1 Survey

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–38
OMB #: 0925-xxxx
Expiration Date: xx/xxxx

Source: NCI DHQ (with added questions for pregnancy)
Visits: Within X days of T1 visit
Mode: Self-administered
Estimated Time: 30 minutes

BAR CODE LABEL OR SUBJECT ID
HERE

|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|

NATIONAL CHILDREN’S STUDY

DIET HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE
T1

PROTECTION OF PRIVACY STATEMENT INSERTED HERE

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 30 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing
instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of
information. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it
displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of
information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: NIH, Project Clearance Branch, 6705 Rockledge Drive, MSC 7974, Bethesda,
MD 20892-7974, ATTN: PRA (0925-xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Version 09/18/2007

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–39

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
•

This questionnaire asks you about the foods you ate during the 3 months
before you became pregnant.

•

Answer each question as best you can. Estimate if you are not sure.
A guess is better than leaving a blank.

•

Use only a black ball-point pen. Do not use a pencil or felt-tip pen. Do
not fold, staple, or tear the pages.

•

Put an X in the box next to your answer.

•

If you make any changes, cross out the incorrect answer and put an X in
the box next to the correct answer. Also draw a circle around the correct
answer.

•

If you mark NEVER, NO, or DON’T KNOW for a question, please follow
any arrows or instructions that direct you to the next question.
PLEASE COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FIRST.

In what month were
you born?

Today's date:

MONTH
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

DAY

YEAR

|___|___|
0
1
2
3

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

In what year
were you born?

19 |___|___|
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Version 12/11/06

Appendix A
1.

A.2.1.b–40

During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, how often did you drink tomato juice or
vegetable juice?

4.

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 2)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

1a.

During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, how often did you drink other fruit
drinks (such as cranberry cocktail, Hi-C,
lemonade, or Kool-Aid, diet or regular)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 5)

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

Each time you drank tomato juice or
vegetable juice, how much did you usually
drink?

4a.

Less than ¾ cup (6 ounces)
¾ to 1¼ cups (6 to 10 ounces)
More than 1¼ cups (10 ounces)

2.

4b.

2a.

Each time you drank orange juice or grapefruit
juice, how much did you usually drink?

5.

How often did you drink milk as a beverage
(NOT in coffee, NOT in cereal)? (Please include
chocolate milk, hot chocolate made with milk,
soy milk, rice milk, and other types of milk.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 6)

Less than ¾ cup (6 ounces)
¾ to 1¼ cups (6 to 10 ounces)
More than 1¼ cups (10 ounces)

3.

During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, how often did you drink other 100%
fruit juice or 100% fruit juice mixtures (such
as apple, grape, pineapple, or others)?

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

5a.

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 4)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

3a.

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

Each time you drank other fruit juice or fruit
juice mixtures, how much did you usually
drink?
Less than ¾ cup (6 ounces)
¾ to 1½ cups (6 to 12 ounces)
More than 1½ cups (12 ounces)

Question 4 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

How often were your fruit drinks diet or
sugar-free drinks?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 3)
1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

Each time you drank fruit drinks, how much
did you usually drink?
Less than 1 cup (8 ounces)
1 to 2 cups (8 to 16 ounces)
More than 2 cups (16 ounces)

During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, how often did you drink orange juice
or grapefruit juice?

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

Each time you drank milk as a beverage,
how much did you usually drink?
Less than 1 cup (8 ounces)
1 to 1½ cups (8 to 12 ounces)
More than 1½ cups (12 ounces)

5b.

What kind of milk did you usually drink?
Whole milk
2% fat milk
1 % fat milk
Skim, nonfat, or ½% fat milk
Soy milk
Rice milk
Raw, unpasteurized milk
Other

Question 6 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–41

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
6.

8.

How often did you drink beer?

How often did you drink meal replacement,
energy, or high-protein beverages such as
Instant Breakfast, Ensure, Slimfast, Sustacal or
others?

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 9)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 7)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

6a.

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

Each time you drank meal replacement
beverages, how much did you usually drink?

8a.

9.

How often did you drink wine or wine coolers?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 10)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

How often did you drink soft drinks, soda, or
pop?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 8)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

7a.

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

Each time you drank soft drinks, soda, or
pop, how much did you usually drink?
Less than 12 ounces or less than 1 can or bottle
12 to 16 ounces or 1 can or bottle
More than 16 ounces or more than 1 can or bottle

7b.

How often were these soft drinks, soda, or
pop diet or sugar-free?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

7c.

Each time you drank beer, how much did you
usually drink?
Less than a 12-ounce can or bottle
1 to 3 12-ounce cans or bottles
More than 3 12-ounce cans or bottles

Less than 1 cup (8 ounces)
1 to 1½ cups (8 to 12 ounces)
More than 1½ cups (12 ounces)

7.

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

9a.

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

Each time you drank wine or wine coolers,
how much did you usually drink?
Less than 5 ounces or less than 1 glass
5 to 12 ounces or 1 to 2 glasses
More than 12 ounces or more than 2 glasses

10. How often did you drink liquor or mixed drinks?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 11)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

10a. Each time you drank liquor or mixed drinks,
how much did you usually drink?
Less than 1 shot of liquor
1 to 3 shots of liquor
More than 3 shots of liquor

How often were these soft drinks, soda, or
pop caffeine-free?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 8 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 11 appears on the next page.

Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–42

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
11. How often did you eat oatmeal, grits, or other
cooked cereal?

12d. How often was the cold cereal you ate some
other bran or fiber cereal (such as
Cheerios, Shredded Wheat, Raisin Bran,
Bran Flakes, Grape-Nuts, Granola,
Wheaties, or Healthy Choice)?

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 12)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

11a. Each time you ate oatmeal, grits, or other
cooked cereal, how much did you usually
eat?
Less than ¾ cup
¾ to 1¼ cups
More than 1¼ cups

12. How often did you eat cold cereal?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 13)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

12e. How often was the cold cereal you ate any
other type of cold cereal (such as Corn
Flakes, Rice Krispies, Frosted Flakes,
Special K, Froot Loops, Cap'n Crunch, or
others)?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

12f. Was milk added to your cold cereal? (Please
include soy milk, rice milk, and other kinds of
milk)?
NO (GO TO QUESTION 13)

12a. Each time you ate cold cereal, how much
did you usually eat?
Less than 1 cup
1 to 2½ cups
More than 2½ cups

12b. How often was the cold cereal you ate Total,
Product 19, or Right Start?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

12c. How often was the cold cereal you ate All
Bran, Fiber One, 100% Bran, or Bran
Buds?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 13 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

YES

12g. What kind of milk was usually added?
Whole milk
2% fat milk
1% fat milk
Skim, nonfat, or ½% fat milk
Soy milk
Rice milk
Raw, unpasteurized milk
Other kind of milk

12h. Each time milk was added to your cold
cereal, how much was usually added?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

13. How often did you eat applesauce?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 14)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 14 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–43

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
13a. Each time you ate applesauce, how much
did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

16a. Each time you ate bananas, how many did
you usually eat?
Less than 1 banana
1 banana
More than 1 banana

17. How often did you eat dried fruit, such as
prunes or raisins (not including dried apricots)?

14. How often did you eat apples?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 18)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 15)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

14a. Each time you ate apples, how many did you
usually eat?

