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pdf2015 Pesticide Usage on Corn
and Hay Grown in Minnesota
03/05/2019
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request by calling 651-201-6000. TTY users can call the Minnesota Relay Service at 711. The MDA is an equal opportunity employer
and provider.
For information regarding this report contact:
Denton Bruening
Minnesota Department of Agriculture
Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division
651-201-6399
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................................................2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................3
2015 Pesticide Use Summary and Highlights .....................................................................................................3
Survey Design and Implementation ...................................................................................................................4
Data Collection Process ................................................................................................................................... 11
Data Reporting and Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 12
Statewide Pesticide Applications – Corn ............................................................................................................. 13
Corn Herbicide County-level Estimated Use Map ........................................................................................... 19
Pesticide Applications on Corn by Pesticide Management Areas ................................................................... 22
Statewide Pesticide Applications – Hay ............................................................................................................... 32
Pesticide Applications on Hay by Pesticide Management Areas..................................................................... 33
Appendix 1. MASS Data Sheet ............................................................................................................................ 38
Appendix 2. Additional Project Background Information .................................................................................... 40
2
Introduction
Acknowledgements
This survey was a cooperative effort between the Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) and the United
States Department of Agriculture: National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Minnesota field office. The
detailed pesticide use information could not have been collected without the cooperation of thousands of
farmers who voluntarily responded to the survey in the midst of their normally busy lives, and for this we are
extremely grateful. Similarly, the assistance of agricultural chemical dealers and co-operatives is much
appreciated. Special thanks goes to Dan Lofthus, State Statistician within the USDA at the Minnesota field office
and his respective staff, for assistance with sample design and data collection. The MDA is ultimately responsible
for the representations of data provided in this report, and for the design of the survey mechanism used to
collect that data.
2015 Pesticide Use Summary and Highlights
This report summarizes herbicide, insecticide and fungicide use information reported by approximately 2,800
farmers for the 2015 crop year. Excellent participation and good record keeping by Minnesota farmers and
agricultural chemical dealerships played a vital part in providing complete and detailed pesticide information.
This survey targeted two crops in Minnesota: corn and hay. Collectively these two crops accounted for
approximately 47% of Minnesota’s cropland in 2015. This survey collected pesticide information from 700,000
acres of hay and corn cropland across the state in all counties except for Lake of the Woods, Lake, Cook, and
Ramsey Counties. The survey covered nearly 7% of the state’s corn acres and 11% of the hay acres1i.
The report represents the seventh survey conducted on pesticide use in Minnesota by the MDA. The previous
surveys collected information for the 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013 crop years and included corn,
soybeans, wheat, and hay. The MDA does not collect pesticide use data in the same year for the same crops as
USDA NASS. Because USDA NASS collected data for soybeans and wheat for the 2015 crop year, the MDA did
not survey farmers with those specific crops. The MDA surveys can be found at:
http://www.mda.state.mn.us/chemicals/pesticides/pesticideuse.aspx
The USDA NASS surveys can be found at:
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Minnesota/Publications/Other_Press_Releases/index.php
Corn Highlights: Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides were applied to 99%, 11%, and 8%, respectively, of the
surveyed corn acres. For the 1,800 farms that reported corn information on approximately 544,000 acres, the
top four herbicide products (based on percent acres covered) were glyphosate ii (84%), acetochlor (43%),
flumetsulam (32%) and clopyralid (32%). Bifenthrin (6%), tefluthrin (3%), lambda-cyhalothrin (3%), and
chlorpyroifos (1%) were the major corn insecticides used in the survey. The major fungicide products were
pyraclostrobin and propiconazole, which were applied on 4% and 3% of all corn acres, respectively.
3
Hay Highlights: Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides were applied to 2%, 5%, and <1%, respectively, on
156,000 acres of hay. Approximately 1,700 farms provided information on this crop. The three major pesticides
applied were the herbicide glyphosate, on 1% of all hay acres, and the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and
chlorpyrifos, which were applied on 3% and 1% of all hay acres, respectively.
Survey Design and Implementation
Figure 1 outlines the ten Pesticide Management Regions (PMRs) as defined by the MDA. Counties are clustered
based on similarities in geology, soils and crops. The regions also define the boundaries of the monitoring areas
used by the MDA water resource monitoring program. Pesticide management region pesticide use information
is used to help design and implement specific water quality monitoring and pesticide educational programs.
Due to the low intensity of row crop agriculture in portions of northern Minnesota and the Minneapolis/St. Paul
Metro Area, Lake of the Woods (PMR 2), Lake (PMR 3), Cook (PMR 3), and Ramsey (PMR 10) counties were not
included in the survey. Not all the participating counties were included for corn acres and not all the
participating counties were included for hay acres, also due to the low intensity of the crops within the county.
4
Figure 1. MDA Pesticide Management Regions (PMRs)
NASS developed the survey sample of 7,600 farms. This was done by selecting approximately 90 farms from
each of 83 agricultural counties. All farmers from each county who grew one or both of the target crops (corn
and hay) were eligible to be selected. This number provided a large enough pool to reach the desired goal of
obtaining approximately 34 farms per county with complete records.
5
Approximately 2,800 interviews were completed. Respondents were required to have all pesticide applications
and rates for a specific crop to be considered for inclusion in the survey. For example, an individual grower may
have had good records for corn acres, but could not find the records for the insecticides applied to the hay crop.
In this scenario, the corn field would be used and the hay field would dropped from the data set. Table 1
summarizes the number of participating farms in each county along with the total acres of each crop. The
average number of participating farms per county was 34. Table 2 summarizes the crop acres surveyed for each
crop and corresponding acreage receiving herbicide, insecticide or fungicide.
In summarizing the county data (Table 1), some farmers were re-categorized into ‘Unknown Counties’. These
farmers grew corn, hay, or both, but there was not enough data to ensure anonymity for these participating
farmers in certain PMRs. Assigning these farmers to ‘Unknown Counties’ prevents the possibly of any one field
or farmer being singled out in the county summary. The data summarized for each PMR still includes those
farmers surveyed and assigned in the ‘Combined Counties’ classification within those regions.
