Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Requirements Heavy-Duty Engines Presentation

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission
Requirements
Heavy-Duty Engines
Industry/EPA Workshop
Compliance Division
Washtenaw Community College
November 3, 2011

1

Organization of Topics
Topics

Slide Numbers

Overview

3

Standards

4-12

Application for Certification

13-20

Credits

21-30

Reporting

31-34

Additional Information Sources

35-36

Appendix

37-47
2

Applicability for Heavy-Duty Engines
1036.1, 1036.5, 1036.150(d), 1036.801

• Applicable to 2014 and later model year new heavy-duty CI engines
and 2016 and later model year new heavy-duty SI engines
– Specifically regulates emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane

• Excluded Engines are:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Engines used in medium-duty passenger vehicles
Engines that do not provide motive power
Aircraft engines
Engines that are not internal combustion engines, such as fuel cells
Engines in heavy-duty vehicles that are subject to light-duty GHG standards
Vehicles subject to light-duty greenhouse gas standards of 40 CFR part 86
Engines produced by small manufacturers qualifying under Small Business
Administration regulations at 13 CFR 121
•
•

NAICS 333618 - manufacturing internal combustion engines (except automotive gasoline and aircraft)
= 1,000 employees
NAICS 336312 - manufacturing and/or rebuilding gasoline motor vehicle engines = 750 employees

3

GHG STANDARDS

4

Heavy-Duty Engine Cycle Classification
1036.150(c)

•

The GHG standards depend on the engine cycle classification per the definitions in
1036.801
–

–

Spark-ignition means relating to a gasoline-fueled engine or any other type of engine with a spark
plug (or other sparking device) and with operating characteristics significantly similar to the
theoretical Otto combustion cycle. Spark-ignition engines usually use a throttle to regulate intake
air flow to control power during normal operation.
Compression-ignition means relating to a type of reciprocating, internal-combustion engine that is
not a spark-ignition engine.

•

Engines which meet the definition of spark-ignition per 1036.801, but are regulated as
diesel engines under 40 CFR part 86 (for criteria pollutants) then are treated as
compression-ignition engines for GHG standards.

•

Engines which meet the definition of compression-ignition per 1036.801, but are regulated
as Otto-cycle engines under 40 CFR part 86 then are treated as spark-ignition engines for
GHG standards.

5

Spark-Ignition Engine GHG Standards
1036.108

• The spark-ignition engine GHG emissions standards
begin in 2016MY
• The GHG emissions for SI engines are evaluated over
the Heavy-Duty Engine FTP cycle
Spark-Ignition Engines (g/hp-hr):
Model Year
2016 and Later

CO2 Emissions

CH4 Emissions

N2O Emissions

627

0.10

0.10
6

Optional HD Chassis-Certification Path
Loose Engine Provision
1037.150(m)
Loose engines
(for any HD
vehicle class)
Sparkignition
Diesel

Criteria

E

GHG

C (surrogate) or E

Criteria
GHG

E

E = engine-certified (g/hp-hr) for criteria pollutants and
treated as a vocational vehicle for GHG with separate
engine certification (g/hp-hr) and vehicle certification
with GEM (g/ton-mile)
C = chassis-certified (g/mile)

C or E = manufacturer can choose between chassiscertification and engine-certification

• Spark Ignition and Diesel vehicles must engine certify for criteria emissions
• Diesel vehicles must:
• Certify as a vocational vehicle for GHG emissions with separate engine certification
and vehicle certification
•Spark ignition vehicles may choose to either:
• Chassis certify for GHG emissions using the highest ETW vehicle powered by the
engine as a surrogate GHG result (with maximum of 15,000 engines or 10% of total
HD engine production of the family) –or –
• Certify as a vocational vehicle for GHG emissions with separate engine certification
and vehicle certification

