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Ethanol
Co-Products
Used for
Livestock Feed
Released June 29, 2007, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S.
Department of Agriculture. For information on Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed call Scott Hollis at (202)
720-4751, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET.
Highlights
In the production process of converting corn to ethanol, important co-products are produced as
well. These co-products, also called distillers grains or corn gluten feed, are created within the dry
or wet mill process and can be fed to livestock. With the expansion of the ethanol industry, there is
a greater supply of co-products. The goals of this study were to identify how many livestock
operations were feeding co-products, which co-products were being fed, and the characteristics of
those co-products. Information was also collected about how the operations have used and would
like to use co-products and related services. In addition the study identified concerns and barriers
which prevented operations from feeding co-products.
This study was a joint effort between the National Agricultural Statistics Service and the Nebraska
Corn Development, Utilization & Marketing Board (an agency of the State of Nebraska).
Approximately 9,400 livestock operations in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin were contacted by mail in
February 2007 with a second mailing two weeks later and telephone follow-up in March.
This probability based survey included dairy cattle, cattle on feed, beef cattle (cow/calf), and hogs.
Each species was stratified and sampled independently to represent all livestock operations in the
12 state region. For sampling efficiency, minimum operation size thresholds were set: 20 head for
dairy cattle, 50 head for cattle on feed, 10 head for beef cattle, and 25 head for hogs. Hog data
were summarized based on the sample operation's state headquarters and may include data from
outside the 12 official survey states. The survey reference date was calendar year 2006. Of the
9,400 operations contacted 1,276 indicated they had used co-products during 2006. Their
responses were adjusted for non-response and are reported in this release. Responses for operations
not feeding co-products were also adjusted for non-response and are included only in the first and
last tables of this release.
Sp Sy 6-1 (6-07)
Contents
Page
Operations’ Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Operations Purchasing Co-Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Price Basis of Purchased Co-Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Co-Product Supplier Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Person Formulating Feed Rations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Preferred Color for Co-Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Co-Products Fed by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Operations Feeding Co-Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Operations’ Ratings of Co-Product Characteristics and Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Primary Reason for Not Feeding Co-Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Information Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Dairy Cattle Version of Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cattle on Feed Version of Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beef Cattle Version of Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hog Version of Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
i
11
15
19
23
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Item
Operations’ Profile
Average Peak
Inventory of
Operations
Feeding
Co-Products
Head
223
1,276
243
10,957
Average Peak
Inventory of
All
Operations
Head
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
173
725
127
3,256
Years
9.2
5.1
4.6
2.7
Operations’ Profile (Continued)
Not Feeding
Feeding
Co-Products but
Co-Products
Considered Feeding
Co-Products
Percent
Percent
38
36
13
12
Item
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
Operations Purchasing Co-Products by Source
Directly from
Through
Ethanol
Feed
and Other
Companies/
Processing
Co-ops
Plants
Percent
Percent
11
52
20
21
Item
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
Average Peak
Inventory of
Operations Not
Feeding
Co-Products
Head
Average Years
Feeding
Co-Products
142
416
109
2,168
Not Feeding
Co-Products and Not
Considered Feeding
Co-Products
Percent
22
34
30
35
40
30
57
53
Through
Brokers
and Other
Percent
77
33
66
74
12
15
14
5
Operations Purchasing Co-Products by Contract Type
Item
Spot
Percent
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
Item
Quarterly
Percent
Percent
56
55
69
55
Corn
Percent
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
Monthly
17
5
11
15
6-Month
Percent
8
6
5
6
Price Basis of Purchased Co-Products
Soybean
Meal
Percent
32
18
66
5
61
3
40
12
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
1
Clock and
Other
Percent
Yearly
Percent
5
10
5
9
11
22
8
11
3
2
2
4
Both
Other
Percent
Percent
44
25
31
43
6
4
5
5
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Item
Operations Reporting Services Available from Co-Product Supplier 1
NutriVariety
On-Site
NutriDelient
of
EduConsultional
very
AnalProdcation
tation
Service
Service
ysis
ucts
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
None
Other
Percent
Percent
Dairy Cattle
50
65
75
62
50
35
Cattle on Feed
32
39
58
56
32
21
Beef Cattle
36
40
61
42
42
23
Hogs
37
50
51
55
33
23
1
Percents will not add to 100 due to ability of the respondents to select multiple services available.
