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§ 197.484
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
Notice of casualty.
(a) In addition to the requirements of
subpart 4.05 of this chapter and 33 CFR
146.30, the person-in-charge shall notify
the Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection, as soon as possible after a diving
casualty occurs, if the casualty involves any of the following:
(1) Loss of life.
(2) Diving-related injury to any person causing incapacitation for more
than 72 hours.
(3) Diving-related injury to any person requiring hospitalization for more
than 24 hours.
(b) The notice required by this section must contain the following:
(1) Name and official number (if applicable) of the vessel or facility.
(2) Name of the owner or agent of the
vessel or facility.
(3) Name of the person-in-charge.
(4) Name of the diving supervisor.
(5) Description of the casualty including presumed cause.
(6) Nature and extent of the injury to
persons.
(c) The notice required by this section is not required if the written report required by § 197.486 is submitted
within 5 days of the casualty.
[CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as
amended by CGD 95–072, 60 FR 50469, Sept. 29,
1995]
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
§ 197.486
Written report of casualty.
The person-in-charge of a vessel or
facility for which a notice of casualty
was made under § 197.484 shall submit a
report to the Officer-in-Charge, Marine
Inspection, as soon as possible after the
casualty occurs, as follows:
(a) On Form CG–2692, when the diving
installation is on a vessel.
(b) Using a written report, in narrative form, when the diving installation is on a facility. The written report
must contain the information required
by § 197.484.
(c) The report required by this section must be accompanied by a copy of
the report required by § 197.410(a)(9)
when decompression sickness is involved.
(d) The report required by this section must include information relating
to alcohol or drug involvement as required by § 4.05–12 of this chapter.
(The reporting requirement in paragraph (a)
was approved by OMB under control number
1625–0001)
[CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as
amended by CGD 82–023, 47 FR 35748, Aug. 16,
1982; 48 FR 43328, Sept. 23, 1983; CGD 84–099, 52
FR 47536, Dec. 14, 1987; USCG–2006–25697, 71
FR 55747, Sept. 25, 2006]
§ 197.488 Retention of records after
casualty.
(a) The owner, agent, or person-incharge of a vessel or facility for which
a report of casualty is made under
§ 197.484 shall retain all records onboard
that are maintained on the vessel or facility and those records required by
this subpart for 6 months after the report of a casualty is made or until advised by the Officer-in-Charge, Marine
Inspection, that records need not be retained onboard.
(b) The records required by paragraph
(a) of this section to be retained on
board include, but are not limited to,
the following:
(1) All logbooks required by § 197.480.
(2)
All
reports
required
by
§ 197.402(a)(2)(ii),
§ 197.404(a)(4),
§ 197.410(a)(9).
(c) The owner, agent, person-incharge, or diving supervisor shall, upon
request, make the records described in
this section available for examination
by any Coast Guard official authorized
to investigate the casualty.
Subpart C—Benzene
SOURCE: CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17,
1991, unless otherwise noted.
§ 197.501
Applicability.
(a) Except for vessels satisfying paragraph (b) of this section, this subpart
applies to all Coast Guard inspected
vessels, including tank ships and
barges, that are carrying benzene or
benzene containing liquids in bulk as
cargo.
(b) This subpart does not apply to
vessels that are carrying only liquid
cargoes containing less than 0.5% benzene by volume.
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Coast Guard, DHS
§ 197.510
(c) This subpart does not apply to
vessels of foreign registry.
[CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, 1991; 56 FR
65006, Dec. 13, 1991]
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
§ 197.505
Definitions.
As used in this subpart—
Action level means an airborne concentration of benzene of 0.5 parts of
benzene per million parts of air calculated as an eight hour time-weighted
average, generated from vessels regulated by this subpart.
Authorized person means a person specifically authorized by the person in
charge of the vessel to enter a regulated area.
Benzene means liquefied or gaseous
benzene (C6 H6; Chemical Abstracts
Service Registry No. 71–43–2) and includes benzene contained in liquid mixtures and the benzene vapors released
by these mixtures. The term does not
include trace amounts of unreacted
benzene contained in solid materials.
Breathing zone means the area within
one foot of a person’s mouth and nose.
Employee means an individual who is
on board a vessel by reason of that individual’s employment and who is employed
directly
by
the
owner,
charterer, managing operator, or agent
of that vessel.
Employer means the owner, charterer,
managing operator, or agent of a vessel.
Emergency means an occurrence, such
as an equipment failure, a container
rupture, or a control equipment failure, which results or may result in an
unexpected release of benzene.
Operations involving benzene means
any operation that could subject a
worker to benzene exposures above the
PEL, including cargo transfer operations involving connecting or disconnecting liquid or vapor hoses; cargo
tank gauging and sampling; and cargo
tank gas freeing, venting, and cleaning.
Performance standard means the
standard in § 197.520.
Person in charge means—
(1) For a self propelled vessel, the
master or licensed operator of the vessel; and
(2) For an unmanned barge,
(i) The licensed operator of the vessel
for barge tows;
(ii) Where there is no licensed operator, the tankerman who signs the declaration of inspection for a cargo transfer for an operation involving benzene;
or
(iii) Where there is no licensed operator or tankerman, the individual in
charge of the vessel when it is moored
at a fleet, terminal, or other place.
Permissible exposure limits or PELs
mean the exposure limits specified in
§ 197.515.
Personal exposure means the concentration of airborne benzene to
which a person would be exposed if that
person were not using a properly fitted
respirator in compliance with § 197.550
and the personal protective clothing
and equipment in compliance with
§ 197.555.
Regulated area means an area designated in compliance with § 197.535.
Short-term exposure limit or STEL
means an airborne concentration of
five parts of benzene per million parts
of air (five ppm), as averaged over any
15 minute period.
Time-weighted average exposure limit or
TWA means an airborne concentration
of one part of benzene per million parts
of air (one ppm), as averaged over an
eight-hour period. This eight hour period covers the time, up to eight hours,
that the employee works in any 24 hour
period. If the exposure period is less
than eight hours within the 24 hour period, the difference between eight
hours and the time of exposure (that is,
the unexposed time) is averaged into
the TWA. If the exposure period exceeds eight hours in any 24 hour period,
sum the products of each exposure
level multiplied by the time at that exposure level. The TWA is the value of
that sum divided by eight hours.
Vapor control or recovery system means
a system of piping and equipment used
to collect vapors by transporting the
vapors from a tank being loaded to a
tank being unloaded or by collecting
the vapors and containing them, recovering them, dispersing them in a location remote from personnel, or destroying them.
§ 197.510 Incorporation by reference.
(a) Certain materials are incorporated by reference into this subpart
with the approval of the Director of the
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§ 197.515
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
Federal Register in accordance with 5
U.S.C. 522(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than the one
listed in paragraph (b) of this section,
notice of the change must be published
in the FEDERAL REGISTER and the material made available to the public. All
approved material is on file at U.S.
Coast Guard, Office of Operating and
Environmental Standards (CG–522),
2100 2nd St., SW., Stop 7126, Washington, DC 20593–7126 and at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on
the availability of this material at
NARA, call 202–741–6030, or go to: http://
www.archives.gov/federallregister/
codeloflfederallregulations/
ibrllocations.html. All approved material is available from the sources indicated in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) The material approved for incorporation by reference in this subpart
and the sections affected are as follows:
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036
ANSI Z 88.2—1980—Practices for Respiratory Protection ......................§ 197.550
[CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, 1991, as
amended by CGD 95–072, 60 FR 50469, Sept. 29,
1995; CGD 96–041, 61 FR 50735, Sept. 27, 1996; 61
FR 52497, Oct. 7, 1996; 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9, 2004;
USCG–2009–0702, 74 FR 49241, Sept. 25, 2009]
§ 197.515 Permissible exposure limits
(PELs).
The permissible exposure limits
(PELs) for personal exposure are as follows:
(a) The time-weighted average exposure limit (TWA).
(b) The short-term exposure limit
(STEL). Exposures at the STEL must
not be repeated more than four times a
day. There must be at least 60 minutes
between successive exposures at the
STEL.
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
§ 197.520 Performance standard.
No person may be subjected to a personal exposure in excess of the permissible exposure limits unless respiratory
protection is used.
§ 197.525 Responsibility of the person
in charge.
Unless otherwise specified, the person in charge shall ensure that the per-
formance standard and other requirements of this subpart are complied
with on that person’s vessel.
§ 197.530
ees.
Persons other than employ-
(a) Before a nonemployee (other than
Federal, state, and local government
personnel) engages in a benzene operation on a vessel in which the person is
likely to be exposed to benzene in excess of the PELs, that person must certify that—
(1) That person has had, within the
previous 12 months, at least one medical examination in compliance with
§ 197.560 or 29 CFR 1910.1028;
(2) The physician who performed or
who supervised the latest medical examination in compliance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section did not recommend that that person be excluded
from areas where personal exposure
may exceed the action level;
(3) All respirators and personal protective clothing and equipment that
will be used by that person while on
the vessel meet the requirements of
§ 197.550(b) and § 197.555(c) or of 29 CFR
1910.1028; and
(4) All respirators that will be used
by that person while on the vessel have
been fitted and fit tested in accordance
with § 197.550 (c) and (d) or with 29 CFR
1910.1028.
NOTE: The employer need not furnish the
required respirators and personal protective
clothing and equipment to nonemployees.
(b) The certification required by
paragraph (a) of this section must be in
writing, list the items in paragraphs
(a)(1) through (a)(4) of this section, reference 46 CFR 197.530, state the date of
the certification, and be signed by the
person making the certification. A
sample certification form is contained
in appendix F of this subpart.
(c) Before the nonemployee making
the certification engages in a benzene
operation on a vessel, that person or a
representative of the entity which employs that person must show a copy of
the certification to the person in
charge of the vessel and the person in
charge must examine the certification
to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section.
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Coast Guard, DHS
§ 197.535
§ 197.540
Regulated areas.
(a) Based on the employer’s evaluation of the environmental monitoring,
whenever the airborne concentration of
benzene within an area exceeds or reasonably can be expected to exceed the
permissible exposure limits, the person
in charge shall mark the area as a regulated area.
(b) The person in charge shall restrict access to regulated areas to authorized persons wearing an appropriate respirator in compliance with
§ 197.550 and the personal protective
clothing and equipment in compliance
with § 197.555. The person in charge
shall not allow any person to enter a
regulated area without another individual in the vicinity to perform rescue
or call for help. The second individual
must maintain communication with
the one entering the regulated area or
keep that individual in sight. Also, the
second individual must be located at
the point of access during confined
space entry.
(c) The boundaries of regulated areas
must be indicated by barricades, other
devices, or by painted areas on the vessel. A sign bearing the following legend
in letters at least three inches high
(except for the words ‘‘DANGER—BENZENE’’, which must be printed in letters at least 50 percent larger than the
other words) must be posted at each access to the regulated areas:
DANGER—BENZENE
REGULATED AREA
CANCER CAUSING AGENT
FLAMMABLE—NO SMOKING
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY
RESPIRATOR REQUIRED
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
§ 197.540 Determination
exposure.
of
personal
(a) General. (1) The employer shall ensure that one or more persons in each
type of operation conducted on the vessel which involves the handling of or
potential exposure to benzene are monitored. The monitoring must be conducted so as to determine the representative personal exposure of all
persons engaged in each particular operation involving benzene. Monitoring
one vessel of a class is sufficient for all
vessels of that class provided the procedures, equipment, work practices,
cargo, and control equipment are substantially the same.
(2) For long duration operations,
such as cargo loading or tank entry,
the persons monitored must be monitored to determine the representative
TWA for all persons engaged in the operation. The monitoring must be based
on breathing zone air samples taken
for the duration of the operation or for
eight hours, whichever is less.
(3) For short duration operations,
such as tank gauging or hose connection and disconnection, the persons
monitored must be monitored to determine the representative short term exposure level for all persons engaged in
the operation. The monitoring must be
based on 15 minute breathing zone air
samples. Brief period measuring devices may be used to determine whether monitoring for the short term exposure level is needed.
(4) If cargoes with different benzene
concentrations are being carried on the
vessel, an operation involving the
lower concentration cargoes need not
be monitored if the same type of operation involving the highest concentration cargo is monitored and found to be
below the action level.
(5) Initial monitoring must be conducted during weather conditions typical in the geographic area and during
the time of day the operation is normally conducted. If the benzene level is
above half the action level for the operation, additional monitoring must be
conducted under those weather conditions that will maximize benzene exposure, such as low wind, stable air, and
high temperature.
(6) The monitoring method used must
be accurate to a confidence level of 95
percent to within plus or minus 25 percent for airborne concentrations of
benzene equal to or greater than 0.5
ppm.
(b) Initial exposure monitoring. When
benzene is first loaded as a cargo on
board a vessel, an initial monitoring of
each type of operation must be conducted to determine accurately the
representative personal exposure of
persons involved in the operation.