7

CI Engine Certification Pathways
• There are four options that a manufacturer may
select to certify HD CI engines:
1. Early Certification for 2013 MY per 1036.150(a),
except prohibited if select Option #3 below
2. Primary Standards and Phase-In per 1036.108
3. Alternate Phase-In per 1036.150(e)
4. Alternate Standards per 1036.620

8

Primary CI Engine CO2 Standards
1036.108
•

The compression-ignition engine CO2 emissions standards are based on:
–

GVWR of the vehicle for which the engine is primarily designed – 1036.140

–

Whether the engine is designed for installation in a vocational vehicle or combination tractor

•

The CO2 emissions for vocational engines are measured over the Heavy-Duty Engine FTP cycle

•

The CO2 emissions for tractor engines are measured over the Heavy-Duty Engine SET cycle

Compression-Ignition Engines (g/hp-hr):

9

Alternate Phase-In CI Engine CO2 Standards
1036.150(e)
•

This provision allows a manufacturer to align the GHG emissions development with the OBD schedule.

•

Must certify all 2013MY engines within a given primary intended service class to the alternate phase-in standards

•

The alternate phase-in standards are applicable for 2013 through 2016 model years. If a manufacturer wants to
select this pathway, then the engines must be certified in 2013 MY and continue through 2016 MY to the alternate
phase-in standards. Once this path is selected, manufacturer cannot choose to opt out of these standards.

•

No early credits can be earned on engines certified to this alternate phase-in

Alternate Phase-In CI Engine Standards (g/hp-hr):

10

Alternate CI Engine CO2 Standards
1036.620

• Available in 2014, 2015, and 2016 MYs only
• Available for averaging sets that do not have a balance of
credits, which include the following:
–
–
–
–
–

•

Banked credits earned in the averaging set from previous model years
Early credits earned in the averaging set
Innovative credits earned in the averaging set
Advanced Technology credits earned in the averaging set
Advanced Technology credits earned outside the averaging set, up to 60,000 Mg per
year

The Alternate CI standards are:
– LHD and MHD vocational engines = 0.975 * Adjusted CO2 Emissions from 2011 MY
– HHD vocational engines = 0.970 * Adjusted CO2 Emissions from 2011 MY
– MHD and HHD tractor engines = 0.970 * Adjusted CO2 Emissions from 2011 MY

11

CI Engine N2O and CH4 Standards
1036.108

• The N2O and CH4 emissions for all CI engines are
measured over the Heavy-Duty Engine FTP cycle

Compression-Ignition Engines (g/hp-hr):
Model Years
2014 and Later

CH4 Emissions

N2O Emissions

0.10

0.10

12

CERTIFICATION

13

GHG Certification/Compliance Timeline
• Prior to the beginning of model year (as early as possible):
– Complete application package, including filling out template and submitting
additional support documents
– If all regulatory requirements are satisfied, EPA will issue a certificate of
conformity which allows your engine to be entered into US commerce

• 90 days after end of model year:
– Submit report including production volumes of engine families

• 270 days after end of model year:
– Submit final report
Application for Certification Templates for input and attaching documents, and
End of Model Year Report Templates will be available at
www.epa.gov/otaq/certdat2.htm
14

Application for Certification
1036.205

15

Engine Family
1036.230, 86.001-24, 1036.150(f)

• Families are defined by:
– Engine families used for criteria pollutants under 40 CFR part 86
– Hybrid engines cannot be included in the same engine family as
conventional engines
– An engine family with both vocational and tractor engines must be split into
two separate subfamilies
• If instead these engines are certified as two separate families, then the families are
treated as one for determining OBD requirements and in-use testing

– Each configuration within a family must use equivalent GHG emissions
controls

• May combine engines used in vehicles under 14,000 GVWR which
are certified separately from non-OBD engines into a single engine
family
16

Engine FCL and FEL
1036.108 (b)

• The Family Certification Level (FCL) is equal to or
greater than the certified emission level for the family
– FCLs are used to determine credits
– A FCL is the standard for certification and confirmatory testing

