BPS 2012-14 Full Scale Appendixes A-F

BPS 2012-14 Full Scale Appendixes A-F.docx

2012/14 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study: (BPS:12/14)

BPS 2012-14 Full Scale Appendixes A-F

OMB: 1850-0631

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Appendix A
Linkages to Administrative Data Sources

A.1 Develop Linkages with Administrative Data Sources

We will develop linkages with existing data sources to supplement the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:12/14) interview data. NCES recognizes the great value added to the BPS:12/14 data file with the addition of data from specific administrative data sources. Certain data (for example, specific financial aid amounts and associated dates) can only be accurately obtained from sources other than the student or parent. Through the experience of collecting data for many NCES postsecondary studies, including previous BPS studies, Baccalaureate and Beyond (B&B), and National Postsecondary Study Aid Study (NPSAS), a considerable knowledge has been gained in performing file merges with many existing sources of valuable data, including Department of Education’s (ED) Central Processing System (CPS) for Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) data, the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS), and ACT. For this study, we plan to perform file merges with the CPS and NSLDS datasets: CPS, NSLDS.

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA; 34 CFR Part 99) allows the disclosure of information without prior consent for the purposes of BPS:12/14 according to the following excerpts: 99.31 asks “Under what conditions is prior consent not required to disclose information?” and explains in 99.31 (a) “an educational agency or institution may disclose personally identifiable information from an education record of a student without the consent required by 99.30 if the disclosure meets one or more specific conditions. BPS:12/14 collection falls under:

Sec. 99.31 (a)( 3). The disclosure is, subject to the requirements of Sec. 99.35, to authorized representatives of--

(i) The Comptroller General of the United States;

(ii) The Attorney General of the United States;

(iii) The Secretary; or

(iv) State and local educational authorities.

BPS:12/14 is collecting data under the Secretary’s authority. The personally identifiable information is collected from student record systems with adherence to the security protocol detailed in 99.35: “What conditions apply to disclosure of information for Federal or State program purposes?”

(a)(1) Authorized representatives of the officials or agencies headed by officials listed in Sec. 99.31(a)(3) may have access to education records in connection with an audit or evaluation of Federal or State supported education programs, or for the enforcement of or

compliance with Federal legal requirements that relate to those programs.

(2) Authority for an agency or official listed in Sec. 99.31(a)(3) to conduct an audit, evaluation, or compliance or enforcement activity is not conferred by the Act or this part and must be established under other Federal, State, or local authority.

(b) Information that is collected under paragraph (a) of this section must:

(1) Be protected in a manner that does not permit personal identification of individuals by anyone other than the officials or agencies headed by officials referred to in paragraph (a) of this section, except that those officials and agencies may make further disclosures of personally identifiable information from education records on behalf of the educational agency or institution in accordance with the requirements of Sec. 99.33(b); and

(2) Be destroyed when no longer needed for the purposes listed in paragraph (a) of this section.

(c) Paragraph (b) of this section does not apply if:

(1) The parent or eligible student has given written consent for the

disclosure under Sec. 99.30; or

(2) The collection of personally identifiable information is

specifically authorized by Federal law.

A.2 File Merge with ED Central Processing System (CPS)

We propose to perform file merges with the CPS data containing federal student aid application information. The merge with CPS can occur at any time for any number of cases, provided that the case has an apparently valid SSN associated with it. BPS contractor, RTI, will send a file to CPS and receive in return a large data file containing all students who applied for federal aid. The programs and procedures are already in place to prepare and submit files according to rigorous CPS standards. Similarly, programs and procedures to receive and process data obtained from CPS have also been developed.

RTI will electronically upload a file on the FAFSA secure web-site for matching. The file contains SSN and the first 2 letters of the sample member’s last name, but no other information. Access to the site for the upload is restricted to authorized users who are registered and provide identification/authentication information to the FAFSA data site. The file is retrieved by the Central Processing System or CPS (the FAFSA contractor data system) for linkage. The linked file, containing student aid applications for matched records, is then made available to RTI only through a secure connection (EdConnect) which requires username and password. All CPS files will be processed, edited, and documented for inclusion on the analytic data files. The CPS data will cover academic years beginning with 2012–2013. All CPS files will be processed, edited, and documented for inclusion in the Electronic Codebook (ECB).

A.3 File Merge with National Student Loan Data System Disbursement

RTI will also conduct a file merge with the NSLDS to collect federal loan and Pell grant data for the 2012-13 award year. The resulting file will contain cumulative amounts for each student’s entire postsecondary education enrollment. Files are transmitted using a secure connection (EdConnect) which requires username and password. Programs to create the files for the merge and also programs to read the received data already exist. All matching processes are initiated by RTI staff providing a file with one record per sample member to be merged.

Appendix B
Data Security Language for Vendor Contracts

Data Security Requirements

Contractor shall use data supplied to them by Company for the specific purpose included in the corresponding Statements of Work only.
Contractor will protect all data supplied to them by Company as specifically stated in Exhibit C, attached.
Unless otherwise agreed to, Contractor will promptly and properly destroy data supplied to them by Company upon the Statement of Work completion date.

EXHIBIT C

COMPANY INFORMATION SECURITY REQUIREMENTS

Definitions.

“Business Contact Information” is defined as name, job title, department name, company name, business telephone, business fax number, and business email address.

“COMPANY Confidential Information” as defined in the Agreement.

“Information Processing System(s)” is defined as the individual and collective electronic, mechanical, or software components of CONTRACTOR operations that store and/or process COMPANY Confidential Information.

“Information Security Event” is defined as any situation where COMPANY Confidential Information is lost; is subject to unauthorized or inappropriate access, use, or misuse; the security, confidentiality, or integrity of the information is compromised; or the availability of CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems is compromised by external attack.

“Security Breach” is defined as an unauthorized access to CONTRACTOR’s facilities, Information Processing Systems or networks used to service, store, or access COMPANY Confidential Information, provided such unauthorized access exposes COMPANY Confidential Information or provided CONTRACTOR is required to report such unauthorized access to appropriate legal or regulatory agencies or affected COMPANY members.

“Industry best practice” is defined by the information security guidelines prepared by the PCI Security Standards Council and documented in the PCI DSS requirements as well as standards and guidelines prepared by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC)

Security and Confidentiality.

Before receiving, or continuing to receive, COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will implement and maintain an information security program that ensures: 1) COMPANY’s Confidential Information and CONTRACTOR’s Information Processing Systems are protected from internal and external security threats; and 2) that COMPANY Confidential Information is protected from unauthorized disclosure.

