Instructions for the Requester of Form W-9 (Rev. June 2026)

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Instructions for the
Requester of Form W-9
(Rev. June 2026)

Request for Taxpayer Identification Number
and Certification
Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code unless
otherwise noted.

Future Developments
For the latest developments related to Form W-9 and its
instructions, such as legislation enacted after they were
published, go to IRS.gov/FormW9.

New category of exempt recipient for sales of digital as­
sets (DA). Final regulations described in Treasury Decision
10000 dated July 9, 2024, added certain U.S. digital asset
brokers (other than certain registered investment advisers
that are not otherwise an exempt recipient under Regulations
section 1.6045-1(c)(3)(i)(B)(1) through (11)) to the list of
exempt recipients. See Notice 2024-56, available at IRS.gov/irb/
2024-29_IRB#NOT-2024-56. Form W-9 is updated in Part II
(Certification) to add a checkbox to facilitate a broker obtaining
certification from another broker that the other broker is a U.S.
digital asset broker within the meaning of Regulations section
1.6045-1(g)(4)(i)(A)(1) (other than a registered investment
adviser that is not otherwise an exempt recipient under
Regulations section 1.6045-1(c)(3)(i)(B)(1) through (11)) that is
an exempt recipient under Regulations section 1.6045-1(c)(3)(i)
(B)(12). See Use of Form W-9 for Certain Exempt Recipients
and the Multiple Broker Rule, for details.
Transitional relief from certain penalties for DA brokers.
Notice 2025-33 modifies and extends transitional relief for
backup withholding and relief of certain penalties related to
reporting of information returns outlined in Notice 2024-56. For
brokers effectuating sales of DA who fail to file information
returns and payee statements for sales of DA during 2025,
transitional relief may be available for brokers who make a good
faith effort to file accurate and timely Forms 1099-DA and payee
statements. Backup withholding is not required for sales of DA
effected by brokers through 2026. For additional information, see
Extension and modification of transitional relief for DA brokers
under section 6045.
Backup withholding thresholds. P.L. 119-21, commonly
known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), section
70433, raises the threshold to $2,000 for information reporting
under sections 6041 or 6041A for many reportable payments, as
well as for backup withholding. This is effective for payments
made after 2025 and the threshold is indexed for inflation
for years after 2026. For the current threshold, see IRS.gov/
InflationAdjustment.
Application of de minimis rule for third party network
transactions to backup withholding. P.L. 119-21, commonly
known as OBBBA, section 70432, modifies the reporting
threshold for a third party settlement organization, which is
generally required to report information under section 6050W
for amounts over $20,000, and the number of transactions
exceed 200 at the time of payment. The threshold is effective
for payments made after 2024 and amends backup withholding
May 13, 2026

New reporting requirements tied to certain deductions.
Additional reporting requirements beginning in 2025 are added
by various provisions of the OBBBA for interest paid on certain
qualified car loans, cash tips, and overtime compensation tied
to several new tax deductions. See the Instructions for Schedule
1-A (Form 1040), which are included in the Instructions for Form
1040, for more information.

Reminders
Backup withholding rate. The backup withholding rate is 24%
for reportable payments.
Line 3a. An LLC that is a disregarded entity should fill out
line 3a by checking the appropriate box for the tax classification
of its owner in the first row on line 3a. For disregarded entities
completing lines 1 and 2, information for disregarded entities is
reported as the owner’s name on line 1 and the disregarded
entity’s name on line 2.
For an LLC that is not disregarded, line 3a has a single box to
check and available entry space for the LLC to notate the proper
tax classification as corporation, S corporation, or partnership
(C, S, or P).
The Note in line 3a emphasizes this distinction for LLCs.
Line 3b. A new line has been added for partnerships
(including LLCs classified as partnerships for U.S. federal tax
purposes), trusts, or estates to indicate if they have foreign
partners, owners, or beneficiaries when providing this form to
a flow-through entity in which it owns an interest. This change
provides the flow-through entity with information regarding the
status of its indirect foreign partners, owners, or beneficiaries, so
that it can satisfy any applicable reporting requirements.
You are only required to verify that the box on line 3b has
been properly checked if you are a flow-through entity that
is otherwise required to obtain a new Form W-9 from your
partner, owner, or beneficiary. You may rely on the information
provided on line 3b unless you know that it is incorrect. If
line 3b is completed (or if it has not been completed and you
know that this is incorrect), you may be required to report on
Schedules K-2 and K-3 (Form 1065) or otherwise provide the
relevant information to your partner, owner, or beneficiary. See
Partnership Instructions for Schedules K-2 and K-3 (Form 1065).
Withholding and reporting under sections 1446(a) and
(f) starting in 2023. Section 1446(f), added by P.L. 115-97,
section 13501, enacted new rules for withholding on the transfer
of a partnership interest.
In general, section 1446(f) applies to transfers of partnership
interests occurring on or after January 1, 2018. However, certain
withholding provisions of section 1446(f) apply to transfers on or
after January 1, 2023, including:

Instructions for Form W-9 (Rev. 6-2026) Catalog Number 20479P
Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service www.irs.gov

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What’s New

rules to reflect the de minimis rule. For backup withholding under
section 3406(b)(8)(A), an exception applies if third party network
transactions in the prior year were reportable payments. For
details, see IRS Fact Sheet 2025-08.

