Real Estate and Lessor Agents

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Protect
Your
Family
From
Lead in
Your
Home
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
United States
Consumer Product
Safety Commission
United States
Department of Housing
and Urban Development
January 2026

English

Are You Planning to Buy or Rent a Home Built
Before 1978?
Did you know that many homes built before 1978 have lead-based
paint? Lead from paint, chips and dust can pose serious health hazards.
Read this entire brochure to learn:
• How lead gets into the body
• How lead affects health
• What you can do to protect your family
• Where to go for more information
Before renting or buying a pre-1978 home or apartment, federal
law requires sellers, landlords, agents and rental property
managers to:
• Disclose known information about the presence of lead-based paint
or lead-based paint hazards (or state there is none)
• Provide all available records and reports on lead-based paint and
lead-based paint hazards (or state there are none)
• Include a specific warning statement about lead-based paint
• Give buyers up to 10 days to have a certified inspector or risk assessor
check for lead.
If undertaking renovation, repair or painting (RRP) projects in your
pre-1978 home or apartment:
• Read EPA’s pamphlet, The Lead-Safe Certified Guide to Renovate Right,
to learn about the lead-safe work practices that contractors are
required to follow when working in your home (see page 12).

Steps to Protect Your Family from Lead Hazards
If you think your home has lead-based paint:
• Don’t try to remove lead-based paint yourself.
• Always keep painted surfaces in good condition to minimize
deterioration.
• Get your home checked for lead hazards. Find a certified risk assessor
at cdxapps.epa.gov/leadpro.
• Talk to your landlord about fixing surfaces with peeling or chipping
paint.
• Regularly clean floors, window sills and other surfaces using wet
methods.
• Take precautions to avoid exposure to lead dust when remodeling.
• Hire only EPA-, Tribal- or state-approved Lead-Safe Certified
renovation firms when renovating, repairing or painting. Find an
EPA-certified firm using cdxapps.epa.gov/leadpro.
• Have your home checked for lead-based paint by a certified inspector
or risk assessor before buying, renting or renovating your home.
• Consult your health care provider about testing your children for lead.
Your pediatrician can check for lead with a simple blood test.
• Wash children’s hands, bottles, pacifiers and toys often.
• Make sure children eat a well-balanced diet with foods high in iron,
calcium and vitamin C as these nutrients may help prevent the
absorption of lead.
• Remove shoes or wipe soil and other dirt off shoes before entering
your house.

1

Lead Gets into the Body in Many Ways
Adults and children can get lead into their bodies if they:
• Breathe in lead dust (especially during activities such as renovations,
repairs or painting that disturb painted surfaces)
• Swallow lead dust that has settled on food, food preparation surfaces
and other places
• Eat paint chips or soil that contains lead
Lead is especially dangerous to children under the age of 6.
• At this age, children’s brains
and nervous systems are
more sensitive to the
damaging effects of lead.
• Children’s growing bodies
absorb more lead.
• Babies and young children
often put their hands
and other objects in their
mouths. These objects can
have dust that may contain
lead on them.
Lead is dangerous to a developing fetus.
• Lead can build up in the body over time, settling in the bones. This
stored lead can be transferred during pregnancy to a fetus or after
birth to an infant through breast milk.

Please see pages 13 and 14 for more information on sources of lead
exposure.

2

Health Effects of Lead
Lead affects the body in many ways. It is important to know that
no safe blood lead level has been identified and even exposure to low
levels of lead can harm children.
Brain Nerve Damage
Hearing
Problems

In children, exposure to lead can cause:
• Nervous system and kidney damage
• Learning disabilities, attention-deficit
disorder and decreased intelligence

Slowed
Growth

• Speech, language and behavior problems
• Poor muscle coordination
• Decreased muscle and bone growth
• Hearing damage
Digestive

Problems
While low-lead exposure is most common,
exposure to high amounts of lead can have Reproductive
Problems
(Adults)
devastating effects on children, including
seizures, unconsciousness and in some cases, death.