Security Policy.
1. Formal Security Policy. Consistent with the requirement of this Attachment, CONTRACTOR will create an information security policy that is approved by CONTRACTOR’s management, published and communicated to all CONTRACTOR’s employees. Such information security policy may be reviewed by COMPANY at CONTRACTOR’s place of business pursuant to confidentiality obligations.
2. Security Policy Review. CONTRACTOR will review the information security policy at planned intervals or if significant changes occur to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness.
Asset Management.
1. Asset Inventory. CONTRACTOR shall have the ability to identify the location of all CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and media containing COMPANY Confidential Information.
2. Acceptable Use. CONTRACTOR will implement rules for the acceptable use of information and assets which is no less restrictive than industry best practice and consistent with the requirements of this Attachment.
3. Equipment Use While on COMPANY Premises. While on COMPANY’s premises, CONTRACTOR will not connect hardware (physically or via a wireless connection) to COMPANY systems unless necessary for CONTRACTOR to perform Services under this Agreement. This hardware must be inspected / scanned by COMPANY before use.
4. Portable Devices. COMPANY Confidential Information, with the exception of Business Contact Information, may not be stored on portable devices including, but not limited to, laptops, external hard drives, Personal Digital Assistants, MP3 devices, and USB devices.
5. Personally-owned Equipment. COMPANY Confidential Information, with the exception of Business Contact Information, may not be stored on personally‑owned equipment.
Human Resources Security.
1. Security Awareness Training. Prior to CONTRACTOR employees receiving access to COMPANY Confidential Information, they will receive security awareness training appropriate to their job function. CONTRACTOR will also ensure that recurring security awareness training is performed.
2. Removal of access Rights. The access rights of all CONTRACTOR employees to CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems or media containing COMPANY Confidential Information will be removed immediately upon termination of their employment, contract or agreement, or adjusted upon change.
Physical and Environmental Security.
1. Secure Areas. CONTRACTOR will secure all areas, including loading docks, holding areas, telecommunications areas, cabling areas and off-site areas that contain Information Processing Systems or media containing COMPANY Confidential Information by the use of appropriate security controls in order to ensure that only authorized personnel are allowed access and to prevent damage and interference. The following controls will be implemented:
  1. Access will be controlled and restricted by use of a defined security perimeter, appropriate security barriers, entry controls and authentication controls. A record of all accesses will be securely maintained.
  2. All personnel will be required to wear some form of visible identification to identify them as employees, contractors, visitors, et cetera.
  3. Visitors to secure areas will be supervised, or cleared for non-escorted accessed via an appropriate background check. Their date and time of entry and departure will be recorded.
2. Environmental Security. CONTRACTOR will protect equipment from power failures and other disruptions caused by failures in supporting utilities.
Communications and Operations Management.
1. Protections Against Malicious Code. CONTRACTOR will implement detection, prevention, and recovery controls to protect against malicious software, which is no less than current industry best practice and perform appropriate employee training on the prevention and detection of malicious software.
2. Back-ups. CONTRACTOR will perform appropriate back-ups of CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and media containing COMPANY Confidential Information as required in order to ensure services and service levels described in this Statement of Work.
3. Media and Information Handling. CONTRACTOR will protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information contained on media by use of a media control management program and provide a copy of the program to COMPANY.
  1. COMPANY input and result code data can be stored as Audit Data in a SQLServer table. All Audit Data on this SQLServer table can only be accessed for up to 180 days. After 180 days the Audit Data in the SQLServer table is automatically destroyed.
4. Media and Information Disposal. CONTRACTOR will securely and safely dispose of COMPANY Confidential Information that resides on media (including but not limited to hard copies, disks, CDs, DVDs, optical disks, USB devices, hard drives) upon the Statement of Work completion date using establishment of procedures to include, but not be limited to:
  1. Disposing of COMPANY Confidential Information on media so that it is rendered unreadable or undecipherable, such as by burning, shredding, pulverizing or overwriting in compliance with DoD Standard 5220.22-M.
  2. Maintaining a secured disposal log that provides an audit trail of disposal activities.
  3. Purging COMPANY Confidential Information from all CONTRACTOR’s physical storage mediums (filing cabinets, drawers, et cetera.) and from all Information Processing Systems, including back-up systems, within thirty (30) days of the latest occurrence of following: upon termination of this agreement; or as soon as the COMPANY Confidential Information is no longer required to perform services under this Statement of Work.
  4. Providing a Certificate of Destruction to COMPANY certifying that all COMPANY Confidential Information was purged. The certificate will be provided to COMPANY within ten (10) business days after the information was purged.
5. Exchange of Information. To protect confidentiality and integrity of COMPANY Confidential Information in transit, CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Perform an inventory, analysis and risk assessment of all data exchange channels (including but not limited to FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, modem, and fax) to identify and mitigate risks to COMPANY Confidential Information from these channels.
  2. Monitor and inspect all data exchange channels to detect unauthorized information releases.
  3. Ensure that appropriate security controls using approved data exchange channels are employed when exchanging COMPANY Confidential Information.
  4. If COMPANY Confidential Information can only be sent to CONTRACTOR electronically, then CONTRACTOR must employ industry standard encryption security measures (minimum standard of NIST’s FIPS 140-2) to encrypt COMPANY Confidential Information prior to transmitting via the Internet. Otherwise, COMPANY Confidential Information can only be sent to CONTRACTOR using an encrypted (minimum standard NIST’s FIPS 140-2) CD-ROM sent via courier service with a tracking number.
  5. Ensure that information (including persistent cookies) about COMPANY customers, members or employees is not harvested by CONTRACTOR web pages except for purposes of this Agreement.
6. Monitoring. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Employ current industry best practice security controls and tools to monitor Information Processing Systems and log user activities, exceptions, unauthorized information processing activities, suspicious activities and information security events. Logging facilities and log information will be protected against tampering and unauthorized access. Logs will be kept for at least 90 days.
  2. Perform frequent reviews of logs and take necessary actions to protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information.
  3. At COMPANY’s request, make logs available to COMPANY to assist in investigations of security breaches.
  4. Comply with all relevant legal requirements applicable to monitoring and logging activities.
  5. Ensure that the clocks of all relevant information processing systems are synchronized using a national or international time source.
Access Control.
1. User access Management. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Employ a formal user registration and de-registration procedure for granting and revoking access and access rights to all CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems.
  2. Employ a formal password management process.
  3. Perform recurring reviews of users’ access and access rights to ensure that they are appropriate for the users’ role.
2. User Responsibilities. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Ensure that CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems users follow current security practices in the selection and use of strong passwords.
  2. Ensure that unattended equipment has appropriate protection to prohibit access and use by unauthorized individuals.
  3. Ensure that COMPANY Confidential Information contained at workstations, including but not limited to paper and on display screens is protected from unauthorized access.
3. Network access Control. access to internal, external, and public network services that allow access to CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems shall be controlled. CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Ensure that current industry best practice standard authentication mechanisms for network users and equipment are in place and updated as necessary.
  2. Ensure electronic perimeter controls are in place to protect CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems from unauthorized access.
  3. Ensure authentication methods are used to control access by remote users.
  4. Ensure physical and logical access to diagnostic and configuration ports is controlled.
4. Operating System access Control. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Ensure that access to operating systems is controlled by a secure log-on procedure.
  2. Ensure that CONTRACTOR Information Processing System users have a unique identifier (user ID).
  3. Ensure that the use of utility programs that are capable of overriding system and application controls are highly restricted and tightly controlled.
  4. Ensure that inactive sessions are shut down when technically possible after a defined period of inactivity.
  5. Employ restrictions on connection times when technically possible to provide additional security for high risk applications.
5. Mobile Computing and Remote Working. To protect COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems from the risks inherent in mobile computing and remote working, CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Perform a risk assessment to identify and mitigate risks to COMPANY Confidential Information from residing on mobile computing and remote access systems.
  2. Develop a policy, operational plans and procedures for managing mobile computing and remote access systems to ensure that COMPANY Confidential Information does not reside on or are used on these systems.
Information Systems Acquisition, Development and Maintenance.
1. Security of System Files. To protect CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will ensure that access to source code is restricted to authorized users who have a direct need to know.
2. Security in Development and Support Processes. To protect CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Ensure that the implementation of changes is controlled by the use of formal change control procedures.
  2. Employ industry best practice security controls to minimize information leakage.
  3. Employ oversight quality controls and security management of outsourced software development.
Information Security Incident Management.