15. How often did you eat pears (fresh, canned, or
frozen)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 16)
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

15a. Each time you ate pears, how many did you
usually eat?
Less than 1 pear
1 pear
More than 1 pear

17a. Each time you ate dried fruit, how much did
you usually eat (not including dried apricots)?

18. How often did you eat peaches, nectarines, or
plums (fresh, canned, or frozen)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 19)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

18a. Each time you ate peaches, nectarines, or
plums, how much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 fruit or less than ½ cup
1 to 2 fruits or ½ to ¾ cup
More than 2 fruits or more than ¾ cup

19. How often did you eat grapes?

16. How often did you eat bananas?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 17)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Less than 2 tablespoons
2 to 5 tablespoons
More than 5 tablespoons

Less than 1 apple
1 apple
More than 1 apple

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 20)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

19a. Each time you ate grapes, how much did
you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup or less than 10 grapes
½ to 1 cup or 10 to 30 grapes
More than 1 cup or more than 30 grapes

Question 17 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 20 appears on the next page.

Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–44

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
20. How often did you eat fresh or frozen
cantaloupe?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 21)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

20a. Each time you ate cantaloupe, how much
did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ melon or less than ½ cup
¼ melon or ½ to 1 cup
More than ¼ melon or more than 1 cup

21. How often did you eat fresh or frozen melon,
other than cantaloupe (such as watermelon or
honeydew)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 22)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

21a. Each time you ate melon other than
cantaloupe, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup or 1 small wedge
½ to 2 cups or 1 medium wedge
More than 2 cups or 1 large wedge

22. How often did you eat fresh or frozen
strawberries?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 23)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

23. How often did you eat oranges, tangerines, or
tangelos (fresh or canned)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 24)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

23a. Each time you ate oranges, tangerines, or
tangelos, how many did you usually eat?
Less than 1 fruit
1 fruit
More than 1 fruit

24. How often did you eat grapefruit (fresh or
canned)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 25)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

24a. Each time you ate grapefruit, how much did
you usually eat?
Less than ½ grapefruit
½ grapefruit
More than ½ grapefruit

25. How often did you eat other kinds of fruit?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 26)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

25a. Each time you ate other kinds of fruit, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup
¼ to ¾ cup
More than ¾ cup

22a. Each time you ate strawberries, how much
did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup or less than 3 berries
¼ to ¾ cup or 3 to 8 berries
More than ¾ cup or more than 8 berries

Question 23 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 26 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–45

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
26. How often did you eat COOKED greens (such
as spinach, turnip, collard, mustard, chard, or
kale)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 27)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

26a. Each time you ate COOKED greens, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

27. How often did you eat RAW greens (such as
spinach, turnip, collard, mustard, chard, or
kale)? (We will ask about lettuce later.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 28)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

27a. Each time you ate RAW greens, how much
did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 30)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

29a. Each time you ate cabbage, how much did
you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup
¼ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

30. How often did you eat carrots (fresh, canned, or
frozen)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 31)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

30a. Each time you ate carrots, how much did
you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup or less than 2 baby carrots
¼ to ½ cup or 2 to 5 baby carrots
More than ½ cup or more than 5 baby carrots

31. How often did you eat string beans or green
beans (fresh, canned, or frozen)?

28. How often did you eat coleslaw?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 29)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

29. How often did you eat cabbage (other than
coleslaw)?

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

28a. Each time you ate coleslaw, how much did
you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup
¼ to ¾ cup
More than ¾ cup

Question 29 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 32)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

31a. Each time you ate string beans or green
beans, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

Question 32 appears on the next page.

Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–46

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
32. How often did you eat peas (fresh, canned, or
frozen)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 33)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

32a. Each time you ate peas, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup
¼ to ¾ cup
More than ¾ cup

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 34)
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

33a. Each time you ate corn, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 1 ear or less than ½ cup
1 ear or ½ to 1 cup
More than 1 ear or more than 1 cup

34. How often did you eat broccoli (fresh or
frozen)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 35)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 36)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

35a. Each time you ate cauliflower or Brussels
sprouts, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup
¼ to ½ cup
More than ½ cup

36. How often did you eat mixed vegetables?

33. How often did you eat corn (fresh, canned, or
frozen)?

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

35. How often did you eat cauliflower or Brussels
sprouts (fresh or frozen)?

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

34a. Each time you ate broccoli, how much did
you usually eat?

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 37)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

36a. Each time you ate mixed vegetables, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

37. How often did you eat onions?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 38)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

37a. Each time you ate onions, how much did
you usually eat?
Less than 1 slice or less than 1 tablespoon
1 slice or 1 to 4 tablespoons
More than 1 slice or more than 4 tablespoons

Less than ¼ cup
¼ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

Question 35 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 38 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–47

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
38. Now think about all the cooked vegetables you
ate in the during the 3 months before you
became pregnant and how they were prepared.
How often were your vegetables COOKED
WITH some sort of fat, including oil spray?
(Please do not include potatoes.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 39)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

38a. Which fats were usually added to your
vegetables DURING COOKING? (Please do
not include potatoes. Mark all that apply.)
Margarine (including
low-fat)
Butter (including
low-fat)
Lard, fatback, or
bacon fat
Olive oil

Corn oil
Canola or rapeseed oil
Oil spray, such as Pam
or others
Other kinds of oils
None of the above

39. Now, thinking again about all the cooked
vegetables you ate during the 3 months before
you became pregnant, how often was some sort
of fat, sauce, or dressing added AFTER
COOKING OR AT THE TABLE? (Please do
not include potatoes.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 40)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

39a. Which fats, sauces, or dressings were
usually added AFTER COOKING OR AT
THE TABLE? (Please do not include
potatoes. Mark all that apply.)
Margarine
(including low-fat)
Butter (including
low-fat)
Lard, fatback, or
bacon fat

Salad dressing
Cheese sauce
White sauce
Other

Question 40 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

39b. If margarine, butter, lard, fatback, or bacon
fat was added to your cooked vegetables
AFTER COOKING OR AT THE TABLE, how
much did you usually add?
Did not usually add these
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 3 teaspoons
More than 3 teaspoons