• The Family Emission Limit (FEL) is equal to the FCL
multiplied by 1.03
– A FEL is the standard for selective enforcement audits and inuse testing
17

GHG Certification
1036.235, 1036.241, 1036.150(b), 1036.530
• GHG testing:
– A single emission-data engine from each family is selected
– The configuration must represent at least one percent of total actual US directed
production volume for the engine family (verified at end of year)- 1036.205(e)
– The GHG standards only apply to this tested configuration
– May show compliance with the N2O standards with engineering analysis in 2014 MY
and earlier
– Do not apply infrequent regeneration adjustment factors to the GHG results
– Adjust the CO2 emission rates for the measured test fuel properties per 1036.530(b)

• Demonstrating Compliance:
– FCLs are considered to be the applicable emission standard with which you must
comply for certification.
– The engine family is considered in compliance with the standards if all emission-data
engines representing the tested configurations have official test results and
deteriorated emission levels at or below the standards

18

Deterioration Factor
1036.150(g), 1036.241
•

May use an assigned additive DF of 0.0 g/hp-hr for CO2 emissions if the engine
does not include innovative or advanced technologies.
–

May use DF of 0.0 g/hp-hr for CO2 emissions of engines with innovative or advanced
technologies if we determine that it is consistent with good engineering judgment

•

May use an assigned additive DF of 0.02 g/hp-hr for N2O and for CH4 emissions
from any engine.

•

If an assigned deterioration factor is not used, you may apply an additive or
multiplicative factor.
–

•

If a sawtooth deterioration pattern is indicated, then follow the procedures in 1036.241(c)(3)

Please note that assigned DF values removes the burden of developing the DF for a
given engine. However, it does not remove the manufacturer’s responsibility for the
engine to meet the FEL in-use.
19

Warranty and Maintenance
1036.115
• Warranty and Maintenance requirements of 40
CFR part 86 apply to GHG standards

20

CREDITS

21

CO2 Credits
Sum of six independent calculations (calculated separately for each averaging set) =
total credits in a model year
1.

Averaging, Banking, and Trading – 1036.701, 1036.705
–

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Credits cannot be generated for tractor engines installed in vocational vehicles – 1036.705(b)(4)

Early Credits – 1036.150(a)
Innovative Technology Credits – 1036.610
Advanced Technology Credits – 1036.615
CO2 credits to show compliance with CH4 and/or N2O standards – 1036.705(d)
Low N2O emissions credits - 1036.150(i)

Credits are rounded to the nearest whole megagrams (Mg) after the intermediate
calculations

22

Subcategory

Averaging Set

Service Class

Standards are based on Subcategory

ABT, Early, N2O, and Innovative Credits
must stay within an Averaging Set

Advanced Technology credits may move
among averaging sets, but moves from one
service class to another are restricted to
60,000 Mg per model year

4 Engine Subcategories
•Light Heavy-Duty CI Engines (Cl. 2b-5)
•Medium Heavy-Duty CI Engines (Cl. 6-7)
•Heavy Heavy-Duty CI Engines(Cl. 8)
•Spark Ignited Engines

4 Engine Averaging Sets
• Light Heavy-Duty CI Engines (Cl. 2b-5)
• Medium Heavy-Duty CI Engines (Cl. 6-7)
• Heavy Heavy-Duty CI Engines(Cl. 8)
• Spark Ignited Engines

3 Service Classes
• SI Engines, Light Heavy –Duty Vehicles
and CI Engines (Cl. 2b-5)
• Medium Heavy-Duty Vehicles and CI
Engines (Cl. 6-7)
• Heavy Heavy-Duty Vehicles and CI
Engines (Cl. 8)