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pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
§ 197.545
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
(c) Periodic exposure monitoring. The
monitoring must be repeated each July
or August if benzene containing cargoes are carried during those months;
monitoring must be conducted under
those weather conditions that will
maximize benzene exposure, such as
low wind, stable air, and high temperature. If benzene containing cargoes are
not carried during those months, monitoring must be conducted at the time
of carriage nearest those months; monitoring must be conducted under those
weather conditions that will maximize
benzene exposure, such as low wind,
stable air, and high temperature.
(d) Additional exposure monitoring. (1)
Monitoring in compliance with paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section must
be repeated for the operation when
there has been a change in the procedure, equipment, or work practices of
the operation which may increase personal exposure or whenever the employer or person in charge has any reason to suspect that personal exposure
has increased.
(2) Whenever emergencies occur that
may increase personal exposure, operations affected by the emergency must
be monitored using area or personal
sampling after the spill is cleaned up or
the leak, rupture, or other breakdown
is repaired to determine when personal
exposure has returned to the level that
existed before the emergency. There
must be monitoring equipment aboard
each ship.
(3) For those cases in which the benzene exposure can vary significantly
over the year, the personnel exposure
reduction plan can reflect this variation in time if both initial and periodic exposure monitoring are conducted at those times. There must be
sufficient monitoring to quantitatively
justify differences in the exposure reduction program over the course of the
year. The exposure monitoring must be
conducted under those weather conditions that will maximize benzene exposure, such as low wind, stable air, and
high temperature.
(4) The Coast Guard may require additional monitoring upon reasonable
belief that the PEL’s are being exceeded.
(e) Notification of exposure monitoring
results. (1) Within 60 working days after
the receipt of the results of monitoring
in compliance with this section, each
person involved in the operation monitored must be given written notice of
the results, either by separate letter or
by notice posted in a location accessible to all persons involved.
(2) If the results indicate that the
PELs were exceeded, the written notice
required by paragraph (e)(1) of this section must state, or refer to a document
available to the persons involved which
states, the corrective action to be
taken to reduce the personal exposure
to or below the PELs.
[CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, 1991; 56 FR
65006, Dec. 13, 1991; CGD 95–028, 62 FR 51221,
Sept. 30, 1997]
§ 197.545 Program to reduce personal
exposure.
(a) When personal exposure for an operation is over the applicable PEL as
determined
in
compliance
with
§ 197.540, the employer shall develop
and implement, within 60 working days
of the date of that determination, a
written program detailing the corrective actions that will be taken to reduce personal exposure to or below the
PEL’s. The written program must include a timeframe for implementing
the corrective actions to be taken.
(b) Corrective actions in compliance
with paragraph (a) of this section may
include, but are not limited to, one or
more of the following:
(1) Engineering controls (e.g. vapor
control or recovery systems, closed
loading systems, or controlled venting
systems);
(2) Revised work practices; or
(3) Respirators in compliance with
§ 197.550 and personal protective clothing and equipment in compliance with
§ 197.555.
(c) Whenever the exposure monitoring data show a significant increase
in personnel exposure, the program
must be revised to reflect the new data.
(d) Each person involved in the operation must be notified that a written
program detailing corrective actions is
available upon request.
(e) A copy of the written program
must be furnished upon request to the
Coast Guard.
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Coast Guard, DHS
§ 197.550
§ 197.550 Respiratory protection.
(a) General. When the use of respirators in compliance with this section and the personal protective clothing and equipment in compliance with
§ 197.555 is chosen as the method or one
of the methods in compliance with
§ 197.545 to be used in meeting the performance standard, the respirators
used must be selected and fitted according to this section.
(b) Respirator selection. (1) The respirator must be approved by the Mine
Safety and Health Administration
(MSHA) in compliance with 30 CFR
part 11. When filter elements are used,
they must include MSHA approval for
organic vapors or benzene.
(2) The employer shall provide affected employees with the appropriate
respirators without charge and ensure
that the respirators are used properly.
Any employee determined by the testing physician as being unable to wear
negative pressure respirators, who continues to be subject to exposure over
the PEL, must be given the option of
wearing a respirator with less breathing resistance, such as a powered airpurifying respirator or a supplied air
respirator.
(3) Electrically powered respiratory
protective equipment must meet the
electrical engineering requirements in
subchapter J of this chapter and the
electrical equipment requirements in
part 151, table 151.05, and part 153, table
1, of this chapter.
(4) The type of respirator provided
must be a type specified in table
197.550(b) of this section that is appropriate for the exposure.
TABLE 197.550(b)—RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
FOR BENZENE
Airborne concentration of benzene or condition of use
Respirator type
Up to 10 times the TWA ........
(1) Half-mask air-purifying
respirator with organic
vapor cartridges.
(1) Full facepiece respirator
with organic vapor cartridges.
(2) Full facepiece gas mask
with chin style canister.1
(1) Full facepiece powered
air purifying respirator with
organic vapor canister.1
(1) Supplied air respirator
with full facepiece in positive-pressure mode.
Up to 50 times the TWA ........
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
Up to 100 times the TWA ......
Up to 1,000 times the TWA ...
TABLE 197.550(b)—RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
FOR BENZENE—Continued
Airborne concentration of benzene or condition of use
More than 1,000 times the
TWA or unknown concentration.
Escape ...................................
Fire fighting ............................
Respirator type
(1) Self-contained breathing
apparatus with full facepiece in positive pressure
mode.
(2) Full facepiece positivepressure supplied-air respirator with auxiliary selfcontained air supply.
(1) Any organic vapor gas
mask.
(2) Any self-contained
breathing apparatus with
full facepiece
(1) Full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus
in positive pressure mode.
1 Canisters for non-powered air purifying respirators must
have a minimum service life of four hours when tested at 150
ppm benzene, at a flow rate of 64 liters/minute at 25°C and
85% relative humidity. Canisters for powered air-purifying respirators must have a flow rate of 115 liters/minute (for tight fitting respirators) or 170 liters/minute (for loose fitting
respirators).
(c) Respirator fit testing. (1) Before the
person is permitted to use a respirator
selected and fitted in compliance with
this section, the person must undergo
an Initial Fit Test (IFT) and either a
Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT) or a Quantitative Fit Test (QNFT), in compliance with Appendix E of this subpart,
using the respirator fitted. If a negative pressure respirator is used, the
QLFT or QNFT must be repeated at
least once a year thereafter.
(2) The objective of the tests is to
identify for the person a respirator
which minimizes the chance of leakage.
(3) The person conducting the tests
required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section must understand the purpose of
these tests and how to perform them.
(4) The person conducting the tests
required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section must certify the results by signing
the test report.
(d) Respirator fitting. (1) Employees
who are being fitted for respirators
must be trained in the methods for
properly fitting a respirator and informed of the factors which may affect
a proper fit, such as beards, sideburns,
dentures, eyeglasses, and goggles, and
that an unobstructed sealing surface is
critical in fitting a respirator. (See appendix E of this subpart).
(2) For employees requiring eye
glasses, corrective lenses should be
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§ 197.555
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
fitted to the respirator faceplate. As a
temporary measure, glasses with short
temple bars may be taped to the wearer’s head. Contact lenses other than
soft lenses or gas permeable lenses
must not be worn with respirators.
(e) Respirator use. Persons wearing a
respirator in a regulated area must be
permitted to leave the regulated area
to wash their face and respirator facepiece, as necessary, in order to prevent
skin irritation associated with respirator use or, if an air-purifying respirator is used, to change the filter elements whenever the person wearing the
respirator detects a change in breathing resistance or a chemical vapor
breakthrough.
(f) Respirator inspection. Respirators
must be inspected in accordance with
ANSI Z88.2—1980, section 8.
(g) Respirator maintenance. (1) Respirators must be maintained in accordance with ANSI Z88.2—1980, section 8.
(2) During respirator cleaning, the
rubber or elastomer parts of the respirator must be stretched and manipulated with a massaging action to keep
the parts pliable and flexible and to
keep the parts from taking a set during
storage.
(3) The air purifying element of airpurifying respirators must be replaced
when the employee detects breakthrough or after a period not to exceed
eight hours, which ever comes first.
The element must also be replaced at
the start of each shift. An air purifying
element with an end of useful life indicator approved by MSHA or NIOSH for
benzene may be used until the indicator indicates end of useful life even if
this exceeds eight hours.
(h) Respirator storage. Respirators
must be stored in accordance with
ANSI Z88.2—1980, section 8.
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
§ 197.555 Personal protective clothing
and equipment.
(a) When the use of respirators in
compliance with § 197.550 and the personal protective clothing and equipment in compliance with this section is
chosen as the method or one of the
methods required by § 197.545 to be used
in meeting the performance standard,
the clothing and equipment must meet
the requirements of this section.
(b) The employer shall provide employees with the necessary personal
protective clothing and equipment
without charge and shall ensure that
the clothing and equipment are worn
or used properly.
(c) Employees must be provided with
coveralls or a large apron, boots,
gloves, and, if necessary, tight-fitting
eye goggles to limit dermal exposure
to, and prevent eye contact with, liquid
benzene.
§ 197.560 Medical surveillance.
(a) General. (1) The employer must
provide, and the employees must submit to, the medical surveillance examinations for employees, as required by
this section.
(2) All medical surveillance procedures in compliance with this section,
other than the pulmonary function test
of paragraph (b)(5)(v) of this section
and all laboratory tests, must be performed by, or under the supervision of,
a licensed physician.
(3) The pulmonary function test of
paragraph (b)(5)(v) of this section must
be administered by a licensed physician or by a person who has completed
a training course in spirometry sponsored by a governmental, academic, or
professional institution.
(4) All laboratory tests must be conducted by a laboratory accredited by
an accrediting organization acceptable
to the Commandant.
(b) Initial medical examination. (1)
Within March 14, 1992 the employer
shall make available to the employees
listed in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section an initial medical examination.
Within six months all initial medical
examinations must be completed, including those for the employees listed
in paragraph (b)(2)(ii), and each employee notified of the results of that
employee’s examination.
(2) The initial medical examination
must be made available to the following employees before they are permitted to enter or continue working in
a workplace in which they will be or
may be exposed to benzene:
(i) Employees who were exposed to
more than 10 ppm of benzene as an
eight-hour TWA on at least 30 calendar
days during the year before January 15,
1992 and who were employed by their
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present employer during each of the 30
days.
(ii) Employees, other than employees
defined in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this
section, who may reasonably be expected to be exposed to benzene at or
above the action level on at least 30
calendar days, or at a level above a
PEL on at least 10 calendar days, during the coming year.
(3) Exposure to benzene, as referred
to in paragraph (b)(2) of this section,
means any exposure to benzene, whether or not at the time of the exposure,
the employee was or will be wearing an
appropriate respirator in compliance
with § 197.550 and the personal protective clothing and equipment in compliance with § 197.555.
(4) An initial medical examination is
not required if the employer or employee has adequate records showing
that the employee has had, within one
year, an examination meeting the requirements of paragraph (b)(5) of this
section.
(5) The initial medical examination
must include at least the following elements:
(i) A detailed occupational history
which includes a history of past work
exposure to benzene or any other
hematological toxin, a family history
of
blood
dyscrasias
including
hematological neoplasms, a history of
blood dyscrasias including genetic hemoglobin abnormalities, bleeding abnormalities, and abnormal functions of
formed blood elements, a history of
renal or liver dysfunction, a history of
medicinal drugs routinely taken, a history of previous exposure to ionizing
radiation, and a history of exposure to
marrow toxins outside of the employee’s current work situation. The employee must provide to the examining
physician as complete an occupational
history as possible for the period prior
to the current employment.
(ii) A complete physical examination.
(iii) A complete blood count, including a leukocyte count, with differential, quantitative thrombocyte count,
hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte
count. and erythrocyte indices (MCV,
MCH, MCHC). The results of these tests
must be reviewed by the examining
physician.
(iv) As determined necessary by the
examining physician, additional tests
based on alterations to the components
of the blood or other signs which may
be related to benzene exposure.
(v) For employees required to wear
respirators for at least 30 days a year,
a pulmonary function test.
(c) Periodic medical examinations. (1)
The employer shall ensure that no one
performs a benzene operation exceeding the level criteria of paragraph
(b)(2) of this section without having
undergone an initial medical examination and periodic medical examinations
yearly thereafter. Also, those who in
the previous year have performed benzene operations exceeding the level criteria of paragraph (b)(2) of this section
shall undergo a periodic medical examination even if they will not perform
benzene operations in the current year.
Periodic examinations must include, at
least, the following elements:
(i) A brief history regarding new exposure to potential marrow toxins,
changes in medicinal drug use, and the
appearance of physical signs relating
to blood disorders.
(ii) A complete blood count, including a leukocyte count with differential,
quantitative thrombocyte count, hematocrit,
hemoglobin,
erythrocyte
count, and erythrocyte indices (MCV,
MCH, MCHC). The results of these tests
must be reviewed by the examining
physician.