39c. If salad dressing, cheese sauce, or white
sauce was added to your cooked vegetables
AFTER COOKING OR AT THE TABLE, how
much did you usually add?
Did not usually add these
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 3 tablespoons
More than 3 tablespoons

40. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, how often did you eat sweet peppers
(green, red, or yellow)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 41)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

40a. Each time you ate sweet peppers, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than ⅛ pepper
⅛ to ¼ pepper
More than ¼ pepper

41. How often did you eat fresh tomatoes
(including those in salads)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 42)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

41a. Each time you ate fresh tomatoes, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ tomato
¼ to ½ tomato
More than ½ tomato

Question 42 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–48

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
42. How often did you eat lettuce salads (with or
without other vegetables)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 43)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

42a. Each time you ate lettuce salads, how much
did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup
¼ to 1¼ cups
More than 1¼ cups

43. How often did you eat salad dressing (including
low-fat) on salads?

45. How often did you eat French fries, home fries,
hash browned potatoes, or tater tots?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 46)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

45a. Each time you ate French fries, home fries,
hash browned potatoes, or tater tots how
much did you usually eat?
Less than 10 fries or less than ½ cup
10 to 25 fries or ½ to 1 cup
More than 25 fries or more than 1 cup

45b. How often were the French fries, home fries,
hash browned potatoes, or tater tots you ate
prepared at restaurants including fastfood restaurants?

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 44)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

46. How often did you eat potato salad?
43a. Each time you ate salad dressing on salads,
how much did you usually eat?
Less than 2 tablespoons
2 to 4 tablespoons
More than 4 tablespoons

44. How often did you eat sweet potatoes or
yams?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 45)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

44a. Each time you ate sweet potatoes or yams,
how much did you usually eat?
1 small potato or less than ¼ cup
1 medium potato or ¼ to ¾ cup
1 large potato or more than ¾ cup

Question 45 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 47)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

46a. Each time you ate potato salad, how much
did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

47. How often did you eat baked, boiled, or
mashed potatoes?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 48)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 48 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A
During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
47a. Each time you ate baked, boiled, or
mashed potatoes, how much did you
usually eat?
1 small potato or less than ½ cup
1 medium potato or ½ to 1 cup
1 large potato or more than 1 cup

47b. How often were these potatoes baked?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

47c. How often was sour cream (including lowfat) added to your potatoes, EITHER IN
COOKING OR AT THE TABLE?
Almost never or never (GO TO QUESTION 47e)
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

47d. Each time sour cream was added to your
potatoes, how much was usually added?
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 3 tablespoons
More than 3 tablespoons

47e. How often was margarine (including low-fat)
added to your potatoes, EITHER IN
COOKING OR AT THE TABLE?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

47f. How often was butter (including low-fat)
added to your potatoes, EITHER IN
COOKING OR AT THE TABLE?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

A.2.1.b–49
47g. Each time margarine or butter was added to
your potatoes, how much was usually
added?
Never added
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 3 teaspoons
More than 3 teaspoons

47h. How often was cheese or cheese sauce
added to your potatoes, EITHER IN
COOKING OR AT THE TABLE?
Almost never or never (GO TO QUESTION 48)
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

47i. Each time cheese or cheese sauce was
added to your potatoes, how much was
usually added?
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 3 tablespoons
More than 3 tablespoons

48. How often did you eat salsa?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 49)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

48a. Each time you ate salsa, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 5 tablespoons
More than 5 tablespoons

49. How often did you eat catsup?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 50)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

49a. Each time you ate catsup, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 6 teaspoons
More than 6 teaspoons
Question 50 appears on the next page.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–50

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
50. How often did you eat stuffing, dressing, or
dumplings?

53. How often did you eat cooked dried beans
(such as baked beans, pintos, kidney, blackeyed
peas, lima, lentils, soybeans, or refried beans)?
(Please don't include bean soups or chili.)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 51)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 54)

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

50a. Each time you ate stuffing, dressing, or
dumplings, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 52)
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

51a. Each time you ate chili, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 13/4 cups
More than 13/4 cups

53b. How often were the beans you ate refried
beans, beans prepared with any type of
fat, or with meat added?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

54. How often did you eat other kinds of
vegetables?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 55)

52. How often did you eat Mexican foods (such as
tacos, tostados, burritos, tamales, fajitas,
enchiladas, quesadillas, and chimichangas)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 53)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

53a. Each time you ate beans, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

51. How often did you eat chili?

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

52a. Each time you ate Mexican foods, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 taco, burrito, etc.
1 to 2 tacos, burritos, etc.
More than 2 tacos, burritos, etc.

Question 53 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

54a. Each time you ate other kinds of
vegetables, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup
¼ to ½ cup
More than ½ cup

55. How often did you eat rice or other cooked
grains (such as bulgur, cracked wheat, or millet)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 56)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 56 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–51

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
55a. Each time you ate rice or other cooked
grains, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1½ cups
More than 1½ cups

55b. How often was butter, margarine, or oil
added to your rice IN COOKING OR AT THE
TABLE?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

56. How often did you eat pancakes, waffles, or
French toast?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 57)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

56a. Each time you ate pancakes, waffles, or
French toast, how much did you usually
eat?
Less than 1 medium piece
1 to 3 medium pieces
More than 3 medium pieces

56b. How often was margarine (including low-fat)
added to your pancakes, waffles, or French
toast AFTER COOKING OR AT THE
TABLE?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

56c. How often was butter (including low-fat)
added to your pancakes, waffles, or French
toast AFTER COOKING OR AT THE
TABLE?

56d. Each time margarine or butter was added to
your pancakes, waffles, or French toast, how
much was usually added?
Never added
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 3 teaspoons
More than 3 teaspoons

56e. How often was syrup added to your
pancakes, waffles, or French toast?
Almost never or never (GO TO QUESTION 57)
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

56f. Each time syrup was added to your
pancakes, waffles, or French toast, how
much was usually added?
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 4 tablespoons
More than 4 tablespoons

57. How often did you eat lasagna, stuffed shells,
stuffed manicotti, ravioli, or tortellini?
(Please do not include spaghetti or other pasta.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 58)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

57a. Each time you ate lasagna, stuffed shells,
stuffed manicotti, ravioli, or tortellini, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 cup
1 to 2 cups
More than 2 cups

58. How often did you eat macaroni and cheese?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 59)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 57 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 59 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–52

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
58a. Each time you ate macaroni and cheese,
how much did you usually eat?