In adults, exposure to lead can cause an increased risk of:
• Miscarriage during pregnancy
• The baby being born too early or too small
• Harm to a developing fetus’ brain, kidneys and nervous system
• Fertility problems (in men and women)
• High blood pressure
• Digestive problems
• Nerve disorders
• Memory and concentration problems
• Muscle and joint pain
3

Check Your Family for Lead
Get your children and home tested if you think your home has
lead.
Children’s blood lead levels (BLLs) tend to increase rapidly from 6 to 12
months of age, and BLLs tend to peak at 18 to 24 months of age.
A simple blood test is the best way to find out if a child has been
exposed to lead. A child who has been exposed to lead may not have
visible signs or symptoms and may look and act healthy. Consult your
doctor for advice on getting your children tested.
Blood lead tests are required for the following groups:
• Children at 12 and 24 months enrolled in Medicaid
• Children between 24 and 72 months enrolled in Medicaid with no
record of a previous blood lead test
• Children who should be tested under your Tribal, state or local health
testing plan
Blood lead tests are recommended for the following groups:
• Children at 12 and 24 months living in areas that are at higher risk* or
who belong to populations that are at higher risk*
• Children or other family members who have been exposed to lead
Your doctor can explain what the test results mean and if more
testing will be needed.

* Some children are more likely to be exposed to lead than others.
These include children who live or spend time in a house or building
built before 1978, are from low-income households, live or spend time
with someone who works with lead or are immigrants, refugees or
recently adopted from less developed countries.

4

Where Lead-Based Paint Is Found
In general, the older your home or childcare facility, the more likely it
has lead-based paint.1
Many homes and childcare facilities built before 1978 may have
lead-based paint. In 1978, the federal government banned consumer
uses of lead-containing paint.2
Learn how to determine if paint is lead-based paint on page 7.
Lead can be found:
• In homes and childcare facilities in the city, country or suburbs
• In private and public single-family homes and apartments
• On surfaces inside and outside of the house
• In soil around a home (soil can pick up lead from exterior paint or
other sources, such as past use of leaded gas in cars)
Learn more about where lead is found at epa.gov/lead.

5

1

“Lead-based paint” is currently defined by the federal government as paint with
lead levels greater than or equal to 1.0 milligram per square centimeter (mg/cm2), or
more than 0.5% by weight.

2

“Lead-containing paint” is currently defined by the federal government as lead in new
dried paint in excess of 90 parts per million (ppm) by weight.

Identifying Lead-Based Paint and Lead-Based Paint
Hazards
Deteriorated lead-based paint (peeling, chipping, chalking,
cracking or damaged paint) is a hazard and needs immediate
attention. Lead-based paint may also be a hazard when found on
surfaces that children can chew or that get a lot of wear and tear,
such as:
• On windows and window sills
• Doors and door frames
• Stairs, railings, banisters and porches
Lead-based paint is usually not a hazard if it is in good (intact)
condition and if it is not on an impact or friction surface like a window.
Lead dust can form when lead-based paint is scraped, sanded or
heated. Lead dust also forms when painted surfaces containing lead
bump or rub together. Lead paint chips and dust can get on surfaces
and objects that people touch. Settled lead dust can reenter the air
when the home is vacuumed or swept, or when people walk through
it. EPA currently defines any reportable level of lead dust measured by
an EPA-recognized lead laboratory as hazardous.
If you suspect your home has lead-based paint, you should clean
regularly to minimize dust using the information on pages 9 and
11, especially when young children live in the home. EPA does not
recommend lead abatements based on lead dust unless the lead dust
is at or above the action levels listed on page 11.
Lead in soil can be a hazard when children play in bare soil or when
people bring soil into the house on their shoes. EPA currently defines
the following levels of lead in soil as hazardous:
• 400 parts per million (ppm) and higher in play areas of bare soil
• 1,200 ppm (average) and higher in bare soil in the remainder
of the yard
Remember, lead from paint chips—which you can see—and lead
in dust or soil—which you may not be able to see—can both be
hazards.
The only way to find out if paint, dust or soil lead hazards exist is to test
for them. The next page describes how to do this.