(iii) As determined necessary by the
examining physician, additional tests
based on alterations to the components
of the blood or other signs which may
be related to benzene exposure.
(2) If the employee develops signs and
symptoms commonly associated with
toxic exposure to benzene, the employee must be provided with an additional medical examination which includes those elements considered appropriate by the examining physician.
(3) For employees required to use respirators for at least 30 days a year, a
pulmonary function test must be performed, and specific evaluation of the
cardiopulmonary system must be
made, at least every three years.
(d) Additional examinations and referrals. (1) If the results of the complete
blood count laboratory test required
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46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
for the initial or periodic medical examination indicate that any of the following abnormal conditions exist, the
blood count must be retaken within
four weeks:
(i) The hemoglobin or the hematocrit
falls below the normal limit (outside
the 95% confidence interval (C.I.)), as
determined by the laboratory, or the
hemoglobin or hematocrit shows a persistent downward trend from the employee’s pre-exposure norms, if these
findings can not be explained by other
medical reasons.
(ii) The thrombocyte count varies
more than 20 percent below the employee’s most recent values or falls
outside the normal limit (95% C.I.), as
determined by the laboratory.
(iii) The leukocyte count is below
4,000 per cubic millimeter or there is an
abnormal differential count.
(2) If the abnormal conditions persist,
the employee must be referred by the
examining physician to a hematologist
or an internist for further evaluation,
unless the physician has good reason to
believe that the referral is unnecessary. (See appendix C of this subpart
for examples of conditions in which referrals may be unnecessary.)
(3) The hematologist or internist
must be provided with the information
provided to the physician in compliance with paragraph (f) of this section
and with the medical record in compliance with § 197.570(b).
(4) If the hematologist or internist
determines that additional tests are
needed, the employer shall ensure that
these additional tests are provided.
These test must be completed in thirty
days, whether or not the employee continues to perform benzene operations.
(e) Emergency medical examinations. (1)
Whenever an employee is exposed to
benzene resulting from an emergency,
a sample of that employee’s urine must
be taken at the end of the employee’s
shift and a urinary phenol test must be
performed on the sample within 72
hours. Where due to unavoidable circumstances the sample can not be tested by a laboratory within 72 hours of
exposure, the sample shall be frozen
until it can be delivered to the laboratory. The specific gravity of the urine
must be corrected to 1.024. Since certain foods and medications can result
in elevated phenol levels, the employee
must provide the physician with a dietary and medication history.
(2) If the result of the urinary phenol
test is below 75 mg phenol/l of urine, no
further testing is required.
(3) If the result of the urinary phenol
test is equal to or greater than 75 mg
phenol/l of urine, the employee’s complete blood count including an erythrocyte count, a leukocyte count with
differential, and a thrombocyte count
must be taken at monthly intervals for
a duration of three months following
the emergency.
(4) If any of the conditions specified
in paragraph (d)(1) of this section exists, the additional examinations and
referrals specified in paragraph (d) of
this section must be performed and the
employee must be provided with periodic medical examinations, if any are
recommended by the examining physician.
(f) Information provided to the physician. The following information must
be provided to the examining physician:
(1) A copy of this subpart and its appendices.
(2) A description of the affected employee’s duties as they relate to the
employee’s exposure.
(3) The employee’s actual or representative exposure level.
(4) A description of the respirator and
personal protective clothing and equipment used or to be used, if any.
(5) Records of all previous employment-related medical examinations of
the affected employee which were conducted while in the employ of the current employer and which have not been
provided to the examining physician.
(g) Physician’s written opinion. (1) The
employer shall ensure that, within 45
days of each examination required by
this section, the employer and the employee must be provided with a copy of
the examining physician’s written
opinion of the examination.
(2) The written opinion must contain
at least the following information:
(i) The occupationally pertinent results of the medical examination and
tests.
(ii) All medical conditions, if any, of
the employee which the examining
physician believes would subject the
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§ 197.565
employee to a greater than normal risk
of material impairment of health if the
employee is exposed again to benzene.
(iii) The examining physician’s recommended limitations, if any, upon the
employee’s future exposure to benzene
or use of respirators or other personal
protective clothing or equipment.
(iv) A statement that the employee
has been informed by the physician of
the results of the medical examination
and of all medical conditions of the
employee resulting from benzene exposure which require further explanation
or treatment.
(3) The physician’s written opinion
must not reveal specific records, findings, or diagnoses that have no bearing
on the employee’s ability to work in a
benzene-exposed workplace, ability to
use a respirator, or ability to use personal protective clothing or equipment.
(h) Removal from exposure. (1) From
the time an employee is referred to a
hematologist or internist in compliance with paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the employee must not be permitted to enter areas where personal
exposure may exceed the action level
until the physician determines in compliance with paragraph (h)(2) of this
section that the employee again may
enter those areas.
(2) After examination by and consultation with the hematologist or internist, the examining physician decides whether or not to permit the employee to enter areas where personal
exposure may exceed the action level.
The employee must provide the employer with a written copy of the physician’s decision signed by the physician. If the decision recommends that
the employee not be permitted to enter
those areas, the decision must include
the examining physician’s opinion as
to when the employee may be permitted to reenter those areas and the
requirements for future medical examinations to review the decision.
(3) Within six months of the date a
decision in compliance with paragraph
(h)(2) of this section not to permit reentry is made, the employee must be
provided with a follow-up examination
and a decision of the examining physician (based on the follow-up examination and consultation with a hema-
tologist or internist) as to whether reentry should be permitted and, if so,
when, or whether it should be permanently prohibited.
[CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, 1991; 56 FR
65006, Dec. 13, 1991]
§ 197.565 Notifying personnel of benzene hazards.
(a) Material safety data sheet. A material safety data sheet (MSDS) addressing benzene must be made available to
all persons involved in the benzene operation. The MSDS must describe the
physical and chemical characteristics,
physical and health hazards, permissible exposure limits, precautions for
safe handling and use, control measures such as personal protection equipment, and first aid procedures for benzene. A copy of appendices A and B of
this subpart or a MSDS on benzene
meeting the requirements of 29 CFR
1910.1200(g) is sufficient.
(b) Training. (1) All employees must
be provided with training at the time
of their initial assignment to a work
area where benzene is present and, if
exposures are above the action level, at
least once a year thereafter. Employees
transferring to a new work area must
be provided with training specific to
that new work area.
(2) The training must provide information on—
(i) Which operations on the vessel involve or may involve exposure to benzene;
(ii) The methods and observations
that may be used to detect the presence or release of benzene;
(iii) The physical and health hazards
associated with exposure to benzene;
(iv) The measures that may be taken
and the equipment that may be used to
protect persons from the hazards of
benzene exposure;
(v) The proper selection, fitting, fit
testing, and use of personal protective
equipment in emergency situations;
(vi) The meaning of a regulated area
and the means specified in § 197.535(c)
to indicate a regulated area;
(vii) The contents of this subpart and
of appendices A through E of this subpart and on where copies of this material are available; and
(viii) The medical surveillance program specified in § 197.560.
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§ 197.570
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
§ 197.570 Recordkeeping.
(a) Record of personal exposure monitoring. (1) The employer shall maintain
an accurate record of all monitoring
conducted in compliances with § 197.540
for three years.
(2) The record must include—
(i) The dates, number, duration, and
results of each sample taken, and a description of the procedure used to determine representative personal exposures;
(ii) A description of the sampling and
analytical methods used;
(iii) A description of the type of respirator and personal protective clothing and equipment worn, if any; and
(iv) The name, social security number, and job classification of each person monitored and of all other persons
whose exposure the monitoring is intended to represent; and
(v) The exposure levels to which monitored persons were subjected, even if
this level is below the PEL.
(b) Medical record. (1) The employer
shall maintain an accurate medical
record for each employee subjected to
medical
surveillance
specified
in
§ 197.560 for three years after the employee’s employment is terminated.
(2) The record must include—
(i) The name and social security
number of the employee;
(ii) The physician’s written opinion
on the initial, periodic, and special examinations of the employee, including
the results of medical examinations
and tests and all opinions and recommendations;
(iii) A list of medical complaints, if
any, by the employee related to exposure to benzene;
(iv) A copy of the information provided to the physician required in
§ 197.560(f)(2) through (f)(5); and
(v) A copy of the employee’s medical
and work history related to exposure
to benzene or other hematologic toxin.
(c) Availability of records. (1) All
records required to be maintained by
this section must be made available
upon request to the Coast Guard.
(2) Records of personal exposure monitoring in compliance with (a) of this
section must be provided upon request
to persons involved in the operation.
(3) A copy of each item entered into
the medical record in compliance with
paragraph (b) of this section for a particular employee must be given to that
employee at the time the item is entered into the medical record.
(4) Medical records required by paragraph (b) of this section must be provided to persons upon the written request of the subject employee.
(d) Transfer of records. (1) If the employer ceases to do business and there
is no successor to receive and retain
the records for the prescribed period,
the employer shall make the best effort to transfer all records required in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section
relating to the affected employees to
those employees for their disposition.
Before transferring medical records to
former employees, the employer shall
determine whether any forwarding address provided by the employee is still
valid and whether the employee desires
the records. If a current or former employee refuses to accept the records or
does not respond to notification of
their availability, the records shall be
destroyed.
(2) If the employer ceases to engage
in operations involving benzene, the
employer shall retain the records for
inspection unless the employee requests them as provided in § 197.570(c).
(e) Confidentiality of records. Except
as specifically required by this Subpart, the employer shall keep confidential all records required to be maintained by this Subpart.
§ 197.575
Observation of monitoring.
(a) Persons involved in benzene operations or their representatives must be
provided with an opportunity to observe all monitoring in compliance
with § 197.540. Coast Guard officials
may also observe all monitoring in
compliance with § 197.540.
(b) When observation of monitoring
requires entry into regulated areas, the
observers shall use respirator and personal protective clothing and equipment approved in compliance with this
subpart and comply with § 197.530.
§ 197.580
Appendices.
(a) Appendices A through D and F of
this subpart contain technical information on benzene and its effects and provide guidance for medical surveillance,
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monitoring, and measuring. The appendices are informational and advisory
and do not create mandatory requirements.
(b) Appendix E of this subpart contains tests and procedures for fitting
respirators.
As
required
by
§ 197.550(d)(1), compliance with appendix E of this subpart is mandatory.
APPENDIX A TO SUBPART C TO PART
197—SAMPLE SUBSTANCE SAFETY
DATA SHEET, BENZENE
I. Substance Identification
(a) Substance: Benzene.
(b) Performance standard exposure limits:
(1) Airborne: The maximum time-weighted
average (TWA) exposure limit is one part of
benzene vapor per million parts of air (one
ppm) for an eight-hour workday and the
maximum short-term exposure limit (STEL)
is five ppm for any 15-minute period.
(2) Dermal: Eye contact must be prevented
and skin contact with liquid benzene must be
limited.
(c) Appearance and odor: Benzene is a clear,
colorless liquid with a pleasant, sweet odor.
The odor of benzene does not provide adequate warning of its hazard.
II. Health Hazard Data
(a) Ways in which benzene affects your
health. Benzene can affect your health if you
inhale it or if it comes in contact with your
skin or eyes. Benzene is also harmful if you
swallow it.
(b) Effects of overexposure. (1) Short-term
(acute) overexposure: If you are overexposed
to high concentrations of benzene, well
above the levels where its odor is first recognizable, you may feel breathless, irritable,
euphoric, or giddy and you may experience
irritation in your eyes, nose, and respiratory
tract. You may develop a headache, feel
dizzy, nauseated, or intoxicated. Severe exposures may lead to convulsions and loss of
consciousness.
(2) Long-term (chronic) exposure: Repeated
or prolonged exposure to benzene, even at
relatively low concentrations, may result in
various blood disorders ranging from anemia
to leukemia, an irreversible, fatal disease.
Many blood disorders associated with benzene exposure may occur without symptoms.
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III. Protective Clothing and Equipment
(a) Respirators. Respirators are required for
those operations in which engineering controls or work practice controls are not feasible for reducing exposure to the permissible level or are not chosen as the method of
complying with the performance standard. If
respirators are worn, they must have joint
Mine Safety and Health Administration and
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) seal of approval. Cartridges or canisters must be replaced before
the end of their service life, or the end of the
shift, whichever occurs first. If you experience difficulty breathing while wearing a
respirator, you may request a positive pressure respirator from your employer. You
must be thoroughly trained to use the assigned respirator, and the training will be
provided by your employer.
(b) Protective clothing. You must wear appropriate protective clothing (such as boots,
gloves, sleeves, and aprons) over any parts of
your body that could be exposed to liquid
benzene.
(c) Eye and face protection. You must wear
splash-proof safety goggles if it is possible
that benzene may get into your eyes. In addition, you must wear a face shield if your
face could be splashed with benzene liquid.
IV. Emergency and First Aid Procedures
(a) Eye and face exposure. If benzene is
splashed in your eyes, wash it out immediately with large amounts of water. If irritation persists or vision appears to be affected, see a doctor as soon as possible.