TREASURY/IRS AND OMB USE ONLY DRAFT

• Transfers of interests in publicly traded partnerships (PTPs)
under section 1446(f);
• Distributions made by PTPs (PTP distributions); and
• Partnership withholding under section 1446(f)(4) on
distributions to transferees of non-PTP interests that failed to
properly withhold under section 1446(f).
The portion of the section 1446(a) regulations relating to
withholding and reporting on distributions made by PTPs was
expanded to allow certain additional entities to act as nominees
for PTP distributions.
For applicability dates for certain regulations under sections
1446(a) and (f), see Notice 2021-51, available at IRS.gov/irb/
2021-36_IRB#NOT-2021-51.

Differences in chapter 3 and chapter 4. Withholding on
certain U.S. source reportable payments under chapter 3 is
different than withholding on certain withholdable payments to
foreign entities that fail to report U.S. owners and account
holders under chapter 4. These instructions cover the basics.
A review of Pub. 515, Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens
and Foreign Entities, is essential to learn details associated with
backup withholding not covered here.

Purpose of Form

A valid Form W-9, or a substitute form, must contain the payee’s
name and TIN and be signed and dated under penalties of
perjury by the payee or a person authorized to sign for the
payee. A foreign person, including a U.S. branch of a foreign
person that is treated as a U.S. person under Regulations
section 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv) or a foreign branch of a U.S. financial
institution that is a qualified intermediary (QI), may not provide a
Form W-9.
A properly completed and signed Form W-9 can be relied
upon to avoid backup withholding to a payee. However, a payor
of certain reportable payments is subject to the withholding
requirements under section 3406 (backup withholding), if:
1. A payee fails to furnish a TIN;
2. IRS provides notification that a payee’s TIN is incorrect;
3. There has been a notified payee underreporting of
payments of interest or dividends; or
4. There has been a payee failure to certify that the payee is
not subject to backup withholding.
A payor must deduct, withhold, and deposit with the IRS 24%
of reportable payments made to that payee until the cause of the
backup withholding is remedied.

Backup withholding liability. If you don’t collect backup
withholding from affected payees as required, you may become
liable for any uncollected amount.
Chapters 3 and 4. Under chapter 3, withholding is generally
required on a foreign person’s:
• U.S. source fixed or determinable annual or periodical income
(sections 1441 through 1443);
• Amount realized on the transfer of a U.S. real property interest
(section 1445);
2

TIN matching e-services. The IRS website offers TIN
matching e-services for certain payors to validate name and
TIN combinations. See Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)
Matching, later.
Which revision to use. Use the June 2026 revision beginning
in June 2026 and until a superseding revision is issued.

Individual Taxpayer Identification
Number (ITIN)

Form W-9 (or an acceptable substitute) is used by persons
required to file information returns with the IRS to get the payee’s
(or other person’s) correct name and TIN. For individuals, the
TIN is generally an SSN.
However, in some cases, individuals who become U.S.
resident aliens for federal tax purposes are not eligible to obtain
an SSN. This includes certain resident aliens who must receive
information returns but who cannot obtain an SSN.
These individuals must apply for an ITIN on Form W-7,
Application for IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number,
unless they have an application pending for an SSN. Individuals
who have an ITIN must enter the ITIN in the Social security
number field in Part 1 of the Form W-9.
Note: ITINs that haven’t been included on a U.S. federal tax
return at least once in the last 3 consecutive tax years will
expire. Expired ITINs must be renewed in order to avoid delays in
processing the ITIN holder’s tax return. If the IRS deactivates the
ITIN because it has expired, the ITIN may still be used on Form
W-9. However, the ITIN holder will have to apply to renew the
deactivated ITIN if there is a need to file a tax return. For more
information, see the Instructions for Form W-7.

Use of a Single or Multiple Forms W-9
for Accounts of Same Payee
A payor or broker may require a payee to furnish a separate
Form W-9 for each obligation, deposit, certificate, share,
membership, contract, or other instrument, or one Form W-9
for all the payee’s obligations or relationships with the payor or
broker.

Instr. for Req. of Form W-9 (Rev. 6-2026)

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Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) and back­
up withholding exemptions. FATCA requires a participating
foreign financial institution (FFI) to report all account holders that
are specified U.S. persons (generally individuals, partnerships,
certain corporations, LLCs, and certain estates and trusts). Form
W-9 has space to enter an Exempt payee code (if any) and
Exemption from FATCA Reporting code (if any). The references
for the appropriate codes are in the Exemptions section of Form
W-9, and in the Payees and Account Holders Exempt From
FATCA Reporting section of these instructions.
The Certification section in Part II of Form W-9 includes
certification relating to FATCA reporting.