Reporting Information Security Events and Weaknesses. To protect CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will, in the event that Contractor becomes aware of (or reasonably suspects) that any information and data obtained pursuant to the Services has been compromised in any manner, immediately notify Company via email or telephone call and follow-up on the incident in writing and provide all requested information about the event. For purposes of this obligation, “compromise” includes suspected or known incidents without limitation: (i) any unauthorized access to information and data obtained pursuant to the Services, (ii) any inadvertent disclosure of information and data obtained pursuant to the Services to any third party, (iii) any known or suspected misuse of information and data obtained pursuant to the Services by any person (even if such person was authorized to access such information or data), (iv) any suspected use of information and data obtained pursuant to the Services by any person outside of the scope of that person’s authority, and (v) any known or suspected alteration of information and data obtained pursuant to the Services other than as required or permitted by this Agreement.

Information Security Events and Security Breaches: Contractor shall
1. Implement a process to ensure that Information Security Events and Security Breaches are reported through appropriate management channels as quickly as possible.
2. Train all employees of information systems and services how to report any observed or suspected Information Security Events and Security Breaches.
3. Notify COMPANY by email (JDavismailto:@RTI.org or by phone (800-334‑8571) immediately of all suspected Information Security Events and Security Breaches. Following any such event or breach, CONTRACTOR will promptly notify COMPANY as to the COMPANY Confidential Information affected and the details of the event or breach.

Business Continuity Management.
1. Business Continuity Management Program. In order to ensure services and service levels described in this agreement, CONTRACTOR will:
  1. Develop and maintain a process for business continuity throughout the organization that addresses the information security requirements needed for the CONTRACTOR’s business continuity so that the provision of products and/or services provided under the Agreement to COMPANY is uninterrupted.
  2. Identify events that can cause interruptions to business processes, along with the probability and impact of such interruptions and their consequences for information security.
  3. Develop and implement plans to maintain or restore operations and ensure availability of information at the required level and in the required time scales following interruption to, or failure of, critical business processes and provide COMPANY a copy of the same.
  4. Test and update Business Continuity Plans regularly to ensure that they are up‑to-date and effective.
Security Assessments.
1. Initial and Recurring Security Assessments. CONTRACTOR will permit COMPANY representatives to perform an on-site physical and logical Security Assessment of CONTRACTOR’s data processing and business facilities prior to the release of COMPANY Confidential Information and each year thereafter. Security Assessments will be performed during regular business hours, at a date and time agreed to by both parties, and will not require online access to CONTRACTOR’s Information Processing Systems.
2. Security Assessments Following Information Security Events and Security Breaches. Following the occurrence of an Information Security Event or Security Breach, CONTRACTOR will permit COMPANY representatives to perform an on-site physical and logical Security Assessment of CONTRACTOR’s data processing and business facilities to assess the impact of the event or breach even if a Security Assessment has been completed within the year.
3. Security Assessment Findings. Upon completion of a Security Assessment, COMPANY will provide CONTRACTOR with a Security Assessment completion letter that summarizes COMPANY’s Security Assessment findings. These findings may identify critical security deficiencies identified as “Mandatory” that require immediate correction before COMPANY can release, or continue to release, COMPANY Confidential Information to CONTRACTOR. CONTRACTOR will implement and continue to maintain all mutually agreed upon “Mandatory” security findings. If mutual agreement to “Mandatory” security findings cannot be reached, then these issues may be escalated using the dispute resolution provisions within this Agreement

Appendix C
Bibliography of Publications Using BPS Data

Bibliography of Publications Using BPS Data
Arranged alphabetically by year

This bibliography is derived from computer searches of online bibliographic databases such as ERIC, Proquest, Google Scholar, and Project MUSE, as well as the NCES.ED.GOV website.

These searches were conducted and compiled by NCES contractors.

2013

An, B.P. (2013). The Impact of Dual Enrollment on College Degree Attainment: Do Low-SES Students Benefit? Educational Evaluation And Policy Analysis, 35(1): 57–75. American Educational Research Association, Sage Publications. Retrieved July 18, 2013, from http://epa.sagepub.com/content/35/1/57.

Crisp, G. (2013). The Influence of Co-Enrollment on the Success of Traditional Age Community College Students. Teachers College Record, 115(10).

Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For-Profit Colleges. Future of Children, 23(1): 137–163. Princeton University.

Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American Sociological Review, 78(1): 70–95. Sage Publications.

Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83(3): 335–368.

Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not-For-Profit and For-Profit Certifications: Better Data, Somewhat Different Results. NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First-Year Community College Students. Community College Review, 41(1): 63–85. Sage Publications.

