Final ROCIS SS CdGI-2008 2-8-09

SUPPORTING STATEMENT FOR THE
INFORMATION COLLECTION REQUIREMENTS IN
THE CADMIUM IN GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARD
(29 CFR 1910.1027))1 (OMB CONTROL NO. 1218-0185(February 2009))
JUSTIFICATION
1.

Explain the circumstances that make the collection of information necessary. Identify any legal or
administrative requirements that necessitate the collection. Attach a copy of the appropriate section
of each statute and regulation mandating or authorizing the collection of information.

The main objective of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSH Act” or “Act”) is to "assure so far
as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions and to
preserve our human resources" (29 U.S.C. 651). To achieve this objective, the OSH Act specifically
authorizes "the development and promulgation of occupational safety and health standards" (29 U.S.C.
651). The Act states further that "[t]he Secretary . . . shall prescribe such rules and regulations as [he/she]
may deem necessary to carry out [his/her] responsibilities under this Act, including rules and regulations
dealing with the inspection of an employer's establishment” (29 U.S.C. 651).
To protect employee health, the OSH Act authorizes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
("OSHA" or "Agency") to develop standards that provide for "monitoring or measuring employee
exposure" to occupational hazards and "prescribe the type and frequency of medical examinations and
other tests which shall be made available [by the employer] to employees exposed to such hazards . . . to
most effectively determine whether the health of such employees is adversely affected by such exposure"
(29 U.S.C. 655). Moreover, the Act directs the Agency to "issue regulations requiring employers to
maintain accurate records of employee exposures to potentially toxic materials or other harmful physical
agents which are required to be monitored and measured," and further specifies that such regulations
provide "for each employee or former employee to have access to such records as will indicate [their]
own exposure to toxic materials or harmful physical agents" (29 U.S.C. 657). In addition, the OSH Act
mandates that "[e]ach employer shall make, keep and preserve, and make available to the Secretary [of
Labor]
. . . such records regarding [his/her] activities relating this Act as the Secretary . . . may prescribe by
regulation as necessary or appropriate for the enforcement of this Act or for developing information
regarding the causes and prevention of occupational accidents and illnesses" (29 U.S.C. 657).
Under the authority granted by the OSH Act, the Agency published a standard for general industry that
regulated employee cadmium (Cd) exposure (§1910.1027; the "Standard"). OSHA based the Standard on
a determination that occupational exposure to Cd poses a hazard to employees. This determination
showed Cd exposure may cause lung cancer, prostate cancer, non-malignant respiratory disease, acute
pneumonitis, fever and chest pain, severe weakness, coughing and tightness of the chest, and kidney
disease. Items 2 and 12 below list and describe the specific information collection requirements of the
Standard.
2.

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Indicate how, by whom, and for what purpose the information is to be used. Except for a
new collection, indicate the actual use the Agency has made of the information received from
the current collection.

The purpose of this Supporting Statement is to analyze and describe the burden hours and costs associated with
provisions of this Standard that contain paperwork requirements; it does not provide information or guidance on how
to comply with, or how to enforce, the standard.

Exposure Monitoring (§1910.1027(d))
General (§1910.1027(d)(1)(i)) - Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this
section shall determine if any employee may be exposed to cadmium at or above the action level.
§1910.1027(d)(1)(ii) - Determinations of employee exposure shall be made from breathing zone air
samples that reflect the monitored employee's regular, daily 8-hour TWA exposure to cadmium.
§1910.1027(d)(1)(iii) - Eight-hour TWA exposures shall be determined for each employee on the basis of
one or more personal breathing zone air samples reflecting full shift exposure on each shift, for each job
classification, in each work area. Where several employees perform the same job tasks, in the same job
classification, on the same shift, in the same work area, and the length, duration, and level of cadmium
exposures are similar, an employer may sample a representative fraction of the employees instead of all
employees in order to meet this requirement. In representative sampling, the employer shall sample the
employee(s) expected to have the highest cadmium exposures.
Initial Monitoring (§1910.1027(d)(2)(i)) - Except as provided for in paragraphs (d)(2)(ii) and (d)(2)(iii) of
this section, the employer shall monitor employee exposures and shall base initial determinations on the
monitoring results.
(§1910.1027(d)(2)(ii)) - Where the employer has monitored after September 14, 1991, under conditions
that in all important aspects closely resemble those currently prevailing and where that monitoring satisfies
all other requirements of this section, including the accuracy and confidence levels of paragraph (d)(6) the
employer may rely on such earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of
this section.
Purpose: Initial monitoring assists employers in identifying areas of operation that may require
additional efforts to reduce exposure and come into compliance with the Standard. Initial monitoring
results also assist employers in determining the need for engineering controls, instituting or modifying
work practices, and in selecting appropriate respiratory protection to
prevent employees from overexposure. This information also determines whether the employer must
perform periodic monitoring.
§1910.1027(d)(2)(iii) - Where the employer has objective data, as defined in paragraph (n)(2) of this
section, demonstrating that employee exposure to cadmium will not exceed the action level under the
expected conditions of processing, use, or handling, the employer may rely upon such data instead of
implementing initial monitoring.
Purpose: By eliminating the need for initial monitoring, this alternative encourages employers to use
operations that substantially reduce employee exposures to Cd. (See discussion of paragraph (n)(2) for
additional information on using objective data.)
Monitoring Frequency (Periodic Monitoring) (§1910.1027(d)(3)(i)) - If the initial monitoring or periodic
monitoring reveals employee exposures to be at or above the action level, the employer shall monitor at a
frequency and pattern needed to represent the levels of exposure of employees and where exposures are
above the PEL to assure the adequacy of respiratory selection and the effectiveness of engineering and
work practice controls. However, such exposure monitoring shall be performed at least every six months.

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The employer, at a minimum, shall continue these semi-annual measurements unless and until the
conditions set out in paragraph (d)(3)(ii) are met.
§1910.1027(d)(3)(ii) - If the initial monitoring or the periodic monitoring indicates that employee
exposures are below the action level and that result is confirmed by the results of another monitoring
taken at least seven days later, the employer may discontinue the monitoring for those employees whose
exposures are represented by such monitoring.
Purpose: Periodic monitoring is necessary because relatively minor changes in tasks, work practices, and
environmental conditions may affect airborne concentrations of Cd. Employers may use these monitoring
results to evaluate the effectiveness of selected control methods. In addition, these measurements remind
both the employer and employees of the need to protect employees against the effects of overexposure to
Cd. These monitoring data also will inform the examining physician of the existence and extent of an
employee's Cd exposures for use in assessing the employee's medical condition.
Additional Monitoring (§1910.1027(d)(4)) - The employer also shall institute the exposure monitoring
required under paragraphs (d)(2)(i) and (d)(3) of this section whenever there has been a change in the raw
materials, equipment, personnel, work practices, or finished products that may result in additional
employees being exposed to cadmium at or above the action level or in employees already exposed to
cadmium at or above the action level being exposed above the PEL, or whenever the employer has any
reason to suspect that any other change might result in such further exposure.
Purpose: Additional monitoring ensures that the workplace is safe, or alerts the employer of the need to
improve protection.
Employee Notification of Monitoring Results (§1910.1027(d)(5)(i)) - The employer must, within 15
working days after the receipt of the results of any monitoring performed under this section, notify each
affected employee of these results either individually in writing or by posting the results in an appropriate
location that is accessible to employees.
§1910.1027(d)(5)(ii) - Wherever monitoring results indicate that employee exposure exceeds the PEL, the
employer shall include in the written notice a statement that the PEL has been exceeded and a description
of the corrective action being taken by the employer to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL.
Purpose: This provision assures that employees receive accurate exposure data and, in addition, provides
them with information regarding the specific actions the employer is taking to lower their exposures and
furnish them with a safe and healthful workplace in accordance with section 8(c)(3) of the Act.
Methods of Compliance (§1910.1027(f))
Compliance Program (§1910.1027(f)(2)(i)) – Where the PEL is exceeded, the employer shall establish
and implement a written compliance program to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL by means
of engineering and work practice controls, as required by paragraph (f)(1) of this section. To the extent
that engineering and work practice controls cannot reduce exposures to or below the PEL, the employer
shall include in the written compliance program the use of appropriate respiratory protection to achieve
compliance with the PEL.
§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii) - Written compliance programs shall include at least the following:

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§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii)(A) - A description of each operation in which cadmium is emitted; e.g.,
machinery used, material processed, controls in place, crew size, employee job responsibilities,
operating procedures, and maintenance practices;
§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii)(B) - A description of the specific means that will be employed to achieve
compliance, including engineering plans and studies used to determine methods selected for
controlling exposure to cadmium, as well as, where necessary, the use of appropriate respiratory
protection to achieve the PEL;
§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii)(C) - A report of the technology considered in meeting the PEL;
§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii)(D) - Air monitoring data that document the sources of cadmium
emissions;
§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii)(E) - A detailed schedule for implementation of the program,
including documentation such as copies of purchase orders for equipment, construction
contracts, etc.;
§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii)(F) - A work practice program that includes items required under
paragraphs (h), (i), and (j) of this section;
§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii)(G) - A written plan for emergency situations, as specified in
paragraph (h) of this section; and
§1910.1027(f)(2)(ii)(H) - Other relevant information.
§1910.1027(f)(2)(iii) - The written compliance programs shall be reviewed and updated at least annually,
or more often if necessary, to reflect significant changes in the employer's compliance status.
§1910.1027(f)(2)(iv) - Written compliance programs shall be provided upon request for examination and
copying to affected employees, designated employee representatives as well as to the Assistant Secretary,
and the Director.
Purpose: This requirement commits the employer to evaluating employee Cd exposures and establishing
an organized and complete program for reducing these exposures to the PEL; it does so prior to beginning
a job to prevent unnecessary exposure to Cd, and to inform employees regarding planned controls. The
requirement to prepare and update the written compliance program ensures that employers continue to
evaluate variable workplace conditions, including Cd exposures, and to implement feasible engineering
and work-practice controls as required. The written program also assures OSHA, NIOSH, employees,
and their representatives that employers are taking necessary and appropriate measures to protect
employees from hazardous Cd exposures.
Respiratory Protection (§1910.1027(g))
Respiratory Program (§1910.1027(g)(2)(i)) - The employer must implement a respiratory protection
program in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134 (b) through (d) (except (d)(1)(iii)), and (f) through (m).