• Allocable share of effectively connected taxable income from
a partnership (section 1446(a)); and
• Amount realized on a transfer of an interest in a partnership
when any portion of the gain on the transfer is treated under
section 864(c)(8) as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or
business (section 1446(f)).
A Form W-9 may be provided to a withholding agent to
establish U.S. status and to avoid withholding under chapter 3.
Under Chapter 4 (sections 1471–1474), withholding is
generally required on a withholdable payment made to an FFI
or a nonfinancial foreign entity (NFFE) that fails to provide
documentation that the withholding agent may rely upon to treat
the FFI as either a participating or deemed-compliant FFI (or
otherwise exempt from withholding) or as an NFFE that has
provided the information required with respect to its substantial
U.S. owners (or a certification that it has no such U.S. owners).
A Form W-9 may be provided to a withholding agent to establish
U.S. status and to avoid withholding under chapter 4. A Form
W-9 may also be used by an FFI to establish the status of an
account holder (or controlling person of an account holder) as
a specified U.S. person for purposes of its information reporting
requirements under chapter 4.
For more information on the requirements under chapters 3
and 4, see Pub. 515.

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Substitute Form W-9

You may develop and use your own Form W-9 (a substitute Form
W-9) if its content is substantially similar to the official IRS Form
W-9 and it satisfies certain certification requirements.
You may incorporate a substitute Form W-9 into other
business forms you customarily use, such as account signature
cards. However, the certifications on the substitute Form W-9
must clearly state (as shown on the official Form W-9) that under
penalties of perjury:
1. The payee’s TIN is correct,
2. The payee is not subject to backup withholding due to
failure to report interest and dividend income,
3. The payee is a U.S. person,
4. The FATCA code entered on this form (if any) indicating
that the payee is exempt from FATCA reporting is correct, and
5. Checking the box on line 5 of Part II, indicating that the
U.S. digital asset broker is exempt from information reporting, is
correct.

You may provide certification instructions on a substitute
Form W-9 in a manner similar to the official form. If you are
not collecting a FATCA exemption code by omitting that field
from the substitute Form W-9, see Payees and Account Holders
Exempt From FATCA Reporting, later. Notify the payee that item
4 does not apply.
You may not:
1. Use a substitute Form W-9 that requires the payee,
by signing, to agree to provisions unrelated to the required
certifications, or
2. Imply that a payee may be subject to backup withholding
unless the payee agrees to provisions on the substitute form that
are unrelated to the required certifications.
A substitute Form W-9 that contains a separate signature
line just for the certifications satisfies the requirement that the
certifications be clearly stated.
If a single signature line is used for the required certifications
and other provisions, the certifications must be highlighted,
boxed, printed in bold-face type, or presented in some other
manner that causes the language to stand out from all other
information contained on the substitute form. Additionally, the
following statement must be presented to stand out in the
same manner as described above and must appear immediately
above the single signature line:
“The IRS does not require your consent to any provision
of this document other than the certifications required to avoid
backup withholding.”
If you use a substitute form, you are required to provide
the Form W-9 instructions to the payee only if he or she
requests them. However, if the IRS has notified the payee
that backup withholding applies, then you must instruct the
payee to strike out the language in the certification that relates
to underreporting. This instruction can be given orally or in
writing. See item 2 of the Certification on Form W-9. You can
replace “defined below” with “defined in the instructions” in item
3 of the Certification on Form W-9 when the instructions will
not be provided to the payee except upon request. For more
information, see Rev. Proc. 83-89,1983-2 C.B. 613, amplified
by Rev. Proc. 96-26, which is on page 22 of Internal Revenue
Bulletin 1996-8, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb96-08.pdf.
Instr. for Req. of Form W-9 (Rev. 6-2026)

Reserve rule. You must backup withhold on any reportable
payments made during the 60-day period if a payee withdraws
more than $500 at one time, unless the payee reserves an
amount equal to the current year’s backup withholding rate on
all reportable payments made to the account.
Alternative rule. You may also elect to backup withhold during
this 60-day period, after a 7-day grace period, under one of the
two alternative rules discussed below.
Option 1. Backup withhold on any reportable payments if the
payee makes a withdrawal from the account after the close of
7 business days after you receive the awaiting-TIN certificate.
Treat as reportable payments all cash withdrawals in an amount
up to the reportable payments made from the day after you
receive the awaiting-TIN certificate to the day of withdrawal.
Option 2. Backup withhold on any reportable payments made
to the payee’s account, regardless of whether the payee makes
any withdrawals, beginning no later than 7 business days after
you receive the awaiting-TIN certificate.
Note: The 60-day exemption from backup withholding does
not apply to any payment other than interest, dividends, and
certain payments relating to readily tradable instruments. Any
other reportable payment, such as nonemployee compensation,
is subject to backup withholding immediately, even if the payee
has applied for and is awaiting a TIN.
Even if the payee gives you an awaiting-TIN certificate,
you must backup withhold on reportable interest and dividend
payments if the payee does not certify, under penalties of perjury,
that the payee is not subject to backup withholding.
If you do not collect backup withholding from affected payees
as required, you may become liable for any uncollected amount.
For payees exempt from backup withholding, see Payees
Exempt From Backup Withholding, later. For payments exempt
from backup withholding, see Payments Exempt From Backup
Withholding, later.