6

Checking Your Home for Lead
Hire a certified lead professional to get your home tested for lead in
several different ways:
• A lead-based paint inspection tells you if your home has lead-based
paint and where it is located. It won’t tell you whether your home
currently has lead hazards or how to deal
with them. A trained and certified lead-based
paint inspector will inspect the paint using:
• A portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF)
machine
• Lab tests of paint samples collected by the
inspector to be tested in an
EPA-recognized lead laboratory
• A risk assessment tells you if your home
currently has any lead hazards from paint,
dust or soil, and what actions to take to
address any hazards. A trained and certified
lead-based paint risk assessor will:
• Sample paint that is deteriorated on doors, windows, floors, stairs
and walls
• Sample dust near painted surfaces and sample bare soil in the
yard
• Get lab tests of paint, dust and soil samples
• A combination inspection and risk assessment tells you if your
home has any lead-based paint, if it has any lead hazards and where
both are located.
Be sure to read the report provided to you after your inspection or risk
assessment is completed and ask questions about anything you do not
understand. Closely monitor areas that are known to have lead-based
paint.

7

Checking Your Home for Lead, continued
In preparing for renovation, repair or painting work in a pre-1978
home, Lead-Safe Certified renovators (see page 12) may do any of the
following:
• Take paint chip samples to determine if lead-based paint is
present in the area planned for renovation and send them to an
EPA-recognized lead lab for analysis
• Use EPA-recognized tests kits to determine if lead-based paint is
absent
• Presume that lead-based paint is present and use lead-safe work
practices
There are state, Tribal and federal programs in place to ensure that
testing is done safely, reliably and effectively. Contact your state, Tribal
or local agency for more information, visit epa.gov/lead, or call toll-free
1-800-424-LEAD (5323) for a list of contacts in your area.3

3

Hearing- or speech-challenged individuals may access this number through TTY by
calling 711.

8

What You Can Do Now to Protect Your Family
If you suspect that your house has lead-based paint hazards, you
can take some immediate steps to reduce your family’s risk:
• If you rent, notify your landlord of peeling or chipping paint.
• Keep painted surfaces clean and free of dust. Clean floors, window
frames, window sills and other surfaces weekly. Use a mop or sponge
with warm water and a general all-purpose cleaner. (Remember:
never mix ammonia and bleach products together because they can
form a dangerous gas.)
• Carefully clean up paint chips immediately without creating dust.
• Thoroughly rinse sponges and mop heads often during cleaning of
dirty or dusty areas, and again afterward.
• Wash your hands and your children’s hands often, especially before
they eat and before nap time and bedtime.
• Keep play areas clean. Wash bottles, pacifiers, toys and stuffed
animals regularly.
• Keep children from chewing window sills or other painted surfaces, or
eating soil.
• When renovating, repairing or painting, hire only EPA-, Tribal- or stateapproved Lead-Safe Certified renovation firms (see page 12).
• Clean or remove shoes before entering your home to avoid tracking
in lead from soil.
• Make sure children eat a well-balanced diet of fruits, vegetables,
grains, dairy and protein-rich foods. Foods that are higher in iron,
calcium and vitamin C may help reduce the body’s absorption of lead.
Children with empty stomachs absorb more lead than children with
food in their stomachs.