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Purpose: The purpose of these requirements is to ensure that employers establish a standardized
procedure for selecting, using, and maintaining respirators for each workplace that requires respirator use.
Developing written procedures ensures that employers implement the required respirator program in an
effective and reliable manner that addresses the unique characteristics (including chemical hazards) of the
workplace. The Agency accounts for the burden hours and cost resulting from the respirator-program
requirements under the Information Collection Request for OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard
(§1910.134), Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Control Number 1218-0099.
Emergency Situations (§1910.1027(h)) - The employer shall develop and implement a written plan for
dealing with emergency situations involving substantial releases of airborne cadmium. The plan shall
include provisions for the use of appropriate respirators and personal protective equipment. In addition,
employees not essential to correcting the emergency situation shall be restricted from the area and normal
operations halted in that area until the emergency is abated.
Purpose: Emergency plans provide employees with information to maximize their personal protection
and minimize Cd exposures under these conditions.
Protective work clothing and equipment (§1910.1027(i))
(§1910.1027(i)(2)(iv)) - The employer shall assure that bags or containers of contaminated protective
clothing and equipment that are to be taken out of the change rooms or the workplace for laundering,
cleaning, maintenance or disposal shall bear labels in accordance with paragraph (m)(3) of this section.
Purpose: This information allows personnel who handle Cd-contaminated protective clothing or
equipment to protect themselves from the harmful effects of Cd.
Cleaning, replacement, and disposal (§1910.1027(i)(3))
Notification of Laundry Personnel (§1910.1027(i)(3)(v)) - The employer shall inform any person who
launders or cleans protective clothing or equipment contaminated with cadmium of the potentially
harmful effects of exposure to cadmium and that the clothing and equipment should be laundered or
cleaned in a manner to effectively prevent the release of airborne cadmium in excess of the PEL.
Purpose: This information allows such personnel to protect themselves from harmful Cd exposures.
Housekeeping (§1910.1027(k))
§1910.1027(k)(7) - Waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, personal protective equipment, and clothing
contaminated with cadmium and consigned for disposal shall be collected and disposed of in sealed
impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers. These bags and containers shall be labeled in
accordance with paragraph (m)(2) of this section.
Purpose: This information allows personnel who handle these articles to protect themselves from
exposure to hazardous levels of Cd.
Medical Surveillance (§1910.1027(l))

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General (§1910.1027(l)(1)) - Employers must implement a medical-surveillance program for employees
who are or who may be exposed to Cd at concentrations at or above the AL. However, medical
surveillance is unnecessary if the employer can demonstrate that: an employee's exposure to airborne Cd
at or above the AL occurs on 30 or fewer days per year (twelve consecutive months). Additionally, an
employer must provide medical surveillance for an employee exposed to Cd at or above the action level
by that employer prior to the effective date. Employers are exempt from this requirement when they can
demonstrate that the employee did not work in jobs with exposure to Cd for an aggregated total of more
than 60 months.
Initial Examination (§1910.1027(l)(2)(i)) - The employer shall provide an initial (preplacement)
examination to all employees covered by the medical surveillance program required in paragraph (l)(1)(i)
of this section. The examination shall be provided to those employees within 30 days after initial
assignment to a job with exposure to cadmium or no later than 90 days after the effective date of this
section, whichever date is later.
§1910.1027(l)(2)(ii) - The initial (preplacement) medical examination shall include:
§1910.1027(l)(2)(ii)(A) - A detailed medical and work history, with emphasis on: past, present,
and anticipated future exposure to cadmium; any history of renal, cardiovascular, respiratory,
hematopoietic, reproductive, and/or musculo-skeletal system dysfunction; current usage of
medication with potential nephrotoxic side-effects; and smoking history and current status; and
§1910.1027(l)(2)(ii)(B) - Biological monitoring that includes the following tests:
§1910.1027(l)(2)(ii)(B)(1) - Cadmium in urine (CdU), standardized to grams of
creatinine (g/Cr);
§1910.1027(l)(2)(ii)(B)(2) - Beta-2 microglobulin in urine (B(2)-M), standardized to
grams of creatinine (g/Cr), with pH specified, as described in Appendix F; and
§1910.1027(l)(2)(ii)(B)(3) - Cadmium in blood (CdB), standardized to liters of whole
blood (lwb).
§1910.1027(l)(2)(iii) - Recent Examination: An initial examination is not required to be provided if
adequate records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with the requirements of
paragraph (l)(2)(ii) of this section within the past 12 months. In that case, such records shall be
maintained as part of the employee's medical record and the prior exam shall be treated as if it were an
initial examination for the purposes of paragraphs (l)(3) and (4) of this section.
Actions Triggered by Initial Biological Monitoring (§1910.1027(l)(3))
If laboratory analyses of the initial biological monitoring results show that an employee's CdU, CdB,
and/or β2-MU exceed specified limits, this provision requires the employer to reassess an employee's Cd
exposure within two weeks by evaluating the employee's work practices, personal hygiene, respirator use,
smoking history and current smoking status, as well as hygiene facilities, the respirator program, and the
maintenance and effectiveness of the relevant engineering controls. Within 30 days after the
reassessment, employers must take reasonable steps to correct any deficiencies found in the assessment
that may be responsible for the employee's excessive Cd exposure. Employers also must provide the

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employee with a full medical examination within 90 days of receiving the abnormal biologicalmonitoring results, and then conduct biological monitoring either quarterly or semi-annually and
administer medical examinations either annually or semi-annually.
Purpose: The purpose of initial biological monitoring is to determine the employee's existing cadmium
exposure level to facilitate the early detection of potential effects associated with cadmium exposure and
to evaluate the need for continued or follow-up monitoring of employees.
Periodic Medical Surveillance (§1910.1027(l)(4))
For each employee who is covered under paragraph (l)(1)(i)(A), the employer shall provide at least the
minimum level of periodic medical surveillance, which consists of periodic medical examinations and
periodic biological monitoring. A periodic medical examination shall be provided within one year after
the initial examination required by paragraph (l)(2) and thereafter at least biennially. Biological sampling
shall be provided at least annually, either as part of a periodic medical examination or separately as
periodic biological monitoring.
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii) - The periodic medical examination shall include:
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(A) - A detailed medical and work history, or update thereof, with emphasis
on: past, present and anticipated future exposure to cadmium; smoking history and current status;
reproductive history; current use of medications with potential nephrotoxic side-effects; any
history of renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, hematopoietic, and/or musculo-skeletal system
dysfunction; and as part of the medical and work history, for employees who wear respirators,
questions 3-11 and 25-32 in Appendix D;
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(B) - A complete physical examination with emphasis on: blood pressure, the
respiratory system, and the urinary system;
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(C) - A 14 inch by 17 inch, or a reasonably standard sized posterior-anterior
chest X-ray (after the initial X-ray, the frequency of chest X-rays is to be determined by the
examining physician);
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(D) - Pulmonary function tests, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and
forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV(1));
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(E) - Biological monitoring, as required in paragraph (l)(2)(ii)(B);
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(F) - Blood analysis, in addition to the analysis required under paragraph
(l)(2)(ii)(B), including blood urea nitrogen, complete blood count, and serum creatinine;
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(G) - Urinalysis, in addition to the analysis required under paragraph
(l)(2)(ii)(B), including the determination of albumin, glucose, and total and low molecular weight
proteins;
§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(H) - For males over 40 years old, prostate palpation, or other at least as
effective diagnostic test(s); and