How Do I Know When To Use
Form W-9?

Use Form W-9 to request the TIN of a U.S. person (including a
resident alien) and to request certain certifications and claims
for exemption. See Purpose of Form on Form W-9. Withholding
agents, defined later, may require signed Forms W-9 from U.S.
exempt recipients to overcome a presumption of foreign status.
For federal tax purposes, a U.S. person includes, but is not
limited to:
• An individual who is a U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien;
• A partnership, corporation, company, or association created
or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United
States;
• Any estate (other than a foreign estate); or
• A domestic trust (as defined in Regulations section
301.7701-7).
Submission of a signed Form W-9 or other certification of
nonforeign status may be required from a U.S. person to avoid
withholding applicable to foreign persons when:
• A withholding agent makes a reportable payment of an
amount subject to withholding under sections 1441–1443 or a
withholdable payment under sections 1471–1474,
3

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However, a substitute Form W-9 that does not include the fifth
certification will be treated as a substitute Form W-9 for which
the box for the fifth certification is not checked.

TIN Applied For

For interest and dividend payments and certain payments with
respect to readily tradable instruments, the payee may return a
properly completed, signed Form W-9 to you with “Applied For”
entered in Part I. This is an “awaiting-TIN” certificate. The payee
has 60 calendar days, from the date you receive this certificate,
to provide a TIN. If you do not receive the payee’s TIN at that
time, you must begin backup withholding on payments.

TREASURY/IRS AND OMB USE ONLY DRAFT

• A transferor disposes of a U.S. real property interest and the
amount realized is subject to withholding under section 1445(a),
• U.S. real property holding corporations, certain real estate
investment trusts (REITs), regulated investment companies
(RICs), or certain partnerships make a distribution subject to
withholding under section 1445(e),
• A partnership is required to withhold under section 1446(a)
on a partner’s allocable share of the partnership’s effectively
connected taxable income,
• A transferor transfers an interest in a partnership engaged in
a trade or business within the United States and the amount
realized is subject to withholding under section 1446(f)(1).
Generally, if a Form W-9 or other certification of nonforeign
status has not been received, the rules under chapters 3 and 4
require the withholding agent, transferee, or partnership (payor)
to presume that the recipient, owner, transferor, or partner
(payee) is subject to withholding and payment of the applicable
withholding tax.

A participating FFI should request Form W-9 from an account
holder that is a U.S. person. If an account is jointly held,
the participating FFI should request a Form W-9 from each
holder that is a U.S. person. A recalcitrant account holder is an
account holder that is not an FFI and that fails to comply with
documentation or information requests from an FFI in which it
holds an account. In the case of such clients, participating FFIs
must withhold 30% on all U.S. withholdable payments as defined
by the IRS FATCA regulations.
A partnership that receives a signed Form W-9 that has
box 3b checked from any of its partners, indicating that the
partner has (direct or indirect) foreign partners, owners, or
beneficiaries, may be required to complete Schedules K-2 and
K-3 (Form 1065).
Advise foreign persons to use the appropriate Form W-8 or
Form 8233, Exemption From Withholding on Compensation for
Independent (and Certain Dependent) Personal Services of a
Nonresident Alien Individual. See Pub. 515 for a list of the W-8
forms.

Use of Form W-9 for Certain Exempt
Recipients and the Multiple Broker
Rule
Regulations section 1.6049-4(c) provides that information
returns are not required for certain exempt payees. Final
regulations outlined in Treasury Decision 10000 added a new
category of limited exempt recipient (payee) for sales of DA,
effective for DA sales effected by brokers after 2024.

A U.S. digital asset broker may claim limited, exempt recipient
status in certain situations under the multiple broker rule. If the
customer or beneficial holder is not an exempt recipient and
more than one broker effects the sale of a DA on behalf of
the customer, the multiple broker rule requires reporting under
section 6045 by the broker first paying the gross proceeds or
crediting the customer’s wallet address or account (crediting
broker). The second broker paying proceeds to the crediting
broker is not required to report if, prior to the sale, the second
broker obtains a certification on Form W-9 or written statement
(as provided in Regulations section 31.3406(h)-3) certifying that
the crediting broker is a U.S. digital asset broker described
in Regulations section 1.6045-1(c)(3)(i)(B)(12). This avoids
duplicate reporting by both brokers and addresses the risk of
no reporting or gaps in reporting. See Notice 2024-56, available
at IRS.gov/irb/2024-29_IRB#NOT-2024-56, for details.
A broker may require an exempt recipient to file a properly
completed exemption certificate and may treat an exempt
4