Nichols, A.H., and Clinedinst, M. (2013). Provisional Admission Practices: Blending Access and Support to Facilitate Student Success. Washington, DC: The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education.

Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables—Characteristics of Certificate Completers With Their Time to Certificate and Labor Market Outcomes (NCES 2013-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

St. Rose, A., and Hill, C. (2013). Women in Community Colleges: Access to Success. Washington, DC: American Association of University Women.

Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2013). Federal Student Loan Debt Burden of Noncompleters (NCES 2013-155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Retrieved July 18, 2013, from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2013155.

Wood, J.L. (2013). The Same... But Different: Examining Background Characteristics Among Black Males in Public Two-Year Colleges. Journal of Negro Education, 82(1): 47–61.

Wood, J.L., and Palmer, R.T. (2013). Understanding the Personal Goals of Black Male Community College Students: Facilitating Academic and Psychosocial Development. Journal of African American Studies, 17(2): 222–241. Springer Science.

2012

Baker, C.N., and Robnett, B. (2012). Race, Social Support and College Student Retention: A Case Study. Journal of College Student Development, 53(2): 325–335.

Carlson, D. (2012). Out of the Classroom and Into the Voting Booth? Analyzing the Effects of Education on Political Participation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison.

Chen, R. (2012). Institutional Characteristics and College Student Dropout Risks: A Multilevel Event History Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 53(5): 487–505.

Chen, X., and Ho, P. (2012). Web Tables—STEM in Postsecondary Education: Entrance, Attrition, and Coursetaking Among 2003–04 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 2013-152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Deming, D.J., Goldin, C., and Katz, L.F. (2012). The For-Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile Predators? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(1): 139–164.

Flynn, D. (2012). Baccalaureate Attainment as a Function of Student Engagement: Comparing the Impact of Engagement on Engineering/ICS Degree Attainment to Other Majors at 4-Year Institutions. Paper presented at the American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Section Conference, San Luis Obispo, CA.

Franke, R. (2012). Towards the Education Nation: Revisiting the Impact of Financial Aid, College Experience, and Institutional Context on Baccalaureate Degree Attainment Using a Propensity Score Matching, Multilevel Modeling Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

Green, C., and Radwin, D. (2012). Web Tables—Characteristics of Associate’s Degree Attainers and Time to Associate’s Degree (NCES 2012-271). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Herrera, F.A. (2012). Community College Pathways: A Multilevel Examination of Institutional Roles in Student Success. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

Horn, L., and Radwin, D. (2012). The Completion Arch: Measuring Community College Student Success—2012. New York: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.

Ifill, N., and Radford, A.W. (2012). Web Tables—Beginning Subbaccalaureate Students’ Labor Market Experiences: Six Years Later in 2009 (NCES 2012-273). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Jackson, K. (2012). Evolving Role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in Student Access, Retention, and Degree Attainment. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University.

Kanno, Y., and Harklau, L. (Eds.). (2012). Linguistic Minority Students Go to College: Preparation, Access, and Persistence. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2012). Evaluating Student Outcomes at For-Profit Colleges. Working Paper 18201. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Mamiseishvili, K. (2012). Academic and Social Integration and Persistence of International Students at U.S. Two-Year Institutions. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 36(1): 15–27.

Mamiseishvili, K. (2012). International Student Persistence in U.S. Postsecondary Institutions. Higher Education, 64(1): 1–17.

Mamiseishvili, K., and Koch, L.C. (2012). Students With Disabilities at 2-Year Institutions in the United States: Factors Related to Success. Community College Review, 40(4): 320–339.

Mercado, M. (2012). Examining the Effects of Contextual Factors on Students’ Educational Outcomes: A Special Focus on Community Colleges. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Merritt, B.S. (2012). The Impact of Pre/Postenrollment Intervention on College Success for First-Generation Black Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University.

Nguyen, M. (2012). Degreeless in Debt: What Happens to Borrowers Who Drop Out. Charts You Can Trust. Washington, DC: Education Sector.

Nuñez, A.-M., and Crisp, G. (2012). Ethnic Diversity and Latino/a College Access: A Comparison of Mexican American and Puerto Rican Beginning College Students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5(2): 78–95.

Radford, A.W., and Horn, L. (2012). Web Tables—An Overview of Classes Taken and Credits Earned by Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 2013-151). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Radford, A.W., Pearson, J., Ho, P., Chambers, E., and Ferlazzo, D. (2012). Remedial Coursework in Postsecondary Education: The Students, Their Outcomes, and Strategies for Improvement. Berkeley, CA: MPR Associates, Inc.

Santos-George, A.A. (2012). An Empirical Test of Tinto’s Integration Framework for Community Colleges Using Structural Equation Modeling. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Illinois State University.

Schneider, M., and Yin, L.M. (2012, April). Completion Matters: The High Cost of Low Community College Graduation Rates. Education Outlook, 1(2): 1–10.

Staklis, S., and Ho, P. (2012). Web Tables—Occupational and Academic Majors in Postsecondary Education: 6-Year Education and Employment Outcomes, 2001 and 2009 (NCES 2012- 256). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Steidl, C.R. (2012). Intersectionality, Institutions, & Inequality: STEM Majors and Status Competition Processes in the U.S. Higher Education System. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Emory University.

Wood, J.L. (2012). Leaving the 2-Year College: Predictors of Black Male Collegian Departure. Journal of Black Studies, 43(3): 303–326.

2011

Alon, S. (2011). Who Benefits Most From Financial Aid? The Heterogeneous Effect of Need-Based Grants on Students’ College Persistence. Social Science Quarterly, 92(3): 807–829.

Alon, S., and Gelbgiser, D. (2011). The Female Advantage in College Academic Achievements and Horizontal Sex Segregation. Social Science Research, 40(1): 107–119

Attewell, P., Heil, S., and Reisel, L. (2011). Competing Explanations of Undergraduate Noncompletion. American Educational Research Journal, 48(3): 536–559.

Barnhart, D. (2011). The Relationship of Academic and Social Integration to Veterans’ Educational Persistence. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, The George Washington University.

Booker, R.L., Jr. (2011). Single Mothers in College: The Effect of Selected Variables. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas.

Chen, R., and St. John, E.P. (2011). State Financial Policies and College Student Persistence: A National Study. The Journal of Higher Education, 82(5): 629–660.

Doyle, W.R. (2011). Effect of Increased Academic Momentum on Transfer Rates: An Application of the Generalized Propensity Score. Economics of Education Review, 30(1): 191–200.