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§1910.1027(l)(4)(ii)(I) - Any additional tests deemed appropriate by the examining physician.
Actions Triggered by Medical Examinations (§1910.1027(l)(5))
§1910.1027(l)(5)(i) - If the results of a medical examination carried out in accordance with this section
indicate any laboratory or clinical finding consistent with cadmium toxicity that does not require
employer action under paragraphs (l)(2), (3) or (4) of this section, the employer, within 30 days, shall
reassess the employee's occupational exposure to cadmium and take the following corrective action until
the physician determines they are no longer necessary:
§1910.1027(l)(5)(i)(A) - Periodically reassess: the employee's work practices and personal
hygiene; the employee's respirator use, if any; the employee's smoking history and status; the
respiratory protection program; the hygiene facilities; and the maintenance and effectiveness of
the relevant engineering controls;
§1910.1027(l)(5)(i)(B) - Within 30 days after the reassessment, take all reasonable steps to
correct the deficiencies found in the reassessment that may be responsible for the employee's
excess exposure to cadmium;
§1910.1027(l)(5)(i)(C) - Provide semiannual medical reexaminations to evaluate the abnormal
clinical sign(s) of cadmium toxicity until the results are normal or the employee is medically
removed; and
§1910.1027(l)(5)(i)(D) - Where the results of tests for total proteins in urine are abnormal,
provide a more detailed medical evaluation of the toxic effects of cadmium on the employee's
renal system.
Examination for Respirator Use (§1910.1027(l)(6))
§1910.1027(l)(6)(i) - To determine an employee's fitness for respirator use, the employer shall provide a
medical examination that includes the elements specified in (l)(6)(A)-(D). This examination shall be
provided prior to the employee's being assigned to a job that requires the use of a respirator or no later
than 90 days after this section goes into effect, whichever date is later, to any employee without a medical
examination within the preceding 12 months that satisfies the requirements of this paragraph.
§1910.1027(l)(6)(i)(A) - A detailed medical and work history, or update thereof, with emphasis
on: past exposure to cadmium; smoking history and current status; any history of renal,
cardiovascular, respiratory, hematopoietic, and/or musculo-skeletal system dysfunction; a
description of the job for which the respirator is required; and questions 3-11 and 25-32 in
Appendix D;
§1910.1027(l)(6)(i)(B) - A blood pressure test;
§1910.1027(l)(6)(i)(C) - Biological monitoring of the employee's levels of CdU, CdB and B(2)-M
in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (l)(2)(ii)(B), unless such results already have
been obtained within the previous 12 months; and

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§1910.1027(l)(6)(i)(D) - Any other test or procedure that the examining physician deems
appropriate.
§1910.1027(l)(6)(ii) - After reviewing all the information obtained from the medical examination required
in paragraph (l)(6)(i) of this section, the physician shall determine whether the employee is fit to wear a
respirator.
§1910.1027(l)(6)(iii) - Whenever an employee has exhibited difficulty in breathing during a respirator fit
test or during use of a respirator, the employer, as soon as possible, shall provide the employee with a
periodic medical examination in accordance with paragraph (l)(4)(ii) to determine the employee's fitness
to wear a respirator.
§1910.1027(l)(6)(iv) - Where the results of the examination required under paragraph (l)(6)(i), (ii), or (iii)
of this section are abnormal, medical limitation or prohibition of respirator use shall be considered. If the
employee is allowed to wear a respirator, the employee's ability to continue to do so shall be periodically
evaluated by a physician.
Emergency Examinations (§1910.1027(l)(7))
§1910.1027(l)(7)(i) - In addition to the medical surveillance required in paragraphs (l)(2)-(6) of this
section, the employer shall provide a medical examination as soon as possible to any employee who may
have been acutely exposed to cadmium because of an emergency.
§1910.1027(l)(7)(ii) - The examination shall include the requirements of paragraph (l)(4)(ii), with
emphasis on the respiratory system, other organ systems considered appropriate by the examining
physician, and symptoms of acute overexposure, as identified in Appendix A of this section in paragraphs
II(B)(1)-(2) and IV.
Termination of Employment Examination (§1910.1027(l)(8)) - At termination of employment, the
employer shall provide a medical examination in accordance with paragraph (l)(4)(ii) of this section,
including a chest X-ray, to any employee to whom at any prior time the employer was required to provide
medical surveillance under paragraphs (l)(1)(i) or (l)(7) of this section. However, if the last examination
satisfied the requirements of paragraph (l)(4)(ii) of this standard and was less than six months prior to the
date of termination, no further examination is required unless otherwise specified in paragraphs (l)(3) or
(l)(5);
Purpose: Documentation and maintenance of the medical-examination results required by the Standard
provide a continuous record of employee health. Physicians use these records to determine the extent to
which employees, since their last examination, experience health effects related to Cd exposure.
Additionally, if signs and symptoms of potential Cd overexposure appear, the physician often needs
information about an employee's previous medical condition to make an accurate diagnosis of the
presenting condition, ascertain its apparent cause, and identify a course of treatment. Medical records
also permit employees to determine whether they need treatment, or to evaluate the effectiveness of their
employer's exposure-reduction program.
Information Provided to the Physician (§1910.1027(l)(9)) - The employer shall provide the following
information to the examining physician:

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§1910.1027(l)(9)(i) - A copy of this standard and appendices;
§1910.1027(l)(9)(ii) - A description of the affected employee's former, current, and
anticipated duties as they relate to the employee's occupational exposure to cadmium;
§1910.1027(l)(9)(iii) - The employee's former, current, and anticipated future levels of
occupational exposure to cadmium;
§1910.1027(l)(9)(iv) - A description of any personal protective equipment, including
respirators, used or to be used by the employee, including when and for how long the
employee has used that equipment; and
§1910.1027(l)(9)(v) - Relevant results of previous biological monitoring and medical
examinations.
Purpose: Making this information available to physicians assists them in evaluating an employee's health
and fitness for specific job assignments involving Cd exposure. In the case of medical examinations
administered in response to emergency exposures, the physician can use the exposure information to
devise appropriate treatment.
Physician's Written Medical Opinion (§1910.1027(l)(10))
§1027(l)(10)(i) - The employer shall promptly obtain a written, medical opinion from the examining
physician for each medical examination performed on each employee. This written opinion shall contain:
§1910.1027(l)(10)(i)(A) - The physician's diagnosis for the employee;
§1910.1027(l)(10)(i)(B) - The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any
detected medical condition(s) that would place the employee at increased risk of material
impairment to health from further exposure to cadmium, including any indications of
potential cadmium toxicity;
§1910.1027(l)(10)(i)(C) - The results of any biological or other testing or related evaluations that
directly assess the employee's absorption of cadmium;
§1910.1027(l)(10)(i)(D) - Any recommended removal from, or limitation on the activities or
duties of the employee or on the employee's use of personal protective equipment, such as
respirators;
§1910.1027(l)(10)(i)(E) - A statement that the physician has clearly and carefully explained to the
employee the results of the medical examination, including all biological monitoring results and
any medical conditions related to cadmium exposure that require further evaluation or treatment,
and any limitation on the employee's diet or use of medications.
§1910.1027(l)(10)(ii) - The employer promptly shall obtain a copy of the results of any biological
monitoring provided by an employer to an employee independently of a medical examination under
paragraphs (l)(2) and (l)(4), and, in lieu of a written medical opinion, an explanation sheet explaining
those results.

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§1910.1027(l)(10)(iii) - The employer shall instruct the physician not to reveal orally or in the written
medical opinion given to the employer specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure
to cadmium.
Purpose: The purpose in requiring the employer to obtain a physician's written opinion is to provide the
employer with medical information to use in determining the employee's initial job assignments, and to
assess the employee's ability to use protective clothing and equipment. The physician's written opinion
also informs the employer about whether the employee has a condition indicating Cd overexposure; the
prohibition against providing the employer with information regarding conditions unrelated to Cd
exposure ensures that discussions between the physician and patient are open and candid, thereby
enhancing diagnosis and treatment. The requirement that the physician's opinion be in writing ensures
that the information is available for future reference. Providing employees with a copy of the physician's
written opinion informs them of the medical-examination results so that they can determine the need for,
and evaluate the effectiveness of, treatments and other interventions.
Medical Removal Protection (MRP) (§1910.1027(l)(11))
General (§1910.1027(l)(11)(i)(A)) - The employer shall temporarily remove an employee from
work where there is excess exposure to cadmium on each occasion that medical removal is
required under paragraphs (l)(3), (l)(4), or (l)(6) of this section and on each occasion that a
physician determines in a written medical opinion that the employee should be removed from
such exposure. The physician's determination may be based on biological monitoring results,
inability to wear a respirator, evidence of illness, other signs or symptoms of cadmium-related
dysfunction or disease, or any other reason deemed medically sufficient by the physician.
§1910.1027(l)(11)(i)(B) - The employer shall medically remove an employee in accordance with
paragraph (l)(11) of this section regardless of whether at the time of removal a job is available
into which the removed employee may be transferred.
§1910.1027(l)(11)(i)(C) - Whenever an employee is medically removed under paragraph (l)(11)
of this section, the employer shall transfer the removed employee to a job where the exposure to
cadmium is within the permissible levels specified in that paragraph as soon as one becomes
available.
§1910.1027(l)(11)(i)(D) - For any employee who is medically removed under the provisions of
paragraph (l)(11)(i) of this section, the employer shall provide follow-up biological monitoring in
accordance with (l)(2)(ii)(B) at least every three months and follow-up medical examinations
semi-annually at least every six months until in a written medical opinion the examining
physician determines that either the employee may be returned to his/her former job status as
specified under (l)(11)(iv)-(v) or the employee must be permanently removed from excess
cadmium exposure.
Purpose: Medical removal prevents medical impairments induced or exacerbated by Cd from becoming
worse. In addition, medical removal allows employees who have these impairments an opportunity to
recuperate and return to their former jobs.
Multiple Physician Review (§1910.1027(l)(13))