(b) Skin exposure. If benzene is spilled on
your clothing or skin, remove the contaminated clothing and wash the exposed skin
with large amounts of water and soap immediately. Wash contaminated clothing before
you wear it again.
(c) Breathing. If you or any other person
breathes in large amounts of benzene, get
the exposed person to fresh air at once.
Apply artificial respiration if breathing has
stopped. Call for medical assistance or a doctor as soon as possible. Never enter any vessel or confined space where the benzene concentration might be high without proper
safety equipment and with at least one other
person present who will stay outside. A life
line should be used.
(d) Swallowing. If benzene has been swallowed and the subject is conscious, do not induce vomiting. Call for medical assistance or
a doctor immediately.
V. Medical Requirements
If you will be exposed to benzene at a concentration at or above 0.5 ppm as an eighthour time-weighted average or have been exposed at or above 10 ppm in the past while
employed by your current employer, your
employer may be required by 46 CFR 197.560
to provide a medical examination and history and laboratory tests. These tests must
be provided without cost to you. In addition,
if you are accidentally exposed to benzene
(either by ingestion, inhalation, or skin/eye
contact) under emergency conditions known
or suspected to constitute a toxic exposure
to benzene, your employer is required to
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make special laboratory tests available to
you.
VI. Observation of Monitoring
The employer is required to conduct monitoring that is representative of your exposure to benzene, and you or your designated
representative are entitled to observe the
monitoring procedure. You are entitled to
observe the steps taken in the measurement
procedure and to record the results obtained.
When the monitoring procedure is taking
place in an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and equipment are
required to be worn, you or your representative must wear the protective clothing and
equipment (See 46 CFR 197.575.)
VII. Access to Records
You or your representative may see the
records of monitoring of your exposure to
benzene upon written request to your employer. Your medical examination records
may be furnished to you, your physician, or
a representative designated by you. (See 46
CFR 197.570(c).)
VIII. Precautions for Safe Use, Handling, and
Storage
Benzene liquid is highly flammable. Benzene vapor may form explosive mixtures in
air. All sources of ignition must be controlled. Use non-sparking tools when opening
or closing benzene containers. Fire extinguishers, where required, must be readily
available. Know where they are located and
how to operate them. Smoking is prohibited
in areas where benzene is used or stored.
APPENDIX B TO SUBPART C TO PART
197—SUBSTANCE TECHNICAL GUIDELINES, BENZENE
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I. Physical and Chemical Data
(a) Substance identification. (1) Synonyms:
Benzol,
benzole,
coal
naphtha,
cyclohexatriene, phene, phenyl hydride,
pyrobenzol. (Benzin, petroleum benzin, and
benzine do not contain benzene).
(2) Formula: C6 H6 (CAS Registry Number:
71–43–2).
(b) Physical data. (1) Boiling point (760 mm
Hg): 80.1 °C (176 °F).
(2) Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.879.
(3) Vapor density (air = 1): 2.7.
(4) Melting point: 5.5 °C (42 °F).
(5) Vapor pressure at 20 °C (68 °F): 75 mm
Hg.
(6) Solubility in water: .06%.
(7) Evaporation rate (ether = 1): 2.8.
(8) Appearance and odor: Clear, colorless
liquid with a distinctive sweet odor.
II. Fire, Explosion, and Reactivity Hazard Data
(a) Fire. (1) Flash point (closed cup): ¥11 °C
(12 °F).
(2) Autoignition temperature: 580 °C (1076
°F).
(3) Flammable limits in air, % by volume:
Lower: 1.3%, Upper: 7.5%.
(4) Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide,
dry chemical, or foam.
(5) Special fire fighting procedures: Do not
use a solid stream of water, because it will
scatter and spread the fire. Fine water spray
may be used to keep fire-exposed containers
cool.
(6) Unusual fire and explosion hazards:
Benzene is a flammable liquid. Its vapors can
form explosive mixtures. All ignition sources
must be controlled when benzene is used,
handled, or stored. Areas where liquid or
vapor may be released are considered hazardous locations. Benzene vapors are heavier
than air. Thus, benzene vapors may travel
along the deck and ground and be ignited by
open flames or sparks at locations remote
from the site at which benzene is handled.
(7) Benzene is classified as a flammable liquid for the purpose of conforming to the requirements of 49 CFR 172.101 concerning the
designation of materials as hazardous materials. Locations where benzene may be
present in quantities sufficient to produce
explosive or ignitable mixtures are considered Class I Group D locations for the purposes of conforming to the requirements of
46 CFR parts 30 through 40, 151, and 153 when
determining the requirements for electrical
equipment as specified in Subchapter J
(Electrical engineering).
(b) Reactivity. (1) Conditions contributing
to instability: Heat.
(2) Incompatibility: Heat and oxidizing materials.
(3) Hazardous decomposition products:
Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide).
III. Spill and Leak Procedures
(a) Steps to be taken if the material is released
or spilled. As much benzene as possible should
be absorbed with suitable materials, such as
dry sand or earth. That remaining must be
flushed with large amounts of water. Do not
flush benzene into a confined space, such as
a sewer, because of explosion danger. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate enclosed
places.
(b) Waste disposal method. Disposal methods
must conform to state and local regulations.
If allowed, benzene may be disposed of (a) by
absorbing it in dry sand or earth and disposing in a sanitary landfill, (b), if in small
quantities, by removing it to a safe location
away from buildings or other combustible
sources or by pouring onto dry sand or earth
and cautiously igniting it, and (c), if in large
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quantities, by atomizing it in a suitable
combustion chamber.
APPENDIX C TO SUBPART C TO PART
197—MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE GUIDELINES FOR BENZENE
I. Route of Entry
Inhalation; skin absorption.
II. Toxicology
Benzene is primarily an inhalation hazard.
Systemic absorption may cause depression of
the hematopoietic system, pancytopenia,
aplastic anemia, and leukemia. Inhalation of
high concentrations may affect the functioning of the central nervous system. Aspiration of small amounts of liquid benzene
immediately causes pulmonary edema and
hemorrhage of pulmonary tissue. There is
some absorption through the skin. Absorption may be more rapid in the case of abraded skin or if it is present in a mixture or
as a contaminant in solvents which are readily absorbed. The defatting action of benzene
may produce primary irritation due to repeated or prolonged contact with the skin.
High concentrations are irritating to the
eyes and the mucous membranes of the nose
and respiratory tract.
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III. Signs and Symptoms
Direct skin contact with benzene may
cause erythema. Repeated or prolonged contact may result in drying, scaling dermatitis
or development of secondary skin infections.
In addition, benzene is absorbed through the
skin. Local effects of benzene vapor or liquid
on the eye are slight. Only at very high concentrations is there any smarting sensation
in the eye. Inhalation of high concentrations
of benzene may have an initial stimulatory
effect on the central nervous system characterized by exhilaration, nervous excitation,
or giddiness, followed by a period of depression, drowsiness, or fatigue. A sensation of
tightness in the chest accompanied by
breathlessness may occur and ultimately the
victim may lose consciousness. Tremors,
convulsions, and death may follow from respiratory paralysis or circulatory collapse in
a few minutes to several hours following severe exposures.
The detrimental effect on the blood-forming system of prolonged exposure to small
quantities of benzene vapor is of extreme importance. The hematopoietic system is the
chief target for benzene’s toxic effects which
are manifested by alterations in the levels of
formed elements in the peripheral blood.
These effects may occur at concentrations of
benzene which may not cause irritation of
mucous membranes or any unpleasant sensory effects. Early signs and symptoms of
benzene morbidity are varied. Often, they
are not readily noticed and are non-specific.
Complaints of headache, dizziness, and loss
of appetite may precede or follow clinical
signs. Rapid pulse and low blood pressure, in
addition to a physical appearance of anemia,
may accompany a complaint of shortness of
breath and excessive tiredness. Bleeding
from the nose, gums, or mucous membranes
and the development of purpuric spots (small
bruises) may occur as the condition progresses. Clinical evidence of leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, singly or in
combination, may be among the first signs.
Bone marrow may appear normal, aplastic,
or hyperplastic and may not, in all situations, correlate with peripheral blood forming tissues. Because of variations in the susceptibility to benzene morbidity, there is no
‘‘typical’’ blood picture. The onset of effects
of prolonged benzene exposure may be delayed for many months or years after the actual exposure has ceased. Identification or
correlation with benzene exposure must be
sought out in the occupational history.
IV. Treatment of Acute Toxic Effects
Remove from exposure immediately. Make
sure you are adequately protected and do not
risk being overcome by fumes. Give oxygen
or artificial resuscitation, if indicated. Flush
eyes, wash skin if contaminated, and remove
all contaminated clothing. Symptoms of intoxication may persist following severe exposures. Recovery from mild exposures is
usually rapid and complete.
V. Surveillance and Preventive Considerations
(a) General. The principal effects of benzene
exposure addressed in 46 CFR part 197, subpart C, appendix A, are pathological changes
in the hematopoietic system, reflected by
changes in the peripheral blood and manifested clinically as pancytopenia, aplastic
anemia, or leukemia. Consequently, the
medical surveillance program specified in 46
CFR 197.560 is designed to observe, on a regular basis, blood indices for early signs of
these effects. Although early signs of leukemia are not usually available, emerging
diagnostic technology and innovative regimes are making consistent surveillance for
leukemia, as well as other hematopoietic effects, more and more beneficial.
Initial and periodic medical examinations
must be provided as required in 46 CFR
197.560. There are special provisions for medical tests in the event of hematologic abnormalities or emergencies.
The blood values which require referral to
a hematologist or internist are noted in 46
CFR 197.560(d) (i), (ii), and (iii). That section
specifies that, if blood abnormalities persist,
the employee must be referred unless the
physician has good reason to believe that the
referral is unnecessary. Examples of conditions that might make a referral unnecessary despite abnormal blood limits are iron
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Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. C
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
or folate deficiency, menorrhagia, or blood
loss due to some unrelated medical abnormality.
Symptoms and signs of benzene toxicity
can be non-specific. Only a detailed history
and appropriate investigative procedures
will enable a physician to rule out or confirm conditions that place the employee at
increased risk. To assist the examining physician with regard to which laboratory tests
are necessary and when to refer an employee
to the specialist, the following guidelines
have been established.
(b) Hematology Guidelines. A minimum battery of tests is to be performed by strictly
standardized methods.
(1) Red cell, white cell, platelet counts,
white blood cell differential, hematocrit, and
red cell indices must be performed by an accredited laboratory. The normal ranges for
the red cell and white cell counts are influenced by altitude, race, and sex and, therefore, should be determined by an accredited
laboratory in the specific area where the
tests are performed.
Either a decline from an absolute normal
or from an individual’s base line to a subnormal value or a rise to a supra-normal
value are indicative of potential toxicity,
particularly if all blood parameters decline.
The normal total white blood count is approximately 7,200/mm 3 plus or minus 3,000.
For cigarette smokers, the white count may
be higher and the upper range may be 2,000
cells higher than normal for the laboratory.
In addition, infection, allergies, and some
drugs may raise the white cell count. The
normal platelet count is approximately
250,000 with a range of 140,000 to 400,000.
Counts outside this range should be regarded
as possible evidence of benzene toxicity.
Certain abnormalities found through routine screening are of greater significance in
the benzene-exposed worker and require
prompt consultation with a specialist, namely:
(i) Thrombocytopenia.
(ii) A trend of decreasing white cell, red
cell, or platelet indices in an individual over
time is more worrisome than an isolated abnormal finding at one test time. The importance of a trend highlights the need to compare an individual’s test results to baseline,
to previous periodic tests, or to both.
(iii) A constellation or pattern of abnormalities in the different blood indices is of
more significance than a single abnormality.
A low white count not associated with any
abnormalities in other cell indices may be a
normal statistical variation. Whereas, if the
low white count is accompanied by decreases
in the platelet and/or red cell indices, such a
pattern is more likely to be associated with
benzene toxicity and merits thorough investigation.
Anemia, leukopenia, macrocytosis, or an
abnormal differential white blood cell count
should alert the physician to investigate further and to refer the patient if repeat tests
confirm the abnormalities. If routine screening detects an abnormality, the follow-up
tests which may be helpful in establishing
the etiology of the abnormality are the peripheral blood smear and the reticulocyte
count.
The extreme range of normal for
reticulocytes is 0.4 to 2.5 percent of the red
cells. The usual range is 0.5 to 1.2 percent of
the red cells. A decline in reticulocytes to
levels of less than 0.4 percent is to be regarded as possible evidence of benzene toxicity requiring accelerated surveillance (unless another specific cause is found). An increase in reticulocyte levels to above 2.5 percent also may be consistent with, but not
characteristic of, benzene toxicity.
(2) A careful examination of the peripheral
blood smear is an important diagnostic test.