Hinrichs, P. (2011). The Effects of Attending a Diverse College. Economics of Education Review, 30(2): 332–341.

Ho, P., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Web Tables—Trends in Attainment Among Student Populations at Increased Risk of Noncompletion: Selected Years, 1989–90 to 2008–09 (NCES 2012-254). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L., and Skomsvold, P. (2011). Web Tables—Community College Student Outcomes: 1994–2009 (NCES 2012-253). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Mamiseishvili, K., and Koch, L.C. (2011). First-to-Second-Year Persistence of Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Institutions in the United States. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 54(2): 93–105.

McGhee, S.C. (2011). Financial Aid, Persistence, and the Status of the Under-represented in Higher Education: Exploring the Relationships Between Financial Aid, Persistence, and Degree Attainment Among African-American, Hispanic, and Low-Income Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Mercer University.

McKean, J.R. (2011). First-Time Beginning Student Attainment: Examining the Role of Distance Education. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio University.

Oden, L.M. (2011). Factors Affecting Persistence of Non-traditional Students Enrolled in Two-Year Colleges. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas at Little Rock.

Radford, A.W. (2011). Military Service Members and Veterans: A Profile of Those Enrolled in Undergraduate and Graduate Education in 2007–08 (NCES 2011-163). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Savi, K.A. (2011). Community College Student Motivation and Persistence to Goals. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Denver.

Settle, J.S. (2011). Variables That Encourage Students to Persist in Community Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 35(4): 281–300.

Skomsvold, P., Radford, A.W., and Berkner, L. (2011). Web Tables—Six-Year Attainment, Persistence, Transfer, Retention, and Withdrawal Rates of Students Who Began Postsecondary Education in 2003–04 (NCES 2011-152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Soldner, M.E. (2011). Web Tables—Persistence and Attainment Among Pell Grant Recipients: Results From the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study of 2004/09 (NCES 2011-275). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Staklis, S., Bersudskaya, V., and Horn, L. (2011). Web Tables—Students Attending For-Profit Postsecondary Institutions: Demographics, Enrollment Characteristics, and 6-Year Outcomes (NCES 2012-173). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wine, J., Janson, N., and Wheeless, S. (2011). 2004/09 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/09) Methodology Report (NCES 2012-246). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wood, J.L., Nevarez, C., and Hilton, A.A. (2011). Creating a Culture of Transfer. Making Connections, 13(1): 54–61.

Zhang, J. (2011). Advanced Placement Courses and College Student Success: Evidence From BPS: 96/01. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Western Michigan University.

2010

Camp, A.G., Gilleland, D.S., Pearson, C., and Putten, J.V. (2010). Differentiating Between Women in Hard and Soft Science and Engineering Disciplines. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 11(3): 363–384.

Chen, R., and DesJardins, S.L. (2010). Investigating the Impact of Financial Aid on Student Dropout Risks: Racial and Ethnic Differences. Journal of Higher Education, 81(2): 179–208.

Crisp, G., and Nora, A. (2010). Hispanic Student Success: Factors Influencing the Persistence and Transfer Decisions of Latino Community College Students Enrolled in Developmental Education. Research in Higher Education, 51(2): 175–194.

DesJardins, S.L., and Chen, R. (2010). Investigating the Impact of Financial Aid on Student Dropout Risks: Racial and Ethnic Differences. Journal of Higher Education, 81(2): 179–208.

Griffith, J. (2010). Community Service Among a Panel of Beginning College Students: Its Prevalence and Relationship to Having Been Required and to Supporting “Capital.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(5): 884–900.

Hornak, A.M., Farrell, P.L., and Jackson, N.L. (2010). Making It (or Not) on a Dime in College: Implications for Practice. Journal of College Student Development, 51(5): 481–495.

Li, D. (2010). They Need Help: Transfer Students From Four-Year to Four-Year Institutions. The Review of Higher Education, 33(2): 207–238.

Mamiseishvili, K. (2010). Effects of Employment on Persistence of Low-income, First-Generation College Students. College Student Affairs Journal, 29(1): 65–74, 93.

Museus, S.D. (2010). Understanding Racial Differences in the Effects of Loans on Degree Attainment: A Path Analysis. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 11(4): 499–527.

Radford, A.W., Berkner, L., Wheeless, S.C., and Shepherd, B. (2010). Persistence and Attainment of 2003–04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: After 6 Years. First Look (NCES 2011-151). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2009

Camp, A., Gilleland, D., Pearson, C., and Putten, J.V. (2009). Women’s Path Into Science and Engineering Majors: A Structural Equation Model. Educational Research & Evaluation, 15(1): 63–77.

Chen, X. (2009). Students Who Study Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Postsecondary Education (NCES 2009-161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., Berkner, L., Lee, J., and Topper, A. (2009). Academic Competitiveness and SMART Grant Programs: First-Year Lessons Learned. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service. Washington, DC.

Cragg, K.M. (2009). Influencing the Probability for Graduation at Four-Year Institutions: A Multi-Model Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 50(4): 394–413.

Doyle, W. (2009). The Effect of Community College Enrollment on Bachelor’s Degree Completion. Economics of Education Review, 28(2): 199–206.

Horn, L. (2009). On Track to Complete? A Taxonomy of Beginning Community College Students and Their Outcomes 3 Years After Enrolling: 2003–04 Through 2006 (NCES 2009-152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Radford, A.W. (2009). Military Service Members and Veterans in Higher Education: What the New GI Bill May Mean for Postsecondary Institutions. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

Radford, A.W., and Tasoff, S. (2009). Web Tables—Choosing a Postsecondary Institution: Considerations Reported by Students (NCES 2009-186). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Radford, A.W., and Wun, J. (2009). Issue Tables: A Profile of Military Servicemembers and Veterans Enrolled in Postsecondary Education in 2007–08 (NCES 2009-182). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Snyder, T.D., Dillow, S.A., and Hoffman, C.M. (2009). Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (NCES 2009-020). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wine, J., Cominole, M., and Caves, L. (2009). 2004/09 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/09) Field Test (NCES 2009-01). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2008

Berkner, L., and Choy, S. (2008). Descriptive Summary of 2003–04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later (NCES 2008-174). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Provasnik, S., and Planty, M. (2008, August). Community Colleges: Special Supplement to The 2008 Condition of Education (NCES 2008-033). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Stratton, L.S., O’Toole, D.M., and Wetzel, J.N. (2008). A Multinomial Logit Model of College Stopout and Dropout Behavior. Economics of Education Review, 27(3): 319–331.