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Less than 1 cup
1 to 1½ cups
More than 1½ cups

59. How often did you eat pasta salad or macaroni
salad?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 60)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

59a. Each time you ate pasta salad or macaroni
salad, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

60d. How often did you eat your pasta, spaghetti,
or other noodles with margarine, butter, oil,
or cream sauce?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

61. How often did you eat bagels or English
muffins?
NEVER (GO TO INTRODUCTION TO
QUESTION 62)

60. Other than the pastas listed in Questions 57, 58,
and 59, how often did you eat pasta, spaghetti,
or other noodles?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 61)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

60c. How often did you eat your pasta, spaghetti,
or other noodles with tomato sauce or
spaghetti sauce made WITHOUT meat?

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

60a. Each time you ate pasta, spaghetti, or
other noodles, how much did you usually
eat?
Less than 1 cup
1 to 3 cups
More than 3 cups

60b. How often did you eat your pasta, spaghetti,
or other noodles with tomato sauce or
spaghetti sauce made WITH meat?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 61 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

61a. Each time you ate bagels or English
muffins, how many did you usually eat?
Less than 1 bagel or English muffin
1 bagel or English muffin
More than 1 bagel or English muffin

61b. How often were the bagels or English muffins
you ate whole grain?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

61c. How often were your bagels or English
muffins toasted?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Introduction to question 62 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A
During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
61d. How often was margarine (including low-fat)
added to your bagels or English muffins?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

61e. How often was butter (including low-fat)
added to your bagels or English muffins?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

61f. Each time margarine or butter was added to
your bagels or English muffins, how much
was usually added?
Never added
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 2 teaspoons
More than 2 teaspoons

61g. How often was cream cheese (including lowfat) spread on your bagels or English
muffins?
Almost never or never (GO TO INTRODUCTION
TO QUESTION 62)
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

61h. Each time cream cheese was added to your
bagels or English muffins, how much was
usually added?
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 2 tablespoons
More than 2 tablespoons

A.2.1.b–53
The next questions ask about your intake of
breads other than bagels or English muffins. First,
we will ask about bread you ate as part of
sandwiches only. Then we will ask about all other
bread you ate.
During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
62. How often did you eat breads or rolls AS PART
OF SANDWICHES (including burger and hot
dog rolls)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 63)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

62a. Each time you ate breads or rolls AS PART
OF SANDWICHES, how many did you
usually eat?
1 slice or ½ roll
2 slices or 1 roll
More than 2 slices or more than 1 roll

62b. How often were the breads or rolls that you
used for your sandwiches white bread
(including burger and hot dog rolls)?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

62c. How often were your sandwich breads or
rolls toasted?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

62d. How often was mayonnaise or
mayonnaise-type dressing (including lowfat) added to your sandwich bread or rolls?
Almost never or never (GO TO QUESTION 62f)
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Introduction to question 62 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 62f appears on the next page.
Question 63 appears on the next page.

Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–54

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
62e. Each time mayonnaise or mayonnaise-type
dressing was added to your sandwich breads
or rolls, how much was usually added?
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 3 teaspoons
More than 3 teaspoons

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

63c. How often were your breads or rolls toasted?

62f. How often was margarine (including low-fat)
added to your sandwich bread or rolls?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

62g. How often was butter (including low-fat)
added to your sandwich bread or rolls?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

62h. Each time margarine or butter was added to
your sandwich breads or rolls, how much
was usually added?
Never added
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 2 teaspoons
More than 2 teaspoons

63. How often did you eat breads or dinner rolls,
NOT AS PART OF SANDWICHES?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 64)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

63b. How often were the breads or rolls you ate
white bread?

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

63a. Each time you ate breads or dinner rolls,
NOT AS PART OF SANDWICHES, how
much did you usually eat?
1 slice or 1 dinner roll
2 slices or 2 dinner rolls
More than 2 slices or 2 dinner rolls

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

63d. How often was margarine (including low-fat)
added to your breads or rolls?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

63e. How often was butter (including low-fat)
added to your breads or rolls?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

63f. Each time margarine or butter was added to
your breads or rolls, how much was usually
added?
Never added
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 2 teaspoons
More than 2 teaspoons

63g. How often was cream cheese (including lowfat) added to your breads or rolls?
Almost never or never (GO TO QUESTION 64)
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

63h. Each time cream cheese was added to your
breads or rolls, how much was usually
added?
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 2 tablespoons
More than 2 tablespoons

Question 64 appears on the next page.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 64 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–55

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
64. How often did you eat jam, jelly, or honey on
bagels, muffins, bread, rolls, or crackers?

67. How often did you eat turkey or chicken COLD
CUTS (such as loaf, luncheon meat, turkey ham,
turkey salami, or turkey pastrami)? (We will ask
about other turkey or chicken later.)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 65)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 68)

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

64a. Each time you ate jam, jelly, or honey, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 3 teaspoons
More than 3 teaspoons

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

67a. Each time you ate turkey or chicken COLD
CUTS, how much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 slice
1 to 3 slices
More than 3 slices

65. How often did you eat peanut butter or other
nut butter?

68. How often did you eat luncheon or deli-style
ham? (We will ask about other ham later.)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 66)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 69)

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

65a. Each time you ate peanut butter or other
nut butter, how much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 2 tablespoons
More than 2 tablespoons

66. How often did you eat roast beef or steak IN
SANDWICHES?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 67)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

66a. Each time you ate roast beef or steak IN
SANDWICHES, how much did you usually
eat?
Less than 1 slice or less than 2 ounces
1 to 2 slices or 2 to 4 ounces
More than 2 slices or more than 4 ounces

Question 67 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

68a. Each time you ate luncheon or deli-style
ham, how much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 slice
1 to 3 slices
More than 3 slices

68b. How often was the luncheon or deli-style
ham you ate light, low-fat, or fat-free?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

69. How often did you eat other cold cuts or
luncheon meats (such as bologna, salami,
corned beef, pastrami, or others, including lowfat)? (Please do not include ham, turkey, or
chicken cold cuts.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 70)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 70 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–56

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
69a. Each time you ate other cold cuts or
luncheon meats, how much did you usually
eat?

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Less than 1 slice
1 to 3 slices
More than 3 slices

69b. How often were the other cold cuts or
luncheon meats you ate light, low-fat, or fatfree cold cuts or luncheon meats? (Please
do not include ham, turkey, or chicken cold
cuts.)
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

70. How often did you eat canned tuna or tuna in
foil pouches (including in salads, sandwiches,
or casseroles)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 71)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

70d. How often was the canned tuna or tuna in foil
pouches you ate prepared with
mayonnaise or other dressing (including
low-fat)?