11

§1910.1027(l)(13)(i) - If the employer selects the initial physician to conduct any medical examination or
consultation provided to an employee under this section, the employee may designate a second physician
to:
§1910.1027(l)(13)(i)(A) - Review any findings, determinations, or recommendations of the initial
physician; and
§1910.1027(l)(13)(i)(B) - Conduct such examinations, consultations, and laboratory tests as the
second physician deems necessary to facilitate this review.
§1910.1027(l)(13)(ii) - The employer shall promptly notify an employee of the right to seek a second
medical opinion after each occasion that an initial physician provided by the employer conducts a medical
examination or consultation pursuant to this section. The employer may condition its participation in, and
payment for, multiple physician review upon the employee doing the following within fifteen (15) days
after receipt of this notice, or receipt of the initial physician's written opinion, whichever is later:
§1910.1027(l)(13)(ii)(A) - Informing the employer that he or she intends to seek a medical
opinion; and
§1910.1027(l)(13)(ii)(B) - Initiating steps to make an appointment with a second physician.
§1910.1027(l)(13)(iii) - If the findings, determinations, or recommendations of the second physician
differ from those of the initial physician, then the employer and the employee shall assure that efforts are
made for the two physicians to resolve any disagreement.
§1910.1027(l)(13)(iv) - If the two physicians have been unable to quickly resolve their disagreement, then
the employer and the employee, through their respective physicians, shall designate a third physician to:
§1910.1027(l)(13)(iv)(A) - Review any findings, determinations, or recommendations of the
other two physicians; and
§1910.1027(l)(13)(iv)(B) - Conduct such examinations, consultations, laboratory tests, and
discussions with the other two physicians as the third physician deems necessary to resolve the
disagreement among them.
§1910.1027(l)(13)(v) - The employer shall act consistently with the findings, determinations, and
recommendations of the third physician, unless the employer and the employee reach an agreement that is
consistent with the recommendations of at least one of the other two physicians.
Purpose: OSHA believes that multiple-physician review improves employee participation in an
employer's medical-surveillance program, thereby increasing early detection and treatment Cd-related
diseases. However, program participation is strictly voluntary on the part of employees. If the medical
opinion provided by the employer's physician could result in job removal, and no opportunity exists for
employees to obtain a second medical opinion, many of them would refuse to participate in the medicalsurveillance program.

12

Information the Employer Must Provide the Employee (§1910.1027(l)(15))
§1910.1027(l)(15)(i) - The employer shall provide a copy of the physician's written medical opinion to
the examined employee within two weeks after receipt thereof.
§1910.1027(l)(15)(ii) - The employer shall provide the employee with a copy of the employee's biological
monitoring results and an explanation sheet explaining the results within two weeks after receipt thereof.
§1910.1027(l)(15)(iii) - Within 30 days after a request by an employee, the employer shall provide the
employee with the information the employer is required to provide the examining physician under
paragraph (l)(9) of this section.
Purpose: This medical information allows employees to determine the need for, and to evaluate the
effectiveness of, treatments and other interventions.
Communication of Cadmium Hazards to Employees (§1910.1027(m))
Warning Signs (§1910.1027(m)(2))
§1910.1027(m)(2)(i) - Warning signs shall be provided and displayed in regulated areas. In addition,
warning signs shall be posted at all approaches to regulated areas so that an employee may read the signs
and take necessary protective steps before entering the area.
§1910.1027(m)(2)(ii) - Warning signs required by paragraph (m)(2)(i) of this section shall bear the
following information: DANGER CADMIUM CANCER HAZARD CAN CAUSE LUNG AND
KIDNEY DISEASE AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY RESPIRATORS REQUIRED IN THIS
AREA.
§1910.1027(m)(2)(iii) - The employer shall assure that signs required by this paragraph are illuminated,
cleaned, and maintained as necessary so that the legend is readily visible.
Purpose: Posting warning signs informs employees that they are entering a regulated area, and that they
must have proper authorization before entering such an area. Warning signs allow employees and others
to take the precautions necessary to avoid harmful Cd exposures; in addition, the signs supplement
employee training by specifying the limits of regulated areas.
Warning Labels (§1910.1027(m)(3))
§1910.1027(m)(3)(i) - Shipping and storage containers containing cadmium, cadmium compounds, or
cadmium contaminated clothing, equipment, waste, scrap, or debris shall bear appropriate warning labels,
as specified in paragraph (m)(3)(ii) of this section.
§1910.1027(m)(3)(ii) - The warning labels shall include at least the following information: DANGER
CONTAINS CADMIUM CANCER HAZARD AVOID CREATING DUST CAN CAUSE LUNG AND
KIDNEY DISEASE.
§1910.1027(m)(3)(iii) - Where feasible, installed cadmium products shall have a visible label or other
indication that cadmium is present.

13

Purpose: Warning labels inform downstream employers and employees of the hazards associated with
Cd, and that they may need to implement special practices to prevent or reduce Cd exposure.
Furthermore, the labels alert downstream employers that they may have an obligation to protect their
employees under the Standard.
Employee Information and Training (§1910.1027(m)(4))
§1910.1027(m)(4)(i) - The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are
potentially exposed to cadmium, assure employee participation in the program, and maintain a record of
the contents of such program.
§1910.1027(m)(4)(ii) - Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job
involving potential exposure to cadmium and at least annually thereafter.
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii) - The employer shall make the training program understandable to the employee
and shall assure that each employee is informed of the following:
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii)(A) - The health hazards associated with cadmium exposure, with special
attention to the information incorporated in Appendix A to this section;
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii)(B) - The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of
cadmium in the workplace and the specific nature of operations that could result in exposure to
cadmium, especially exposures above the PEL;
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii)(C) - The engineering controls and work practices associated with the
employee's job assignment;
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii)(D) - The measures employees can take to protect themselves from
exposure to cadmium, including modification of such habits as smoking and personal hygiene,
and specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to
cadmium such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and the provision of
personal protective equipment;
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii)(E) - The purpose, proper selection, fitting, proper use, and limitations of
respirators and protective clothing;
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii)(F) - The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program
required by paragraph (l) of this standard;
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii)(G) - The contents of this section and its appendices, and,
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iii)(H) - The employee's rights of access to records under 1910.1020(e) and
(g).
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iv) - Additional access to information and training program and materials.

14

§1910.1027(m)(4)(iv)(A) - The employer shall make a copy of this section and its appendices
readily available without cost to all affected employees and shall provide a copy if requested.
§1910.1027(m)(4)(iv)(B) - The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary or the Director,
upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and the training program.
Purpose: An employer's information and training program provides employees with information on the
health hazards resulting from Cd exposure and with the understanding necessary to minimize these
hazards. This program serves to explain and reinforce the information presented to employees on signs,
labels, and material safety data sheets; however, this information will be effective only when employees
understand the information and can take the actions necessary to avoid or minimize Cd exposure.
Training also enables employees to recognize operations and locations associated with Cd exposures,
thereby permitting them to limit Cd exposure from these sources. Providing the program materials to
OSHA ensures that employers are in compliance with the program requirements, while NIOSH may
review the materials for research and other purposes.
Recordkeeping (§1910.1027(n))
Exposure Monitoring (§1910.1027(n)(1)(i)) - The employer shall establish and keep an accurate record of
all air monitoring for cadmium in the workplace.
§1910.1027(n)(1)(ii) - This record shall include at least the following information:
§1910.1027(n)(1)(ii)(A) - The monitoring date, duration, and results in terms of an 8-hour TWA
of each sample taken;
§1910.1027(n)(1)(ii)(B) - The name, social security number, and job classification of the
employees monitored and of all other employees whose exposures the monitoring is intended to
represent;
§1910.1027(n)(1)(ii)(C) - A description of the sampling and analytical methods used and
evidence of their accuracy;
§1910.1027(n)(1)(ii)(D) - The type of respiratory protective device, if any, worn by the
monitored employee;
§1910.1027(n)(1)(ii)(E) - A notation of any other conditions that might have affected the
monitoring results.
§1910.1027(n)(1)(iii) - The employer shall maintain this record for at least thirty (30) years, in
accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
Purpose: Establishing and maintaining exposure monitoring records permit employers, employees,
OSHA, and other interested parties to identify the levels, durations, and extent of cadmium exposure.
Maintaining these records also assist OSHA in determining whether employers are complying with the
standard, thereby ensuring that employees are receiving adequate protection from cadmium exposure.
Objective Data for Exemption from Requirement for Initial Monitoring (§1910.1027(n)(2))

15

§1910.1027(n)(2)(i) - For purposes of this section, objective data are information demonstrating that a
particular product or material containing cadmium or a specific process, operation, or activity involving
cadmium cannot release dust or fumes in concentrations at or above the action level even under the worstcase release conditions. Objective data can be obtained from an industry-wide study or from laboratory
product test results from manufacturers of cadmium-containing products or materials. The data the
employer uses from an industry-wide survey must be obtained under workplace conditions closely
resembling the processes, types of material, control methods, work practices and environmental
conditions in the employer's current operations.
§1910.1027(n)(2)(ii) - The employer shall establish and maintain a record of the objective data for at least
30 years.
Purpose: Maintaining these records allows OSHA to ascertain whether employers are complying with
the Standard, thereby ensuring that employees are receiving adequate protection from Cd exposure. In
addition, employees and their representatives have access to these records, thereby providing assurance
that the employer's use of the objective data is reasonable.
Medical Surveillance (§1910.1027(n)(3))
§1910.1027(n)(3)(i) - The employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee
covered by medical surveillance under paragraph (l)(1)(i) of this section.
§1910.1027(n)(3)(ii) - The record shall include at least the following information about the employee:
§1910.1027(n)(3)(ii)(A) - Name, social security number, and description of the duties;
§1910.1027(n)(3)(ii)(B) - A copy of the physician's written opinions and an explanation sheet for
biological monitoring results;
§1910.1027(n)(3)(ii)(C) - A copy of the medical history, and the results of any physical
examination and all test results that are required to be provided by this section, including
biological tests, X-rays, pulmonary function tests, etc., or that have been obtained to further
evaluate any condition that might be related to cadmium exposure;
§1910.1027(n)(3)(ii)(D) - The employee's medical symptoms that might be related to exposure to
cadmium; and
§1910.1027(n)(3)(ii)(E) - A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by
paragraph (l)(9)(ii)-(v) of this section.
§1910.1027(n)(3)(iii) - The employer shall assure that this record is maintained for the duration of
employment plus thirty (30) years, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
Purpose: These records permit employers, employees, and other interested parties (e.g., employee
representatives) to assess the effectiveness of exposure controls by conducting a proper evaluation of
employee health, identify the development of Cd-related diseases, determine appropriate treatment and
follow-up, and assess the effectiveness of medical interventions. The prolonged retention period (i.e.,