2007

Berkner, L., He, S., Mason, M., and Wheeless, S. (2007). Persistence and Attainment of 2003–04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: After Three Years (NCES 2007-169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Chen, X. (2007). Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 2003–04 (NCES 2007-165). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cominole, M., Wheeless, S., Dudley, K., Franklin, J., and Wine, J. (2007). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) Methodology Report (NCES 2008-184). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Dongbin, K. (2007). The Effect of Loans on Students’ Degree Attainment: Differences by Student and Institutional Characteristics. Harvard Educational Review, 77(1): 64–100.

Goan, S.K., and Cunningham, A.F. (2007). Differential Characteristics of 2-Year Postsecondary Institutions (NCES 2007-164rev). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Hudson, L., Kienzl, G., and Diehl, J. (2007). Students Entering and Leaving Postsecondary Occupational Education: 1995–2001 (NCES 2007-041). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Hunt-White, T. (2007). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Data Analysis System (NCES 2007-185). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2006

Anderson, G. (2006). Effectiveness of Statewide Articulation Agreements on the Probability of Transfer: A Preliminary Policy Analysis. The Review of Higher Education, 29(3): 261–291.

Blecher, L. (2006). Persistence Toward Bachelor Degree Completion of Students in Family and Consumer Sciences. College Student Journal, 40(3): 469–484.

Dougherty, K.J., and Kienzl, G.S. (2006). It’s Not Enough to Get Through the Open Door: Inequalities by Social Background in Transfer From Community Colleges to Four-Year Colleges. Teachers College Record, 108(3): 452–487.

Dowd, A., and Coury, T. (2006). The Effect of Loans on the Persistence and Attainment of Community College Students. Research in Higher Education, 47(1): 33–62.

Flowers, L.A. (2006). Effects of Attending a 2-Year Institution on African American Males’ Academic and Social Integration in the First Year of College. Teachers College Record, 108(2): 267–286.

Horn, L. (2006). Placing College Graduation Rates in Context: How 4-Year College Graduation Rates Vary With Selectivity and the Size of Low-Income Enrollment (NCES 2007-161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Murphy, K. (2006). Factors Affecting the Retention, Persistence, and Attainment of Undergraduate Students at Public Urban Four Year Higher Education Institutions. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research.

Person, A., and Rosenbaum, J. (2006). Educational Outcomes of Labor-Market Linking and Job Placement for Students at Public and Private 2-Year Colleges. Economics of Education Review, 25(4): 412–429.

Titus, M.A. (2006). No College Student Left Behind: The Influence of Financial Aspects of a State’s Higher Education Policy on College Completion. The Review of Higher Education, 29(3): 293–317.

Titus, M.A. (2006). Understanding the Influence of the Financial Context of Institutions on Student Persistence at Four-Year Colleges and Universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 77(2): 353–375.

Wine, J., Cominole, M., Wheeless, S., Bryant, A., Gilligan, T., Dudley, K., and Franklin, J. (2006). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) Field Test Methodology Report (2006-01). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2005

Adelman, C. (2005). Moving Into Town—and Moving On: The Community College in the Lives of Traditional-Age Students. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. Washington, DC.

Alfonso, M., Bailey, T.R., and Scott, M. (2005). The Educational Outcomes of Occupational Sub-Baccalaureate Students: Evidence From the 1990s. Economics of Education Review, 24(2): 197–212.

Bailey, T., Jenkins, D., and Leinbach, T. (2005). What We Know About Community College Low-Income and Minority Student Outcomes: Descriptive Statistics From National Surveys. New York: Community College Research Center.

Horn, L., Cataldi, E., and Sikora, A. (2005). Waiting to Attend College: Undergraduates Who Delay Their Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2005-152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Leppel, K. (2005). College Persistence and Student Attitudes Toward Financial Success. College Student Journal, 39(2): 223–241.

Lohfink, M.M., and Paulsen, M.B. (2005). Comparing the Determinants of Persistence for First-Generation and Continuing-Generation Students. Journal of College Student Development, 46(4): 409–428.

Peter, K., and Cataldi, E. (2005). The Road Less Traveled? Students Who Enroll in Multiple Institutions (NCES 2005-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and How They Have Changed Over Time (NCES 2005-169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Schuetz, P. (2005). UCLA Community College Review: Campus Environment: A Missing Link in Studies of Community College Attrition. Community College Review, 32(4): 60–80.

2004

Bauer, C.J. (2004). The Nexus Between Community College Choice and Student Persistence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis.

Borden, V.M.H. (2004). Accommodating Student Swirl: When Traditional Students are no Longer the Tradition. Change, 36(2): 10–17.

Boswell, K. (2004). Bridges or Barriers? Public Policy and the Community College Transfer Function. Change, 36(6): 22–29.

Brothen, T., and Wambach, C.A. (2004). Refocusing Developmental Education. Journal of Developmental Education, 28(2): 16–33.

Duggan, M.B. (2004). E-Mail as Social Capital and Its Impact on First-Year Persistence of 4-Year College Students. Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory and Practice, 6(2): 169–189.

Ferris, E., Finster, M., and McDonald, D. (2004). Academic Fit of Student-Athletes: An Analysis of NCAA Division I-A Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education, 45(6): 555–575.

Hahs-Vaughn, D. (2004). The Impact of Parents’ Education Level on College Students: An Analysis Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1990–92/94. Journal of College Student Development, 45(5): 483–500.

Horn, L., and Berger, R. (2004). College Persistence on the Rise? Changes in 5-Year Degree Completion and Postsecondary Persistence Rates Between 1994 and 2000 (NCES 2005-156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Kane, M.A., Beals, C., Valeau, E.J., and Johnson, M.J. (2004). Fostering Success Among Traditionally Underrepresented Student Groups: Hartnell College’s Approach to Implementation of the Math, Engineering, and Science Achievement (MESA) Program. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 28(1): 17–26.

Kim, M.H. (2004). The Determinants of Institutional Financial Aid and its Effect on Degree Completion: The Difference Between Students at Public and Private Four-Year Institutions. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.

Long, A.C. (2004). Community College Attrition of GED Certificate Holders and Regular High School Graduates: A Comparative Study Using National BPS Data. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University.

Pascarella, E.T. (2004). First-Generation College Students: Additional Evidence on College Experiences and Outcomes. The Journal of Higher Education, 75(3): 249–284.

Pascarella, E.T. (2004). The Role of Race in the Development of Plans for a Graduate Degree. The Review of Higher Education, 27(3): 299–320.