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

70a. Each time you ate canned tuna or tuna in
foil pouches, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup or less than 2 ounces
¼ to ½ cup or 2 to 3 ounces
More than ½ cup or more than 3 ounces

70b. How often was the canned tuna or tuna in foil
pouches you ate water-packed tuna?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

70c. How often was the canned tuna or tuna in foil
pouches you ate white “meat” tuna
including albacore?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 71 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

71. How often did you eat GROUND chicken or turkey?
(We will ask about other chicken and turkey later.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 72)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

71a. Each time you ate GROUND chicken or
turkey, how much did you usually eat?
Less than 2 ounces or less than ½ cup
2 to 4 ounces or ½ to 1 cup
More than 4 ounces or more than 1 cup

72. How often did you eat beef hamburgers or
cheeseburgers?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 73)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

72a. Each time you ate beef hamburgers or
cheeseburgers, how much did you usually
eat?
Less than 1 patty or less than 2 ounces
1 patty or 2 to 4 ounces
More than 1 patty or more than 4 ounces

72b. How often were the beef hamburgers or
cheeseburgers you ate made with lean
ground beef?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 73 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–57

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
73. How often did you eat ground beef in mixtures
(such as meatballs, casseroles, chili, or
meatloaf)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 74)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

75a. Each time you ate beef stew, beef pot pie,
beef and noodles, or beef and vegetables,
how much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 cup
1 to 2 cups
More than 2 cups

76. How often did you eat roast beef or pot roast?
(Please do not include roast beef or pot roast in
sandwiches.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 77)

73a. Each time you ate ground beef in mixtures,
how much did you usually eat?
Less than 3 ounces or less than ½ cup
3 to 8 ounces or ½ to 1 cup
More than 8 ounces or more than 1 cup

74. How often did you eat hot dogs or
frankfurters? (Please do not include sausages
or vegetarian hot dogs.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 75)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

74a. Each time you ate hot dogs or frankfurters,
how many did you usually eat?
Less than 1 hot dog
1 to 2 hot dogs
More than 2 hot dogs

74b. How often were the hot dogs or frankfurters
you ate light or low-fat hot dogs?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

75. How often did you eat beef mixtures such as
beef stew, beef pot pie, beef and noodles, or
beef and vegetables?

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

76a. Each time you ate roast beef or pot roast
(including in mixtures), how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 2 ounces
2 to 5 ounces
More than 5 ounces

77. How often did you eat steak (beef)? (Do not
include steak in sandwiches)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 78)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

77a. Each time you ate steak (beef), how much
did you usually eat?
Less than 3 ounces
3 to 7 ounces
More than 7 ounces

77b. How often was the steak you ate lean steak?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 76)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 76 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 78 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–58

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
78. How often did you eat pork or beef spareribs?

81. How often did you eat baked, broiled, roasted,
stewed, or fried chicken (including nuggets)?
(Please do not include chicken in mixtures.)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 79)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 82)

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

78a. Each time you ate pork or beef spareribs,
how much did you usually eat?
Less than 4 ribs
4 to 12 ribs
More than 12 ribs

79. How often did you eat roast turkey, turkey
cutlets, or turkey nuggets (including in
sandwiches)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 80)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

79a. Each time you ate roast turkey, turkey
cutlets, or turkey nuggets, how much did
you usually eat? (Please note: 4 to 8 turkey
nuggets = 3 ounces.)
Less than 2 ounces
2 to 4 ounces
More than 4 ounces

80. How often did you eat chicken as part of
salads, sandwiches, casseroles, stews, or
other mixtures?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 81)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

80a. Each time you ate chicken as part of salads,
sandwiches, casseroles, stews, or other
mixtures, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1½ cups
More than 1½ cups

Question 81 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

81a. Each time you ate baked, broiled, roasted,
stewed, or fried chicken (including
nuggets), how much did you usually eat?
Less than 2 drumsticks or wings, less than
1 breast or thigh, or less than 4 nuggets
2 drumsticks or wings, 1 breast or thigh, or 4 to
8 nuggets
More than 2 drumsticks or wings, more than
1 breast or thigh, or more than 8 nuggets

81b. How often was the chicken you ate fried chicken
(including deep fried) or chicken nuggets?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

81c. How often was the chicken you ate WHITE
meat?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

81d. How often did you eat chicken WITH skin?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

82. How often did you eat baked ham or ham
steak?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 83)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 83 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–59

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
82a. Each time you ate baked ham or ham steak,
how much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 ounce
1 to 3 ounces
More than 3 ounces

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 84)
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

83a. Each time you ate pork, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 2 ounces or less than 1 chop
2 to 5 ounces or 1 chop
More than 5 ounces or more than 1 chop

84. How often did you eat gravy on meat, chicken,
potatoes, rice, etc.?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 85)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

84a. Each time you ate gravy on meat, chicken,
potatoes, rice, etc., how much did you
usually eat?
Less than ⅛ cup
⅛ to ½ cup
More than ½ cup

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 87)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

86a. Each time you ate bacon, how much did you
usually eat?
Fewer than 2 slices
2 to 3 slices
More than 3 slices

86b. How often was the bacon you ate light, lowfat, or lean bacon?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

87. How often did you eat sausage (including lowfat)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 88)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

87a. Each time you ate sausage, how much did
you usually eat?

85. How often did you eat liver (all kinds) or
liverwurst?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 86)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

Less than 1 ounce
1 to 4 ounces
More than 4 ounces

86. How often did you eat bacon (including low-fat)?

83. How often did you eat pork (including chops,
roasts, and in mixed dishes)? (Please do not
include ham, ham steak, bacon, or sausage.)

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

85a. Each time you ate liver or liverwurst, how
much did you usually eat?

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 86 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Less than 1 patty or 2 links
1 to 3 patties or 2 to 5 links
More than 3 patties or 5 links

87b. How often was the sausage you ate light,
low-fat, or lean sausage?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 88 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–60

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
88. How often did you eat shellfish such as shrimp
oysters, clams, crab, crayfish, or lobsters?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 89)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

88a. Each time you ate shellfish, how much did
you usually eat?