Table 1. Farms and crop acreage by county and PMR
County
PMA
# of Sureveyed
Farmers
Corn Acres
Hay Acres
Total Acres
Clay
1
35
7,608
1,681
9,289
Grant
1
25
14,455
0
14,455
Kittson
1
33
3,662
5,343
9,005
Mahnomen
1
27
6,780
1,001
7,781
Marshall
1
28
3,773
3,638
7,411
Norman
1
30
11,065
965
12,030
Pennington
1
23
*
3,056
*
Polk
1
14
*
1,338
*
Red Lake
1
40
3,076
3,123
6,199
Roseau
1
30
488
3,497
3,985
Traverse
1
28
28,641
0
28,641
Wilkin
1
33
18,359
894
19,253
Combined
Counties
1
14
5,154
687
5,955
Totals
1
360
103,175
25,223
128,398
Beltrami
2
45
340
6,167
6,507
Clearwater
2
35
302
5,890
6,192
Itasca
2
47
*
7,009
*
6
County
PMA
# of Sureveyed
Farmers
Corn Acres
Hay Acres
Total Acres
Koochiching
2
45
*
7,542
*
Combined
Counties
2
12
923
0
923
Totals
2
184
2,360
26,608
28,968
Carlton
3
36
*
6,030
*
St. Louis
3
43
*
9,487
*
Combined
Counties
3
*
*
0
*
Totals
3
80
451
15,517
15,968
Becker
4
44
9,186
3,239
12,425
Benton
4
44
3,678
907
4,585
Cass
4
38
523
7,274
7,797
Crow Wing
4
37
2,050
3,749
5,799
Douglas
4
30
2,975
898
3,873
Hubbard
4
29
4,063
3,968
8,031
Kandiyohi
4
32
4,613
624
5,237
Morrison
4
43
3,465
2,906
6,371
Otter Tail
4
36
3,730
2,211
5,941
Pope
4
34
5,580
1,019
6,599
Sherburne
4
43
3,845
864
4,709
Stearns
4
36
3,559
1,497
5,056
Todd
4
29
2,656
1,546
4,202
Wadena
4
37
2,173
3,373
5,546
Combined
Counties
4
9
1,831
0
1,831
Totals
4
521
53,927
34,075
88,002
Aitkin
5
45
310
7,496
7,806
Chisago
5
44
1,836
1,033
2,869
Isanti
5
32
3,306
949
4,255
7
County
PMA
# of Sureveyed
Farmers
Corn Acres
Hay Acres
Total Acres
Kanabec
5
31
1,388
2,897
4,285
Mille Lacs
5
36
2,472
2,226
4,698
Pine
5
38
1,413
3,583
4,996
Totals
5
226
10,725
18,184
28,909
Big Stone
6
19
7,703
*
*
Chippewa
6
29
17,774
470
18,244
Lac qui Parle
6
25
5,459
469
5,928
Stevens
6
30
17,946
2,397
20,343
Swift
6
27
16,885
*
*
Yellow
6
24
10,268
320
10,588
Combined
Counties
6
10
0
562
562
Totals
6
164
76,035
4,616
80,651
Lincoln
7
29
6,454
773
7,227
Lyon
7
26
9,139
321
9,460
Murray
7
27
9,561
316
9,877
Nobles
7
29
10,816
409
11,225
Pipestone
7
28
7851
787
8,638
Rock
7
32
5,581
581
6,162
Totals
7
171
49,402
3,187
52,589
Blue Earth
8
26
11,342
0
11,342
Brown
8
30
5,970
257
6,227
Cottonwood
8
27
11,216
0
11,216
Faribault
8
28
10,924
0
10,924
Freeborn
8
26
8,204
159
8,363
Jackson
8
31
10,856
471
11,327
Le Sueur
8
36
7,600
392
7,992
Martin
8
20
7,303
0
7,303
8
County
PMA
# of Sureveyed
Farmers
Corn Acres
Hay Acres
Total Acres
McLeod
8
41
7,542
504
8,046
Meeker
8
26
6,227
1,066
7,293
Nicollet
8
36
11,125
966
12,091
Redwood
8
26
8,802
0
8,802
Renville
8
30
14,991
0
14,991
Rice
8
33
7,363
753
8,116
Sibley
8
35
9,350
332
9,682
Steele
8
32
6,883
360
7,243
Waseca
8
30
7,441
249
7,690
Watonwan
8
32
17,944
0
17,944
Wright
8
33
4,370
1,179
5,549
Combined
Counties
8
16
0
2,828
2,828
Totals
8
594
175,453
9,516
184,969
Dodge
9
32
6,574
959
7,533
Fillmore
9
37
4,670
1,657
6,327
Goodhue
9
39
12,544
922
13,466
Houston
9
32
3,908
2,777
6,685
Mower
9
30
9,379
453
9,832
Olmsted
9
37
5,419
964
6,383
Wabasha
9
31
4,264
2,018
6,282
Winona
9
41
3,363
2,767
6,130
Totals
9
279
50,121
12,517
62,638
Anoka
10
45
3,830
2,061
5,891
Carver
10
40
3,464
1,605
5,069
Dakota
10
35
7,739
564
8,303
Hennepin
10
31
1,779
764
2,543
Scott
10
36
2,606
630
3,236
9
County
PMA
# of Sureveyed
Farmers
Corn Acres
Hay Acres
Total Acres
Washington
10
36
3,393
1,365
4,758
Totals
10
223
22,811
6,989
29,800
156,432
700,892
State
State
2,802
544,460
An “*” denotes data is not publishable due to use by less than 5 respondents.
Table 2. Summary of acres and corresponding percentage of each major crop receiving pesticide applications
for the 2015 crop year.
Crop
Number of
Total
Herbicide
Respondents Surveyed
Acres
Applied
Insecticide
Applied
Fungicide
Applied
Acres
(%)
Acres
(%)
Acres
(%)
Corn
1,796
544,460
537,084
(99%)
60,615
(11%)
40,847
(8%)
Hay
1,734
156,432
3,784
(2%)
7,892
(5%)
585
(<1%)
Totals
2,802 iii
700,892
540,868
(77%)
68,507
(10%)
41,432
(6%)
10
Data Collection Process
Farmers were interviewed over the phone in February 2016. These were “cold calls,” meaning the farmers did
not get any type of notification about the survey prior to the contact. The interviews typically would last 5 to 10
minutes.
1. Farmers were first asked to identify the number of acres of corn and hay grown in the 2015 cropping
season.