16

duration of employment plus 30 years) is necessary because of the long latency periods associated with
the manifestation of Cd-related diseases.
Training (§1910.1027(n)(4))
The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certification record which
includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the
training, and the date the training was completed. The certification records shall be prepared at the
completion of training and shall be maintained on file for one (1) year beyond the date of training of that
employee.
Availability (§1910.1027(n)(5))
§1910.1027(n)(5)(i) - Except as otherwise provided for in this section, access to all records required to be
maintained by paragraphs (n)(1)-(4) of this section shall be in accordance with the provisions of 29 CFR
1910.1020.
§1910.1027(n)(5)(ii) - Within 15 days after a request, the employer shall make an employee's medical
records required to be kept by paragraph (n)(3) of this section available for examination and copying to
the subject employee, to designated representatives, to anyone having the specific written consent of the
subject employee, and after the employee's death or incapacitation, to the employee's family members.
Purpose: Employees and their designated representatives use exposure-monitoring and medicalsurveillance records to assess employee medical status over the course of employment, to evaluate the
effectiveness of the employer's exposure-reduction program, and for other reasons. Accordingly, access
to these records is necessary to provide both direct and indirect improvements in the detection, treatment,
and prevention of Cd-related medical effects.
Transfer of Records (§1910.1027(n)(6))
Whenever an employer ceases to do business and there is no successor employer to receive and retain
records for the prescribed period or the employer intends to dispose of any records required to be
preserved for at least 30 years, the employer shall comply with the requirements concerning transfer of
records set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1020(h).
Purpose: These records may be used by NIOSH for research purposes, and by employees for health
assessments and other reasons.
3.

Describe whether, and to what extent, the collection of information involves the use of automated,
electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information
technology, e.g., permitting electronic submission of responses, and the basis for the decision for
adopting this means of collection. Also describe any consideration of using information technology to
reduce burden.

Employers may use electronic information technology when establishing and maintaining the required
records, with the exception of training records (which require a signature). The Agency wrote the
paperwork requirements of the Standard in performance-oriented language, i.e., in terms of what data to
collect, not how to record the data.

17

4.

Describe efforts to identify duplication. Show specifically why any similar information already
available cannot be used or modified for use for the purposes described in Item 2 above.

The information collection requirements of the Standard are specific to each employer and employee
involved, and no other source or agency duplicates these requirements or can make the
required information available to the Agency (i.e., the required information is available only from
employers).
5.

If the collection of information impacts small businesses or other small entities (Item 5 of OMB Form
83-I), describe any methods used to minimize burden.

The information collection requirements of the Standard do not have a significant impact on a substantial
number of small entities.
6.

Describe the consequence to Federal program or policy activities if the collection is not conducted or
is conducted less frequently, as well as any technical or legal obstacles to reducing burden.

The information collection frequencies specified by the Standard are the minimum frequencies that the
Agency believes are necessary to ensure that employers and OSHA can effectively monitor the exposure
and health status of employees, thereby preventing serious illness or death resulting from hazardous Cd
exposure.
7.

Explain any special circumstances that would cause an information collection to be conducted in a
manner:
- Requiring respondents to report information to the agency more often than quarterly.
- Requiring respondents to prepare a written response to a collection of information in fewer than
30 days after receipt of it.
- Requiring respondents to submit more than an original and two copies of any document.
- Requiring respondents to retain records, other than health, medical, government contract,
grant-in-aid, or tax records for more than three years.
- In connection with a statistical survey, that is not designed to produce valid and reliable results
that can be generalized to the universe of study.
- Requiring the use of a statistical data classification that has not been reviewed and approved by
OMB.
- That includes a pledge of confidentiality that is not supported by authority established in statute
or regulation, that is not supported by disclosure and data security policies that are consistent with
the pledge, or which unnecessarily impedes sharing of data with other agencies for compatible
confidential use.
- Requiring respondents to submit proprietary trade secret, or other confidential information unless
the agency can demonstrate that it has instituted procedures to protect the information's
confidentiality to the extent permitted by law.

Under paragraph (d)(5) of the Standard, employers must inform employees, either individually in writing

18

or by posting the exposure monitoring results, no later than 15 working days after obtaining the results. If
these results indicate that an employee's exposures are above the PEL, the notification must state this fact
and describe what corrective actions the employer is taking to reduce the employee's exposure to or below
the PEL. Additionally, paragraph (l)(15) of the Standard requires employers to provide employees with a
copy of the physician's written opinion regarding their medical examination and a copy of the employee's
biological monitoring results, including an written explanation of the results, within two weeks of
obtaining the results.
8.

If applicable, provide a copy and identify the date and page number of publication in the Federal
Register of the Agency's notice, required by 5 CFR 1320.8(d), soliciting comments on the information
collection prior to submission to OMB. Summarize public comments received in response to that
notice and describe actions taken by the Agency in response to these comments. Specifically address
comments received on cost and hour burden.

Describe efforts to consult with persons outside the Agency to obtain their views on the availability of
data, frequency of collection, the clarity of instructions and recordkeeping, disclosure, or reporting
format (if any), and on the data elements to be recorded, disclosed, or reported.
Consultation with representatives of those from whom information is to be obtained or those who
must compile records should occur at least once every 3 years-even if the collection of information
activity is the same as in prior periods. There may be circumstances that may preclude consultation
in a specific situation. These circumstances should be explained.

As required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)), OSHA published a
Federal Register on December 5, 2008 (73 FR 74199, Docket No. OSHA-2008-0052) soliciting
comments from the public and other interested parties on the information collection requirements
contained in the Cadmium in General Industry Standard (29 CFR 1910.1027). The notice was part of a
preclearance consultation program that provides interested parties with an opportunity to comment on
OSHA’s request for an extension by OMB of a previous approval of the information collection
requirements found in the Cadmium in General Industry Standard. The Agency did not receive any
comments in response to its notice.
9.

Explain any decision to provide any payment or gift to respondents, other than reenumeration of
contractors or grantees.

The Agency will not provide payments or gifts to the respondents.
10.

Describe any assurance of confidentiality provided to respondents and the basis for the assurance in
statute, regulation, or agency policy.

To ensure that the personal information contained in medical records required by the Standard remains
confidential, the Agency developed and implemented 29 CFR 1913.10 ("Rules of agency practice and
procedure concerning OSHA access to employee medical records") to regulate access to these records.
11.

Provide additional justification for any questions of a sensitive nature, such as sexual behavior and
attitudes, religious beliefs, and other matters that are commonly considered private. This
justification should include the reason sons why the agency considers the questions necessary, the
specific uses to be made of the information, the explanation to be given to persons form whom the
information is requested, and any steps to be taken to obtain their consent.

19

The paperwork requirements specified by the Standard do not require the collection of sensitive
information.
12.

Provide estimates of the hour burden of the collection of information. The statement should:
- Indicate the number of respondents, frequency of response, annual hour burden, and an
explanation of how the burden was estimated. Unless directed to do so, agencies should not
conduct special surveys to obtain information on which to base hour burden estimates.
Consultation with a sample (fewer than 10) of potential respondents is desirable. If the hour
burden on respondents is expected to vary widely because of differences in activity, size, or
complexity, show the range of estimated hour burden, and explain the reasons for the variance.
Generally, estimates should not include burden hours for customary and usual business practices.
- If this request for approval covers more than one form, provide separate hour burden estimates for
each form and aggregate the hour burdens in Item 13 of OMB Form 83-I.
- Provide estimates of annualized cost to respondents for the hour burdens for collections of
information, identifying and using appropriate wage-rate categories.