Extension and modification of transitional relief for DA
brokers under section 6045. For brokers attempting to secure
certified TINs for DA sales through 2027, the IRS permits
reliance on uncertified TINs by payees as long as the customer
held a preexisting account with the broker before 2026 and the
broker uses the TIN Matching e-services program and receives
a match. See Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) Matching,
later.
Certain provisions also allow brokers effectuating sales of
DA to treat certain customers as exempt foreign persons under
certain circumstances as described in Regulations section
1.6045-1(g)(4)(vi)(F). Backup withholding is not required for
these customers through 2027. For a sale of a DA for different
DA other than specified nonfungible tokens, backup withholding
is required for only the amount the broker receives upon
the immediate liquidation of 24% of the customer’s received
DA, provided such liquidation is undertaken immediately after
the transaction giving rise to the backup withholding liability.
Because the value of DA can change, for any decrease in
value penalties are not imposed for backup withholding on
DA sales as long as the broker pays and reports the correct
amount of withholding based on an immediate liquidation of DA
assets received in the transaction. This generally applies to the
requirement to file information returns and payee statements for
reportable DA sales effected through 2027. See Notice 2025-33
for details. For later years, see Regulations section 31.3406(b)
(3)-2. See Treasury Decision 10000 for adjusted basis reporting
rules required for DA sales by brokers effected after 2025.
Transitional relief from backup withholding for sales of
digital assets. See Notice 2025-33 for transitional relief from
backup withholding for sales of digital assets effected by brokers
through 2026.

Establishing U.S. Status for Purposes
of Chapter 3 and Chapter 4
Withholding

Under chapters 3 and 4 of the Internal Revenue Code:
• A withholding agent that makes a payment of an amount
subject to withholding or a withholdable payment to a foreign
person generally must withhold and pay a withholding tax under
sections 1441–1443 or 1471–1474,
• A transferee of a U.S. real property interest from a foreign
transferor generally must withhold and pay a withholding tax
under section 1445(a),
• A U.S. real property holding corporation, certain REITs
or RICs, and certain partnerships must withhold and pay a
withholding tax under section 1445(e) on certain distributions to
a foreign person,
• A partnership that conducts a trade or business in the United
States generally must withhold and pay a withholding tax under
section 1446(a) on any foreign partner’s allocable share of
effectively connected taxable income from such business,
• A transferee of an interest in a partnership engaged in a trade
or business within the United States from a foreign transferor
generally must withhold and pay a withholding tax under section
1446(f)(1).
In the cases below, the following person must be the one that
provides the Form W-9 to the payor for purposes of establishing
its nonforeign status.
• In the case of a disregarded entity with a U.S. owner, the U.S.
owner of the disregarded entity and not the disregarded entity.
• In the case of a grantor trust with a U.S. grantor or other U.S.
owner, either the trust or other grantor or owner, depending on
the requirements of the specific section of chapter 3 or 4 that
applies to the payment.
Instr. for Req. of Form W-9 (Rev. 6-2026)

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See Pub. 515 for more information.

recipient that fails to do so as a recipient that is not exempt.
See Treasury Decision 10000, for details.

TREASURY/IRS AND OMB USE ONLY DRAFT

• In the case of a U.S. trust (other than a grantor trust), the U.S.
trust and not the beneficiaries of the trust.
See Pub. 515 for more information.

Electronic Submission of Forms W-9

Electronic system. Generally, the electronic system must:
• Ensure the information received is the information sent,
and document all occasions of user access that result in the
submission;
• Make reasonably certain that the person accessing the
system and submitting the form is the person identified on Form
W-9, the investment adviser, or the introducing broker;
• Provide the same information as the paper Form W-9;
• Be able to supply a hard copy of the electronic Form W-9 if the
IRS requests it; and
• Require as the final entry in the submission an electronic
signature by the payee whose name is on Form W-9 that
authenticates and verifies the submission. The electronic
signature must be under penalties of perjury, and the perjury
statement must contain the language of the paper Form W-9.
Tip: For Forms W-9 that are not required to be signed, the
electronic system need not provide for an electronic signature or
a perjury statement.
For more details, see:

• Announcement 98-27, which is on page 30 of Internal

Revenue Bulletin 1998-15, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/
irb98-15.pdf,
• Announcement 2001-91, which is on page 221 of Internal
Revenue Bulletin 2001-36 at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb01-36.pdf.

