744
71.4
67.5
89.5
27.9
31.8
9.5
5.0
5.6
1.9
4.8
5.6
.8
4.0
3.9
4.4
1.7
1.9
.9
11.0
13.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
.5
Information 2 .............................................................................
Publishing, except Internet .....................................................
Motion picture and sound recording industries .......................
Broadcasting, except Internet .................................................
Telecommunications ...............................................................
2,716
648
211
512
1,180
87.3
87.6
85.0
84.4
88.8
11.7
10.3
15.0
15.0
10.5
4.2
2.3
5.5
6.4
3.6
2.4
3.6
2.2
.1
2.7
1.7
.8
1.8
2.9
1.9
.1
.3
2.6
2.0
5.5
3.3
2.3
.6
1.3
–
1.3
–
Financial activities ....................................................................
Finance and insurance ...........................................................
Finance .................................................................................
Insurance ..............................................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing .........................................
7,341
5,537
3,633
1,904
1,805
94.0
96.7
96.8
96.5
85.6
5.4
2.8
2.6
3.1
13.4
2.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
4.3
.6
.4
.5
.3
1.4
.6
.5
.5
.4
1.0
.2
.2
1.8
.5
.3
.8
5.9
.3
.1
.1
.2
.7
Professional and business services .........................................
Professional and technical services .......................................
Management, administrative, and waste services ..................
8,997
5,476
3,521
92.0
96.5
84.9
7.8
3.2
15.0
2.7
.6
6.1
2.4
.5
5.3
.7
.4
1.1
.1
.1
.2
1.4
1.3
1.5
.5
.4
.8
Education and health services ..................................................
Educational services ...............................................................
Health care and social assistance ..........................................
12,485
2,260
10,226
83.2
93.9
80.9
16.0
5.6
18.3
5.5
3.0
6.0
4.5
.4
5.4
2.4
.3
2.9
.5
.5
.5
2.3
1.3
2.6
.7
.2
.8
Leisure and hospitality ..............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ........................................
Accommodation and food services .........................................
Accomodation .......................................................................
Food services and drinking places .......................................
6,111
1,134
4,977
1,123
3,854
60.8
67.7
59.3
70.2
56.1
38.3
31.9
39.8
29.4
42.8
15.2
10.2
16.4
11.1
17.9
4.8
7.9
4.1
6.6
3.3
5.2
1.6
6.0
4.2
6.6
2.4
.7
2.9
.7
3.5
9.4
9.2
9.5
5.9
10.5
1.2
2.1
1.0
.9
1.0
Other services ..........................................................................
Other services, except private households .............................
Other services, private households ........................................
3,911
3,584
327
88.9
89.3
85.0
10.6
10.3
14.1
1.5
1.4
3.3
1.0
1.0
.6
1.9
1.9
2.7
.3
.3
.6
4.8
4.9
4.0
1.0
.8
3.0
Public sector .................................................................................
Federal government ...................................................................
State government .......................................................................
Local government .......................................................................
16,909
2,786
4,724
9,399
87.6
84.8
87.9
88.3
11.9
14.7
11.5
11.3
3.4
4.4
3.8
2.9
2.9
4.9
3.3
2.0
2.4
1.2
1.9
3.0
.4
.2
.4
.4
1.9
3.1
1.4
1.8
.9
.7
.7
1.1
–
–
.3
–
.1
.1
–
1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked.
2 Includes other industries not shown separately.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their
businesses were incorporated. Dash represents zero.
Table 6. Full-time wage and salary shift workers by reason for working a non-daytime schedule, May 2004
(Percent distribution)
Employerarranged
Other shift
irregular
schedule
Total shift
workers1
Evening
shift
Night shift
Rotating
shift
Split shift
Number 2 (thousands) ............................................
Percent 2 ................................................................
14,805
100.0
4,736
100.0
3,221
100.0
2,526
100.0
497
100.0
3,064
100.0
715
100.0
Better arrangements for family or child care ...............
Better pay ...................................................................
Allows time for school .................................................
Could not get any other job ........................................
Nature of the job .........................................................
Personal preference ...................................................
Some other reason .....................................................