23

GHG Credit Programs
Early Credits – 1036.150 (a):
•2013 MY only
•Must either certify:
•Entire averaging set
-or•For an individual CI engine
family may generate credit
based on an improvement in
CO2 emissions between
2012 MY and 2013 MY
•1.5x multiplier

Restrictions:
•Credits stay in averaging set –
1036.740(a)
•5 year credit life - 1036.740(d)
•Only a single 1.5x multiplier may be
used for early credits which are also
eligible for Advanced Technology
Credits - 1036.150(h)

Innovative Technology Credits –
1036.610:

Advanced Technology Credits –
1036.615:

•Vehicle or engine technology which is
not captured on the engine test and not
in common use in 2010 MY HD engines
•Preapproval of test method required
•No multiplier

•Engines with Rankine cycle and hybrid
powertrains
•Only a single certifier (either of the
engine or the vehicle) may establish
credits for an advanced technology
•1.5x multiplier – 1036.150(h)

Restrictions:

Restrictions:

•Credits stay in averaging set –
1036.740(a)
•5 year credit life - 1036.740(d)

•Credits can go into any averaging set,
except only 60,000 Mg CO2 credits can
come into a service class from another
service class per model year 1036.740(c)
•5 year credit life – 1036.740(d)

24

GHG Credit Programs (cont.)
CO2 Credits to Offset CH4 and/or N2O
FEL – 1036.705(d):
• Calculate the CH4 and/or N2O emission
credits needed (negative credits) using the
equation:
Emission credits (Mg) = (Std – FEL) · (CF) ·
(Volume) · (UL) · (10-6)
• Use 25 Mg of positive CO2 credits to offset 1
Mg of negative CH4 credits.
• Use 298 Mg of positive CO2 credits to offset 1
Mg of negative N2O credits.

Restrictions:
• CO2 Credits must come from averaging set –
1036.740(a)

CO2 Credits for Low N2O – 1036.150(i):
•May earn CO2 credits for N2O FELs less than
0.04 g/hp-hr
• CO2 credits = (0.04 – N2O FEL) * CF * Volume *
Useful Life * 10-6 * 298

Restrictions:
•2014, 2015, 2016 MYs only
•Credits stay in averaging set – 1036.740(a)
•5 year credit life - 1036.740(d)

25

Advanced Technology Demonstration
1036.525, 1036.615, 1037.510, 1037.525, 1037.550, 1066
• Engine testing
– Follow the procedures in 1036.525

• Chassis testing
– Refer to procedures in 1037.510, including the weighting factors
for the duty cycles
– Provisions for vehicles with a power take-off (PTO) are included
in 1037.525

• Powerpack testing
– Refer to procedures in 1037.550
26

Innovative Technology Credits
1036.610
•

Credits for CO2-reducing technologies where CO2 reduction is not captured in the test
procedures, e.g., off-cycle

•

Subject to EPA approval, technology must:
–
–
–

•

not be in common use with HD engines prior to 2010 MY
not be reflected in engine test cycles (HD FTP and SET)
be effective for full useful life and deterioration – if any – must be accounted for

Process
–

A to B testing of engines or vehicles differing only with respect to the innovative technology is
recommended
•

–
–

Calculate either an improvement factor or separate credit

Test procedure must be robust and verifiable and approved by EPA
May be subject to notice and comment through Federal Register notice
27

Credit Banking
1036.715

•

Credits are earned at the end of the model year and maintained and reported
separately

•

Total credits in each category is the sum of:
–
–

•

Credits may be banked for five years after model year in which they were earned
–

•

ABT credits
Optional credits (Early, Innovative, Advanced Technology, N2O, and CH4/N2O compliance)

Example: Credits earned in 2014 may be used in any of the 2015 through 2019 model
years. Credits remaining unused at end of 2019 must expire.