Item
9
19
17
20
0
0
0
0
Operations Reporting Additional Services Wanted from Co-Product Supplier 1
NutriVariety
On-Site
NutriDelient
of
EduConsultional
very
None
AnalProdcation
tation
Service
Service
ysis
ucts
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Dairy Cattle
4
5
2
4
5
10
Cattle on Feed
6
10
5
8
9
18
Beef Cattle
6
11
7
13
11
21
Hogs
7
11
2
14
9
13
1
Percents will not add to 100 due to ability of the respondents to select multiple services wanted.
D Not enough reports to provide a statistically defensible estimate.
Other
Percent
Percent
77
65
60
63
2
D
3
D
Person Formulating Feed Rations
Item
Feed
Company
Nutritionist
Independent
Nutritionist
Self
Extension
Service
and Other
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
Item
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
59
54
40
73
24
13
7
11
16
31
49
13
1
2
4
3
Light
Preferred Color for Co-Product
Medium
Dark
No Preference
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
14
23
10
27
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
17
21
19
25
2
6
2
5
3
63
54
66
45
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Co-Products Fed by Type 1
Item
Condensed Distillers
Solubles (CDS)
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
Operations
Who Use
This Type
Average 2
Peak
Inventory
Percent
Moisture
Inclusion
Percent
Average
Amount
Fed per
Animal 3
Average
Price
Per Ton
Percent
Head
Percent
Percent
Pounds
Dollars
3
3
3
C
206
2,926
610
C
D
66
66
C
D
24
15
C
D
1,080
618
C
84.01
25.17
57.55
C
Distillers Dried Grains,
No Solubles (DDG)
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
45
19
25
44
188
1,176
263
6,569
12
13
12
10
17
11
28
11
3,280
390
710
82
118.47
105.69
107.97
109.49
Distillers Dried Grains
with Solubles (DDGS)
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
22
14
13
37
272
1,590
344
27,708
11
15
12
12
8
23
22
10
1,002
916
396
60
130.15
85.95
114.22
91.74
Corn Gluten Feed
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
22
38
46
C
261
1,189
215
C
21
52
26
C
15
26
28
C
1,858
1,330
3,576
C
104.16
44.22
101.29
C
3,620
C
398
-
45.07
C
92.31
-
Brewers Grains
61
297
10
Dairy Cattle
15
C
C
C
Cattle on Feed
C
D
361
3
Beef Cattle
31
0
Hogs
1
Percents will not add to 100 due to ability of the respondents to select multiple types.
2
Refers to average peak inventory of operations that fed particular co-product during 2006.
3
Average amount of particular co-product fed per animal per year.
C Data included in Other Co-Products.
D Not enough reports to provide a statistically defensible estimate.
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
3
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Co-Products Fed by Type 1
Item
Operations
Who Use
This Type
Average 2
Peak
Inventory
Percent
Moisture
Inclusion
Percent
Average
Amount
Fed per
Animal 3
Average
Price
Per Ton
Percent
Head
Percent
Percent
Pounds
Dollars
Distillers Wet Grains
(25-40% Solids)
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
6
19
6
C
353
1,934
485
C
68
60
60
C
22
23
22
C
5,126
3,306
1,542
C
26.77
28.28
39.58
C
Distillers Wet Grains
(over 40% Solids)
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
5
17
5
C
361
2,322
495
C
57
57
55
C
10
26
31
C
3,078
1,380
1,778
C
35.28
31.61
33.56
C
Complete Commercial
Feed
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
8
3
9
11
183
1,194
294
3,514
9
D
12
11
29
D
36
11
2,604
176
322
318
226.34
D
165.16
189.52
Co-Products
from New Processes
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
C
C
1
0
C
C
341
-
C
C
D
-
C
C
D
-
C
C
286
-
C
C
155.12
-
Combination of
Co-Products
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
5
C
3
C
184
C
249
C
D
C
20
C
27
C
37
C
896
C
748
C
D
C
105.42
C
Other Co-Products
M
329
4,680
2
M
Dairy Cattle
M
M
1,461
1,568
6
M
Cattle on Feed
M
M
227
676
7
M
Beef Cattle
M
M
8,598
128
10
M
Hogs
M
1
Percents will not add to 100 due to ability of the respondents to select multiple types.