Persell, C.H., and Wenglinsky, H. (2004). For-Profit Post-Secondary Education and Civic Engagement. Higher Education, 47(2): 337–360.

Saunders, K.P. (2004). Degree Attainment of Low-Socioeconomic Status Students: Structural Equation Modeling Test of an Elaborated Theory of Socialization. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University.

Wassmer, R., Moore, C., and Shulock, N. (2004). Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in Community Colleges: Implications for Policy and Practice. Research in Higher Education, 45(6): 651–672.

2003

Alfonso, M., Bailey, T.R., and Scott, M. (2003). The Educational Outcomes of Occupational Sub-Baccalaureate Students: Evidence From the 1990s. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.

Ashby, C.M. (2003). College Completion: Additional Efforts Could Help Education With its Completion Goal (GAO-03-568). Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office.

Below, D.L. (2003). The First-to-Second-Year Persistence of Public, Four-Year College Students by Ethnicity. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis.

Berkner, L., He, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2003). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Six Years Later. Education Statistics Quarterly, 5(1): 62–67.

Freeman, T.L. (2003). Theoretical Model for Studying Year-to-Year Persistence of Two-Year College Students by Ethnicity Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, 1996–1998. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis.

Hahs, D.L. (2003). The Utilization of Sample Weights in Structural Equation Modeling: An Application Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1990/92/94. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alabama.

Hoachlander, G., Sikora, A.C., and Horn, L. (2003). Community College Students: Goals, Academic Preparation, and Outcomes (NCES 2003-164). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L., and Berker, A. (2003). Work First, Study Second: Adult Undergraduates Who Combine Employment and Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2003-167). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L., and Peter, K. (2003). What Colleges Contribute: Institutional Aid to Full-time Undergraduates Attending 4-Year Colleges and Universities (NCES 2003-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Kim, D. (2003). Multilevel Analysis of the Effect of Loans on Degree Attainment: Differences by Race, SES, and College Characteristics. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

O'Toole, D.M., Stratton, L.S., and Wetzel, J.N. (2003). A Longitudinal Analysis of the Frequency of Part-Time Enrollment and the Persistence of Students Who Enroll Part Time. Research in Higher Education, 44(5): 519–537.

Perez, N.M. (2003). Factors Associated With the College Success of Hispanic Women: A Mixed Methods Investigation. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi.

Rosenfield, E.D. (2003). A Demographic Profile of Single-Mother College Students and an Examination of Factors That Influence Their Persistence. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, University of Rochester.

Titus, M.A. (2003). An Examination of the Influence of Institutional Context on Persistence at Four-Year Colleges and Universities: A Multilevel Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.

Yang, P. (2003). Do Institutional Characteristics Matter in Two- to Four-Year Transfer? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Council for the Study of Community Colleges, Dallas, TX.

2002

Berkner, L., He, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2002). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Six Years Later (NCES 2003-151). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Blecher, L., Michael, W.B., and Hagedorn, L.S. (2002). Factors Related to the “System” Persistence of Students Seeking the Bachelor’s Degree at Four-Year Institutions. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for Institutional Research, New Orleans, LA.

Bradburn, E. (2002). Short-Term Enrollment in Postsecondary Education: Student Background and Institutional Differences in Reasons for Early Departure, 1996–98 (NCES 2003-153). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S. (2002). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Findings From The Condition of Education, 2002 (NCES 2002-012). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P. (2002). Access & Persistence: Findings From 10 Years of Longitudinal Research on Students. Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis, American Council on Education.

Duggan, M.B. (2002). The Effect of Social Capital on the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Boston.

Hudson, L., and Hurst, D. (2002). The Persistence of Employees Who Pursue College Study (NCES 2002-118). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Hudson, L., and Hurst, D. (2002). The Persistence of Employees Who Pursue Postsecondary Study. Education Statistics Quarterly, 4(1): 33–36.

King, J.E. (2002). Crucial Choices: How Students’ Financial Decisions Affect Their Academic Success. Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis, American Council on Education.

Pearson, A.F. (2002). Gendered Organizations: Academic and Social Integration of Females in Engineering and Science Programs. Paper presented at the Southern Sociological Society.

Sherlin, J.H., Jr. (2002). Understanding the System Persistence of First-Generation Students Through Path Modeling. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.

Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants (NCES 2002-169 ). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants. Education Statistics Quarterly, 4(2): 91–96.

Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Wheeless, S.C., Francis, T.L., and Dudley, K.M. (2002). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001 (BPS:1996/2001) Methodology Report (NCES 2002-171). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Wheeless, S.C., Francis, T.L., Franklin, J.W., and Dudley, K.M. (2002). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001 (BPS:1996/2001) Methodology Report. Education Statistics Quarterly, 4(3): 147–149.

2001

Bradburn, E.M., Hurst, D.G., and Peng, S. (2001). Community College Transfer Rates to 4-Year Institutions Using Alternative Definitions of Transfer (NCES 2001-197 ). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P. (2001). Findings From the Condition of Education 2001: Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College (NCES 2001-126). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Duggan, M. (2001). Factors Influencing the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for Institutional Research, Cambridge, MA.

Horn, L., and Kojaku, L.K. (2001). High School Academic Curriculum and the Persistence Path Through College (NCES 2001-163). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Leppel, K., Williams, M.L., and Waldauer, C. (2001). The Impact of Parental Occupation and Socioeconomic Status on Choice of College Major. Journal of Family & Economic Issues, 22(4): 373–394.

Stratton, L.S., O’Toole, D.M., and Wetzel, J.N. (2001). Factors Affecting Part-Time College Enrollment Within the First Year. AIR 2001 Annual Forum Paper. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Institutional Research, Long Beach, CA.

Teng, L.Y., Morgan, G.A., and Anderson, S.K. (2001). Career Development Among Ethnic and Age Groups of Community College Students. Journal of Career Development 28(2): 115–127.

Warburton, E.C., Bugarin, R., and Nuñez, A. (2001). Bridging the Gap: Academic Preparation and Postsecondary Success of First-Generation Students (NCES 2001-153). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Link, M.W., Whitmore, R.W., and Francis, T.L. (2001). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001 (BPS:1996/2001) Field Test Methodology Report (NCES 2001-04). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2000

Ariguzo, G.C. (2000). An Examination of the Effects of the Federal College Work-Study Program on Minority Students’ Persistence, Academic Performance, and Graduation Rates: Based on the NCES 1990/94 Beginning Postsecondary Longitudinal Study; a Dissertation. Boston: University of Massaachusetts Boston.