An overview of the exposure profile underlying the calculations of burden hours is shown in the attached
Tables 1 and 2. The previous ICR update noted that this exposure profile was comprehensively updated in
1999. Because of this, the Agency based its updated estimates of the number potentially exposed
employees on cadmium consumption estimates in 1999 and 2007 as reported in the U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries. The USGS reports that the percentage of cadmium
consumed globally for Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) battery production has increased in recent years, while
the percentages for other traditional end uses of cadmium—specifically coatings, pigments, and
stabilizers—have decreased in response to environmental and health concerns. Overall, U.S. domestic
consumption of cadmium has decreased over 80 percent since 1999 (from 2,220 to 441 metric tons),
while the percentage of cadmium use in batteries increased from 72 percent to 83 percent of total
consumption. Additional information and discussion can be found in Tables 1 and 2. Table 3 below
provides a summary of burden hour and cost estimates for the information collection requirements
specified by the Standard.
BURDEN HOUR AND COST DETERMINATIONS
The Agency adopted the mean wage rates from “Employer Costs for Employee Compensation, June
2008,” U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics http://stats.bls.gov/home.htm. Total
compensation for these occupational categories includes an adjustment of 29.4 percent (Employer Costs
for Employee Compensation, June 2008) for fringe benefits; this figure represents the average level of
fringe benefits in the private sector. The costs of labor used in this analysis are, therefore, estimates of
total hourly compensation. These hourly wages are:
•
•
•
•

2

Supervisors
Non-supervisory production workers
Secretarial workers
Industrial hygienist technicians

$27.90
$22.32
$21.51
$28.032

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians - Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2007

20

Exposure monitoring (§1910.1027(d))
General and Initial Monitoring (§1910.1027(d)(1) and (d)(2)(i))
OSHA assumes that no new plants are involved with cadmium since the last ICR, and, therefore, is not
taking any burden hours and cost for these provisions.
Objective Data (§1910.1027(d)(2)(iii))
Employers may rely on objective data to determine that employees’ airborne Cd exposure remain below
the AL under “worse-case” release conditions. Previously, the Agency estimated that 167 new firms may
develop objective data. For this ICR, the Agency has not identified any new firms that would develop
objective data.
Periodic Monitoring (§1910.1027(d)(3))
Based on the data in Tables 1 and 2, OSHA estimates that 50,862 employees are exposed above the
AL, and that an industrial hygiene technician can monitor 10 employees with one sample. Each
sample (every six months) takes 30 minutes (0.5 hour) for an industrial hygienist technician to
collect and mail to a laboratory for analysis. Thus, the estimated burden hours and cost of this
provision each year are:
Burden hours: (50,862 employees ÷ 10) × 2 samples/year × 0.5 hour = 5,086 hours
Cost:
5,086 hours × $28.03 = $142,561
Additional Monitoring (§1910.1027(d)(4))
The Agency estimates that an additional 102 monitoring samples (one percent of the 10,172 periodic
monitoring samples) are performed each year. The yearly burden hours and cost of this requirement are
estimated as:
Burden hours: 102 monitoring samples × 0.5 hour = 51 hours
Cost:
51 hours × $28.03 = $1,430
Employee Notification of Monitoring Results (§1910.1027(d)(5))
The Agency believes that a secretary takes five minutes (0.08 hour) to post the employee exposuremonitoring results. Each of the 4,872 specific-industry establishments involved with cadmium (see Table
1) have employees exposed above the PEL and must conduct at least semi-annual monitoring. In
addition, the Agency estimates that each of the 46,377 cross-industry plants (see Table 2, footnote 11)
conducting semi-annual exposure monitoring will post their monitoring results. Finally, the Agency
assumes each of the 102 additional monitoring samples is in separate plants. Thus, the annual estimated
burden hours and cost for this provision are:
Burden hours: ((4,872 + 46,377) × 2 semi-annual) + 102) × 0.08 hours = 8,208 hours
Cost:
8,208 hours × $21.51 = $176,554

21

Compliance Program (§1910.1027(f)(2))
Employers must review and update their written compliance plans at least annually. The Agency
estimates that a supervisor spends 1.5 hours updating the program, resulting in a yearly burden-hour and
cost estimate of:
Burden hours: 4,872 plants × 1.5 hours = 7,308 hours
Cost:
7,308 hours × $27.90 = $229,910
For the 10 cross-industry occupations, located in 46,377 plants, a written compliance plan is required for
those plants for which exposures are above the PEL. The Agency estimates that 20% of the 46,377 plants
must be covered by a written compliance plan, yielding 9,275 plants. Because plants with cross-industry
occupations generally have limited cadmium exposures, the compliance plan is expected to be less
extensive than plans for the specific industry sector plants. Therefore, OSHA estimates that it takes only
one hour to update and revise the written plan. The yearly burden-hour and cost estimates for this
requirement are:
Burden hours: 9,275 plants × 1 hour = 9,275 hours
Cost:
9,275 hours × $27.90 = $258,773
Emergency Situations (§1910.1027(h))
OSHA believes that no substantial releases of Cd occur under emergency situations. Therefore, the
Agency is assuming that this provision imposes no annual burden hours or cost on employers.
Notification of Laundry Personnel (§1910.1027(i)(3)(v))
The Agency assumes that employers change laundries infrequently; accordingly, the need to provide the
specified information to those who clean and launder Cd-contaminated protective clothing or equipment
is minimal. Thus, OSHA concludes that this requirement results in no burden hours or cost to employers.
Medical Surveillance (§1910.1027(l))
Initial Examination; Actions Triggered by Initial Biological Monitoring; Periodic Medical Surveillance;
Actions Triggered by Medical Examinations; Examinations for Respirator Use; Emergency
Examinations; and Termination of Employment Examination (§1910.1027(l)(2) through
(§1910.1027(l)(8))
The Standard states that employers must provide at least one medical exam to the 50,862 employees who
are exposed to cadmium above the AL once every two years. The Agency assumes that it will take 1.5
hours of employee time (at $22.32 per hour) to have a medical exam (which includes 30 minutes of travel
time). The annual burden hours and cost estimated for these requirements are:
Burden hours: 50,862 employees ÷ 2 × 1.5 hours = 38,147 hours
Cost:
38,147 hours × $22.32 = $851,441

22

Based on the 1992 Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA), in conjunction with the updated employment data
for 1999, OSHA believes that an additional 203 medical exams are administered each year.3 These 203
exams cover the following areas: respirator use, emergencies, medical removal, multiple physician
review, alternate physician determination, and termination of employment. The yearly burden-hour and
cost estimates for these exams are:
Burden hours: 203 examinations × 1.5 hours = 305 hours
Cost:
305 hours × $22.32 = $6,808
Based on the 1992 RIA, in conjunction with the updated employment data for 1999, OSHA estimates that
2,376 biological-monitoring tests are administered each year.4 The 2,376 tests consist of 792 tests for each
of the following: β2-MU, CdU, and CdB. An employee can receive all three tests in one visit to the
physician. The Agency estimates that it will take 45 minutes (0.75 hour) for an employee to receive the
three biological tests, including 30 minutes (0.5 hour) of employee travel time. The estimated burden
hours and cost each year for these tests are:
Burden hours: 2,376 ÷ 3 tests per visit × 0.75 hour = 594 hours
Cost:
594 hours × $22.32 = $13,258
Information Provided to Physician (§1910.1027(l)(9))
The Agency assumes that employers provide the required information to the physician prior to each
medical examination and biological-monitoring collection (i.e., urine and blood collections combined).
Therefore, employers must provide this information before the total 26,429 medical examinations and
biological tests (25,431 annual examinations + 203 additional medical examinations + 792 employee
visits for 3 biological tests). Assuming that a secretary requires five minutes (0.08 hour) to compile and
send the information to the physician prior to each administration, the annual burden-hour and cost
estimates for this paperwork requirement are:
Burden hours: 26,426 administrations × 0.08 hour = 2,114 hours
Cost:
2,114 hours × $21.51 = $45,472
Physician's Written Medical Opinion (§1910.1027(l)(10))
OSHA assumes that the physician writes an opinion for each medical examination and one opinion for the
biological-monitoring tests administered (for a total of 26,426 written opinions annually), and that a
secretary takes five minutes (0.08 hour) to distribute a written opinion to an employee.5 The estimated
yearly burden hours and costs of this requirement are:
Burden hours: 26,426 written opinions × 0.08 hour = 2,114 hours
3

Based on data presented in Tables 1 and 2, the Agency is estimating a total decline in employment of 28.7 percent
from 1999 to 2007; the Agency assumes that the total number of additional medical exams will decrease by 28.7
percent as well.
4
As discussed in footnote 8, the Agency estimates a total decline in employment of 28.7 percent; the Agency
assumes that the total number of biological monitoring tests will decrease by 28.7 percent as well.
5

The five minutes includes the annual burden for maintaining a record of each written opinion as required by
paragraph (n)(3).

23

Cost:

2,114 hours × $21.51 = $45,472

Communication of Cadmium Hazards to Employee (§1910.1027(m))
Warning Signs and Labels (§1910.1027(m)(2) and (m)(3))
The Standard provides specific language for the required signs and labels, therefore, the Agency is
exempted from estimating the burden hours and costs of this provision under 5 CFR 1320.3(c)(2)
(“Controlling paperwork burden on the public”).
Employee Information and Training (§1910.1027(m)(4))
The Standard requires annual training for all (306,447) potentially exposed workers. This includes 55,654
employees in the specific-industry sectors, and 250,793 employees in the cross- industry occupations.6
OSHA estimates that, for each session, the supervisor requires 15 minutes (0.25 hour) to prepare the
training material and 45 minutes (0.75 hour) to deliver it to 20 employees, for a total of one hour. In
addition, based on the decrease in the number of total plants in specific-industry sectors (see Table 1), the
Agency estimates there are no new plants that must develop a training program. The annual burden hours
and cost estimated for this training are:
Burden hours: 306,447 employees ÷ 20 × 1 hour = 15,322 hours
Cost:
15,322 hours × $27.90 = $427,484
Recordkeeping (§1910.1027(n))
Exposure Monitoring (§1910.1027(n)(1))
The Agency assigned the burden hours and costs of this recordkeeping requirement to paragraph (d)(5)
(see “Employee Notification of Monitoring Results (§1910.1027(d)(5)” above)).
Objective Data for Exemption from Requirement for Initial Monitoring (§1910.1027(n)(2))
The Agency assumes that the burden is minimal for employers to maintain objective data once the data
have been developed. Burden for employers to develop such data is accounted for under “Objective Data
(§1910.1027(d)(2)(iii).”
Medical Surveillance (§1910.1027(n)(3))
The Agency assigned the burden hours and cost of this recordkeeping requirement to paragraphs (l)(9)
and (l)(10). (See “Information Provided to Physician (§1910.1027 (l)(9))” and “Physician's Written
Opinion (§ 1910.1027(l)(10)” above.)
Training Records (§1910.1027(n)(4))
Under “Employee Information and Training (§1910.1047 (m)(4))” above, OSHA estimated that
employers conduct 15,322 training sessions each year (306,447 employees ÷ 20 employees per session).
6

The previous ICR noted that this data was “[b]ased on data from the RIA, in conjunction with the updated
employment data for 1999.”