As with the reticulocyte count, the smear
should be with fresh uncoagulated blood obtained
from
a
needle
tip
following
venipuncture or from a drop of earlobe blood
(capillary blood). If necessary, the smear
may, under certain limited conditions, be
made from a blood sample anticoagulated
with EDTA (but never with oxalate or heparin). When the smear is to be prepared from
a specimen of venous blood which has been
collected by a commercial Vacutainer ® type
tube containing neutral EDTA, the smear
should be made as soon as possible after the
venesection. A delay of up to 12 hours is permissible between the drawing of the blood
specimen into EDTA and the preparation of
the smear if the blood is stored at refrigerator (not freezing) temperature.
(3) The minimum mandatory observations
to be made from the smear are as follows:
(i) The differential white blood cell count.
(ii) Description of abnormalities in the appearance of red cells.
(iii) Description of any abnormalities in
the platelets.
(iv) A careful search must be made of every
blood smear for immature white cells such as
band forms (in more than normal proportion,
i.e., over ten percent of the total differential
count), any number of metamyelocytes,
myelocytes, or myeloblasts. Any nucleate or
multinucleated red blood cells should be reported. Large ‘‘giant’’ platelets or fragments
of megakaryocytes must be recognized.
An increase in the proportion of band
forms among the neutrophilic granulocytes
is an abnormality deserving special mention.
Such an increase may represent a change
which should be considered as an early warning of benzene toxicity in the absence of
other causative factors (most commonly infection). Likewise, the appearance of
metamyelocytes, in the absence of another
probable cause, is to be considered a possible
indication of benzene-induced toxicity.
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Coast Guard, DHS
Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. C
An upward trend in the number of
basophils, which normally do not exceed
about 2.0 percent of the total white cells, is
to be regarded as possible evidence of benzene toxicity. A rise in the eosinophil count
is less specific but may indicate toxicity if
the rise is above 6.0 percent of the total
white count.
The normal range of monocytes is from 2.0
to 8.0 percent of the total white count with
an average of about 5.0 percent. About 20 percent of individuals reported to have mild but
persisting abnormalities caused by exposure
to benzene show a persistent monocytosis.
The findings of a monocyte count which persists at more than ten to 12 percent of the
normal white cell count (when the total
count is normal) or persistence of an absolute monocyte count in excess of 800/mm 3
should be regarded as a possible sign of benzene-induced toxicity.
A less frequent but more serious indication
of benzene toxicity is the finding in the peripheral blood of the so-called ‘‘pseudo’’ (or
acquired) Pelger-Huet anomaly. In this
anomaly, many, or sometimes the majority,
of the neutrophilic granulocytes possess two
round nuclear segments, or, less often, one
or three round segments, rather than three
normally elongated segments. When this
anomaly is not hereditary, it is often, but
not invariably, predictive of subsequent leukemia. However, only about two percent of
patients who ultimately develop acute
myelogenous leukemia show the acquired
Pelger-Huet anomaly. Other tests that can
be administered to investigate blood abnormalities are discussed below. However, these
tests should be undertaken by the hematologist.
An uncommon sign, which cannot be detected from the smear but can be elicited by
a ‘‘sucrose water test’’ of peripheral blood, is
transient
paroxysmal
nocturnal
hemoglobinuria (PNH). This sign may first occur
insidiously during a period of established
aplastic anemia and may be followed within
one to a few years by the appearance of rapidly fatal, acute myelogenous leukemia.
Clinical detection of PNH, which occurs in
only one or two percent of those destined to
have acute myelogenous leukemia, may be
difficult. If the ‘‘sucrose water test’’ is positive, the somewhat more definitive Ham
test, also known as the acid-serum hemolysis
test, may provide confirmation.
(v) Individuals documented to have developed acute myelogenous leukemia years
after initial exposure to benzene may have
progressed through a preliminary phase of
hematologic abnormality. In some instances,
pancytopenia (i.e., a lowering in the counts
of all circulating blood cells of bone marrow
origin, but not to the extent implied by the
term ‘‘aplastic anemia’’) preceded leukemia
for many years. Depression of a single blood
cell type or platelets may represent a har-
binger of aplasia or leukemia. The finding of
two or more cytopenias or pancytopenia in a
benzene-exposed individual must be regarded
as highly suspicious of more advanced, although
still
reversible,
toxicity.
Pancytopenia coupled with the appearance of
immature cells (myelocytes, myeloblasts,
erythroblasts, etc.) with abnormal cells
(pseudo Pelger-Huet anomaly, atypical nuclear heterochromatin, etc.) or of unexplained elevations of white blood cells must
be regarded as evidence of benzene overexposure, unless proved otherwise. Many severely
aplastic patients manifested the ominous
finding of five to ten percent myeloblasts in
the marrow, occasional myeloblasts and
myelocytes in the blood, and 20 to 30 percent
monocytes. It is evident that isolated
cytopenias, pancytopenias, and even aplastic
anemias induced by benzene may be reversible and complete recovery has been reported
on cessation of exposure. However, because
any of these abnormalities is serious, the
employee must immediately be removed
from any possible exposure to benzene vapor.
Certain tests may substantiate the employee’s prospects for progression or regression.
One such test would be an examination of
the bone marrow, but the decision to perform a bone marrow aspiration or needle biopsy must be made by the hematologist.
The findings of basophilic stippling in circulating red blood cells (usually found in one
to five percent of red cells following marrow
injury) and detection in the bone marrow of
what are termed ‘‘ringed sideroblasts’’ must
be taken seriously, as they have been noted
in recent years to be premonitory signs of
subsequent leukemia.
Recently peroxidase-staining of circulating
or marrow neutrophil granulocytes, employing benzidine dihydrochloride, have revealed
the disappearance of, or diminution in, peroxidase in a sizable proportion of the
granulocytes. This has been reported as an
early sign of leukemia. However, relatively
few patients have been studied to date.
Granulocyte granules are normally strongly
peroxidase positive. A steady decline in leukocyte alkaline phosphatase has also been
reported as suggestive of early acute leukemia. Exposure to benzene may cause an
early rise in serum iron, often but not always associated with a fall in the
reticulocyte count. Thus, serial measurements of serum iron levels may provide a
means of determining whether or not there
is a trend representing sustained suppression
of erythropoiesis.
Measurement of serum iron and determination of peroxidase and of alkaline phosphatase activity in peripheral granulocytes
can be performed in most pathology laboratories. Peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase
staining are usually undertaken when the
index of suspicion for leukemia is high.
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Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. D
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
APPENDIX D TO SUBPART C TO PART
197—SAMPLING
AND
ANALYTICAL
METHODS
FOR
BENZENE
MONITORING—MEASUREMENT
PROCEDURES
Measurements taken for the purpose of determining employee exposure to benzene are
best taken so that the representative average eight-hour exposure may be determined
from a single eight-hour sample or two fourhour samples. Short-time interval samples
(or grab samples) may also be used to determine average exposure level if a minimum of
five measurements are taken in a random
manner over the eight-hour work shift. In
random sampling, any portion of the work
shift has the same chance of being sampled
as any other. The arithmetic average of all
random samples taken on one work shift is
an estimate of an employee’s average level of
exposure for that work shift. Air samples
should be taken in the employee’s breathing
zone (i.e., air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by the employee). Sampling and analysis must be performed with
procedures meeting the requirements of 46
CFR part 197, subpart C.
There are a number of methods available
for monitoring employee exposures to benzene. The sampling and analysis may be performed by collection of the benzene vapor on
charcoal adsorption tubes, with subsequent
chemical analysis by gas chromatography.
Sampling and analysis also may be performed by portable direct reading instruments, real-time continuous monitoring systems, passive dosimeters, or other suitable
methods. The employer is required to select
a monitoring method which meets the accuracy and precision requirements of 46 CFR
197.540(a)(6) for the weather conditions expected. Section 197.540(a)(6) requires that
monitoring must have an accuracy, to a 95
percent confidence level, of not less than
plus or minus 25 percent for concentrations
of benzene greater than or equal to 0.5 ppm.
In developing the following analytical procedures, the OSHA Laboratory modified
NIOSH Method S311 and evaluated it at a
benzene air concentration of one ppm. A procedure for determining the benzene concentration in bulk material samples was also
evaluated. This work, as reported in OSHA
Laboratory Method No. 12, includes the following two analytical procedures:
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
I. OSHA Method 12 for Air Samples
Analyte: Benzene.
Matrix: Air.
Procedure:
Adsorption
on
charcoal,
desorption with carbon disulfide, analysis by
gas chromatograph.
Detection limit: 0.04 ppm.
Recommended air volume and sampling
rate: 10 liter at 0.2 liter/min.
1. Principle of the method
1.1. A known volume of air is drawn
through a charcoal tube to trap the organic
vapors present.
1.2. The charcoal in the tube is transferred
to a small, stoppered vial and the analyte is
desorbed with carbon disulfide.
1.3. An aliquot of the desorbed sample is injected into a gas chromatograph.
1.4. The area of the resulting peak is determined and compared with areas obtained
from standards.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the
method
2.1. The sampling device is small, portable,
and involves no liquids. Interferences are
minimal and most of those which do occur
can
be
eliminated
by
altering
chromatographic conditions. The samples
are analyzed by means of a quick, instrumental method.
2.2. The amount of sample which can be
taken is limited by the number of milligrams that the tube will hold before overloading. When the sample value obtained for
the backup section of the charcoal tube exceeds 25 percent of that found on the front
section, the possibility of sample loss exists.
3. Apparatus
3.1. A calibrated personal sampling pump
having a flow that can be determined within
±five percent at the recommended flow rate.
3.2. Charcoal tubes: Glass with both ends
flame sealed, seven cm long with a six mm
O.D. and a four mm I.D., containing two sections of 20/40 mesh activated charcoal separated by a two mm portion of urethane foam.
The activated charcoal is prepared from coconut shells and is fired at 600 °C before
packing. The adsorbing section contains 100
mg of charcoal and the back-up section 50
mg. A three mm portion of urethane foam is
placed between the outlet end of the tube
and the back-up section. A plug of silanized
glass wool is placed in front of the adsorbing
section. The pressure drop across the tube
must be less than one inch of mercury at a
flow rate of one liter per minute.
3.3. Gas chromatograph equipped with a
flame ionization detector.
3.4. Column (10 ft.×1/8 in. stainless steel)
packed with 80/100 Supelcoport coated with
20 percent SP 2100 and 0.1 percent CW 1500.
3.5. An electronic integrator or some other
suitable method for measuring peak area.
3.6. Two-milliliter sample vials with Teflon-lined caps.
3.7. Microliter syringes: ten microliter (ten
μl) syringe, and other convenient sizes for
making standards. One μl syringe for sample
injections.
3.8. Pipets: 1.0 ml delivery pipets.
3.9. Volumetric flasks: convenient sizes for
making standard solutions.
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Coast Guard, DHS
Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. D
4. Reagents
4.1. Chromatographic quality carbon disulfide (CS2). Most commercially available carbon disulfide contains a trace of benzene
which must be removed. It can be removed
with the following procedure. Heat, under
reflux for two to three hours, 500 ml of carbon disulfide, ten ml concentrated sulfuric
acid, and five drops of concentrated nitric
acid.
The
benzene
is
converted
to
nitrobenzene. The carbon disulfide layer is
removed, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and distilled. The recovered carbon disulfide should be benzene free. (It has recently been determined that benzene can
also be removed by passing the carbon disulfide through a 13x molecular sieve).
4.2. Benzene, reagent grade.
4.3. p-Cymene, reagent grade, (internal
standard).
4.4. Desorbing reagent. The desorbing reagent is prepared by adding 0.05 ml of p-cymene per milliliter of carbon disulfide. (The
internal standard offers a convenient means
correcting analytical response for slight inconsistencies in the size of sample injections. If the external standard technique is
preferred, the internal standard can be eliminated.)
4.5. Purified GC grade helium, hydrogen,
and air.
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
5. Procedure
5.1. Cleaning of equipment. All glassware
used for the laboratory analysis should be
properly cleaned and free of organics which
could interfere in the analysis.
5.2. Calibration of personal pumps. Each
pump must be calibrated with a representative charcoal tube in the line.
5.3. Collection and shipping of samples.
5.3.1. Immediately before sampling, break
the ends of the tube to provide an opening at
least one-half the internal diameter of the
tube (two mm).
5.3.2. The smaller section of the charcoal is
used as the backup and should be placed
nearest the sampling pump.
5.3.3. The charcoal tube should be placed in
a vertical position during sampling to minimize channeling through the charcoal.
5.3.4. Air being sampled should not be
passed through any hose or tubing before entering the charcoal tube.
5.3.5. A sample size of 10 liters is recommended. Sample at a flow rate of approximately 0.2 liters per minute. The flow rate
should be known with an accuracy of at least
±five percent.
5.3.6. The charcoal tubes should be capped
with the supplied plastic caps immediately
after sampling.
5.3.7. Submit at least one blank tube (a
charcoal tube subjected to the same handling
procedures, without having any air drawn
through it) with each set of samples.
5.3.8. Take necessary shipping and packing
precautions to minimize breakage of samples.