Berkner, L., Horn, L., and Clune, M. (2000). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later, With an Essay on Students Who Started at Less-Than-4-Year Institutions (NCES 2000-154). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Boyles, L.W. (2000). Exploration of a Retention Model for Community College Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Byun, K. (2000). A Study on the Applicability of Bean and Metzner’s Nontraditional Student Attrition Model for Older Students Using Four Different Measures of Persistence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon.

Chae, J. (2000). Student Departure From United States Community Colleges: A Competing Risks Survival Analysis. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

Choy, S.P. (2000). Low-Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2000-169). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Huang, G., Taddese, N., and Walter, E. (2000). Entry and Persistence of Women and Minorities in College Science and Engineering Education (NCES 2000-161). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence (NCES 2000-092). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Ishitani, T.T. (2000). An Application of Event History Modeling to Assessing Student Dropout Behavior: A National Data Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Iowa.

Levesque, K., Lauen, D., Teitelbaum, P., Alt, M., and Librera, S. (2000). Vocational Education in the United States: Toward the Year 2000 (NCES 2000-029). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). The Condition of Education 2000, Indicator 51, Learning Opportunities: Student Satisfaction With Instruction (NCES 2000-062). Author. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). The Condition of Education 2000. Postsecondary Persistence and Progress: Persistence Toward a Bachelor’s Degree (NCES 2000-062). Author. Washington, DC.

Wine, J.S., Whitmore, R.W., Heuer, R.E., Biber, M., and Pratt, D.J. (2000). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study First Follow-Up 1996–98 (BPS:96/98) Methodology Report (NCES 2000-157). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1999

Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999-108). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Contento, J.M. (1999). Impacts of Financial Aid on Persistence: A Longitudinal Analysis of Beginning Undergraduate Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University.

Horn, L.J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999-187). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Kaufman, P., and Chen, X. (1999). Projected Postsecondary Outcomes of 1992 High School Graduates (NCES 1999-15). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tyson, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data (NCES 9815). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning (NCES 1999-11). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1998

Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98-080). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine Work, Borrowing, and Attendance (NCES 98-088). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995–96, With an Essay on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98-054). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1998). Stopouts or Stayouts? Undergraduates Who Leave College in Their First Year (NCES 1999-087). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A. (1998). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, With Profiles of Students Entering 2- and 4-Year Institutions. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 1995–96 (NCES 1999-030). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Nuñez, A.-M. (1998). First-Generation Students: A Longitudinal Analysis of Educational and Early Labor Market Outcomes. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Miami, FL.

Nuñez, A.-M., and Cuccaro-Alamin, S. (1998). First-Generation Students: Undergraduates Whose Parents Never Enrolled in Postsecondary Education (NCES 98-082). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Perna, L.W. (1998). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28(3): 25–40.

Perna, L.W. (1998). Does Financial Aid Help Students To Attend Higher Priced Colleges? Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28(1): 19–38.

Pratt, D.J., Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Whitmore, R.W., Kelly, J.E., Doherty, J.M., Simpson, J.B., and Marti, N. (1998). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study First Follow-Up (BPS:96/98) Field Test Report (NCES 98-11). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Teng, L.Y.-W. (1998). The Institutional Experience and Career Development of Community College Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University.

1997

Arnold, C.L. (1997). Using National Data Sets to Create Comparable National Statistics for the Student Characteristics and Outcomes in Community Colleges. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; the National Science Foundation; and the Association for Institutional Research. Washington, DC and Arlington, VA.

Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97-286). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A.C. (1997). Transfer Behavior Among Beginning Postsecondary Students: 1989–94 (NCES 97-266). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Nettles, M.T., and Perna, L.W. (1997). The African American Education Data Book. Volume I: Higher and Adult Education. Fairfax, VA: College Fund/UNCF.

Rhee, B., Hurtado, S., Inkelas, K.K., and Briggs, C.L. (1997). Differences in College Access in Choice Among Racial/Ethnic Groups: Identifying Continuing Barriers. Research in Higher Education, 38(1): 43–75.

Riccobono, J.A., Whitmore, R.W., Gabel, T.J., Traccarella, M.A., Pratt, D.J., and Berkner, L.K. (1997). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96 (NPSAS:96) Methodology Report (NCES 98-073). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1996

Berkner, L.K., Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and McCormick, A.C. (1996). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: 5 Years Later, With an Essay on Postsecondary Persistence and Attainment (NCES 96-155). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992–93 (NCES 96-161). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and Persistence and Attainment Among 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 97-578). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four-Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 Freshmen. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Memphis, TN.

Pratt, D.J., Whitmore, R.W., Wine, J.S., Blackwell, K.M., Forsyth, B.H., Smith, T.K., Becker, E.A., Veith, K.J., Mitchell, M., and Borman, G.D. (1996). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Second Follow-Up (BPS: 90/94) Final Technical Report (NCES 96-153). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1995

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989–90 (NCES 95-167). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-166). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989–90 (NCES 95-173). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McGrew, K. (1995). Disability Summary Analyses of Select National Data Collection Programs. Technical Report 11. Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational Outcomes.

1994

Burkheimer, G.J., Jr., Forsyth, B.H., Whitmore, R.W., Wine, J.S., Blackwell, K.M., Veith, K.J., and Borman, G.D. (1994). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study First Follow-up (BPS:90/92): Final Public Technical Report (NCES 94-369). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC.

Fitzgerald, R., Berkner, L., Horn, L., Choy, S., and Hoachlander, G. (1994). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Two Years Later (NCES 94-386). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Pratt, D.J., Burkheimer, G.J., Jr., Forsyth, B.H., Wine, J.S., Veith, K.J., and Beaulieu, J.P. (1994). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Second Follow-Up Field Test Report (BPS:90/94) (NCES 94-370). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1994). Persistence and Attainment in Postsecondary Education for Beginning AY 1989–90 Students as of Spring 1992. Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1992 Follow-Up (BPS: 90/92) (NCES 94-477). Author. Washington, DC.

1993

Bobbitt, L.G., and Carroll, C.D. (1993). Coding Major Field of Study. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1992

Knepper, P. (1992). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Field Test Methodology Report: BPS 90/92 (NCES 92-160). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1991

Nelson, D.D. (1991). Programs and Plans of the National Center for Education Statistics, 1991 Edition (NCES 91-694). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Appendix D
BPS:12/14 Technical Review Panel Contact List

Technical Review Panel

Teresita Bazan

Director, Student Assistance and Veterans

Austin Community College

5930 Middle Fiskville Road

Austin, TX 78752

Phone: (512)223-7550

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BPS 2012-14 Full Scale Appendixes A-F