8.2
6.8
3.2
8.1
54.6
11.5
5.6
11.0
7.1
6.0
13.9
37.8
15.9
6.2
15.9
10.1
2.5
8.2
32.8
21.0
7.0
1.6
6.5
1.4
5.5
76.7
3.0
3.8
5.8
6.0
3.7
3.8
70.3
5.9
3.9
2.6
3.5
1.5
3.2
80.4
3.6
4.6
4.3
6.1
1.8
3.2
68.3
8.0
7.1
Reason for working a non-daytime schedule
1 Includes persons who worked a non-daytime schedule, but did
not report the shift worked.
2 Includes persons who worked a non-daytime schedule, but did
not report a reason.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and
salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of
whether or not their businesses were incorporated.
Table 7. Beginning and ending hours: Full-time wage and salary workers, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Beginning time
Time
Ending time
Number of
workers
Percent
Number of
workers
Percent
99,778
100.0
99,778
100.0
12:30 to 1:29 .....................................................
1:30 to 2:29 .......................................................
2:30 to 3:29 .......................................................
3:30 to 4:29 .......................................................
4:30 to 5:29 .......................................................
5:30 to 6:29 .......................................................
5:30 to 5:59 .....................................................
6:00 to 6:29 .....................................................
6:30 to 7:29 .......................................................
6:30 to 6:59 .....................................................
7:00 to 7:29 .....................................................
7:30 to 8:29 .......................................................
7:30 to 7:59 .....................................................
8:00 to 8:29 .....................................................
8:30 to 9:29 .......................................................
8:30 to 8:59 .....................................................
9:00 to 9:29 .....................................................
9:30 to 10:29 .....................................................
10:30 to 11:29 ...................................................
136
104
197
487
1,686
6,911
958
5,953
19,636
3,488
16,148
31,690
9,164
22,526
13,383
6,140
7,243
2,244
645
.1
.1
.2
.5
1.7
6.9
1.0
6.0
19.7
3.5
16.2
31.8
9.2
22.6
13.4
6.2
7.3
2.2
.6
464
325
363
303
360
529
88
441
1,373
202
1,171
741
319
422
177
79
98
97
106
.5
.3
.4
.3
.4
.5
.1
.4
1.4
.2
1.2
.7
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
11:30 A.M. to 12:29 P.M. ......................................
451
.5
192
.2
12:30 to 1:29 .....................................................
1:30 to 2:29 .......................................................
2:30 to 3:29 .......................................................
2:30 to 2:59 .....................................................
3:00 to 3:29 .....................................................
3:30 to 4:29 .......................................................
3:30 to 3:59 .....................................................
4:00 to 4:29 .....................................................
4:30 to 5:29 .......................................................
4:30 to 4:59 .....................................................
5:00 to 5:29 .....................................................
5:30 to 6:29 .......................................................
5:30 to 5:59 .....................................................
6:00 to 6:29 .....................................................
6:30 to 7:29 .......................................................
7:30 to 8:29 .......................................................
8:30 to 9:29 .......................................................
9:30 to 10:29 .....................................................
10:30 to 11:29 ...................................................
346
921
1,869
358
1,511
1,195
306
889
543
158
386
503
95
408
627
488
262
513
979
.3
.9
1.9
.4
1.5
1.2
.3
.9
.5
.2
.4
.5
.1
.4
.6
.5
.3
.5
1.0
492
1,796
7,550
2,267
5,282
16,455
6,573
9,882
27,848
7,914
19,934
11,644
5,131
6,513
4,511
1,811
954
1,125
1,856
.5
1.8
7.6
2.3
5.3
16.5
6.6
9.9
27.9
7.9
20.0
11.7
5.1
6.5
4.5
1.8
1.0
1.1
1.9
11:30 P.M. to 12:29 A.M. ......................................
330
.3
1,170
1.2
Time varies ...........................................................
12,131
12.2
15,947
16.0
Actual time not available .......................................
1,504
1.5
1,589
1.6
Total, 16 years and over .......................................
A.M.
P.M.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time
wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses
were incorporated.
| File Type | application/pdf |
| File Title | Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules in May 2004 |
| File Modified | 2024-02-28 |
| File Created | 2005-06-30 |