9

Reducing Lead Hazards
Disturbing lead-based paint or
removing lead improperly can
increase the hazard to your family by
spreading even more lead dust around
the house.
• In addition to day-to-day cleaning
and good nutrition, you can
temporarily reduce lead-based paint
hazards by taking actions, such as
repairing damaged painted surfaces
and planting grass to cover leadcontaminated soil. These actions are
not permanent solutions and will need
ongoing attention.
• You can minimize exposure to lead
when renovating, repairing or painting by hiring an EPA-, Tribal- or
state-certified renovator who is trained in the use of lead-safe work
practices. If you are a do-it-yourselfer, learn how to use lead–safe
work practices in your home.
• To remove lead hazards, you should hire a certified lead abatement
contractor. Abatement methods (which are designed to permanently
address lead-based paint hazards) include removing, sealing or
enclosing lead-based paint with special materials. Just painting
over the hazard with regular paint will not permanently address the
lead-based paint hazards.
Always use a certified contractor who is trained to address lead
hazards safely.
• Hire a Lead-Safe Certified firm (see page 12) to perform renovation,
repair or painting (RRP) projects that disturb painted surfaces.
• Hire a certified lead abatement contractor to permanently address
lead hazards. This will ensure your contractor knows how to work
safely and has the proper equipment to clean up thoroughly.
• Certified contractors will employ qualified workers and follow strict
safety rules set by their state or Tribe or by the federal government.
10

Reducing Lead Hazards, continued
If your home has had a lead abatement, dust cleanup activities must
be conducted once the work is completed. Dust cleanup activities must
be conducted until clearance testing indicates that lead dust levels are
below the following action levels:
• 5 micrograms per square foot (μg/ft2) for floors, including carpeted
floors
• 40 μg/ft2 for interior window sills
• 100 μg/ft2 for window troughs
Abatements are designed to permanently address lead-based
paint hazards. However, when an abatement is complete, lead dust
may still remain above reportable levels (see page 6) and can also be
reintroduced into an abated area. Steps to keep lead dust low after an
abatement include:
• U
 sing a HEPA vacuum on all furniture and other items returned to the
area
• R
 egularly cleaning floors, window sills, troughs and other hard
surfaces with a damp cloth or sponge and a general all-purpose
cleaner
Please see page 9 for more information on steps you can take to
protect your home after the abatement. For help in locating certified
lead abatement professionals in your area, call your state, Tribal or local
agency (see pages 15 and 16), visit cdxapps.epa.gov/leadpro, or call
toll-free 1-800-424-LEAD [5323].

11

Renovating, Repairing or Painting a Home with
Lead-Based Paint
If you hire a contractor to conduct renovation, repair or painting
(RRP) projects in your pre-1978 home or childcare facility (such as
pre-school and kindergarten), your contractor must:
• Be a Lead-Safe Certified firm approved by EPA or an
EPA-authorized state or Tribal program
• Use qualified trained individuals (Lead-Safe
Certified renovators) who follow specific lead-safe
work practices to prevent lead contamination
• Provide a copy of EPA’s lead hazard information
document, The Lead-Safe Certified Guide to
Renovate Right
RRP contractors working in pre-1978 homes and childcare facilities
must follow lead-safe work practices that:
• Contain the work area. The area must be contained so that dust and
debris do not escape from the work area. Warning signs must be put
up, and plastic or other impermeable material and tape must be used.
• Avoid renovation methods that generate large amounts of
lead-contaminated dust. Some methods generate so much leadcontaminated dust that their use is prohibited. These prohibited
methods are:
• Open-flame burning or torching
• Sanding, grinding, planing, needle gunning or blasting with
power tools and equipment not equipped with a shroud and
HEPA vacuum attachment
• Using a heat gun at temperatures greater than 1100°F
• Clean up thoroughly. The work area should be cleaned up daily.
When all the work is done, the area must be cleaned up using special
cleaning methods and then checked to confirm adequate cleanup.
• Dispose of waste properly. Collect and seal waste in a heavy-duty
bag or sheeting. When transported, ensure that waste is contained to
prevent release of dust and debris.
To learn more about EPA’s requirements for RRP projects, visit
epa.gov/getleadsafe, or read The Lead-Safe Certified Guide to
Renovate Right.