5.4. Analysis of samples.
5.4.1. Preparation of samples. In preparation for analysis, each charcoal tube is
scored with a file in front of the first section
of charcoal and broken open. The glass wool
is removed and discarded. The charcoal in
the first (larger) section is transferred to a
two ml vial. The separating section of foam
is removed and discarded and the second section is transferred to another capped vial.
These two sections are analyzed separately.
5.4.2. Desorption of samples. Before analysis, 1.0 ml of desorbing solution is pipetted
into each sample container. The desorbing
solution consists of 0.05 μl internal standard
per milliliter of carbon disulfide. The sample
vials are capped as soon as the solvent is
added. Desorption should be done for 30 minutes with occasional shaking.
5.4.3. GC conditions. Typical operating conditions for the gas chromatograph are as follows:
1. 30 ml/min (60 psig) helium carrier gas
flow.
2. 30 ml/min (40 psig) hydrogen gas flow to
detector.
3. 240 ml/min (40 psig) air flow to detector.
4. 150 °C injector temperature.
5. 250 °C detector temperature.
6. 100 °C column temperature.
5.4.4. Injection size. One μl.
5.4.5. Measurement of area. The peak areas
are measured by an electronic integrator or
some other suitable form of area measurement.
5.4.6. An internal standard procedure is
used. The integrator is calibrated to report
results in ppm for a 10 liter air sample after
correction for desorption efficiency.
5.5. Determination of desorption efficiency.
5.5.1. Importance of determination. The
desorption efficiency of a particular compound may vary from one laboratory to another and from one lot of chemical to another. Thus, it is necessary to determine, at
least once, the percentage of the specific
compound that is removed in the desorption
process, provided the same batch of charcoal
is used.
5.5.2. Procedure for determining desorption
efficiency. The reference portion of the charcoal tube is removed. To the remaining portion, amounts representing 0.5X, 1X, and 2X
(X represents target concentration) based on
a 10 liter air sample, are injected into several tubes at each level. Dilutions of benzene
with carbon disulfide are made to allow injection of measurable quantities. These
tubes are then allowed to equilibrate at least
overnight. Following equilibration, they are
analyzed following the same procedure as the
samples. Desorption efficiency is determined
by dividing the amount of benzene found by
amount spiked on the tube.
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Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. D
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
6. Calibration and standards
Injection
A series of standards varying in concentration over the range of interest is prepared
and analyzed under the same GC conditions
that will be used on the samples. A calibration curve is prepared by plotting concentration (μg/ml) versus peak area.
7. Calculations
Benzene air concentration can be calculated from the following equation:
mg/m3=(A)(B)/(C)(D)
Where:
A=μg/ml benzene, obtained from the calibration curve; B=desorption volume (one ml);
C=liters of air sampled; and D=desorption
efficiency.
The concentration in mg/m3 can be converted to ppm (at 25° and 760 mm) with following equation:
ppm=(mg/m3)(24.46)/(78.11).
Where:
24.46=molar volume of an ideal gas 25 °C and
760 mm; and 78.11=molecular weight of benzene.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Area count
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
655.4
617.5
662.0
641.1
636.4
629.2
X=640.2
SD=14.9
CV=0.023
8.2 Pooled coefficient of variation—Air
Samples. The pooled coefficient of variation
for the analytical procedure was determined
by one μl replicate injections of analytical
standards. The standards were 16.04, 32.08,
and 64.16 μg/ml, which are equivalent to 0.5,
1.0, and 2.0 ppm for a 10 liter air sample respectively.
8.3 Storage data—Air Samples. Samples
were generated at 1.03 ppm benzene at 80%
relative humidity, 22 °C, and 643 mm. All
samples were taken for 50 minutes at 0.2 liters/min. Six samples were analyzed immediately and the rest of the samples were divided into two groups by fifteen samples
each. One group was stored at refrigerated
temperature of ¥25 °C and the other group
was stored at ambient temperature (approximately 23 °C). These samples were analyzed
over a period of fifteen days. The results are
tabulated below.
8. Backup data
Area counts
8.1 Detection limit—Air Samples. The detection limit for the analytical procedure is
1.28 ng with a coefficient of variation of 0.023
at this level. This would be equivalent to an
air concentration of 0.04 ppm for a 10 liter air
sample.
This
amount
provided
a
chromatographic peak that could be identifiable in the presence of possible interferences.
The detection limit data were obtained by
making one μl injections of a 1.283 μg/ml
standard.
Injection
1 .............................
2 .............................
3 .............................
4 .............................
5 .............................
6 .............................
X= ..........................
SD= ........................
CV= ........................
CV=0.008.
0.5 ppm
1.0 ppm
2.0 ppm
3996.5
4059.4
4052.0
4027.2
4046.8
4137.9
4053.3
47.2
0.0116
8130.2
8235.6
8307.9
8263.2
8291.1
8288.8
8254.0
62.5
0.0076
16481
16493
16535
16609
16552
16618
16548.3
57.1
0.0034
PERCENT RECOVERY
Refrigerated
Ambient
Day analyzed
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
0 ............................................................................................................................
0 ............................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................
5 ............................................................................................................................
9 ............................................................................................................................
13 ..........................................................................................................................
15 ..........................................................................................................................
8.4 Desorption data. Samples were prepared
by injecting liquid benzene onto the A section of charcoal tubes. Samples were prepared that would be equivalent to 0.5, 1.0,
and 2.0 ppm for a 10 liter air sample.
97.4
97.1
95.8
93.9
93.6
94.3
96.8
98.7
100.6
96.4
93.7
95.5
95.3
95.8
98.9
100.9
95.4
92.4
94.6
93.7
94.2
97.4
97.1
95.4
92.4
95.2
91.0
92.9
98.7
100.6
96.6
94.3
95.6
95.0
96.3
PERCENT RECOVERY
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
.........................................
.........................................
.........................................
.........................................
.........................................
.........................................
0.5 ppm
1.0 ppm
2.0 ppm
99.4
99.5
99.2
99.4
99.2
99.8
98.8
98.7
98.6
99.1
99.0
99.1
99.5
99.7
99.8
100.0
99.7
99.9
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100.9
96.9
94.1
96.6
94.6
95.9
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223199
Coast Guard, DHS
Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. D
PERCENT RECOVERY—Continued
Sample
0.5 ppm
1.0 ppm
X= ......................................
SD= ....................................
C V= ..................................
X=99.4.
99.4
0.22
0.0022
98.9
0.21
0.0021
2.0 ppm
99.8
0.18
0.0018
8.5 Carbon disulfide. Carbon disulfide from
a number of sources was analyzed for benzene contamination. The results are given in
the following table. The benzene contaminant can be removed with the procedures
given in section I.4.1.
μg Benzene/ml
Sample
ALDRICH Lot 83017
BAKER Lot 720364 ...
BAKER Lot 822351 ...
Malinkrodt Lot WEMP
Malinkrodt Lot WDSJ
Malinkrodt Lot WHGA
Treated CS2 ...............
4.20
1.01
1.01
1.74
5.65
2.90
............................
ppm equivalent
(for 10 liter air
sample)
4. Reagents
4.1. Benzene, reagent grade.
4.2. HPLC grade water, methyl alcohol, and
isopropyl alcohol.
5. Collection and shipment of samples
0.13
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.18
0.09
............................
II. OSHA Laboratory Method No. 12 for Bulk
Samples
Analyte: Benzene.
Matrix: Bulk Samples.
Procedure: Bulk samples are analyzed directly by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Detection limits: 0.01% by volume.
1. Principle of the method
1.1. An aliquot of the bulk sample to be
analyzed is injected into a liquid chromatograph.
1.2. The peak area for benzene is determined and compared to areas obtained from
standards.
5.1. Samples should be transported in glass
containers with Teflon-lined caps.
5.2. Samples should not be put in the same
container used for air samples
6. Analysis of samples
6.1. Sample preparation. If necessary, the
samples are distilled or clarified. Samples
are analyzed undiluted. If the benzene concentration is out of the working range, suitable dilutions are made with isopropyl alcohol.
6.2. HPLC conditions. The typical operating conditions for the high performance
liquid chromatograph are:
6.2.1. Mobile phase—Methyl alcohol/water,
50/50.
6.2.2. Analytical wavelength—254 nm.
6.2.3. Injection size—10 μl.
6.3. Measurement of peak area and calibration. Peak areas are measured by an integrator or other suitable means. The integrator is calibrated to report results in %
benzene by volume.
7. Calculations
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the
method
2.1. The analytical procedure is quick, sensitive, and reproducible.
2.2. Reanalysis of samples is possible.
2.3. Interferences can be circumvented by
proper selection of HPLC parameters.
2.4. Samples must be free of any particulates that may clog the capillary tubing in
the liquid chromatograph. This may require
distilling the sample or clarifying with a
clarification kit.
3. Apparatus
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3.4. A micro-distillation apparatus to distill any samples if necessary.
3.5. An electronic integrator or some other
suitable method of measuring peak areas.
3.6. Microliter syringes—ten μl syringe and
other convenient sizes for making standards.
10 μl syringe for sample injections.
3.7. Volumetric flasks, five ml and other
convenient sizes for preparing standards and
making dilutions.
3.1. Liquid chromatograph equipped with a
UV detector.
3.2. HPLC Column that will separate benzene from other components in the bulk sample being analyzed. The column used for validation studies was a Waters uBondapack C18,
30 cm×3.9 mm.
3.3. A clarification kit to remove any particulates in the bulk if necessary.
Because the integrator is programmed to
report results in % benzene by volume in an
undiluted sample, the following equation is
used: % Benzene by Volume=A×B.
Where: A=% by volume on report.
B=Dilution Factor. (B=one for undiluted
sample).
8. Backup data
8.1. Detection limit—Bulk Samples. The
detection limit for the analytical procedure
for bulk samples is 0.88 μg, with a coefficient
of variation of 0.019 at this level. This
amount provided a chromatographic peak
that could be identifiable in the presence of
possible interferences. The detection limit
date were obtained by making ten μl injections of a 0.10% by volume standard.
Injection
1 ......................................
2 ......................................
Area Count
45386
44214
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Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. E
Injection
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
8.2. Pooled coefficient of variation—Bulk
Samples. The pooled coefficient of variation
for the analytical procedure was determined
by 50 μl replicate injections of analytical
standards. The standards were 0.01, 0.02, 0.04,
0.10, 1.0, and 2.0% benzene by volume.
Area Count
3 ......................................
4 ......................................
6 ......................................
43822
44062
42724
X=44040.1
SD=852.5
CV=0.019
AREA COUNT (PERCENT)
Injection #
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.10
1.0
1 ................................................
2 ................................................
3 ................................................
4 ................................................
5 ................................................
6 ................................................
X= ..............................................
SD= ...........................................
CV= ...........................................
CV=0.017.
45386
44241
43822
44062
44006
42724
44040.1
852.5
0.0194
84737
84300
83835
84381
83012
81957
83703.6
1042.2
0.0125
166097
170832
164160
164445
168398
173002
167872
3589.8
0.0213
448497
441299
443719
444842
442564
443975
444149
2459.1
0.0055
4395380
4590800
4593200
4642350
4646430
4646260
4585767
96839.3
0.0211
APPENDIX E TO SUBPART C TO PART
197—RESPIRATOR FIT TESTS
PROCEDURES
This appendix contains the procedures for
properly fitting a respirator to employees
who may be exposed to benzene and includes
the Initial Fit Tests (IFT), the Qualitative
Fit Tests (QLFT), and the Quantitative Fit
Test (QNFT).
Note that respirators (negative pressure or
positive pressure) must not be worn when
conditions prevent a tight seal between the
faceplate and the skin or the proper functioning of the inhalation or exhalation
valves. In order for a respirator to protect
the wearer, the facepiece must make a proper seal against the wearer’s face. Several factors can negatively affect the respirator to
face seal and reduce the level of protection
afforded by the respirator. Among these are
facial shape, temple pieces of eyeglasses, facial abnormalities (e.g., scars and indentations) absence of dentures, hair style or
length of hair, specific skin conditions, and
facial hair. Therefore, nothing can come between or otherwise interfere with the sealing
surface of the respirator and the face or
interfere with the function of the inhalation
or exhalation valves.
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I. Initial Fit Tests (IFT)
(a) The test subject must be allowed to select the most comfortable respirator from a
selection of respirators of various sizes. The
selection must include at least three sizes of
elastomeric facepieces for the type of respirator that is to be tested (i.e., three sizes of
half mask or three sizes of full facepiece).
(b) Before the selection process, the test
subject must be shown how to put on a respirator, how it should be positioned on the
face, how to set strap tension, and how to determine a comfortable fit. A mirror must be
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available to assist the subject in evaluating
the fit and positioning the respirator. This
instruction is only a preliminary review and
must not constitute the subject’s formal
training on respirator use.
(c) The test subject must be informed that
he or she is being asked to select the respirator which provides the most comfortable
fit. Each respirator represents a different
size and shape and, if fitted and used properly, should provide adequate protection.