2. They were then asked to identify how many acres of each crop type received fungicide, herbicide and/or
insecticide.
3. Lastly, they were asked to identify each specific pesticide product used, the acres treated, the number of
applications of that specific product, and the application rate.
Calls were also made directly to local cooperatives (co-ops), private pesticide dealers, or custom pesticide
applicators to complete any missing information not provided by the respondent. Surveys requiring such a
follow-up call were first sorted by co-op/dealer name. Then, the co-ops/dealers were called to obtain
information for all the incomplete farms associated with that crop. This streamlined the number of calls made to
the co-ops/dealers.
Some of the challenges of collecting pesticide use data are:
Unlike fertilizer formulations, which remain constant, new pesticide products and formulations are released
every year;
•
Currently, there are approximately 700 different pesticide products available for use in Minnesota for
corn and hay;
•
There are multiple product names that use the same active ingredients but frequently have different
label rates and use restrictions. For example, Monsanto marketed glyphosate for many years under
numerous trade names. Currently popular Monsanto glyphosate products are Roundup Power Max and
Roundup Weather Max. There are also several popular glyphosate products manufactured by companies
other than Monsanto such as Cornerstone, Buccaneer, and Durango. It is critical that the exact product
be correctly identified in any type of use survey;
•
Occasionally generic pesticide products are legally sold once a patent expires. For example, Glyphosate 4
plus, Glypro Plus, Gly Star5 Extra and Glyphos X-tra are various glyphosate based products. Minor
complications may arise from these similar formulations; and
•
Pesticides can come in liquid or solid formulas. Rates must be recorded in the correct unit during the
survey process. For example, Harness, Harness Xtra and Harness Xtra 5.6L are sold as a liquid. The
maximum legal application rate of Harness is 2.75 pints/acre, while Harness Xtra and Harness Xtra 5.6L is
2.3 and 3.0 quarts/acre, respectively. Further confusing data collection, Harness 20G is a granular with a
maximum application rate of 14 pounds/acre.
11
Data Reporting and Limitations
Due to the simplified method used to collect what is typically considered complex data, it is helpful for the
reader to understand the limitations of the datasets.
Potential for bias
As previously mentioned, approximately 34 farms per county participated in the survey. Farmers that grew corn
or hay were randomly selected from county lists of producers accessed by NASS. Because respondents in each
county were not selected in proportion to the actual number of producers of a given crop, over- selection, or
under-selection of those producing one or more of the four crops might result in unintentional bias in the results
for specific crops and their related pesticide use. This bias could lead to problems in extrapolation of results,
e.g., an over or under-representation of product use and rates within a county area, or statewide.
Traditional surveys employ advanced sampling strategies and are designed to statistically represent a nonhomogenous population, thus data is “weighted” to account for sample size, county size, crop acreage, and
nonresponse, etc. Such strategies can be very expensive and are not without their own limitations. iv The data in
this study were not weighted to adjust for those factors.
Attempts to extrapolate data for purposes of estimating total pounds of a product or active ingredient used in a
county, area, or statewide must consider an appropriate statistical analysis of the dataset for the estimations to
be valid. Failure to do so may provide over- or under-representation of the data. The MDA can be contacted to
further discuss interpretation of the survey data.
Areas receiving multiple products
Due to the method that was used for pesticide data collection, it is not possible to report on the number of crop
acres receiving two or more products, though the individual applications and rates are captured. For example,
some producers in south central Minnesota (Area 8) use a pre-emergence, soil-applied herbicide for grass
control and follow up post-emergence for broadleaves. Following this general pesticide strategy, Surpass or
Harness may be selected for pre-emergence weed control and Roundup as the post-emergence product on corn
acres. Acetochlor products, such as Surpass or Harness, were reported in this area on 54% of the corn acres and
glyphosate (such as Roundup Weather Max or Power Max) was reported on 84% of acres. Because the acres are
not identical, it is not possible to capture acres with both products applied on a total number of acres.
Similarly, products containing the same active ingredient, but not the same brand name, and applied to the
same acres, would not be totaled and recorded as applications to the same field. For example, Aatrex 4L might
be applied to an 80 acre field, with Lumax EZ applied to a 60-acre subset of the same field. Both products
contain atrazine but because two different products were used, the additive total of the atrazine (active
ingredient) on the entire cropland may not be captured.
On individual fields, this survey indicates that the use of different brand name products containing the same
active ingredients is infrequent. The average number of applications for most products was 1.0 application per
year. Glyphosate is one of the exceptions for corn. In this survey, there were 1.1 applications of glyphosate per
year on corn (84%) of all surveyed corn acres at a rate of 0.97 pounds/acre for each application.
12
Statewide Pesticide Applications – Corn
Many pesticide active ingredients can be used in the production of corn. Corn producers responding to the
survey associated with this report may have used one or more of the active ingredients listed in Table 3;
however, data is only published for pesticides applied by five or more respondents. This is consistent with
standard reporting protocol used by NASS in other agricultural chemical use reports.
To obtain a list of products (brand names) registered in Minnesota and containing the active ingredients listed
below, visit http://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/state/state_menu.aspx?state=MN, enter the database, submit
“active ingredient” as the search option, enter the name of the active ingredient, click “submit,” Then click on
Display Companies to show companies with that specific active ingredient. This will display all companies that
have products with that active ingredient. Next click on “Display Products” to obtain a list of all registered
products containing the active ingredient for a specific company.
Table 3. Publication status for corn pesticide active ingredients
Active Ingredient
Published
Herbicide
Active Ingredient
Published
Insecticide
2,4-D
P
Bifenthrin
P
Acetochlor
P
Chlorethoxyfos
P
Atrazine
P
Chlorpyrifos
P
Bicyclopyrone
*
Cyfluthrin
P
Bromoxynil
P
Gamma-cyhalothrin
P
Carfentrazone
*
Lambda-cyhalothrin
P
Clopyralid
P
Permethrin
*
Cloransulam
P
Tebupirimphos v
P
Dicamba
P
Tefluthrin
P
Diflufenzopyr
P
Terbufos
*
Diglycolamine
*
Thiamethoxam
*
Dimethenamid-P
P
Flumetsulam
P
Fungicide
Flumioxazin
*
Azoxystrobin
P
Fluthiacet-methyl
P
Cyproconazole
*
Glufosinate-ammonium
P
Fluoxastrobin
P
Glyphosate
P
Flutriafol
*
13
Active Ingredient
Published
Herbicide
Active Ingredient
Published
Fungicide
Halosulfuron-methyl
*
Fluxapyroxad
P
Mesotrione
P
Metconazole
P
Metolachlor
*
Picoxystrobin
*
Metribuzin
*
Propiconazole
P
Nicosulfuron
P
Prothioconazole
*
Pendimethalin
P
Pyraclostrobin
P
Primisulfuron
P
Trifloxystrobin
P
Rimsulfuron
P
S-metolachlor
P
Saflufenacil
P
Sulfentrazone
*
Tembotrione
P
Thifensulfuron
*
Topramezone
P
Triencarbazone-methyl
P
An “*” denotes data is not publishable due to use by less than 5 respondents.