NEVER (GO TO INTRODUCTION TO QUESTION 91)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

90a. Each time you ate fish that was NOT FRIED,
how much did you usually eat?
Less than 2 ounces or less than 1 fillet
2 to 5 ounces or 1 fillet
More than 5 ounces or more than 1 fillet

Less than 2 ounces
2 to 5 ounces
More than 5 ounces

88b. How often was the shellfish you ate shrimp?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

88c. How often was the shellfish you ate fried?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

89. How often did you eat fish sticks or fried fish?
(NOT including shrimp or other shellfish)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 90)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

90. How often did you eat fish that was NOT
FRIED? (not including shrimp or other shellfish
and not including canned tuna or tuna in foil
pouches)

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

89a. Each time you ate fish sticks or fried fish,
how much did you usually eat?
Less than 2 ounces or less than 2 fish sticks
2 to 7 ounces or 2 to 3 fish sticks
More than 7 ounces or more than 3 fish sticks

Now think about all the meat, poultry, and fish you
ate during the 3 months before you became
pregnant and how they were prepared.
91. How often was oil, butter, margarine, or other
fat used to FRY, SAUTE, BASTE, OR
MARINATE any meat, poultry, or fish you ate?
(Please do not include deep frying.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 92)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

91a. Which of the following fats were regularly
used to prepare your meat, poultry, or fish?
(Mark all that apply.)
Margarine (including
low-fat)
Butter (including
low-fat)
Lard, fatback, or
bacon fat
Olive oil

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Corn oil
Canola or rapeseed oil
Oil spray, such as Pam
or others
Other kinds of oils
None of the above

92. How often did you eat tofu, soy burgers, or soy
meat-substitutes?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 93)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

Question 90 appears in the next column.

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 93 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–61

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
92a. Each time you ate tofu, soy burgers, or soy
meat-substitutes, how much did you usually
eat?
Less than ¼ cup or less than 2 ounces
¼ to ½ cup or 2 to 4 ounces
More than ½ cup or more than 4 ounces

93. How often did you eat soup?

93e. How often were the soups you ate broth soups
(including chicken) with or without noodles or
rice?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

94. How often did you eat pizza?

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 94)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 95)

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

93a. Each time you ate soup, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 1 cup
1 to 2 cups
More than 2 cups

93b. How often were the soups you ate bean
soups?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

93c. How often were the soups you ate cream
soups (including chowders)?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

93d. How often were the soups you ate tomato or
vegetable soups?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

94a. Each time you ate pizza, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 1 slice or less than 1 mini pizza
1 to 3 slices or 1 mini pizza
More than 3 slices or more than 1 mini pizza

94b. How often did you eat pizza with pepperoni,
sausage, or other meat?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

95. How often did you eat crackers?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 96)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

95a. Each time you ate crackers, how many did
you usually eat?
Fewer than 4 crackers
4 to 10 crackers
More than 10 crackers

96. How often did you eat corn bread or corn
muffins?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 97)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

Question 94 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 97 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–62

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
96a. Each time you ate corn bread or corn
muffins, how much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 piece or muffin
1 to 2 pieces or muffins
More than 2 pieces or muffins

97. How often did you eat biscuits?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 98)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

97a. Each time you ate biscuits, how many did
you usually eat?
Fewer than 1 biscuit
1 to 2 biscuits
More than 2 biscuits

98. How often did you eat potato chips, tortilla
chips, or corn chips (including low-fat, fat-free,
or low-salt)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 99)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

98a. Each time you ate potato chips, tortilla
chips, or corn chips, how much did you
usually eat?
Fewer than 10 chips or less than 1 cup
10 to 25 chips or 1 to 2 cups
More than 25 chips or more than 2 cups

98b. How often were the chips you ate low-fat or
fat-free chips?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

99. How often did you eat popcorn (including low-fat)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 100)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 100 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

99a. Each time you ate popcorn, how much did
you usually eat?
Less than 2 cups, popped
2 to 5 cups, popped
More than 5 cups, popped

100. How often did you eat pretzels?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 101)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

100a. Each time you ate pretzels, how many did
you usually eat?
Fewer than 5 average twists
5 to 20 average twists
More than 20 average twists

101. How often did you eat peanuts, walnuts,
seeds, or other nuts?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 102)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

101a. Each time you ate peanuts, walnuts, seeds,
or other nuts, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ¼ cup
¼ to ½ cup
More than ½ cup

101b. How often were the nuts or seeds you ate
almonds that were toasted or roasted?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

102. How often did you eat energy, high-protein, or
breakfast bars such as Power Bars, Balance,
Clif, or others?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 103)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

Question 103 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–63

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
102a. Each time you ate energy, high protein, or
breakfast bars, how much did you usually
eat?
Less than 1 bar
1 bar
More than 1 bar

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 104)
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

103a. Each time you ate yogurt, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than ½ cup or less than 1 container
½ to 1 cup or 1 container
More than 1 cup or more than 1 container

104. How often did you eat cottage cheese
(including low-fat)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 105)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

Less than ½ ounce or less than 1 slice
½ to 1½ ounces or 1 slice
More than 1½ ounces or more than 1 slice

105b. How often was the cheese you ate light or
low-fat cheese?

103. How often did you eat yogurt (NOT including
frozen yogurt)?

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

105a. Each time you ate cheese, how much did
you usually eat?

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

104a. Each time you ate cottage cheese, how
much did you usually eat?

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

105c. How often was the cheese you ate fat-free
cheese?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

106. How often did you eat frozen yogurt, sorbet, or
ices (including low-fat or fat-free)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 107)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

106a. Each time you ate frozen yogurt, sorbet, or
ices, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup or less than 1 scoop
½ to 1 cup or 1 to 2 scoops
More than 1 cup or more than 2 scoops

107. How often did you eat ice cream, ice cream
bars, or sherbet (including low-fat or fat-free)?

Less than ¼ cup
¼ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 108)

105. How often did you eat cheese (including low-fat;
including on cheeseburgers or in sandwiches or
subs)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 106)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

107a. Each time you ate ice cream, ice cream
bars, or sherbet, how much did you usually
eat?
Less than ½ cup or less than 1 scoop
½ to 1½ cups or 1 to 2 scoops
More than 1½ cups or more than 2 scoops

Question 106 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Question 108 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–64

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
107b. How often was the ice cream you ate light,
low-fat, or fat-free ice cream or sherbet?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

108. How often did you eat cake (including low-fat or
fat-free)?

109b.How often were the cookies or brownies you
ate light, low-fat, or fat-free cookies or
brownies?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

110. How often did you eat doughnuts, sweet rolls,
Danish, or Pop-tarts?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 111)

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 109)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

108a. Each time you ate cake, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 1 medium piece
1 medium piece
More than 1 medium piece

108b. How often was the cake you ate light, lowfat, or fat-free cake?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

109. How often did you eat cookies or brownies
(including low-fat or fat-free)?

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

110a. Each time you ate doughnuts, sweet rolls,
Danish, or Pop-tarts, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than 1 piece
1 to 2 pieces
More than 2 pieces

111. How often did you eat sweet muffins or
dessert breads (including low-fat or fat-free)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 112)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

111a. Each time you ate sweet muffins or dessert
breads, how much did you usually eat?

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 110)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

109a. Each time you ate cookies or brownies,
how much did you usually eat?
Less than 2 cookies or 1 small brownie
2 to 4 cookies or 1 medium brownie
More than 4 cookies or 1 large brownie

Question 110 appears in the next column.