2
Refers to average peak inventory of operations that fed particular co-product during 2006.
3
Average amount of particular co-product fed per animal per year.
C Data included in Other Co-Products.
D Not enough reports to provide a statistically defensible estimate.
M Data for percent moisture, inclusion percentage and average price per ton were not published due to reporting of
multiple co-products.
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
4
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Item
Operations Feeding Additional Protein Sources 1
High
Soybean
CottonRoasted
Bypass
None
Meal
seed
Soybeans
Soy Meal
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Dairy Cattle
72
29
31
22
Cattle on Feed
18
2
D
2
Beef Cattle
25
7
1
2
Hogs
84
0
4
8
1
Percents will not add to 100 due to ability of the respondents to select multiple sources.
D Not enough reports to provide a statistically defensible estimate.
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Dairy Cattle
18
36
50
3
Cattle on Feed
64
13
20
4
Beef Cattle
21
22
26
8
Hogs
4
33
59
0
1
Percents will not add to 100 due to ability of the respondents to select multiple forms.
D Not enough reports to provide a statistically defensible estimate.
Item
Wet
Percent
Operations’ Preferred Forms of Co-Products 1
Dry
Lick
Dry Fine
Coarse
Block/
Liquid
Meal
Meal
Tub
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Dairy Cattle
19
40
44
3
2
Cattle on Feed
65
15
19
4
6
Beef Cattle
20
30
19
15
6
Hogs
4
41
58
0
D
1
Percents will not add to 100 due to ability of the respondents to select multiple forms.
D Not enough reports to provide a statistically defensible estimate.
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
5
Other
Percent
Percent
8
56
58
7
Operations Feeding Co-Products by Forms 1
Dry
Lick
Dry Fine
Wet
Coarse
Block/
Liquid
Meal
Meal
Tub
Item
Dry
Protein
D
9
6
0
5
16
7
3
Pellets
and
Cubes
Other
Percent
Percent
2
6
4
D
16
15
43
7
D
0
0
0
Pellets
and
Cubes
Other
Percent
Percent
20
17
48
9
D
D
D
0
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Item
Operations’ Rating of Co-Product Characteristics 1
Quality
Consistent
Price
Freshness
Product
Protein
Average
Average
Average
Average
Handling
Ease
Shelf Life
Average
Average
Dairy Cattle
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.5
Cattle on Feed
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.5
Beef Cattle
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.6
Hogs
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.7
1
Operators were asked to rate the importance of each product characteristic from 1 (No Importance) to 4 (High
Importance).
Item
Operations’ Rating of Co-Product Characteristics (continued) 1
Consistent
Consistent
Consistent
Form
Moisture
Fat
Fiber
Average
Average
Average
Average
Lysine
Content
Average
Dairy Cattle
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.5
Cattle on Feed
3.6
3.5
3.3
3.2
Beef Cattle
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
Hogs
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
1
Operators were asked to rate the importance of each product characteristic from 1 (No Importance) to 4 (High
Importance).
Item
Operations’ Rating of Co-Product Supplier Attributes 1
Availability
Comparative
Reliability of
of Supply
Value
Deliveries
Average
Average
Average
6
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.6
Contracting
Average
Dairy Cattle
3.8
3.6
3.7
Cattle on Feed
3.8
3.7
3.7
Beef Cattle
3.7
3.6
3.5
Hogs
3.7
3.7
3.6
1
Operators were asked to rate the importance of each attribute from 1 (No Importance) to 4 (High Importance).
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
2.8
3.4
2.7
3.2
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Primary Reason for Not Feeding Co-Products
Concerns/
InfraQuestions
structure
Cost
about
and
Issues
NutriHandling
tional
Value
Availability
Percent
Dairy Cattle
Cattle on Feed
Beef Cattle
Hogs
Item
Percent
26
35
38
36
Percent
16
22
12
14
Percent
13
11
10
10
Percent
8
2
4
16
Dairy Cattle
5
Cattle on Feed
5
Beef Cattle
5
Hogs
5
C Data combined with Other Reasons.