Banked credits retain the designation of the averaging set in which they were
generated, unless they are an Advanced Technology credit

28

Credit Trading
1036.720

• Credits may be traded to another manufacturer (or any other
party)
– Annual report must provide details of transfers
– Trades must involve credits that are available (either generated or
purchased by the trader) and must not result in a deficit
– Traded credits retain the designation of averaging set in which they
were generated

• Important! If a manufacturer generates credits, they must use
those credits to offset any existing deficit before considering
banking or trading
29

Credit Deficits
1036.745

•

Like credits, earned at the end of the model year and maintained and reported

•

Deficits may be carried forward into the three model years after the year generated
–

Example: A deficit accrued in MY2014 may be carried forward through MY2017. If not offset by end of
MY2017 then penalties may apply.

•

May only apply surplus credits to the deficit

•

May be carried forward only after all banked credits are used up

•

Certificates may be voided ab initio if a deficit is not offset – by credits generated or
purchased – by the required model year

30

REPORTING

31

Compliance Information
• EPA is committed to both protecting CBI and to achieving
transparency in implementation of the GHG program
• EPA currently publishes:
• Compliance Report
• Certification data (certification testing summary)

• EPA does not consider emissions data to be CBI
• For GHG, EPA intends to publish as much non-CBI information for
each manufacturer after the end of the model year possible
32

End of Year and ABT Reports
1036.250, 1036.730
•

The end of year report must be submitted within 90 days after the end of the
model year and include the following information:
–
–

•

Report production volumes of total U.S. directed production by serial number and engine
configuration
A final report must be sent within 270 days

End of Year and Final Reports for engine families that participate in ABT must
include the following information:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Engine family designation and averaging set
Emission standards for the engine family
CO2 FCL
Production volumes of total U.S. directed production by serial number and engine
configuration
Transient cycle conversion factor for each engine configuration
Useful life
Credits or debits for the engine family
Resultant credit/debit balance
33

End of Year Report
Credit Summary
Example End of Year Report - Banking and Trading Credits Summary

Credit
Credit
CO2 Credits
Balance
Balance
used for
Restricted
Available to Date
Low
Applicable Manufacturer
U.S.
Credit
to
Advanced
Other
Credits
N2O CH4 or N2O Early Innovative
Model Standard
CO2 FCL
Production (Deficit) Credits Compliance Credits Technology Averaging Technology Averaging Were Comment
Engine Family Year
(g/hp-hr)
(g/hp-hr)
Volume
(Mg)
(Mg)
(Mg) Credits (Mg) Set (Mg) Credits (Mg) Sets (Mg) Earned
s
(Mg)
12/31/20
XXX
2014
475
470
1000
14,138
0
0
0
5,000
19,138
0
0
14
12/31/20
YYY
2014
567
567
5000
0
0
0
0
8,000
8,000
0
0
14
12/31/20
ZZZ
2014
475
472
10000
84,825
0
0
0
12,000
96,825
10,000
10,000
14

34

Future Guidance

• EPA will issue guidance on future subjects
when and if necessary.

35

For More Information:
• A copy of this presentation will be available at
www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/regulations.htm
• See GHG rulemaking documents at
www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/regulations.htm
• See Federal Register 76 FR 57106, September 15, 2011
• See Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 1036
• Contact your EPA team member
36

APPENDIX

37

Small Manufacturer Provisions
1036.150(d)
•

Manufacturers meeting the small business criteria specified in 13 CFR 121.201
for “Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing” or “Other Engine
Equipment Manufacturers” are not subject to the greenhouse gas standards

•

Qualifying manufacturers must notify the Designated Compliance Officer each model
year before introducing these excluded vehicles into U.S. commerce. This
notification must include a description of the manufacturer’s qualification as a small
business under 13 CFR 121.201.

•

Excluded engines must include a label with the following statement: “THIS ENGINE
IS EXCLUDED UNDER 40 CFR 1036.150(d).”