Responsibility of a Withholding Agent/Nominee
Payee’s agent. A payee’s agent can be an investment adviser
(corporation, partnership, or individual) or an introducing broker.
An investment adviser must be registered with the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Investment Advisers
Act of 1940. The introducing broker is a broker-dealer that is
regulated by the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory
Authority (FINRA), and that is not a payor. Except for a broker
who acts as a payee’s agent for “readily tradable instruments,”
the adviser or broker must show in writing to the payor that the
payee authorized the adviser or broker to transmit the Form W-9
to the payor.
A withholding agent may be an individual, corporation,
partnership, trust, association, or any other entity, including (but
not limited to) any foreign intermediary, foreign partnership, or
U.S. branch of certain foreign banks and insurance companies.
If several persons qualify as withholding agents for a single
payment, the tax must only be withheld once.
A withholding agent is any person, U.S. or foreign, in
whatever capacity acting, that has the control, receipt, custody,
disposal, or payment of any payment that is subject to chapter 3
or 4 withholding. Generally, a withholding agent can reliably
associate a withholdable payment with valid documentation if,
before the payment, it has obtained (either directly from the
payee or through its agent) valid documentation appropriate
to the payee’s chapter 3 or 4 status, it can reliably determine
how much of the payment relates to the valid documentation,
and it does not know (or have reason to know) that any of
the information, certifications, or statements in, or associated
with, the documentation are unreliable or incorrect. A withholding
agent is generally required to report on payments it makes
Instr. for Req. of Form W-9 (Rev. 6-2026)

Payees Exempt From Backup
Withholding

Certain payees are exempt from backup withholding with respect
to the payments below, and should enter the corresponding
exempt payee code on Form W-9. You may rely on the payee’s
claim of exemption unless you have actual knowledge that the
exempt payee code and/or classification selected are not valid,
or if they are inconsistent with each other. In that case, you
may rely on the Form W-9 for purposes of obtaining the payee’s
TIN, but you must treat the payee as nonexempt. If the payee
failed to enter an exempt payee code, but the classification
selected indicates that the payee is exempt, you may accept
the classification and treat the payee as exempt unless you have
actual knowledge that the classification is not valid.
If the payee is not exempt, you are required to backup
withhold on reportable payments if the payee does not provide a
TIN in the manner required or does not sign the certification, if
required. Exempt payees include:
1. An organization exempt from tax under
section 501(a), any IRA, or a custodial account under section
403(b)(7) if the account satisfies the requirements of section
401(f)(2);
2. The United States or any of its agencies or
instrumentalities;
3. A state, the District of Columbia, a U.S. commonwealth
or territory, or any of their political subdivisions, agencies, or
instrumentalities;
4. A foreign government or any of its political subdivisions,
agencies, or instrumentalities;
5. A corporation;
6. A dealer in securities or commodities required to register
in the United States, the District of Columbia, or a U.S.
commonwealth or territory;
7. A futures commission merchant registered with the
Commodity Futures Trading Commission;
8. A real estate investment trust;
9. An entity registered at all times during the tax year under
the Investment Company Act of 1940;
10. A common trust fund operated by a bank under
section 584(a);
11. A financial institution as defined under section 581;
12. A middleman known in the investment community as a
nominee or custodian;
13. A trust exempt from tax under section 664 or described in
section 4947; or
14. A U.S. digital asset broker (other than a registered
investment adviser that is not otherwise an exempt recipient
under Regulations section 1.6045-1(c)(3)(i)(B)(1) through (11)).
See Regulations section 1.6045-1(g)(4)(i)(A)(1).
The following types of payments are exempt from backup
withholding as indicated for payees listed in 1 through 14 above.
Interest and dividend payments. All listed payees are exempt
except the payee in item 7.
Broker transactions. All payees listed in items 1 through 4 and
6 through 11 are exempt. Also, C corporations are exempt. A
person registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
who regularly acts as a broker is also exempt.
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Requesters may establish a system for payees and payees’
agents to submit Forms W-9 electronically, including by fax. A
requester is anyone required to file an information return. A
payee is anyone required to provide a TIN to the requester. A
payee is the holder of the account except if there is a QI, or a
foreign person acting as agent or intermediary for a payment.

to U.S. nonexempt recipients (generally using a Form W-9 to
identify such recipients), subject to certain exceptions for foreign
intermediaries and foreign flow-through entities, which may
provide Forms W-9 to another withholding agent for purposes
of reporting a payment on an applicable Form 1099.

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Barter exchange transactions and patronage dividends.
Only payees listed in items 1 through 4 are exempt.
Payments reportable under sections 6041 and 6041A.
Payees listed in items 1 through 5 generally are exempt.
However, the following payments made to a corporation and
reportable on Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Information, are
not exempt from backup withholding.
• Medical and health care payments.
• Attorneys’ fees (also gross proceeds paid to an attorney,
reportable under section 6045(f)).
• Payments for services paid by a federal executive agency.
See Rev. Rul. 2003-66, which is on page 1115 of Internal
Revenue Bulletin 2003-26, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/
irb03-26.pdf.
Payments made in settlement of payment card or third par­
ty network transactions. Only payees listed in items 1 through
4 are exempt. For nonexempt payees, for payments made after
2025, the threshold increases to $20,000 with total transactions
exceeding 200 at the time of the payment requires an information
return under section 6050W.

Generally, payments that are not subject to information reporting
also are not subject to backup withholding. For details, see
sections 6041, 6041A, 6042, 6044, 6049, and 6050N and their
regulations. The following payments generally are exempt from
backup withholding.