12

Other Sources of Lead
Lead in Drinking Water
The most common sources of lead in drinking water in homes are lead
pipes, fixtures, brass or chrome-plated brass faucets and plumbing with
lead solder.
Lead pipes are more likely to be found in older cities and homes built
before 1986.
You can’t smell or taste lead in drinking water.
To find out for certain if you have lead in drinking water, have your
water tested (See below).
Remember that older homes with a private well can also have
plumbing materials that contain lead.
Important Steps You Can Take to Reduce Lead in Drinking Water
• Use only cold water for drinking, cooking and making baby formula.
Boiling water does not remove lead from water.
• Before drinking, flush your home’s pipes by running the tap, taking a
shower, doing laundry or doing a load of dishes.
• Regularly clean your faucet’s screen (also known as an aerator).
• If you use a filter certified to remove lead, read the directions to learn
when to change the cartridge. Using a filter after it has expired can
make it less effective at removing lead.
Contact your water company to determine if the pipe that connects
your home to the water main (called a service line) is made from lead.
Your area’s water company can also provide information about the lead
levels in your system’s drinking water.
For more information about lead in drinking water, please use EPA’s
Safe Drinking Water online form at epa.gov/safewaterhotline.
Call your local health department or water company to find out about
testing your water, or visit epa.gov/safewater for EPA’s lead in drinking
water information. Some states or utilities offer programs to pay for
water testing for residents. Contact your state or local water company
to learn more.
13

Other Sources of Lead, continued
• Lead smelters or other industries that release lead into the air.
• Your job. Working in certain jobs may increase adults’ potential
exposure to lead, such as: renovation or repair of older homes and
buildings, painting, construction, refinishing furniture, smelting,
mining, auto repair, handling firearms and working at hazardous
waste sites. If you work with lead, lead dust or soil could get onto
your skin, in your hair and clothes, which can be transferred to
the inside of your car or home. Shower and change clothes before
coming home. Launder your work clothes separately from the rest of
your family’s clothes.
• Hobbies that use lead, such as making pottery or stained glass,
fishing, shooting at a gun range or refinishing furniture that has
lead-containing paint or varnish. Call your local health department
for information about hobbies that may use lead.
• Old toys and furniture may have been painted with lead-containing
paint or varnish. Older toys and other children’s products may have
parts that contain lead.4
• Food and liquids cooked or stored in lead crystal or lead-glazed
pottery or porcelain may contain lead.
• Items made in other countries and imported into the United States
may have lead including toys, painted furniture, metal or plastic
jewelry, health remedies, foods, spices, candies, cosmetics, powders,
make-up used in religious and cultural practices and folk remedies,
such as “greta” and “azarcon,” used to treat an upset stomach.
• Older playground equipment can contain old lead-based paint,
and artificial turf and playground surfaces made from shredded
rubber can contain lead. Take precautions to ensure young children
do not eat shredded rubber or put their hands in their mouth before
washing them.

4

In 1978, the federal government banned toys, other children’s products, and furniture
with lead-containing paint. In 2008, the federal government banned lead in most
children’s products. The federal government currently bans lead above 100 ppm by
weight in most children’s products.

14

For More Information
The National Lead Information Center
Learn how to protect children from lead poisoning and get other
information about lead hazards on the Web at epa.gov/lead and
hud.gov/lead, or call toll-free 1-800-424-LEAD (5323).
EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline
For information about lead in drinking water visit epa.gov/safewater or
use EPA’s Safe Drinking Water online form at epa.gov/safewaterhotline.
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Hotline
For information on lead in toys and other consumer products, or to
report an unsafe consumer product or a product-related injury, call
toll-free 1-800-638-2772, or visit CPSC’s website at cpsc.gov or
saferproducts.gov.
Food and Drug Administration
For information on lead in food and foodwares visit www.fda.gov/food/
environmental-contaminants-food/lead-food-and-foodwares.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
For information on childhood lead poisoning prevention visit: www.
cdc.gov/lead
State and Local Health and Environmental Agencies
Some states, Tribes, counties and cities have their own rules related to
lead-based paint. Check with your local agency to see which laws
apply to you. Most agencies can also provide information on finding a
lead abatement firm in your area, and on possible sources of financial
aid for reducing lead hazards. Receive up-to-date address and phone
information for your state, Tribal or local contacts on the Web at
epa.gov/lead, or contact the National Lead Information Center toll-free
at 1-800-424-LEAD [5323].