24

Assuming that a secretary takes an average of five minutes (0.08 hour) each year to compile and maintain
a training record of sessions and employees attending each session, the annual burden hour and cost
estimates for this recordkeeping requirement are:
Burden hours: 15,322 sessions × 0.08 hour = 1,226 hours
Cost:
1,226 hours × $21.51 = $26,371
Availability (§1910.1027 (n)(5))
The Agency estimates that OSHA compliance officers will conduct 717 inspections annually at facilities
covered by the Standard, and that they will request all required records while at each site.7 OSHA
believes that a supervisor spends five minutes (0.08 hour) during each inspection informing a compliance
office about the location of these records, for a total of 57 hours (i.e., 717 inspections × 0.08 hour). In
addition, the Agency assumes that 10% (30,645) of the 306,447 employees potentially exposed to Cd
request to see their records each year.8 OSHA estimates that a secretary requires five minutes (0.08 hour)
to make these records available to each employee, for a total of 2,452 hours (i.e., 30,645 employees ×
0.08 hour). Therefore, the estimated annual burden hours and cost for this requirement are:
Burden hours: 57 hours (for inspections) + 2,452 hours (for employees) = 2,509 hours
Cost:
(57 hours × $27.90) + (2,452 hours × $21.51) = $54,333
Transfer of Records (§1910.1027(n)(6))
During the period of this ICR, the Agency believes that no employer covered by the Standard will cease
business operations without a successor employer, or a designated organization, to receive and retain the
required records for the prescribed periods; therefore, no such employer will transfer these records to
NIOSH during this period. Accordingly, the Agency is assigning no burden hours or cost to this
requirement.
Table 1. Exposure Profile for Cadmium: Specific Industry Sectors
1999 Estimates
Specific-Industry Sector

i

2008 Estimates

# Plants

Total
EEs ≥ AL

Only those
EEs ≥ PEL

# Plantsii

Total
EEs ≥ AL

Only those
EEs ≥ PEL

NiCd Batteriesiii

4

1,032

826

4

236

189

Zn/Cd Refiningiv

5

1,294

1,035

3

647

518

7

The Agency estimated the number of inspections by determining the inspection rate (1.4%) for all facilities under
the jurisdiction of the OSH Act (including both Federal OSHA and approved state-plan agencies), and then
multiplied the total number of facilities covered by the Standard (51,249) by this percentage (i.e., 51,249 facilities
× 1.4% = 717 inspections).
8
This figure includes parties acting on an employee's behalf (i.e., their designated representatives, parties with the
employee's written consent, and family members).

25

Pigmentsv
Stabilizers

vi

Lead Smelting/Refiningvii
Platers

viii

Utilities

ix
x

Iron & Steel
Total

4

99

80

4

12

10

4

141

113

4

6

5

4

354

354

4

303

303

436

327

109

76

57

19

4,501

4,220

4,220

4,663

3,887

3,887

95

7,907

7,907

114

6,112

6,112

5,052

15,374

14,644

4,872

11,260

11,043

Table 2. Exposure Profile for Cadmium: Cross-Industry Occupationsxi
Cross-Industry Occupations

1999 Estimates

2008 Estimates

# EEs ≥ AL

# EEs ≥ PEL

# EEs ≥ AL

# EEs ≥ PEL

7,978

5,318

1,588

1,058

670

335

117

58

2,572

1,714

2,548

1,699

123

123

102

102

Heat Treaters

811

581

569

408

Equipment Cleaners

97

39

97

39

Metal Machiningxvii

8,941

8,941

6,402

6,402

xviii

5,140

3,427

627

418

15,075

5,276

13,884

4,859

14,525

14,525

13,668

13,668

55,932

40,279

39,602

28,711

Chemical Mixersxii
Electroplatersxiii
Furnace Operators

xiv

Kiln/Kettle Operatorsxv
xvi

Painters

Repair/Utilitiesxix
Weld/Braze/Solders
Total
13.

xx

Provide an estimate of the total annual cost burden to respondents or recordkeepers resulting from
the collection of information. (Do not include the cost of any hour burden shown in Items 12 and 14).
- The cost estimate should be split into two components: (a) a total capital and start-up cost
component (annualized over its expected useful life); and (b) a total operation and maintenance and
purchase of service component. The estimates should take into account costs associated with
generating, maintaining, and disclosing or providing the information. Include descriptions of
methods used to estimate major cost factors including system and technology acquisition, expected
useful life of capital equipment, the discount rate(s), and the time period over which costs will be
incurred. Capital and start-up costs include, among other items, preparations for collecting
information such as purchasing computers and software; monitoring, sampling, drilling and testing
equipment; and record storage facilities.
- If cost estimates are expected to vary widely, agencies should present ranges of cost burdens and
explain the reasons for the variance. The cost of purchasing or contracting out information collection
services should be a part of this cost burden estimate. In developing cost burden estimates, agencies

26

may consult with a sample of respondent (fewer than 10), utilize the 60-day pre-OMB submission
public comment process and use existing economic or regulatory impact analysis associated with the
rulemaking containing the information collection, as appropriate.
- Generally, estimates should not include purchases of equipment or services, or portions thereof,
made: (1) prior to October 1, 1995, (2) to achieve regulatory compliance with requirements not
associated with the information collection, (3) for reasons other than to provide information or keep
records for the government, or (4) as part of customary and usual business or private practices.

Capital Cost Determinations
In determining the capital cost of these paperwork requirements, OSHA used the information and data
from Item 12 above. From these determinations, the Agency estimates that the total capital cost of these
requirements is $4,644,185.
(A) Exposure Monitoring
Based on information from OSHA’s Technical Center in Salt Lake City, the cost for a laboratory to
analyze air-monitoring samples for Cd is approximately $25 per sample. According to the information
provided under “Exposure Monitoring (§1910.1027(d))” above, employers collect 5,086 representative
exposure-monitoring samples twice a year, for a total of 10,172 samples, as well as an additional 102
exposure-monitoring samples annually. The capital cost each year associated with obtaining these
exposure-monitoring samples is:
Cost:

(10,172 samples + 102 samples) × $25 = $256,850

(B) Medical Surveillance
Based on information from a large occupational medicine practice that performs medical exams on Cdexposed employees, the cost for the medical exam required by the Standard is estimated to be $169 per
exam.9 For biological testing, costs are as follows: β2-MU - $59; CdU - $27; and CdB - $27.10 According
to “Medical Surveillance (§1910.1027(l))” above, employers provide 25,431 annual medical
examinations, 203 additional medical examinations, and analyze 2,376 biological-monitoring samples for
CdU, CdB, and β2-MU.11 The yearly capital cost of the medical-surveillance requirements is:
Cost:

(25,431 medical examinations × $169) + (792 CdU samples × $27) + (792 CdB
samples × $27) + (792 β2-MU samples × $59) = $4,387,335

9

The previous ICR update estimated that the cost for a medical examination was $159 per exam, including $45 for a
medical history and physical, $84 for a chest x-ray, and $30 for a pulmonary function test. The Consumer Price
Index (CPI) indicated a 6.3% increase in the price of professional medical services from 2005 to 2007; given the
6.3% increase in the price of professional medical services, it was assumed that the cost of medical examinations
increased by 6.3% as well.
10
The previous ICR update estimated the cost of biological testing as follows: β2-MU - $55; CdU - $25; and CdB $25. Given the 6.3% increase in the price of professional medical services discussed in footnote 14, the Agency
assumed that the price of biological testing increased by 6.3% as well.
11
While the information under “Medical Surveillance (§1910.1027(l))” indicates that employers perform 792 urine
collections and blood collections annually, laboratories divide the urine collections into two parts for analyzing
CdU and β2-MU separately; the resulting 1,584 urine samples, when added to 792 blood samples, result in a total
of 2,376 biological-monitoring samples.

27

14.

Provide estimates of annualized cost to the Federal government. Also, provide a description of the
method used to estimate cost, which should include quantification of hours, operational expenses
(such as equipment, overhead, printing, and support staff), and any other expense that would not
have been incurred without this collection of information. Agencies also may aggregate cost
estimates from Items 12, 13, and 14 in a single table.

COSTS TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The Federal government may incur costs from paragraphs (n)(5) and (n)(6) of the Standard.
Paragraph (n)(5) specifies that employers must make all required records available to OSHA for
inspection; paragraph (n)(6) requires employers to transfer medical-surveillance and exposuremonitoring records to NIOSH if they cease business operations without a successor employer or
a designated organization to receive and retain the required records for the prescribed periods.
As noted above under “Transfer of Records (§1910.1027(n)(6)),” the Agency believes that no
employer will transfer these records to NIOSH during the period covered by this ICR; therefore,
it assigns no cost to the Federal government under this provision.
In fulfilling its enforcement responsibilities under paragraph (n)(5), the Agency estimates that a
compliance officer (GS-12, step 5), at an hourly wage rate of $39.70, spends about 10 minutes
(.17 hour) during an inspection reviewing the written records required by the Standard.12
According to footnote 9 above, OSHA believes that its compliance officers conduct 717 such
inspections annually. The Agency considers other expenses, such as equipment, overhead, and
support staff salaries, as normal operating expenses that would occur without the collection-ofinformation requirements specified by the Standard. Therefore, the total cost of these paperwork
requirements to the Federal government is:
Cost:
15.