DRAFT ONLY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Less than 1 medium piece
1 medium piece
More than 1 medium piece

111b. How often were the sweet muffins or
dessert breads you ate light, low-fat, or fatfree sweet muffins or dessert breads?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 112 appears on the next page.
Version 12/11/06

Appendix A

A.2.1.b–65

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
112. How often did you eat fruit crisp, cobbler, or
strudel?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 113)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

112a. Each time you ate fruit crisp, cobbler, or
strudel, how much did you usually eat?
Less than ½ cup
½ to 1 cup
More than 1 cup

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

113e. How often were the pies you ate pecan pie?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

114. How often did you eat chocolate candy?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 115)

113. How often did you eat pie?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 114)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

113d.How often were the pies you ate pumpkin or
sweet potato pie?

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

113a. Each time you ate pie, how much did you
usually eat?
Less than ⅛ of a pie
About ⅛ of a pie
More than ⅛ of a pie

The next four questions ask about the kinds of
pie you ate. Please read all four questions
before answering.
113b. How often were the pies you ate fruit pie
(such as apple, blueberry, others)?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

114a. Each time you ate chocolate candy, how
much did you usually eat?
Less than 1 average bar or less than 1 ounce
1 average bar or 1 to 2 ounces
More than 1 average bar or more than 2 ounces

115. How often did you eat other candy?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 116)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

115a. Each time you ate other candy, how much
did you usually eat?
Fewer than 2 pieces
2 to 9 pieces
More than 9 pieces

113c. How often were the pies you ate cream,
pudding, custard, or meringue pie?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 114 appears in the next column.

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Question 116 appears on the next page.
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Appendix A

A.2.1.b–66

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
116. How often did you eat eggs, egg whites, or egg
substitutes (NOT counting eggs in baked
goods and desserts)? (Please include eggs in
salads, quiche, and soufflés.)
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 117)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

116a. Each time you ate eggs, how many did you
usually eat?
1 egg
2 eggs
3 or more eggs

116b. How often were the eggs you ate egg
substitutes?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

116c. How often were the eggs you ate egg
whites only?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

116d. How often were the eggs you ate regular
whole eggs?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

116e. How often were the eggs you ate cooked in
oil, butter, or margarine?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 117 appears in the next column.

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116f. How often were the eggs you ate part of
egg salad?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

117. How many cups of coffee, caffeinated or
decaffeinated, did you drink?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 118)
1–3 cups per month
1 cup per week
2–4 cups per week
5–6 cups per week

1 cup per day
2–3 cups per day
4–5 cups per day
6 or more cups per day

117a. How often was the coffee you drank
decaffeinated?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

118. How many glasses of ICED tea, caffeinated or
decaffeinated, did you drink?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 119)
1–3 cups per month
1 cup per week
2–4 cups per week
5–6 cups per week

1 cup per day
2–3 cups per day
4–5 cups per day
6 or more cups per day

118a. How often was the iced tea you drank
decaffeinated or herbal tea?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

118b. How often was the iced tea you drank green
tea?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 119 appears on the next page.
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Appendix A

A.2.1.b–67

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
119. How many cups of HOT tea, caffeinated,
decaffeinated, or herbal, did you drink?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 120)
1–3 cups per month
1 cup per week
2–4 cups per week
5–6 cups per week

1 cup per day
2–3 cups per day
4–5 cups per day
6 or more cups per day

119a. How often was the hot tea you drank
decaffeinated or herbal tea?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Equal or aspartame
Sweet N Low or saccharin
Splenda or sucralose

122. How often was non-dairy creamer added to
your coffee or tea?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 123)
1–3 times per month
1 time per week
2–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

122a. Each time non-dairy creamer was added to
your coffee or tea, how much was usually
used?

119b. How often was the hot tea you drank green
tea?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 3 teaspoons
More than 3 teaspoons

122b. What kind of non-dairy creamer did you
usually use?

120. How often did you add sugar or honey to your
coffee or tea?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 121)
1–3 times per month
1 time per week
2–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

121a.What kind of artificial sweetener did you
usually use?

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

120a. Each time sugar or honey was added to
your coffee or tea, how much was usually
added?

Regular powdered
Low-fat or fat-free powdered
Regular liquid
Low-fat or fat-free liquid

123. How often was cream or half and half added to
your coffee or tea?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 124)
1–3 times per month
1 time per week
2–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

123a. Each time cream or half and half was
added to your coffee or tea, how much was
usually added?

Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 3 teaspoons
More than 3 teaspoons

121. How often did you add artificial sweetener to
your coffee or tea?

Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 2 tablespoons
More than 2 tablespoons

NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 122)
1–3 times per month
1 time per week
2–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

Question 122 appears in the next column.

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Question 124 appears on the next page.
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Appendix A

A.2.1.b–68

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
124. How often was milk added to your coffee or tea
(Please include soy milk, rice milk, and other types
of milk)?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 125)
1–3 times per month
1 time per week
2–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

124a. Each time milk was added to your coffee or
tea, how much was usually added?
Less than 1 tablespoon
1 to 3 tablespoons
More than 3 tablespoons

124b. What kind of milk was usually added to your
coffee or tea?
Whole milk
2% milk
1% milk
Skim, nonfat, or ½% milk
Evaporated or condensed (canned) milk
Soy milk
Rice milk
Raw, unpasteurized milk
Other

125. How often was sugar or honey added to foods
you ate? (Please do not include sugar in coffee,
tea, other beverages, or baked goods.)
NEVER (GO TO INTRODUCTION TO
QUESTION 126)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1 time per week
2 times per week

3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week
1 time per day
2 or more times per day

125a. Each time sugar or honey was added to
foods you ate, how much was usually
added?
Less than 1 teaspoon
1 to 3 teaspoons
More than 3 teaspoons

The following questions are about the kinds of
butter, margarine, mayonnaise, sour cream, cream
cheese, and salad dressing that you eat. If possible,
please check the labels of these foods to help you
answer.
126. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, did you eat margarine?
NO (GO TO QUESTION 127)
YES

126a. How often was the margarine you ate
regular-fat margarine (stick or tub)?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

126b. How often was the margarine you ate light
or low-fat margarine (stick or tub)?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

126c. How often was the margarine you ate fatfree margarine?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

127. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, did you eat butter?
NO (GO TO QUESTION 128)
YES

127a. How often was the butter you ate light or
low-fat butter?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Introduction to question 126 appears in the next column.