14
A statewide summary of corn pesticide applications is provided in Table 4. Seven percent (7%) of all Minnesota
corn acres were surveyed for the 2015 season. Herbicides were applied to 99% of all surveyed corn acres.
Insecticides were applied to 11% of all acres and 8% of surveyed acres received fungicides.
Table 4. Pesticide applications and rates by active ingredient (a.i.) for corn statewide. vi
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate
Per Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied Per
Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
2,4-D
<1
1.0
0.64
0.64
223
Acetochlor
43
1.0
1.10
1.12
263,568
Atrazine
10
1.0
0.56
0.56
29,436
Bromoxynil
<1
1.0
0.33
0.33
226
Clopyralid
32
1.0
0.07
0.08
13,035
Cloransulam
<1
1.0
0.02
0.02
9
Dicamba
10
1.0
0.17
0.17
9,299
Diflufenzopyr
7
1.0
0.05
0.05
2,113
Dimethenamid-p
8
1.0
0.52
0.53
24,273
Flumetsulam
32
1.0
0.03
0.03
5,191
Fluthiacet-methyl
<1
1.0
0.00
0.00
8
Glufosinateammonium
1
1.0
0.52
0.52
2,259
Glyphosate
84
1.1
0.97
1.14
522,565
Mesotrione
24
1.0
0.09
0.09
11,701
Nicosulfuron
<1
1.0
0.04
0.04
37
Pendimethalin
<1
1.0
1.20
1.20
304
Primisulfuron
1
1.0
0.02
0.02
76
Rimsulfuron
<1
1.0
0.02
0.02
37
S-metolachlor
15
1.1
0.97
1.07
85,740
Saflufenacil
8
1.0
0.06
0.06
2,431
Tembotrione
9
1.0
0.07
0.07
3,841
Number
Herbicide
15
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate
Per Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied Per
Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Topramezone
1
1.0
0.02
0.02
134
Triencarbazonemethyl
1
1.0
0.01
0.01
93
6
1.0
0.07
0.07
2,410
<1
1.0
0.03
0.03
76
1
1.0
0.34
0.34
1,106
Cyfluthrin
<1
1.0
0.01
0.01
14
Gammacyhalothrin
<1
1.0
0.00
0.00
3
Lambdacyhalothrin
3
1.0
0.02
0.02
353
<1
1.0
0.12
0.12
262
3
1.0
0.10
0.10
1,858
Azoxystrobin
2
1.0
0.08
0.08
921
Fluoxastrobin
1
1.0
0.10
0.10
436
Fluxapyroxad
1
1.1
0.06
0.06
200
Metconazole
2
1.1
0.03
0.03
339
Propiconazole
3
1.0
0.06
0.06
896
Pyraclostrobin
4
1.1
0.10
0.10
2,078
Trifloxystrobin
1
1.0
0.08
0.08
355
Number
Insecticide
Bifenthrin
Chlorethoxyfos
Chlorpyrifos
Tebupirimphos
Tefluthrin
Fungicide
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Bicyclopyrone, Carfentrazone, Diglycolamine,
Flumioxazin, Halosulfuron-methyl, Metolachlor, Metribuzin, Sulfentrazone, and Thifensulfuron.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Permethrin, Terbufos, and Thiamethoxam.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Cyproconazole, Flutriafol, Picoxystrobin, and
Prothioconazole.
16
Acetochlor, atrazine and S-metolachlor are three commonly used herbicides for which the Minnesota
Department of Agriculture has developed specific voluntary Best Management Practices to protect groundwater
and surface water resources. Because of the additional concerns regarding the use of these products, their use
frequencies are compared below. Figure 2 illustrates the range of rates reported for atrazine use on corn for
2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015.
Figure 2. Atrazine (active ingredient) rate per acre distribution across surveyed corn acres for the 2003, 2005,
2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 crop years.
Atrazine use by surveyed respondents has fallen from 30% in 2003 to 10% in 2015. The application rate has
fallen from 0.67 pounds a.i. per acre in 2003 to 0.56 pounds a.i. per acre in 2015.
17
Acetochlor use by surveyed respondents is detailed in Figure 3, which illustrates the range of acetochlor rates
reported for use in the 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 crop years.
Figure 3. Acetochlor (active ingredient) rate per acre distribution across surveyed corn acres for the 2003,
2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 crop years.
Acetochlor use by surveyed respondents has risen from 25% in 2003 to 43% in 2015. The application rate of
acetochlor dropped from 1.61 pounds a.i. per acre in 2003 to 1.12 pounds a.i. per acre in 2015.
18
S-metolachlor use by surveyed respondents is detailed in Figure 4, which illustrates the range of rates reported
for use of S-metolachlor in the 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 crop years.
Figure 4. S-metolachlor (active ingredient) rate distribution across surveyed corn acres for the 2003, 2005,
2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 crop years.
S-metolachlor use by surveyed respondents has risen slightly from 12% in 2003 to 15% in 2015. The application
rate fell significantly from 1.67 pounds a.i. per acre in 2003 to 1.07 pounds a.i. per acre in 2015.
Corn Herbicide County-level Estimated Use Map
Atrazine use in Minnesota varies across the state. Some reasons for the variation in use include different weed
species, soils, crop rotations and the pesticide packages that individual pesticide dealers promote in geographic
areas of the state. As the vast majority of this herbicide is used in corn production, corn acres within each
county will also have a direct influence on any county-based comparisons. Maps of the estimated land area in
each county receiving atrazine can be constructed using data from the 2015 MDA survey.