38

Useful Life
1036.108(d)

•

CO2 standards are full useful life standards

•

Useful life values are those applicable to criteria pollutant standards in 40
CFR part 86:
– For engines primarily intended for vehicles with a GVWR at or below 19,500 pounds:
10 years/110,000 miles
– For engines primarily intended for vehicles with a GVWR greater than 19,500 pounds
and less than or equal to 33,000 pounds: 10 years/185,000 miles
– For engines primarily intended for vehicles with a GVWR above 33,000 pounds: 10
years/435,000 miles
39

In-Use GHG Standards
1036.108(e)

• The FEL serves as the emission standard for the engine family
for all testing other than certification and confirmatory

40

Penalties & Non-compliance
•

In-use Compliance
–

Where we find higher in-use FELs than the certified level, you must forfeit CO2 emission credits based on
the difference between the in-use FEL and the otherwise applicable FEL. - 1036.625
•

•

Calculate the amount of credits to be forfeited using the applicable equation in §1036.705, by substituting the otherwise applicable FEL
for the standard and the in-use FEL for the otherwise applicable FEL

End-of-year CO2 Credit Deficits -1036.745
–

The certificate for an engine family for which you do not have sufficient CO2 credits may be voided ab initio
if you do not remedy the deficit within three model years. We will void the certificate only with respect to
the number of engines needed to reach the amount of the net deficit.

•

Penalties are discussed in the preamble at 76 FR 57290, September 15, 2011

•

Certification and enforcement provisions of 1036.750 also apply
–

Must meet in-use standards, keep records, send reports and information, etc.

41

Defeat Devices
• The CAA 203 (Title 42, Chapter 85, Subchapter II, Part A,
Section 7522(a)(3)(B) includes a provision which prohibits
defeat devices
– “…for any person to manufacture or sell, or offer to sell, or install, any part or
component intended for use with, or as part of, any motor vehicle or motor vehicle
engine, where a principal effect of the part or component is to bypass, defeat, or
render inoperative any device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle
or motor vehicle engine in compliance with regulations under this subchapter, and
where the person knows or should know that such part or component is being offered
for sale or installed for such use or put to such use; …”

• Preamble reads as follows (76 FR 57267, September 15,
2011):
– “Manufacturers are further required to attest that their auxiliary emission control
devices are not “defeat-devices,” which are intentionally targeted at reducing
emission control effectiveness."
42

Running Change Requirements
1036.225
• Must amend an application before:
– Add an engine configuration to an engine family
– Change an engine configuration already included in an engine
family in a way that may affect emissions or change
components described in the application
– Modify a FCL and FEL for an engine family

• Send relevant information to the Designated
Compliance Officer
43

Warranty, Defect Reports & Recall
CAA section 207(a); 1037.15; 1037.120; 1037.601; 1068.501

•

•

Defect Warranty:
–

Applies to emission-related parts, components, systems, software or elements of design which
must function properly to assure continued compliance with GHG requirements.

–

Applies to emission-related components, systems, software or elements of design used to
obtain credits for advanced technology vehicles, off-cycle technologies and early credits.

Defect Reporting & Voluntary Emission-Related Recall Reporting
Requirements:
–
–

•

Applies to emission-related parts, components, systems, software or elements of design
which must function properly to assure continued compliance with GHG requirements.
Applies to emission-related components, systems, software or elements of design used to
obtain credits for advanced technology vehicles, off-cycle technologies and early credits.

Recall:
–

Applies to emission-related components, systems, software or elements of design which
must function properly to assure compliance with GHG requirements.