Dividends and patronage dividends.
• Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under
section 1441.
• Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business
in the United States and that have at least one nonresident alien
partner.
• Payments of patronage dividends not paid in money.
• Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
• Section 404(k) distributions made by an employee stock
ownership plan (ESOP).
Interest payments.
• Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals.
However, if you pay $600 or more of interest in the course of
your trade or business to a payee, you must report the payment.
Backup withholding applies to the reportable payment if the
payee has not provided a TIN or has provided an incorrect TIN.
• Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident
aliens.
• Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under
section 1451.
• Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
• Mortgage or student loan interest paid to you.
Certain payments from DA transactions reportable under
section 6045 through 2026. Backup withholding is not
required for sales of digital assets effected by brokers through
2026. See Notice 2025-33.
Other types of payments.
• Wages.
• Distributions from a pension, annuity, profit-sharing or stock
bonus plan, any IRA, an owner-employee plan, or other deferred
compensation plan.
• Distributions from a medical or health savings account and
long-term care benefits.
• Certain surrenders of life insurance contracts.
• Distribution from qualified tuition programs or
Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (ESAs).

Payees and Account Holders Exempt
From FATCA Reporting

Reporting under chapter 4 (FATCA) with respect to U.S. persons
generally applies only to NFFEs, and FFIs (including a branch
of a U.S. financial institution that is treated as an FFI under an
applicable intergovernmental agreement (IGA)). For information
on IGAs, see the IRS website FATCA page, available at IRS.gov/
FATCA. See also Pub. 5118, FATCA Online Registration User
Guide, for more information.
Thus, for example, a U.S. financial institution maintaining
an account in the United States does not need to collect an
exemption code for FATCA reporting. If you are providing a Form
W-9, you may pre-populate the FATCA exemption code with
“Not Applicable,” “N/A,” or a similar indication that an exemption
from FATCA reporting does not apply. Any payee that provides
such a form, however, cannot be treated as exempt from FATCA
reporting. See Regulations section 1.1471-3(d)(2) for when an
FFI may rely on documentary evidence to treat a U.S. person as
other than a specified U.S. person, and see Regulations section
1.1471-3(f)(3) for when an FFI may apply a presumption rule and
treat a U.S. person as other than a specified U.S. person.
If you receive a Form W-9 with a FATCA exemption code and
you know or have reason to know the person is a specified U.S.
person, you may not rely on the Form W-9 to treat the person
as exempt from FATCA reporting. However, you may still rely
on an otherwise completed Form W-9 to treat a person as a
specified U.S. person. An exemption from FATCA reporting (or
lack thereof) does not affect backup withholding as described
earlier in these instructions. The following are not specified U.S.
persons under chapter 4 and are thus exempt from FATCA
reporting.
A. An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or
any individual retirement plan as defined in section 7701(a)(37).
B. The United States or any of its agencies or
instrumentalities.
C. A state, the District of Columbia, a U.S. commonwealth or
territory, or any of their political subdivisions, agencies, or
instrumentalities.
D. A corporation the stock of which is regularly traded on one
or more established securities markets, as described in
Regulations section 1.1472-1(c)(1)(i).
E. A corporation that is a member of the same expanded
affiliated group as a corporation described in Regulations
section 1.1472-1(c)(1)(i).
F. A dealer in securities, commodities, or derivative financial
instruments (including notional principal contracts, futures,
forwards, and options) that is registered as such under the laws
of the United States or any state.
G. A real estate investment trust.
H. A regulated investment company as defined in section
851 or an entity registered at all times during the tax year under
the Investment Company Act of 1940.
I. A common trust fund as defined in section 584(a).

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Instr. for Req. of Form W-9 (Rev. 6-2026)

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Payments Exempt From Backup
Withholding

• Gambling winnings if regular gambling winnings withholding
is required under section 3402(q). However, if regular gambling
winnings withholding is not required under section 3402(q),
backup withholding applies if the payee fails to furnish a TIN.
• Real estate transactions reportable under
section 6045(e).
• Cancelled debts reportable under section 6050P.
• Fish purchases for cash reportable under
section 6050R.

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J. A bank as defined in section 581.
K. A broker.
L. A trust exempt from tax under section 664 or described in
section 4947.
M. A tax-exempt trust under a section 403(b) plan or section
457(g) plan.

Joint Foreign Payees

Under chapter 4, if the first payee listed on an account gives you
a form within the W-8 series, or a similar statement signed under
penalties of perjury, backup withholding applies unless:
1. Every joint payee provides the statement regarding
foreign status, or
2. Any one of the joint payees who has not established
foreign status gives you a TIN.

Generally, if a withholding agent makes a payment to joint
payees and cannot reliably associate the payment with valid
documentation from each payee, but all of the joint payees
appear to be individuals, then the payment is presumed made
to an unidentified U.S. person, and backup withholding applies.
However, if one of the joint payees provides a Form W-9
in accordance with the procedures described in Regulations
section 31.3406(d)-1 through 31.3406(d)-5, the payment is
treated as made to that payee, and no withholding is required.
See Regulations sections 1.1441-1(b)(9), and 1.1471-3(f)(7).
For more information on foreign payees, see the separate
Instructions for the Requester of Forms W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E,
W-8ECI, W-8EXP, and W-8IMY.