Figure 5 was constructed as follows: The percentage of surveyed crop acres receiving atrazine was multiplied by
the number of crop acres in each county (a summation of corn and hay acres) as reported by NASS. This value
was then divided by the county’s total land area (excluding lakes) expressed in acres and as reported by the U.S.
Census.
Tables of statewide and regional MDA survey results are reported strictly as percentages of survey respondents.
By multiplying the percentage of surveyed county crop acres receiving a specific pesticide by the number of
NASS acres for those crops assumes that all crop acres in a county receive herbicide applications at the same
rate as those acres included in the survey. Although this assumption results in an extrapolation whose accuracy
cannot be verified statistically, the exercise provides a helpful means of utilizing available data to compare the
19
ways in which counties use certain herbicides relative to the amount of land in the county farmed for corn and
hay. If a county is highlighted in blue, then no acres were reported by NASS for a particular crop, but MDA
survey results did report crops grown in that county. Therefore, these counties are excluded from the mapping
results.
Additionally, the map helps to correct a potential misinterpretation of statewide use data. Because the survey
draws nearly equally from each county (approximately 34 farms per county), when an active ingredient's use
data is presented as a statewide average of all counties, it is not adjusted for differing farm sizes or the amount
of county land in corn or hay production. Instead, statewide averages are simply a reporting of data collected
from all survey respondents. This averaging process can lead to inappropriate conclusions and may underrepresent or over represent an active ingredient's use in smaller geographical areas. Similarly, the county-level
data tables are only a report of data from survey respondents, and provide no means of identifying a county's
relative use of an active ingredient. The extrapolation conducted to create the county-level estimated use map is
an attempt to adjust the survey's raw data using the assumption that the approximately 34 producers surveyed
in a county are representative of county-level farm sizes and practices associated with corn and hay production.
This produces a potentially more realistic, regional estimate of active ingredient use based on factors that
statewide averaging or simple county-level survey results can't approximate.
20
Figure 5. Estimated percent of land acres applied with atrazine on a county basis for the 2015 crop year.
21
Pesticide Applications on Corn by Pesticide Management Areas
Table 5 details the number of 2015 respondents with usable reports in each Pesticide Management Region
(PMR), the number of corn acres reported in each area, and the number of corn acres receiving herbicides,
insecticides and fungicides. Tables 6 – 14 provide corn pesticide applications and rates for individual PMRs. Corn
acres were limited in PMRs 2 and 3; therefore, they are listed as ‘Combined PMRs’ this report. All responses in
the following tables were published data five or more responses were collected from producers.
Table 5. Summary (by PMR) of surveyed corn acreage to which pesticides were applied.
PMR
Number of
Respondents
Herbicide
Acres
Corn Acres
Insecticide Acres
Fungicide Acres
1
216
103,175
101,868
9,590
4,145
4
298
53,927
52,914
1,296
752
5
105
10,725
10,458
*
*
6
147
76,035
75,786
2,635
2,555
7
146
49,402
48,685
5,625
*
8
511
175,453
173,551
28,914
22,609
9
208
50,121
48,908
10,503
9,056
10
131
22,811
22,381
2,008
200
34
2,811
2,533
*
*
537,084
60,615
40,847
Combined PMRs
Totals
1,796
544,460
* Data is not publishable due to use by less than 5 respondents.
Table 6. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – PMR 1
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate
Per Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied Per
Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
33
1.0
1.32
1.34
46,072
8
1.0
0.61
0.62
5,261
Clopyralid
19
1.0
0.07
0.08
1,444
Dicamba
9
1.0
0.15
0.15
1,353
Diflufenzopyr
7
1.0
0.05
0.05
383
Herbicides
Acetochlor
Atrazine
22
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate
Per Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied Per
Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
3
1.0
0.51
0.51
1,849
Flumetsulam
18
1.0
0.03
0.03
565
Glyphosate
84
1.3
0.97
1.28
111,455
Mesotrione
10
1.0
0.10
0.10
1,009
S-metolachlor
5
1.0
1.13
1.13
5,458
Saflufenacil
3
1.0
0.06
0.06
211
13
1.0
0.08
0.08
1,008
3
1.0
0.01
0.01
36
9
1.0
0.03
0.03
245
Propiconazole
1
1.0
0.03
0.03
33
Pyraclostrobin
3
1.0
0.12
0.13
355
Trifloxystrobin
1
1.0
0.08
0.08
94
Dimethenamid-p
Tembotrione
Triencarbazonemethyl
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Insecticide
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Fungicide
Triencarbazone3
1.0
0.01
0.01
36
methyl
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Fluthiacet-methyl, Glufosinate-ammonium, and
Topramezone.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Bifenthrin and Tefluthrin.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Azoxystrobin, Fluxapyroxad, Metconazole, and
Prothioconazole.
23
Table 7. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – PMR 4
Agricultural
Chemical
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
34
1.0
0.95
0.96
17,580
4
1.0
0.59
0.59
1,253
Clopyralid
32
1.1
0.07
0.08
1,306
Dicamba
19
1.0
0.19
0.19
1,888
Diflufenzopyr
15
1.0
0.08
0.08
612
3
1.0
0.56
0.56
917
Flumetsulam
32
1.1
0.03
0.03
523
Glyphosate
83
1.2
0.97
1.15
51,706
Mesotrione
8
1.0
0.10
0.10
454
Nicosulfuron
1
1.0
0.03
0.03
10
S-metolachlor
6
1.0
1.03
1.03
3,520
Saflufenacil
3
1.0
0.06
0.06
105
Tembotrione
9
1.0
0.08
0.08
366
(a.i.)
Herbicides
Acetochlor
Atrazine
Dimethenamid-p
Triencarbazone1
1.0
0.01
0.01
8
methyl
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: 2,4-D, Bromoxynil, Fluthiacet-methyl,
Glufosinate-ammonium, Halosulfuron-methyl, Pendimethalin, Rimsulfuron, Thifensulfuron, and Topramezone.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Bifenthrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, and Tefluthrin.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Azoxystrobin, Fluoxastrobin, Flutriafol,
Fluxapyroxad, Propiconazole, Pyraclostrobin, and Trifloxystrobin.