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
Percent
Percent
C
4
5
3
7
8
5
7
5
Other
Reasons
Percent
2
4
3
1
Percent
10
5
9
3
Primary Reason for Not Feeding Co-Products (continued)
Shelf
Considers
TransportLife/
Lack of
Operation
ation
Longevity
Knowledge
Too Small
Problems
of
Product
Percent
Satisfied
with
Current
Feeding
Program
Raises
Own
Feed
Percent
2
5
2
1
10
2
5
6
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Terms and Definitions
Brewers Dried Grains: the dried extracted residue of barley malt alone or in a mixture with other cereal
grain or grain products resulting from the manufacture of wort or beer and may contain pulverized dried
spent hops in an amount not to exceed 3%, evenly distributed.
Complete Feed: a nutritionally adequate feed for animals other than man; by specific formula is
compounded to be fed as the sole ration and is capable of maintaining life and/or promoting production
without any additional substance being consumed except water.
Condensed Distillers Soluables: obtained after the removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast
fermentation of a grain or a grain mixture by condensing the thin stillage fraction to a semi-solid.
Corn Distillers Dried Grains: obtained after the removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast
fermentation of a grain or grain mixture by separating the resultant coarse grain fraction of the whole stillage
and drying it by methods employed in the grain distilling industry.
Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles: product obtained after the removal of ethyl alcohol by
distillation from the yeast fermentation of a grain or a grain mixture by condensing and drying at ¾ of the
solids of the resultant whole stillage by methods employed in the grain distilling industry.
Corn Distillers Dried Solubles: obtained after the removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast
fermentation of a grain mixture by condensing the thin stillage fraction and drying it by methods employed
in the grain distilling industry.
Corn Gluten Feed: that part of the commercial shelled corn that remains after the extraction of the larger
portion of the starch, gluten, and germ by the processes employed in the wet milling manufacture of corn
starch or syrup. It may or may not contain one or more of the following: fermented corn extractives, corn
germ meal.
Corn Gluten Meal: dried residue from corn after the removal of the larger part of the starch and germ, and
the separation of the bran by the process employed in the wet milling manufacture of corn starch or syrup, or
by enzymatic treatment of the endosperm. It may contain fermented corn extractives and/or corn germ meal.
Distillers Wet Grains: product obtained after the removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast
fermentation of a grain mixture. The guaranteed analysis shall include the maximum moisture.
Dry-milled: tempered with a small amount of water or steam to facilitate the separation of the various
component parts of the kernel in the absence of any significant amount of free water.
Wet-milled: steeped in water with or without sulfur dioxide to soften the kernel in order to facilitate the
separation of the various component parts.
The terms and definitions cited above were obtained from American Feed Control Officials Incorporated,
Official Publication 2007.
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
8
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Information Contacts
Listed below are the commodity specialists in the Livestock Branch of the National Agricultural
Statistics Service to contact for additional information.
Dan Kerestes, Chief, Livestock Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (202) 720-3570
Livestock Section
William Weaver, Head, Livestock Section
....................................
Bruce Boess - Hogs and Pigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shawn Clark - Dairy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jason Hardegree - Milk Production and Milk Cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scott Hollis - Sheep & Lambs, Goats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mike Miller - Cattle, Cattle on Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benita Hodge - Livestock Slaughter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Charmaine Wilson - Dairy Products Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
9
(202) 720-3570
(202) 720-3106
(202) 690-3236
(202) 720-3278
(202) 720-4751
(202) 720-3040
(515) 284-4340
(202) 690-2168
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Appendix
On the following pages are the four different versions of the questionnaire that were used to collect
data for each of the species sampled (dairy cattle, cattle on feed, beef cattle, and hogs). Only hog
owners were mailed the hog version of the questionnaire. The hog questionnaire asked respondents
to report hogs and pigs owned by this operation regardless of location while the beef cattle, cattle
on feed, and dairy cattle versions asked for inventory regardless of ownership on the acres
operated. Data being released in this publication will be available only on the internet.
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
10
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
11
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
12
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
13
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
14
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
15
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
16
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
17
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
18
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
19
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
20
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
21
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
22
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
23
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
24
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
25
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
Ethanol Co-Products Used for Livestock Feed
June 2007
26
Agricultural Statistics Board
NASS, USDA
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| File Type | application/pdf |
| File Title | P:\REPORTS\WP2007\06JUN\ethlsf07.wpd |
| Author | HillPh |
| File Modified | 2007-09-18 |
| File Created | 2007-09-18 |