Names and TINs To Use
for Information Reporting

Show the full name and address as provided on Form W-9
on the information return filed with the IRS and on the copy
furnished to the payee. If the payee has marked their address
“NEW,” you should update your records. If you made payments
to more than one payee or the account is in more than one
name, enter on the first name line of the information return only
the name of the payee whose TIN is shown on Form W-9. You
may show the names of any other individual payees in the area
below the first name line on the information return. Forms W-9
showing an ITIN must have the name exactly as shown on
line 1a of the Form W-7 application. If you are a participating
FFI reporting a U.S. account on Form 8966, FATCA Report, and
the account is jointly held by U.S. persons, file a separate Form
8966 for each holder.
Note: For more information on the names and TINs to use
for information reporting, see section J of Pub 1099, General
Instructions for Certain Information Returns, available at IRS.gov/
Pub1099.

Notices From the IRS

The IRS will send you a notice if the payee’s name and TIN on
the information return you filed don’t match the IRS’s records.
See Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) Matching next. If you
receive a backup withholding notice, you may have to send a “B”
notice to the payee to solicit another TIN. Pub. 1281, Backup
Withholding for Missing and Incorrect Name/TIN(s), contains
copies of the two types of “B” notices. If you receive a penalty
notice, you may also have to send a solicitation to the payee.
Instr. for Req. of Form W-9 (Rev. 6-2026)

Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)
Matching

TIN matching, available at IRS.gov/Tax-Professionals/TaxpayerIdentification-Number-TIN-Matching, allows a payor or
authorized agent who is required to file information returns to
match TIN and name combinations with IRS records before
submitting the forms to the IRS. See also Pub. 2108, Federal
Agency TIN Matching Program, for guidance.
It is anticipated that payors who validate the TIN and name
combinations before filing information returns will receive fewer
backup withholding (CP2100) notices and penalty notices.
Program participants will generally be able to rely on a verified
TIN/name match as reasonable cause under section 6724(a),
which will provide significant incentive for payors to check and
correct payee TINs before filing information returns and payee
statements. See Rev. Proc. 2003-9, which is on page 516
of Internal Revenue Bulletin 2003-8, available at IRS.gov/pub/
irs-irbs/irb03-08.pdf. Any information received through the TIN
matching program must be kept confidential in accordance with
Regulations section 31.3406(f)-1.

Payment and Returns of Tax Withheld
Form 945. If you withhold or are required to withhold federal
income tax (including backup withholding) from nonpayroll
payments, you must file Form 945, Annual Return of Withheld
Federal Income Tax. Report all federal income tax withholding
from nonpayroll payments or distributions annually on one
Form 945. Form 945 is used to report income tax withholding
on nonpayroll payments including backup withholding and
withholding on pensions, annuities, IRAs, military retirement, and
gambling winnings. A payor must remit to the IRS all monies
withheld from reportable payments based on a certain deposit
schedule. Form 945-A, Annual Record of Federal Tax Liability,
is used to report tax liability by payors who deposit nonpayroll
income tax withheld on a semiweekly schedule, or whose tax
liability on any day is $100,000 or more. See Treasury Decision
8672 for details of reporting nonpayroll withheld income taxes
under section 6011. See the Instructions for Form 945, for
details.
Other returns for reporting tax withheld. Depending on
the applicable type of withholding, use Form 1042, Annual
Withholding Tax Return for U.S. Source Income of Foreign
Persons, Form 8288, U.S. Withholding Tax Return for Certain
Dispositions by Foreign Persons, or Form 8804, Annual Return
for Partnership Withholding Tax (Section 1446), to report
tax withheld under chapter 3 on certain income of foreign
persons, including nonresident aliens, foreign partnerships,
foreign corporations, foreign estates, and foreign trusts. Also,
use Form 1042 to report tax withheld under chapter 4 on
withholdable payments. See the instructions for each of the
separate forms for details.
Beginning in 2025, Qualified Intermediaries (QIs),
Withholding Foreign Partnerships (WPs) and Withholding
Foreign Trusts (WTs), that are required to file Form 1042, and
that meet certain criteria, must file Form 1042 for tax year
2025 electronically via the Modernized E-file (MeF) platform. For
more information about electronic filing with MeF, see IRS.gov/
Modernized-e-File-program-information. For general information
about electronic filing, see Pub. 4163.

Additional Information

For more information on backup withholding, see Pubs. 1281
and 515.
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If any one of the joint payees who hasn’t established foreign
status gives you a TIN, use that number for purposes of backup
withholding and information reporting.

See Pub. 1586, Reasonable Cause Regulations & Requirements
for Missing and Incorrect Name/TINs on Information Returns.