24
Table 8. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – PMR 5
Agricultural
Chemical
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Acetochlor
16
1.0
1.05
1.05
1,754
Atrazine
14
1.0
0.77
0.77
1,194
Glyphosate
77
1.0
0.91
0.95
7,859
Mesotrione
19
1.0
0.09
0.09
174
S-metolachlor
14
1.0
0.83
0.83
1,223
Tembotrione
9
1.0
0.06
0.06
58
(a.i.)
Herbicides
Triencarbazone7
1.0
0.01
0.01
8
methyl
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Bromoxynil, Clopyralid, Dicamba, Diflufenzopyr,
Flumetsulam, Glufosinate-Ammonium, Nicosulfuron, Pendimethalin, Rimsulfuron, and Topramezone.
Table 9. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – PMR 6
Agricultural
Chemical
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Acetochlor
58
1.0
1.08
1.09
47,824
Clopyralid
46
1.0
0.07
0.07
2,519
Dicamba
11
1.0
0.20
0.20
1,703
Diflufenzopyr
6
1.0
0.05
0.05
242
Dimethenamid-p
9
1.0
0.51
0.51
3,650
Flumetsulam
46
1.0
0.03
0.03
1,019
Glyphosate
92
1.2
0.98
1.14
79,429
(a.i.)
Herbicides
25
Agricultural
Chemical
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
22
1.0
0.09
0.09
1,465
S-metolachlor
6
1.0
0.89
0.90
4,362
Saflufenacil
9
1.0
0.06
0.06
416
Tembotrione
7
1.0
0.07
0.07
376
(a.i.)
Mesotrione
Insecticides
Bifenthrin
3
1.0
0.08
0.08
25
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: 2,4-D, Atrazine, Bromoxynil, and Triencarbazonemethyl.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Chlorethoxyfos, Chlorpyrifos, Gammacyhalothrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, and Tefluthrin.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Fluoxastrobin, Metconazole, Propiconazole,
Pyraclostrobin, and Trifloxystrobin.
Table 10. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – PMR 7
Agricultural
Chemical
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Acetochlor
54
1.0
1.04
1.04
28,084
Atrazine
12
1.0
0.48
0.48
2,904
Clopyralid
39
1.0
0.07
0.07
1,392
Dicamba
7
1.0
0.20
0.20
709
Diflufenzopyr
4
1.0
0.07
0.07
122
Dimethenamid-p
6
1.2
0.59
0.69
1,958
Flumetsulam
39
1.0
0.03
0.03
561
Glyphosate
86
1.2
0.99
1.18
50,188
(a.i.)
Herbicides
26
Agricultural
Chemical
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Mesotrione
36
1.0
0.09
0.09
1,671
S-metolachlor
16
1.1
0.92
1.04
8,263
Saflufenacil
5
1.0
0.06
0.06
164
Tembotrione
6
1.0
0.09
0.09
244
Bifenthrin
1
1.0
0.07
0.07
44
Chlorpyrifos
2
1.0
0.24
0.24
239
(a.i.)
Insecticides
Tefluthrin
7
1.0
0.12
0.12
404
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Bromoxynil, Glufosinate-ammonium,
Metolachlor, Rimsulfuron, and Triencarbazone-methyl.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Cyfluthrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, and
Tebupirimphos.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Azoxystrobin, Metconazole, Propiconazole, and
Pyraclostrobin.
Table 11. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – PMR 8
Agricultural
Chemical
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Acetochlor
54
1.0
1.07
1.10
103,791
Atrazine
12
1.0
0.52
0.53
10,951
Clopyralid
39
1.0
0.07
0.08
5,214
Dicamba
7
1.0
0.14
0.14
1,867
Diflufenzopyr
4
1.0
0.04
0.04
326
Dimethenamid-p
9
1.0
0.53
0.53
8,155
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Herbicides
27
Agricultural
Chemical
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Flumetsulam
39
1.0
0.03
0.03
2,069
Glufosinateammonium
1
1.0
0.51
0.51
1,207
Glyphosate
81
1.1
0.97
1.08
153,870
Mesotrione
35
1.0
0.09
0.09
5,561
S-Metolachlor
24
1.1
0.97
1.12
47,682
8
1.0
0.06
0.06
819
Tembotrione
12
1.0
0.07
0.07
1,546
Topramezone
2
1.0
0.02
0.02
61
Triencarbazonemethyl
1
1.0
0.01
0.01
34
11
1.0
0.07
0.07
1,338
Chlorpyrifos
1
1.0
0.36
0.36
423
Cyfluthrin
1
1.0
0.01
0.01
10
Lambdacyhalothrin
1
1.0
0.02
0.02
34
Tebupirimphos
1
1.0
0.12
0.12
191
Tefluthrin
2
1.0
0.09
0.09
359
Azoxystrobin
6
1.0
0.08
0.08
821
Propiconazole
6
1.0
0.07
0.07
776
Pyraclostrobin
4
1.0
0.11
0.11
818
(a.i.)
Saflufenacil
Insecticides
Bifenthrin
Fungicides
Trifloxystrobin
1
1.0
0.09
0.09
158
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
28
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: 2,4-D, Bromoxynil, Cloransulam, Flumioxazin,
Fluthiacet-Methyl, Pendimethalin, Primisulfuron, Rimsulfuron, and Sulfentrazone.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Chlorethoxyfos, Gamma-cyhalothrin,
Permethrin, and Thiamethoxam.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Cyproconazole, Fluoxastrobin, Fluxapyroxad,
Metconazole, and Picoxystrobin.