(d) The test subject must be instructed to
hold each facepiece up to the face and eliminate those facepieces which obviously do not
give a comfortable fit.
(e) The more comfortable facepieces must
be noted and the most comfortable mask
donned and worn at least five minutes to assess comfort. Assistance in assessing comfort
may be given by discussing the points in section I(f) of this appendix. If the test subject
is not familiar with using a particular respirator, the test subject must be directed to
don the mask several times and to adjust the
straps each time to become adept at setting
proper tension on the straps.
(f) Assessment of comfort must include reviewing the following points with the test
subject and allowing the test subject adequate time to determine the comfort of the
respirator:
(1) Position of the mask on the nose.
(2) Room for eye protection.
(3) Room to talk.
(4) Position of mask on face and cheeks.
(g) The following criteria must be used to
help determine the adequacy of the respirator fit:
(1) Chin properly placed.
(2) Adequate strap tension, not overly
tightened.
(3) Fit across nose bridge.
(4) Respirator of proper size to span distance from nose to chin.
(5) Tendency of respirator to slip.
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(6) Self-observation in mirror to evaluate
fit and respirator position.
(h) The following negative and positive
pressure fit tests must be conducted. Before
conducting a negative or positive pressure fit
test, the subject must be told to seat the
mask on the face by moving the head from
side-to-side and up and down slowly while
taking in a few slow deep breaths Another
facepiece must be selected and retested if the
test subject fails the fit check tests.
(1) Positive pressure fit test. The exhalation
valve must be closed off and the subject
must exhale gently onto the facepiece. The
face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight
positive pressure can be built up inside the
facepiece without any evidence of outward
leakage of air at the seal. For most respirators this method of leak testing requires
the wearer to first remove the exhalation
valve cover before closing off the exhalation
valve and then carefully replacing it after
the test.
(2) Negative pressure fit test. The inlet opening of the canister or cartridge(s) must be
closed off by covering with the palm of the
hand(s) or by replacing the filter seal(s). The
subject must inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses slightly and hold his or her
breath for ten seconds. If the facepiece remains in its slightly collapsed condition and
no inward leakage of air is detected, the
tightness of the respirator is considered satisfactory.
(i) The test must not be conducted if the
subject has any hair growth between the
skin and the facepiece sealing surface, such
as stubble beard growth, beard, or long sideburns which cross the respirator sealing surface. Any type of apparel, such as a skull cap
or the temple bars of eye glasses, which
projects under the facepiece or otherwise
interferes with a satisfactory fit must be altered or removed.
(j) If the test subject exhibits difficulty in
breathing during the tests, the subject must
be referred to a physician trained in respiratory disease or pulmonary medicine to
determine whether the test subject can wear
a respirator while performing his or her duties.
(k) The test subject must be given the opportunity to wear the successfully fitted respirator for a period of two weeks. If at any
time during this period the respirator becomes uncomfortable, the test subject must
be given the opportunity to select a different
facepiece and to be retested.
(l) Exercise regimen. Before beginning the
fit test, the test subject must be given a description of the fit test and of the test subject’s responsibilities during the test procedure. The description of the process must include a description of the test exercises that
the subject must perform. The respirator to
be tested must be worn for at least five minutes before the start of the fit test.
(m) Test Exercises. The test subject must
perform the following exercises in the test
environment:
(1) Normal breathing. In a normal standing
position, without talking, the subject must
breathe normally.
(2) Deep breathing. In a normal standing
position, the subject must breathe slowly
and deeply, taking caution so as to not
hyperventilate.
(3) Turning head side to side. Standing in
place, the subject must slowly turn his or
her head from side to side between the extreme positions on each side. The subject
must hold his or her head at each extreme
momentarily and inhale.
(4) Moving head up and down. Standing in
place, the subject must slowly move his or
her head up and down. The subject must be
instructed to inhale in the up position (i.e.,
when looking toward the ceiling).
(5) Talking. The subject must talk slowly
and loudly enough so as to be heard clearly
by the test conductor. The subject must
count backward from 100, recite a memorized
poem or song, or read the following passage:
RAINBOW PASSAGE
When the sunlight strikes raindrops in the
air, they act like a prism and form a rainbow. The rainbow is a division of white light
into many beautiful colors. These take the
shape of a long round arch, with its path
high above, and its two ends apparently beyond the horizon. There is, according to legend, a boiling pot of gold at one end. People
look, but no one ever finds it. When a man
looks for something beyond reach, his
friends say he is looking for the pot of gold
at the end of the rainbow.
(6) Grimace. The test subject must grimace
by smiling or frowning.
(7) Bending over. The test subject must
bend at the waist as if to touch the toes or,
for test environments such as shroud type
QNFT units which prohibit bending at the
waist, the subject must jog in place.
(8) Normal breathing. Same as exercise 1.
Each test exercise must be performed for
one minute, except for the grimace exercise
which must be performed for 15 seconds. The
test subject must be questioned by the test
conductor regarding the comfort of the respirator upon completion of test exercises. If
it has become uncomfortable, another respirator must be tried and the subject retested.
(n) The employer shall certify that a successful fit test has been administered to the
test subject. The certification must include
the following information:
(1) Name of employee.
(2) Type, brand, and size of respirator.
(3) Date of test.
Where QNFT is used, the fit factor, strip
chart, or other recording of the results of the
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test must be retained with the certification.
The certification must be maintained until
the next fit test is administered.
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II. Qualitative Fit Tests (QLFT)
(a) General. (1) The employer shall designate specific individuals to administer the
respirator qualitative fit test program. The
employer may contract for these services.
(2) The employer shall ensure that persons
administering QLFT are able to properly
prepare test solutions, calibrate equipment,
perform tests, recognize invalid tests, and
determine whether the test equipment is in
proper working order.
(3) The employer shall ensure that QLFT
equipment is kept clean and maintained so
as to operate at the parameters for which it
was designed.
(b) Isoamyl acetate tests. (1) Odor threshold
screening test. The odor threshold screening
test, performed without wearing a respirator, is intended to determine if the test
subject can detect the odor of isoamyl acetate.
(i) Three one-liter glass jars with metal
lids must be used.
(ii) Odor free water (e.g. distilled or spring
water) at approximately 25 degrees C must
be used for the solutions.
(iii) An isoamyl acetate (IAA) (also known
at isopentyl acetate) stock solution must be
prepared by adding one cc of pure IAA to 800
cc of odor free water in a one liter jar and by
shaking the jar for 30 seconds. A new solution must be prepared at least weekly.
(iv) The screening test must be conducted
in a room separate from the room used for
actual fit testing. The two rooms must be
well ventilated but not connected to the
same recirculating ventilation system.
(v) An odor test solution must be prepared
in a second one-liter jar by placing 0.4 cc of
the stock solution into 500 cc of odor free
water using a clean dropper or pipette. The
solution must be shaken for 30 seconds and
allowed to stand for two to three minutes so
that the IAA concentration above the liquid
may reach equilibrium. This solution must
be used for only one day.
(vi) A test blank must be prepared in a
third one-liter jar by adding 500 cc of odor
free water.
(vii) The odor test jar and the test blank
jar must be labeled ‘‘1’’ and ‘‘2’’ for identification. The labels must be placed on the jar
lids so that the labels can be periodically
peeled off dried, and switched to maintain
the integrity of the test.
(viii) The following instruction must be
typed on a card and placed on a table in
front of the odor test jar and the test blank
jar:
The purpose of this test is to determine if
you can smell banana oil at a low concentration. The two bottles in front of you contain
water. One of these bottles also contains a
small amount of banana oil. Be sure the covers are on tight, then shake each bottle for
two seconds. Unscrew the lid of each bottle,
one at a time, and sniff at the mouth of the
bottle. Indicate to the test conductor which
bottle contains banana oil.
(ix) The mixtures in the jars used in the
IAA odor threshold screening must be prepared in an area separate from the test area,
in order to prevent olfactory fatigue in the
test subject.
(x) If the test subject is unable to correctly
identify the jar containing the odor test solution, the IAA qualitative fit test must not
be performed.
(xi) If the test subject correctly identifies
the jar containing the odor test solution, the
test subject may proceed to respirator selection and fit testing.
(2) Isoamyl acetate fit test. (i) The fit test
chamber must be a clear 55-gallon drum liner
or similar device suspended inverted over a
two foot diameter frame so that the top of
the chamber is about six inches above the
test subject’s head. The inside top center of
the chamber must have a small hook attached.
(ii) Each respirator used for the fitting and
fit testing must be equipped with organic
vapor cartridges or offer protection against
organic vapors. The cartridges or masks
must be changed at least weekly.
(iii) After selecting, donning, and properly
adjusting a respirator, the test subject must
wear the respirator to the fit testing room.
This room must be separate from the room
used for odor threshold screening and respirator selection and must be well ventilated
by an exhaust fan, lab hood, or other device
to prevent general room contamination.
(iv) A copy of the test exercises and any
prepared text from which the subject is to
read must be taped to the inside of the test
chamber.
(v) Upon entering the test chamber, the
test subject must be given a six inch by five
inch piece of paper towel or other porous, absorbent, single-ply material, folded in half
and wetted with 0.75 cc of pure IAA. The test
subject must hang the wet towel on the hook
at the top of the chamber.
(vi) Two minutes must be allowed for the
IAA test concentration to stabilize before
starting the fit test exercises. This would be
an appropriate time to talk with the test
subject, to explain the fit test, the importance of the subject’s cooperation, and the
purpose for the head exercises, or to demonstrate some of the exercises.
(vii) The test subject must be instructed to
perform the exercises described in section
I(n) of this appendix. If at any time during
the test the subject detects the banana like
odor of IAA, the test is failed. The subject
must be removed quickly from the test
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chamber and the test area to avoid olfactory
fatigue.
(viii) If the test is failed, the subject must
return to the selection room, remove the respirator, repeat the odor sensitivity test, select and don another respirator, return to
the test chamber, and again take the IAA fit
test. The process must continue until a respirator that fits well is found. If the odor
sensitivity test is failed, the subject must
wait at least five minutes before retesting to
allow odor sensitivity to return.
(ix) When a respirator is found that passes
the test, the subject must demonstrate the
efficiency of the respirator by breaking the
face seal and taking a breath before exiting
the chamber. If the subject cannot detect the
odor of IAA, the test is deemed inconclusive
and must be rerun.
(x) When the test subject leaves the chamber, the subject must remove the saturated
towel and return it to the person conducting
the test. To keep the test area from becoming contaminated, the used towel must be
kept in a self-sealing bag to avoid significant
IAA concentration build-up in the test chamber for subsequent tests.
(c) Saccharin solution aerosol test. The saccharin solution aerosol test is an alternative
qualitative test. Although it is the only validated test currently available for use with
particulate disposable dust respirators not
equipped with high-efficiency filters, it may
also be used for testing other respirators.
The entire screening and testing procedure
must be explained to the test subject before
the conduct of the saccharin test threshold
screening test.
(1) Saccharin taste threshold screening
test. The test, performed without wearing a
respirator, is intended to determine whether
the test subject can detect the taste of saccharin.
(i) The subject must wear an enclosure
about the head and shoulders that is approximately 12 inches in diameter by 14 inches
tall with at least the front portion clear. If
the enclosure is also used for the saccharin
solution aerosol fit test in compliance with
section II(c)(2) of this appendix, the enclosure must allow free movements of the head
when a respirator is worn. An enclosure substantially similar to the Minnesota, Mining
and Manufacturing (3M) hood assembly,
parts No. FT 14 and No. FT 15 combined, is
adequate.
(ii) The test enclosure must have a 3⁄4 inch
hole in front of the test subject’s nose and
mouth area to accommodate the nebulizer
nozzle.
(iii) The test subject must don the test enclosure. Throughout the threshold screening
test, the test subject must breathe with
mouth wide open and tongue extended.
(iv) Using a DeVilbiss Model 40 Inhalation
Medication Nebulizer, the test conductor
must spray the threshold check solution in
accordance with II(c)(1)(v) of this appendix
into the enclosure. The nebulizer must be
clearly marked to distinguish it from the fit
test solution nebulizer.
(v) The threshold check solution consists
of 0.83 grams of sodium saccharin USP in one
cc of warm water. It may be prepared by putting one cc of the fit test solution (see section II(c)(2)(iv) of this appendix) in 100 cc of
distilled water.
(vi) To produce the aerosol, the nebulizer
bulb must be firmly squeezed so that it collapses completely. Then, the bulb must be
released and allowed to expand fully.
(vii) The bulb must be squeezed rapidly ten
times and the test subject must be asked
whether he or she tastes the saccharin.
(viii) If the first response is negative, the
ten rapid squeezes must be repeated and the
test subject is again asked whether he or she
tastes the saccharin.
(ix) If the second response is negative, ten
more squeezes are repeated rapidly and the
test subject again asked whether the saccharin is tasted.