Hearing- or speech-challenged individuals may access any of the
phone numbers in this brochure through TTY by calling 711.

15

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Regional Offices
The mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment.
Your Regional EPA Office can provide further information regarding
regulations and lead protection programs: epa.gov/lead/contacts.
Region 1 (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont and
10 federally recognized Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 1
5 Post Office Square, Suite 100
Boston, MA 02109-3912
(888) 372-7341
Region 2 (New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands and 8 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 2
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Building 205, Mail Stop 225
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
Region 3 (Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, DC, West Virginia and 7 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 3
Four Penn Center
1600 JFK Blvd
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029
Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee and 6 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 4
61 Forsyth Street, SW
Atlanta, GA 30303
Region 5 (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin and 37 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 5 (LL-17J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-3808

Region 6 (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas, and 66 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 6
1201 Elm Street, Suite 500
Dallas, TX 75270
(214) 665-7577
Region 7 (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
and 9 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 7
11201 Renner Blvd.
LCRD/TTPB
Lenexa, KS 66219
(800) 223-0425
Region 8 (Colorado, Montana, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming and
28 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 8
1595 Wynkoop St.
Denver, CO 80202
(303) 312-6169
Region 9 (Arizona, California, Hawaii,
Nevada , Guam, American Samoa, Northern
Marianas, Palau, Micronesia, Marshall
Islands and 148 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 9 (LNC-2-2)
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 947-8000
Region 10 (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon,
Washington and 271 Tribes)
Regional Lead Contact
U.S. EPA Region 10 (20-C04)
1200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 155
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-1200

16

Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
The CPSC protects the public against unreasonable risk of injury
from consumer products through education, safety standards
activities and enforcement. Contact CPSC for further information
regarding consumer product safety and regulations.
CPSC
4330 East-West Highway
Bethesda, MD 20814-4421
1-800-638-2772
cpsc.gov or saferproducts.gov

U. S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD)
HUD’s mission is to create strong, sustainable, inclusive
communities and quality affordable homes for all. Its Office of
Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes’ (OLHCHH’s) lead hazard
reduction grants, healthy homes grants, and guidance and
enforcement of the Lead Disclosure Rule and Lead Safe Housing
Rule, protect families from lead and other housing hazards.
HUD OLHCHH
[email protected]
hud.gov/lead

This document is in the public domain. It may be produced by an individual or organization without
permission. Information provided in this booklet is based upon current scientific and technical
understanding of the issues presented and is reflective of the jurisdictional boundaries established by
the statutes governing the co-authoring agencies. Following the advice given will not necessarily
provide complete protection in all situations or against all health hazards that can be caused by lead
exposure.
U.S. EPA
U.S. CPSC
U.S. HUD

17

EPA-747-K-26-001
January 2026

IMPORTANT!
Lead From Paint, Dust and Soil in and
Around Your Home Can Be Dangerous if
Not Managed Properly
• Children under 6 years old are most at risk for lead

poisoning.

• Lead exposure can harm young children and babies even

before they are born.

• Homes, schools and childcare facilities built before 1978

are likely to contain lead-based paint.

• Even children who seem healthy may have dangerous

levels of lead in their bodies.

• Disturbing surfaces with lead-based paint or removing

lead-based paint improperly can increase the danger to
your family.

• People can get lead into their bodies by breathing or

swallowing lead dust, or by eating soil or paint chips
containing lead.

• People have many options for reducing lead hazards.

Generally, lead-based paint that is in good condition is not
a hazard (see page 10).