Table 12. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – PMR 9
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate
Per Crop Year
Pounds per
Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Acetochlor
24
1.1
1.12
1.20
14,629
Atrazine
14
1.0
0.67
0.67
4,799
Clopyralid
19
1.0
0.08
0.08
773
Dicamba
15
1.0
0.14
0.14
1,109
Diflufenzopyr
14
1.0
0.05
0.05
324
Dimethenamid-p
26
1.0
0.50
0.52
6,703
Flumetsulam
19
1.0
0.03
0.03
305
Glyphosate
86
1.1
0.97
1.06
45,333
Mesotrione
19
1.0
0.09
0.09
812
S-metolachlor
16
1.1
0.96
1.10
9,002
Saflufenacil
23
1.0
0.06
0.06
659
5
1.0
0.08
0.08
186
Bifenthrin
9
1.0
0.06
0.06
244
Chlorpyrifos
1
1.0
0.38
0.38
272
Tefluthrin
7
1.0
0.12
0.12
416
Metconazole
14
1.0
0.03
0.03
216
Pyraclostrobin
16
1.0
0.08
0.08
656
Herbicides
Tembotrione
Insecticides
Fungicides
29
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: 2,4-D, Bicyclopyrone, Cloransulam,
Diglycolamine, Glufosinate-ammonium, Metribuzin, Nicosulfuron, Primisulfuron, Rimsulfuron, Sulfentrazone,
and Topramezone.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Chlorethoxyfos, Cyfluthrin, Gamma-cyhalothrin,
Lambda-cyhalothrin, Tebupirimphos, and Terbufos.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Fluoxastrobin, Fluxapyroxad, Propiconazole, and
Trifloxystrobin.
Table 13. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – PMR 10
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate
Per Crop Year
Pounds per
Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Acetochlor
18
1.0
0.94
0.94
3,835
Atrazine
20
1.0
0.59
0.59
2,694
Clopyralid
16
1.0
0.08
0.08
281
Dicamba
13
1.0
0.16
0.16
483
Diflufenzopyr
3
1.0
0.05
0.05
30
Dimethenamid-p
8
1.0
0.57
0.57
1,040
Flumetsulam
16
1.0
0.03
0.03
105
Glyphosate
83
1.1
0.94
1.09
20,600
Mesotrione
28
1.0
0.09
0.09
554
S-metolachlor
27
1.0
0.91
0.92
5,663
Saflufenacil
4
1.0
0.06
0.06
58
Tembotrione
3
1.0
0.08
0.08
58
Herbicides
Insecticides
Tefluthrin
1
1.0
0.12
0.12
39
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
30
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Carfentrazone, Diglycolamine, Fluthiacet-methyl,
Glufosinate-ammonium, Pendimethalin, Primisulfuron, Rimsulfuron, Topramezone, and Triencarbazone-methyl.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Bifenthrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Lambdacyhalothrin.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Azoxystrobin, Propiconazole, Pyraclostrobin, and
Trifloxystrobin.
Table 14. Pesticide applications and rates for corn – Combined PMRs
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate
Per Crop Year
Pounds per
Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Herbicides
Glyphosate
73
1.1
0.98
1.03
2,125
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Atrazine, Nicosulfuron, and S-Metochlor.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Cyfluthrin and Tebupirimphos.
31
Statewide Pesticide Applications – Hay
Many pesticide active ingredients can be used in the production of hay. Hay producers responding to the survey
associated with this report may have used one or more of the active ingredients listed in Table 15; however,
data is only published for pesticides applied by 5 or more respondents. This is consistent with standard reporting
protocol used by NASS in other agricultural chemical use reports.
To obtain a list of products (brand names) registered in Minnesota and containing the active ingredients listed
below, visit:
http://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/state/state_menu.aspx?state=MN
enter the database, submit “active ingredient” as the search option, enter the name of the active ingredient,
click “submit,” check the appropriate boxes, and “submit” to obtain a list of all registered products containing
the active ingredient.
Table 15. Publication status for hay pesticide active ingredients
Active Ingredient
Published
Herbicide
Active Ingredient
Published
Insecticides
2,4-D
P
Cyfluthrin
*
Clethodim
*
Gamma-cyhalothrin
*
Glyphosate
P
Lambda-cyhalothrin
P
Imazamox
*
Permethrin
*
Trifluralin
*
Zeta-cypermethrin
*
Insecticides
Fungicides
Alpha-cypermethrin
*
Azoxystrobin
*
Bifenthrin
*
Propiconazole
*
Chlorpyrifos
P
Pyraclostrobin
P
Fungicides
Trifloxystrobin
*
An “*” denotes data is not publishable due to use by less than 5 respondents.
A statewide summary of hay pesticide applications is provided in Table 15. Eleven percent (11%) of all
Minnesota hay acres were surveyed for the 2015 season. Herbicides were applied to 2% of all surveyed hay
acres. Insecticides were applied to 5% of all acres and <1% surveyed acres were recorded as being applied with
fungicides.
32
Table 16. Pesticide applications and rates by active ingredient (a.i.) for hay statewide.
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
<1
1.0
0.20
0.20
153
1
1.0
1.06
1.09
2,070
Chlorpyrifos
1
1.0
0.27
0.27
610
Lambdacyhalothrin
3
1.4
0.02
0.03
144
Herbicides
2,4-D
Glyphosate
Insecticides
Fungicides
Pyraclostrobin
<1
1.0
0.10
0.11
53
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Clethodim, Imazamox, and Trifluralin.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Alpha-cypermethrin, Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin,
Gamma-cyhalothrin, Permethrin, and Zeta-cypermethrin.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Azoxystrobin, Propiconazole, and Trifloxystrobin.
Pesticide Applications on Hay by Pesticide Management Areas
Table 17 details the number of 2015 respondents with usable reports in each Pesticide Management Region
(PMR), the number of hay acres in each area, and the number of hay acres receiving herbicides, insecticides and
fungicides. Tables 18 – 27 provide corn pesticide applications and rates by individual PMRs. All responses in the
following tables were published data if five or more responses were collected from producers.
33
Table 17. Summary (by PMR) of surveyed hay acreage to which pesticides were applied.
PMR
Number of
Respondents
Corn Acres
Herbicide
Acres
Insecticide Acres
Fungicide Acres
1
208
25,223
397
528
*
2
172
26,608
*
*
*
3
79
15,517
*
*
*
4
385
34,075
380
1,116
*
5
185
18,184
*
*
*
6
46
4,616
*
2,610
*
7
85
3,187
*
374
*
8
239
9,516
728
1,175
*
9
181
12,517
267
1,276
335
10
154
6,989
*
713
*
7,882
585
Totals
1,734
156,432
3,784
An “*” denotes data is not publishable due to use by less than 5 respondents.
Table 18. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 1
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate
Per Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Herbicides
Glyphosate
2
1.1
0.98
1.06
401
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Pyraclostrobin.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Chlorpyrifos, Lambda-cyhalothrin, and Zetacypermethrin.
34
Table 19. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 2
No data is publishable for hay in Area 2.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Pyraclostrobin.