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Question 128 appears on the next page.
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Appendix A
During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
128. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, did you eat mayonnaise or
mayonnaise-type dressing?
NO (GO TO QUESTION 129)
YES

128a. How often was the mayonnaise you ate
regular-fat mayonnaise?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

128b. How often was the mayonnaise you ate
light or low-fat mayonnaise?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

128c. How often was the mayonnaise you ate fatfree mayonnaise?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

129. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, did you eat sour cream?
NO (GO TO QUESTION 130)
YES

129a. How often was the sour cream you ate
regular-fat sour cream?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

A.2.1.b–69
129b. How often was the sour cream you ate light,
low-fat, or fat-free sour cream?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

130. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, did you eat cream cheese?
NO (GO TO QUESTION 131)
YES

130a. How often was the cream cheese you ate
regular-fat cream cheese?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

130b. How often was the cream cheese you ate
light, low-fat, or fat-free cream cheese?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

131. During the 3 months before you became pregnant,
did you eat salad dressing?
NO (GO TO INTRODUCTION TO QUESTION 132)
YES

131a. How often was the salad dressing you ate
regular-fat salad dressing (including oil
and vinegar dressing)?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

131b. How often was the salad dressing you ate
light or low-fat salad dressing?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Question 130 appears in the next column.

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Introduction to question 132 appears on the next page.
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Appendix A

A.2.1.b–70

131c. How often was the salad dressing you ate
fat-free salad dressing?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

The following two questions ask you to summarize
your usual intake of vegetables and fruits. (Please
do not include salads, potatoes, or juices.)
132. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, how many servings of vegetables
(not including salad or potatoes) did you eat per
week or per day?
Less than 1 per week
1–2 per week
3–4 per week
5–6 per week
1 per day

2 per day
3 per day
4 per day
5 or more per day

133. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, how many servings of fruit (not
including juices) did you eat per week or per
day?
Less than 1 per week
1–2 per week
3–4 per week
5–6 per week
1 per day

2 per day
3 per day
4 per day
5 or more per day

The following question asks you to summarize your
usual intake of seafood, including fish and shellfish.
(Please include canned tuna or tuna in foil pouches.)
134. During the 3 months before you became pregnant,
how many servings of seafood, including fish and
shellfish (including canned tuna or tuna in foil
pouches) did you eat per week or per day?
NONE (GO TO INTRODUCTION TO QUESTION 135)
Less than 1 per week
1–2 per week
3–4 per week

134b. How often was the fish you ate salmon,
herring, trout, halibut, or sardines?

5–6 per week
1 per day
2 or more per day

134a. How often was the fish you ate tuna steaks
or other fresh tuna?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

Introduction to question 135 appears in the next column.

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134c. How often was the fish you ate swordfish,
shark, tilefish, or king mackerel?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

134d. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, did you eat any of the following types
of fish or shellfish? (Mark all that apply.)
Refrigerated, smoked seafood, such as lox or
Nova-style salmon
Kippered or salted and dried fish
Refrigerated, pickled fish or fish packed in salt
brine, vinegar or sour cream
Fish jerky
Caviar, shad or cod roe
Seal or whale
Commercially prepared and/or refrigerated
sushi with fish
Anchovies

134e. Thinking about all the fish and seafood you
ate during the 3 months before you became
pregnant, how often was the fish and
shellfish you ate, caught in local waters by
you, your family, or friends?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

The following questions ask you to describe your
usual intake of vegetable juices, fruit juices, and fruit
drinks during the 3 months before you became
pregnant .
135. How often were the fruit juices and fruit drinks
that you drank calcium-fortified? (Please
include orange juice, grapefruit juice, other fruit
juices, fruit juice mixtures, and fruit drinks.)
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always
Don’t know
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Appendix A

A.2.1.b–71

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
136. How often were the fruit juices and fruit drinks that
you drank fortified with Vitamin D? (Please
include orange juice, grapefruit juice, other fruit
juices, fruit juice mixtures, and fruit drinks.)
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always
Don’t know

137. How often were the deli-style hams, cold cuts or
luncheon meats you ate eaten straight from
the package or wrapper, that is, without
heating or cooking?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

138. How often were the hot dogs or frankfurters you
ate eaten straight from the package or
wrapper, that is, without heating or cooking?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

139. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, which of the following foods did you
eat AT LEAST THREE TIMES? (Mark all that
apply.)
Avocado, guacamole
Buttermilk or Kefir
Cheesecake
Chocolate, fudge, or
butterscotch toppings
or syrups
Chow mein noodles
Croissants
Dried apricots
Egg rolls
Granola bars
Hot peppers
Jello, gelatin
Milkshakes or
ice-cream sodas

Miso soup, paste, or
sauce
Olives
Oysters
Pickles or pickled
vegetables or fruit
Plantains
Pork neckbones, hock,
head, feet
Pudding or custard
Sauerkraut
Tempeh
Veal, venison, lamb
Whipped cream, regular
Whipped cream,
substitute
NONE

140. For ALL of the 3 months before you became
pregnant, did you follow any type of vegetarian
diet?
NO (GO TO QUESTION 141)
YES

140a. Which of the following foods did you
TOTALLY EXCLUDE from your diet?
(Mark all that apply.)
Meat (beef, pork, lamb, etc.)
Poultry (chicken, turkey, duck)
Fish and seafood
Eggs
Dairy products (milk, cheese, etc.)

141. For ALL of the 3 months before you became
pregnant, did you regularly eat any organic
foods?
NO (GO TO QUESTION 142)
YES

141a. What kinds of organic foods did you
regularly eat? (Mark all that apply.)
Fruits
Vegetables
Milk
Chicken
Beef

Pork
Cheese
Cheese or Yogurt
Other foods

142. During the 3 months before you became pregnant,
how often did you drink more than a sip of water?
NEVER (GO TO QUESTION 143)
1 time per month
2–3 times per month
1–2 times per week
3–4 times per week
5–6 times per week

1 time per day
2–3 times per day
4–5 times per day
6 or more times per day

142a. Each time you drank more than a sip of
water, how much did you usually drink?
Less than ¾ cup (6 ounces)
¾ to 1¼ cups (6 to 10 ounces)
More than 1¼ cups (10 ounces)

142b. How often was your water bottled water?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always
Question 143 appears on the next page.

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Appendix A

A.2.1.b–72

During the 3 months before you became pregnant…
142c. How often was your water filtered water?
Almost never or never
About ¼ of the time
About ½ of the time
About ¾ of the time
Almost always or always

143. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, during a regular day, how many
meals did you usually eat?
1
2
3
4
5+

144. During the 3 months before you became
pregnant, during a regular day, how many
snacks did you usually eat?
1
2
3
4
5+

Thank you very much for completing this
questionnaire! All of your answers are very
important. Please help us by looking at each
page again to make sure that you:
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Did not skip any pages and
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