(x) The test conductor must take note of
the number of squeezes required to solicit a
taste response.
(xi) If the saccharin is not tasted after 30
squeezes, the test subject may not perform
the saccharin fit test.
(xii) If a taste response is elicited, the test
subject must be asked to take note of the
taste for reference in the fit test.
(xiii) Correct use of the nebulizer means
that approximately one cc of liquid is used
at a time in the nebulizer body.
(xiv) The nebulizer must be thoroughly
rinsed in water, shaken dry, and refilled at
least each morning and afternoon or at least
every four-hours.
(2) Saccharin solution aerosol fit test. (i)
The test subject may not eat, drink (except
plain water), or chew gum for 15 minutes before the test.
(ii) The fit test must be conducted with the
same type of enclosure used for the saccharin taste threshold screening test in accordance with section II(c)(1) of this appendix.
(iii) The test subject must don the enclosure while wearing the respirator selected in
the saccharin taste threshold screening test.
The respirator must be properly adjusted and
equipped with a particulate filter(s).
(iv) A second DeVilbiss Model 40 Inhalation
Medication Nebulizer must be used to spray
the fit test solution into the enclosure. This
nebulizer must be clearly marked to distinguish it from the nebulizer used for the
threshold check solution in accordance with
section II(c)(1)(iv) of this appendix.
(v) The fit test solution must be prepared
by adding 83 grams of sodium saccharin to
100 cc of warm water.
(vi) The test subject must breathe with
mouth wide open and tongue extended.
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(vii) The nebulizer must be inserted into
the hole in the front of the enclosure and the
fit test solution must be sprayed into the enclosure using the same number of squeezes
required to elicit a taste response in the
screening test in accordance with sections
II(c)(1)(vi) through II(c)(1)(xi) of this appendix.
(viii) After generating the aerosol, the test
subject must be instructed to perform the
exercises in section I(n) of this appendix.
(ix) Every 30 seconds, the aerosol concentration must be replenished using one
half the number of squeezes used initially.
(x) The test subject must indicate to the
test conductor if, at any time during the fit
test, the taste of saccharin is detected.
(xi) If the taste of saccharin is detected,
the fit must be deemed unsatisfactory and a
different respirator must be tried.
(d) Irritant fume test. The irritant fume test
is an alternative qualitative fit test.
(1) The respirator to be tested must be
equipped with high-efficiency particulate air
(HEPA) filters.
(2) The test subject must be allowed to
smell a weak concentration of the irritant
smoke before the respirator is donned to become familiar with the smoke’s characteristic odor.
(3) Both ends of a ventilation smoke tube
containing stannic oxychloride, such as the
Marine Safety Appliance part No. 5645 or
equivalent, must be broken. One end of the
smoke tube must be attached to a low flow
air pump set to deliver 200 milliliters per
minute.
(4) The test subject must be advised that
the smoke may be irritating to the eyes and
that the subject must keep his or her eyes
closed while the test is performed.
(5) The test conductor must direct the
stream of irritant smoke from the smoke
tube towards the face seal area of the test
subject. The test must be started with the
smoke tube at least 12 inches from the facepiece, moved gradually to within one inch,
and moved around the whole perimeter of
the mask
(6) Each test subject who passes the smoke
test without evidence of a response must be
given a sensitivity check of the smoke from
the same tube once the respirator has been
removed. This check is necessary to determine whether the test subject reacts to the
smoke. Failure to evoke a response voids the
fit test.
(7) The fit test must be performed in a location with exhaust ventilation sufficient to
prevent general contamination of the testing
area by the irritant smoke.
III. Quantitative Fit Tests (ONFT)
(a) General. (1) The employer shall designate specific individuals to administer the
respirator quantitative fit test program.
(2) The employer shall ensure that persons
administering QNFT are able to properly
calibrate equipment, perform tests, recognize invalid tests, calculate fit factors, and
determine whether the test equipment is in
proper working order.
(3) The employer shall ensure that QNFT
equipment is kept clean and maintained so
as to operate at the parameters for which it
was designed.
(b) Definitions. (1) Quantitative fit test means
a test which is performed in a test chamber
and in which the normal air-purifying element of the respirator is replaced with a
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter,
in the case of particulate QNFT aerosols, or
with a sorbent offering contaminant penetration protection equivalent to high-efficiency
filters, if the QNFT test agent is a gas or
vapor.
(2) Challenge agent means the aerosol, gas,
or vapor introduced into a test chamber so
that its concentration inside and outside of
the respirator may be measured.
(3) Test subject means the person wearing
the respirator for quantitative fit testing.
(4) Normal standing position means an erect
and straight stance with arms down along
the sides and eyes looking straight ahead.
(5) Maximum peak penetration method means
the method of determining test agent penetration in the respirator as determined by
strip chart recordings of the test. The highest peak penetration for a given exercise is
taken to be representative of average penetration into the respirator for that exercise.
(6) Average peak penetration method means
the method of determining test agent penetration into the respirator by using a strip
chart recorder, integrator, or computer. The
agent penetration is determined by an average of the peak heights on the graph, or by
computer integration, for each exercise except the grimace exercise. Integrators or
computers which calculate the actual test
agent penetration into the respirator for
each exercise also may be used in accordance
with this method.
(7) Fit factor means the ratio of challenge
agent concentration outside with respect to
the inside of a respirator inlet covering
(facepiece or enclosure).
(c) Apparatus. (1) Instrumentation. Aerosol
generation, dilution, and measurement systems using corn oil or sodium chloride as
test aerosols must be used for quantitative
fit testing.
(2) Test chamber. The test chamber must
be large enough to permit all test subjects to
perform freely all required exercises without
disturbing the challenge agent concentration
or the measurement apparatus. The test
chamber must be equipped and constructed
so that the challenge agent is effectively isolated from the ambient air, yet is uniform in
concentration throughout the chamber.
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pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
Coast Guard, DHS
Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. E
(3) When testing air-purifying respirators,
the normal filter or cartridge element must
be replaced with a high-efficiency particulate filter supplied by the same manufacturer.
(4) The sampling instrument must be selected so that a strip chart record may be
made of the test showing the rise and fall of
the challenge agent concentration with each
inspiration and expiration at fit factors of at
least 2,000. Integrators or computers which
integrate the amount of test agent penetration leakage into the respirator for each exercise may be used if a record of the readings
is made.
(5) The combination of substitute air-purifying elements, challenge agent, and challenge agent concentration in the test chamber must be such that the test subject is not
exposed to a concentration of the challenge
agent in excess of the established exposure
limit for the challenge agent at any time
during the testing process.
(6) The sampling port on the test specimen
respirator must be placed and constructed so
that no leakage occurs around the port (e.g.
where the respirator is probed), so that a free
air flow is allowed into the sampling line at
all times, and so that there is no interference with the fit or performance of the
respirator.
(7) The test chamber and test set up must
permit the person administering the test to
observe the test subject inside the chamber
during the test.
(8) The equipment generating the challenge atmosphere must maintain a constant
concentration of challenge agent inside the
test chamber to within a ten percent variation for the duration of the test.
(9) The time lag (i.e., the interval between
an event and the recording of the event on
the strip chart, computer, or integrator)
must be kept to a minimum. There must be
a clear association between the occurrence
of an event inside the test chamber and the
recording of that event.
(10) The sampling line tubing for the test
chamber atmosphere and for the respirator
sampling port must be of equal diameter and
of the same material. The length of the two
lines must be equal.
(11) The exhaust flow from the test chamber must pass through a high-efficiency filter before release.
(12) When sodium chloride aerosol is used,
the relative humidity inside the test chamber must not exceed 50 percent.
(13) The limitations of instrument detection must be taken into account when determining the fit factor.
(14) Test respirators must be maintained in
proper working order and inspected for deficiencies, such as cracks, missing valves, and
gaskets.
(d) Procedural requirements. (1) When performing the initial positive or negative pres-
sure test, the sampling line must be crimped
closed in order to avoid air pressure leakage
during either of these tests.
(2) In order to reduce the amount of QNFT
time, an abbreviated screening isoamyl acetate test or irritant fume test may be used in
order to quickly identify poor fitting respirators which passed the positive or negative pressure test. When performing a screening isoamyl acetate test, combination highefficiency organic vapor cartridges or canisters must be used.
(3) A reasonably stable challenge agent
concentration must be measured in the test
chamber before testing. For canopy or shower curtain type of test units, the determination of the challenge agent stability may be
established after the test subject has entered
the test environment.
(4) Immediately after the subject enters
the test chamber, the challenge agent concentration inside the respirator must be
measured to ensure that the peak penetration does not exceed five percent for a half
mask or one percent for a full facepiece respirator.
(5) A stable challenge concentration must
be obtained before the actual start of testing.
(6) Respirator restraining straps must not
be overtightened for testing. The straps
must be adjusted by the wearer without assistance from other persons to give a fit reasonably comfortable for normal use.
(7) After obtaining a stable challenge concentration, the test subject must be instructed to perform the exercises described
in section I(n) of this appendix. The test
must be terminated whenever any single
peak penetration exceeds five percent for
half masks and one percent for full facepiece
respirators. The test subject must be refitted
and retested. If two of the three required
tests are terminated, the fit is deemed inadequate.
(8) In order to successfully complete a
QNFT, three successful fit tests must be conducted. The results of each of the three independent fit tests must exceed the minimum
fit factor needed for the class of respirator
(e.g., half mask respirator, full facepiece respirator).
(9) Calculation of fit factors. (i) The fit factor must be determined for the quantitative
fit test by taking the ratio of the average
chamber concentration to the concentration
inside the respirator.
(ii) The average test chamber concentration is the arithmetic average of the test
chamber concentration at the beginning and
of the end of the test.
(iii) The concentration of the challenge
agent inside the respirator must be determined by one of the following methods:
(A) Average peak concentration.
(B) Maximum peak concentration.
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223199
Pt. 197, Subpt. C, App. F
46 CFR Ch. I (10–1–11 Edition)
(C) Integration by calculation of the area
under the individual peak for each exercise.
This includes computerized integration.
(10) Interpretation of test results. The fit
factor established by the quantitative fit
testing must be the lowest of the three fit
factor values calculated from the three required fit tests.
(11) The test subject must not be permitted
to wear a half mask or a full facepiece respirator unless a minimum fit factor equivalent to at least ten times the hazardous exposure level is obtained.
(12) Filters used for quantitative fit testing
must be replaced at least weekly, whenever
increased breathing resistance is encountered, or whenever the test agent has altered
the integrity of the filter media. When used,
organic vapor cartridges and canisters must
be replaced daily or whenever there is an indication of a breakthrough by a test agent.
APPENDIX F TO SUBPART C TO PART
WORKER
CERTIFI197—SAMPLE
CATION FORM
BENZENE WORKER’S CERTIFICATION
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
I, lllll(Name of worker), certify in accordance with 46 CFR 197.530—
(1) That I have had, within the previous
twelve months, at least one medical examination in compliance with 46 CFR 197.560 or
29 CFR 1910.1028;
(2) That the physician conducting the latest medical examination in compliance with
paragraph (1) of this certification did not
recommend that I be excluded from areas
where personal exposure may exceed the action level as defined in 46 CFR 197.505;
(3) That all respirators and personal protective clothing and equipment that I will
use while on the vessel meet the requirements of 46 CFR 197.550(b) and 197.555(c) or of
29 CFR 1910.1028; and
(4) That all respirators that I will use
while on the vessel have been fitted and fit
tested in accordance with 46 CFR 197.550 (c)
and (d) or with 29 CFR 1910.1028.
llllllllllllllllllllllll
(signature of worker)
llllllllllllllllllllllll
(printed name of worker)
llllllllllllllllllllllll
(date signed by worker)
APPENDIX A TO PART 197—AIR NODECOMPRESSION LIMITS
The following table gives the depth versus
bottom time limits for single, no-decompression, air dives made within any 12-hour period. The limit is the maximum bottom time
in minutes that a diver can spend at that
depth without requiring decompression beyond that provided by a normal ascent rate
of 60 fsw per minute. (Although bottom time
is concluded when ascent begins, a slower ascent rate would increase the bottom time
thereby
requiring
decompression.)
An
amount of nitrogen remains in the tissues of
a diver after any air dive, regardless of
whether the dive was a decompression or nodecompression dive. Whenever another dive
is made within a 12-hour period, the nitrogen
remaining in the blood and body tissues of
the diver must be considered when calculating his decompression.
AIR NO-DECOMPRESSION LIMITS
Depth (feet):
No-decompression limits (minutes)
35 .....................................................
40 .....................................................
50 .....................................................
60 .....................................................
70 .....................................................
80 .....................................................
90 .....................................................
100 ......................................................
110 ......................................................
120 ......................................................
130 ......................................................
(Source: U.S. Navy Diving Manual, 1 September 1973.)
PART 198 [RESERVED]
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| File Type | application/pdf |
| File Modified | 2014-08-14 |
| File Created | 2014-08-14 |