44

ABT Example
Emission credits (Mg) = (Std-FCL) × (CF) × (Volume) × (UL) × (10-6)
Where:
Std = the emission standard associated with the engine subcategory (g/hp-hr).
FCL = the family certification level for the engine family (g/hp-hr).
CF = cycle conversion factor, which is total integrated horsepower-hour over the duty cycle
divided by 6.3 miles for SI engines and 6.5 miles for CI engines.
Volume = U.S.-directed production volume of the engine family.
UL = useful life of the vehicle (435,000 miles for HHD,185,000 miles for MHD, and 110,000 miles
for LHD).
An example:
The 2014MY HHD CI tractor engine standard is 475 g/hp-hr. A manufacturer produces 1,000 engines
in one family within this averaging set with a FCL of 474 g/hp-hr during the 2014 model year.
The manufacturer also produces 1,500 engines in a second family within this averaging set with a
FCL of 473 g/hp-hr during the 2014 model year. Lastly, the manufacturer produces 1,000 engines
in another family within this averaging set with FCL of 476 g/hp-hr during the 2014 model year.
Family #1 Emission credits = (475 – 474 g/hp-hr) × (6.5 miles) × (1,000 engines) × (435,000 miles) ×
(10-6) = 2,827.5 Mg
Family #2 Emission credits = (475 – 473 g/hp-hr) × (6.5 miles) × (1,500 engines) × (435,000 miles) ×
(10-6) = 8,482.5 Mg
Family #3 Emission credits = (475 – 476 g/hp-hr) × (6.5 miles) × (1,000 engines) × (435,000 miles) ×
(10-6) = -2,827.5 Mg
Total Emission credits = 2,827.5 + 8,482.5 + -2,827.5 Mg = 8,483 Mg

45

Early Credits Example
Entire Averaging Set
Emission credits (Mg) = (Std-FCL) × (CF) × (Volume) × (UL) × (10-6) x 1.5
Where:
Std = the emission standard associated with the engine subcategory (g/hp-hr).
FCL = the family certification level for the engine family (g/hp-hr).
CF = cycle conversion factor, which is total integrated horsepower-hour over the duty cycle
divided by 6.3 miles for SI engines and 6.5 miles for CI engines.
Volume = U.S.-directed production volume of the engine family.
UL = useful life of the vehicle (435,000 miles for HHD,185,000 miles for MHD, and 110,000 miles
for LHD).
An example:
The 2013 MY HHD CI tractor engine standard is 475 g/hp-hr. A manufacturer produces 1,000
engines in one family within this averaging set with a FCL of 474 g/hp-hr during the 2013 model
year. The manufacturer also produces 1,500 engines in a second family within this averaging set
with a FCL of 473 g/hp-hr during the 2013 model year.
Family #1 Emission credits = (475 – 474 g/hp-hr) × (6.5 miles) × (1,000 engines) × (435,000 miles) ×
(10-6) x 1.5 = 4,241.25 Mg of credits
Family #2 Emission credits = (475 – 473 g/hp-hr) × (6.5 miles) × (1,500 engines) × (435,000 miles) ×
(10-6) x 1.5 = 12,273.75 Mg of credits
Total Emission credits = 4,241.25 + 12,273.75 Mg = 16,965 Mg

46

Advanced Technology Credit Example
1037.615
Emission credits (Mg) = (Std-FCL) × (CF) × (Volume) × (UL) × (10-6) × 1.5 multiplier
Where:
Std = the emission standard associated with the engine subcategory (g/hp-hr).
FCL = the family certification level for the engine family with the hybrid (g/hp-hr).
CF = cycle conversion factor, which is total integrated horsepower-hour over the duty cycle
divided by 6.3 miles for SI engines and 6.5 miles for CI engines..
Volume = U.S.-directed production volume of the engine family.
UL = useful life of the vehicle (435,000 miles for HHD,185,000 miles for MHD, and 110,000 miles
for LHD).
An example:
A manufacturer produces 100 HHD hybrid engines for use in a vocational vehicle. The HHD
vocational engine standard is 567 g/hp-hr. The hybrid emits 482 g/hp-hr over the HD FTP cycle.
Advanced Technology Emission credits = (567 – 482 g/hp-hr) × (6.5 miles) × (100 engines) ×
(435,000 miles) × (10-6) × 1.5 = 36,051 Mg of credits
47