Table 20. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 3
No data is publishable for hay in Area 3.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: 2,4-D and Glyphosate.
Table 21. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 4
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
1.1
0.98
1.06
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Herbicides
Glyphosate
2
401
Insecticide
Lambda2
1.1
0.02
0.02
18
cyhalothrin
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Clethodim.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Bifenthrin, Chlorpyrifos, and GammaCyhalothrin.
Table 22. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 5
No data is publishable for hay in Area 5.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Glyphosate.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Permethrin.
Table 23. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 6
No data is publishable for hay in Area 6.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Imazamox.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Chlorpyrifos, Gambda-cyhalothrin, and
Lambda-cyhalothrin.
35
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Pyraclostrobin.
Table 24. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 7
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate
Per Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Insecticide
Chlorpyrifos
9
1.2
0.49
0.58
160
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: 2,4-D, Glyphosate, and Trifluralin.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Lambda-cyhalothrin.
Table 25. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 8
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
1.0
0.47
0.47
307
Insecticide
Chlorpyrifos
7
Lambda3
1.2
0.02
0.03
7
cyhalothrin
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: 2,4-D, Clethodim, and Imazethapyr.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Cyfluthrin and Permethrin.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Azoxystrobin.
Table 26. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 9
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Herbicide
36
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Glyphosate
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
1
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
1.0
0.77
0.77
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
129
Insecticide
Lambda4
1.1
0.02
0.02
12
cyhalothrin
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: Clethodim.
Insecticides applied but not published included the following: Alpha-cypermethrin, Bifenthrin, and
Chlorpyrifos.
Fungicides applied but not published included the following: Propiconazole, Pyraclostrobin and Trifloxystrobin.
Table 27. Pesticide applications and rates for hay – PMR 10
Agricultural
Chemical
(a.i.)
Surveyed
Area
Applied
Percent
Average
Applications
Number
Average Rate Per
Appliciation
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Average Rate Per
Crop Year
Pounds per Acre
(a.i.)
Total Applied
Per Crop Year
Total Pounds
(a.i.)
Insecticide
Lambda8
1.3
0.02
0.03
16
cyhalothrin
Data in this column is calculated from “raw” data and represents the total pounds of active ingredient applied to the
indicated crop(s) in 2015 by survey participants in this area. Data in this table and the selection of survey participants was
not statistically "weighted" in any fashion. Thus, inappropriate extrapolation of the data may over- or under-estimate the
total pounds of a.i. used at the state, area or sub-area levels.
Herbicides applied but not published included the following: 2, 4-D and Glyphosate.
37
Appendix 1. MASS Data Sheet
38
39
Appendix 2. Additional Project Background Information
The Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) is required by state law to monitor pesticide use. In pursuit of
fulfilling that responsibility, the MDA began exploring the possibility of using the existing framework of the USDA
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) to enhance and broaden pesticide use monitoring efforts. NASS
has a long history of providing statewide crop and production statistics. Over the last decade NASS has also
become an important information source for pesticide and fertilizer use. Several joint pilot projects evolved with
the financial assistance from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and were conducted from 2001-2003.
These pilots were essential to the final methodology used in this report.
The first pilot was conducted in 2001 by expanding the existing Agricultural Resource Management Study
(ARMS) developed by NASS. The normal number of participating farms in an ARMS survey is about 150. The pilot
increased the number of personal interviews to approximately 600 and most of the enhancements were focused
on the southern third of the state. The pilot provided reliable, regionally-enhanced data on pesticide product
choices and application rates. Additionally, useful information on primary sources of pesticide management
information, scouting, timing, and other pesticide management related information was obtained.
In neighboring North Dakota, the USDA North Dakota Field Office and North Dakota State University Extension
had already established a strong tradition in collecting statewide pesticide use by using NASS telephone
enumerators. “Pesticide Use and Pest Management Practices for Major Crops in North Dakota” is published on a
four-year cycle. With the goal of expanding to a statewide scale while reducing costs, a second pilot was
developed. MDA and NASS used many techniques from the North Dakota program but decided to expand the
level of detail by including pesticide application rates. Historically, most mail out or telephone style surveys have
been unsuccessful at quantifying pesticide rates. Due to the numerous formulations, different application rates
and units of measure (i.e., active ingredient (a.i.) can be expressed in pounds, ounces, pints or quarts),
complications can quickly develop. Another major complicating factor may result from the farmer using the
services of a commercial pesticide applicator. If the farmer did not apply the product, the likelihood that the
farmer would be familiar with the product and rate decreases significantly.
In recognition of some of the obstacles in collecting pesticide rate information, two methods for collecting
pesticide rates were tested in the second pilot. “Method One” was conducted in Douglas County with 150
randomly selected farm operators. Operators were interviewed over the phone by the NASS enumerators. If the
operator did not know the pesticides and/or rates, no additional follow-up work was conducted and the data
was limited to any information that was provided. In neighboring Grant County, another 150 farm operators
were contacted. In this county using “Method Two”, if the farm records were incomplete, follow-up calls were
made the pesticide dealer to complete the survey with the operator’s permission. The number of surveys with
complete data sets was significantly increased with the additional assistance from the dealerships. Eighty-three
(83) percent of the surveys were complete in Grant County compared to forty-six (46%) in Douglas County.
Equally impressive was the overall support by the local dealerships.
i
ii
Statewide crop totals are from the USDA NASS survey data for 2015.
Including all forms of glyphosate.
40
iii
The total sum of respondents across all crops was 3,530. However, since some farmers surveyed grew both corn and hay,
the actual number of participating farms was 2,802.
iv
For an example survey methods and data quality, visit the NASS website at
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Education_and_Outreach/Understanding_Statistics/index.php “Statistical Aspects of Surveys”
for more specific facts about agricultural chemical use surveys. Click on “Survey and Estimation Procedures” section of NASS
“Agricultural Chemical Usage - Field Crops” reports available at
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1560
v
Active ingredients can be known by several different synonyms. In order to be consistent in reporting within the MDA,
Phostebupirim is now reported as Tebupirimphos.
vi
Excludes any active ingredients with less than five responses.
41
| File Type | application/pdf |
| File Title | 2015 Pesticide Usage on Corn and Hay Grown in Minnesota |
| File Modified | 2019-04-19 |
| File Created | 2019-04-19 |