717 inspections × .17 hour × $39.70 = $4,839

Explain the reasons for any program changes or adjustments.

The Agency is requesting a 28,918 burden hour reduction (adjustment). The reduction is the
result of the Agency decreasing the number of plants and employees in cross-industry and
specific-industry sectors. From 1999 to 2008 employees in cross-country sectors exposed at or
above the action level have decreased from 55,932 to 39,602 employees and the number of
employees exposed at or above the PEL in cross-country sectors has decreased from 40,279 to
28,711 employees. In the specific-industry sectors the number of employees exposed at or
above the action level decreased from 15,374 to 11,260 and the number of employees exposed at
or above the PEL in the specific industry sectors has decreased from 14,644 to 11,043
employees. During this period the number of plants has also decreased (from 5,052 to 4,872
plants).

12

This rate represents the average 2009 General Schedule (GS) hourly wage rate for a compliance officer (GS-12,
Step 5) in each of the 32 geographic regions as specified by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management.

28

The previously approved ICR relied on industry profile data from 1999; however, the Agency
was able to update the industry data including the estimates of the number of potentially exposed
employees by reviewing cadmium consumption estimates in 1999 and 2007 as reported in the
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries. The Mineral Commodity
Summaries reports that U.S. domestic consumption of cadmium has decreased over 80 percent
since 1999 (from 2,220 to 441 metric tons).
There was a reduction in the number of medical examinations and employees receiving these
medical examinations which led to an overall cost decrease of $1,546,815, from $6,191,000 to
$4,644,185.
16.

For collections of information whose results will be published, outline plans for tabulation, and
publication. Address any complex analytical techniques that will be used. Provide the time schedule
for the entire project, including beginning and ending dates of the collection information, completion
of report, publication dates, and other actions.

OSHA will not publish the information collected under the Standard.
17.

If seeking approval to not display the expiration date for OMB approval of the information
collection, explain the reasons that display would be appropriate.

No forms are available for the Agency to display the expiration date.
18. Explain each exception to the certification statement in ROCIS.

OSHA is not requesting an exception to the certification statement in ROCIS.
Table 3 – Summary of Annual Burden Hour and Cost Estimates

Current Burden
Hours

Requested
Burden Hours

Change in
Burden Hours

Estimated Cost

Initial Monitoring

0

0

0

0

Objective Data

0

0

0

0

7,131

5,086

-2,045

$142,561

72

51

-21

$1,430

Employee Notification of
Monitoring Results

8,517

8,208

-309

$176,554

Compliance Program

17,200

16,583

-617

$488,683

Emergency Situations

0

0

0

0

Notification of Laundry Personnel

0

0

0

0

Information Collection Requirement
Exposure Monitoring

Monitoring Frequency (Periodic
Monitoring)
Additional Monitoring

29

Medical Surveillance
Initial Examination; Actions
Triggered by Initial Biological
Monitoring; Periodic Medical
Surveillance; Actions Triggered by
Medical Examinations; Examinations
for Respirator Use;
Emergency Examinations; and
Termination of
Employment Examination

54,741

39,046

-15,695

$871,507

Information Provided to Physician

2,964

2,114

-850

$45,472

2,964

2,114

-850

$45,472

Warning Signs and Warning Labels

0

0

0

0

Employee Information and Training

21,659

15,322

-6,337

$427,484

Medical Surveillance

0

0

0

0

Training Records

1,719

1,226

-493

$26,371

Availability

4,210

2,509

-1,701

$54,333

0

0

0

0

121,177

92,259

-28,918

$2,279,867

Physician's Written Medical
Opinion
Communication of Cd
Hazards to Employees

Recordkeeping

Transfer of Records
TOTAL

i

Those industries that have at least one plant with slightly different requirements due to a legal settlement agreement
have been marked in italics.
ii
Unless otherwise noted, the Agency was unable to locate updated information regarding the number of plants
covered by the Standard. As such, previous estimates have been retained and are estimated to be conservative given
the overall decrease in the estimated number of exposed employees.
iii
USGS reports that 72 percent of total cadmium consumption in 1999 was for batteries (estimated at 1,598 tons),
while 83 percent of consumption in 2007 was for batteries (estimated at 366 tons). Total estimated cadmium
consumption for batteries decreased by 77.1 percent over this time period; the Agency assumes that the total
number of exposed employees has decreased by 77.1 percent as well.
iv
USGS reports that two facilities in the United States produced cadmium metal, while one primary smelter refined
zinc metal in 2007. Cadmium production in the U.S. decreased by 61.1 percent from 1999 to 2007 while zinc
production fluctuated slightly but remained relatively stable; because the Agency is unable to determine what
percentage of potentially exposed employees are engaged in zinc or cadmium refining, the Agency assumes that the
number of exposed employees has decreased by 50 percent.
v
USGS reports that 13 percent of cadmium consumption in 1999 was for pigments (288.6 tons), while an estimated
8 percent of cadmium consumption in 2007 was for pigments (35.3 tons). Given the estimated decrease of 87.8
percent in cadmium consumption for pigments during this time period, the Agency assumes that the total number of
exposed employees has decreased by 87.8 percent as well.
vi
USGS reports that cadmium consumption for use in stabilizers for plastics declined 96 percent from 1999 to 2007

30

(from an estimated 133.2 tons to 5.3 tons). The Agency assumes that the number of exposed employees has
decreased by 96 percent as well.
vii
USGS reports that estimated employment at primary and secondary lead smelters and refineries decreased 14.4
percent from 1999 to 2007 (from 2,150 to 1,840 employees). The Agency assumes that the number of exposed
employees has decreased by 14.4 percent as well.
viii
USGS reports that cadmium consumption for use in coatings and plating decreased by 82.6 percent from 1999 to
2007 (from 177.6 tons to 30.87 tons). The Agency assumes that the number of plants and exposed employees has
decreased by 82.6 percent as well.
ix
U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns Survey reports that the total number of workers employed in
NAICS 221 has decreased 7.9 percent from 1999 to 2006, while the total number of establishments has increased
by 3.6 percent. The Agency assumes that the number of exposed employees and plants has decreased by 7.9 percent
and increased by 3.6 percent, respectively.
x
US Census Bureau, County Business Patterns Survey reports that the total number of workers employed in NAICS
331111 has declined 22.7 percent from 1999 to 2006, while the total number of establishments has increased 19.8
percent over the same time period. The Agency assumes that the number of exposed employees has decreased 22.7
percent as well, while the number of plants has increased 19.8 percent.
xi
The previous ICR stated that “[f]or the ten cross-industry occupations, 48,109 plants, spread across 88 SIC codes,
are estimated to use cadmium.” Given the overall decline in cadmium consumption and 3.6 percent decrease in the
number of plants estimated in Table 1, The Agency estimates that for the ten cross-industry occupations, the
number of plants using cadmium has declined by 3.6 percent as well to 46,377.
xii
Given the overall 80.1 percent decrease in cadmium consumption from 1999 to 2007, the Agency assumes that the
number of exposed chemical mixers has declined 80.1 percent as well.
xiii
As described above in endnote 8, the consumption of cadmium for use in coating and plating decreased by 82.6
percent from 1999 to 2007. The Agency assumes that the number of electroplaters exposed to cadmium declined by
82.6 percent as well.
xiv
According to the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics Program (OES), National Occupational Employment
and Wage Estimates, total employment for metal-refining furnace operators and tenders (SOC 51-4051) decreased
by 0.9 percent from 1999 to 2007. The Agency assumes that the total number of exposed employees in this
occupational category has declined by 0.9 percent as well.
xv
According to BLS’ OES, total employment for furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders (SOC
51-9051) decreased by 17.0 percent from 1999 to 2007. The Agency assumes that the total number of exposed
employees in this occupational category has declined by 17.0 percent as well.
xvi
According to BLS’ OES, total employment for “heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic” (SOC 51-4191) decreased by 29.8 percent from 1999 to 2007. The Agency assumes that the total number of
exposed employees n this occupation category has declined by 29.8 percent at well.
xvii
According to BLS’ OES, total employment in machine operating, setting, and tending occupations (SOC 51-4021
through 51-4035) decreased by 28.4 percent from 1999 to 2007. The Agency assumes that the total number of
exposed employees in this occupational category has declined by 28.4 percent as well.
xviii
Given the 87.8 percent decline in cadmium consumption for pigments from 1999 to 2007 as discussed in endnote
5, the Agency assumes that the total number of exposed employees in this occupational category has declined 87.8
percent as well.
xix
As discussed in endnote 9, the total number of workers employed in NAICS 221 has decreased 7.9 percent from
1999 to 2006. The Agency assumes that the number of exposed employees has decreased 7.9 percent as well.
xx
According to BLS’ OES, total employment in SOC 51-4121 (Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers) has
decreased by 5.9 percent from 1999 to 2007. The Agency assumes that the total number of exposed employees in
this occupational category has declined by 5.9 percent as well.

31